High-efficiency milling cutter tooth flank contact stiffness and wear distribution state identification method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of high-efficiency milling cutter tooth flank contact stiffness and wear distribution state identification method, comprising the following steps: S1: for the tool tooth flank contact stiffness and cumulative wear depth under the influence of cutting vibration, the geometric structure model of high feed milling cutter and tool tooth is constructed, and the selection method of tool tooth flank feature point is presented;S2: analyze the instantaneous contact area of tool tooth flank and workpiece, study the distribution of instantaneous contact stiffness of tool tooth flank;S3: analyze the change process of tool tooth flank wear depth under different cutting strokes, and the change process is embodied in the form of color scale chart.The application considers the structure of high feed milling cutter and milling cutter tooth, and presents the selection method of milling cutter tooth flank feature point, and analyzes the contact area of tool tooth and workpiece in cutting process.Solve the problem that existing method ignores the influence of different milling cutter and tool tooth structure on instantaneous contact stiffness and wear depth.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of milling cutter cutting technology, specifically relating to a method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution state of the flank face of a high-efficiency milling cutter tooth. Background Technology

[0002] During the cutting process, the cutting tool teeth and the workpiece surface cannot be completely smooth and flat. The contact problem between the cutting tool flank and the machined transition surface is essentially a contact problem between two rough surfaces with different roughnesses. Instantaneous contact stiffness is an important parameter in the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the milling process. It has a significant impact on the wear degree of the cutting tool flank, which may lead to unnecessary vibration and the risk of wear failure of the cutting tool flank. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution at the contact interface between the cutting tool flank and the machined transition surface to facilitate subsequent analysis.

[0003] Friction generated during the cutting process of high-efficiency milling cutters directly affects tool wear. This phenomenon is unavoidable in machining and is influenced by various factors. With increasing technological demands, more complex and difficult-to-machine composite materials are being used in the aerospace industry. These composite materials possess excellent heat resistance and oxidation resistance. However, during their machining, workpieces wear out quickly, resulting in short service lives. Milling cutter tooth wear affects the milling cutter's service life, limiting the further development and application of high-efficiency cutting technology. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the wear depth distribution of the flank face of high-efficiency milling cutter teeth.

[0004] Experiments were conducted on high-feed milling cutters cutting titanium alloy workpieces, and finite element simulations of high-feed milling under corresponding process conditions were performed. Based on the experimentally selected wear areas of the cutter teeth, characteristic points on the flank face of the cutter teeth were chosen, and the instantaneous contact stiffness at specific locations was quantitatively analyzed. The instantaneous contact state of the milling cutter during workpiece machining was characterized, and the distribution of instantaneous contact stiffness on the flank face of the cutter teeth was characterized using the infinitesimal element method. The distribution characteristics of instantaneous contact stiffness during cutting were analyzed. The evolution characteristics of instantaneous contact stiffness on the flank face under the influence of vibration were analyzed.

[0005] To investigate the influence of instantaneous contact stiffness at the interface of the tool-work friction pair on wear under cyclic cutting loads, characterize the distribution of instantaneous wear increment on the flank face of the cutting teeth, and study the changes in the wear depth distribution of the cutting teeth during the cutting process, the changes in the cumulative wear depth on the flank face of the cutting teeth throughout the entire cutting process are characterized, and the evolution of the cumulative wear on the flank face of the cutting teeth is studied. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution of the back face of milling cutter teeth in a high-efficiency manner, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution state of the flank face of a milling cutter tooth, comprising the following steps:

[0008] S1: To address the contact stiffness and cumulative wear depth of the cutter tooth rake face under the influence of cutting vibration, a geometric model of high feed milling cutter and cutter tooth is constructed, and a method for selecting feature points on the cutter tooth rake face is proposed.

[0009] Method for selecting feature points on the flank face of milling cutter teeth:

[0010] During high-efficiency milling, different wear zones will be generated on the flank face of the cutter teeth due to the influence of different cutting parameters, cutter structure, tooth structure, and materials of the workpiece and the cutter teeth. Within the wear zone, the instantaneous contact stiffness, friction force, and wear depth variables at different positions will change over time. To facilitate the study of the wear depth variables on the flank face of the cutter teeth, feature points are selected at different positions within the wear zone on the flank face of the cutter teeth. First, it is necessary to determine the structure of the cutter and the cutter teeth.

[0011] After determining the structure of the high-feed milling cutter and the tooth structure, it is necessary to analyze the structure of the flank face of the tooth.

[0012] During the cutting process, not all areas of the flank face of the cutting tooth participate in cutting; in high-efficiency cutting, the main area of ​​flank face wear is concentrated near the cutting edge. Therefore, the cutting edge position is an important area for studying the amount of flank face wear.

[0013] S2: Analyze the instantaneous contact area between the rake face and the workpiece, and study the distribution of instantaneous contact stiffness of the rake face;

[0014] Methods for characterizing instantaneous contact stiffness distribution:

[0015] During the cutting process, the surface roughness of the workpiece changes continuously due to the vibration of the milling cutter, the matching degree between the cutter and the workpiece, and the material properties of the cutter and the workpiece. At the same time, as the cutting stroke increases, the coating on the milling cutter teeth will gradually peel off and cause wear on the milling cutter, thus affecting the machining quality.

[0016] The structure of the milling cutter and the structure of the cutting teeth will affect the construction of the equation of the cutting edge and the back face of the milling cutter teeth, thereby affecting the construction of the contact stiffness model of the cutter-workpiece contact surface, and in turn affecting the pose calculation of the back face friction and wear area unit and the establishment of the machining transition surface structure, as well as the dynamic characteristics of the instantaneous cutting machining transition surface state of the back face friction and wear area unit of the milling cutter.

[0017] Plot the stiffness distribution over the flank face area;

[0018] After determining the distribution area of ​​instantaneous contact stiffness on the flank face, it is necessary to determine the numerical range of contact stiffness; the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution of the flank face of the cutter teeth in 6 cycles of cutting a workpiece with a high feed milling cutter is obtained by selecting stiffness statistical samples at 6 instantaneous moments when the milling cutter rotation angle is 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°.

[0019] The maximum instantaneous contact stiffness is 9.59×10⁸ MPa / mm. Therefore, a scale with a contact stiffness range of 10-10×10⁸ MPa / mm is made, with different colors used to distinguish contact stiffness values.

[0020] S3: Analyze the change process of the wear depth on the back face of the cutting tooth under different cutting strokes, and represent the change process in the form of a color scale diagram.

[0021] Methods for characterizing wear depth distribution:

[0022] To study the changes in wear depth on the flank face of a high-feed milling cutter, it is necessary to analyze the instantaneous wear depth on the flank face.

[0023] Thirty feature points were selected for study. During a cutting stroke of 0.5m, 16 time nodes with equal time intervals were selected to statistically analyze the wear depth.

[0024] After calculating the cumulative wear depth, different colors are used to distinguish different sizes of wear depth, and a color scale map of the wear depth on the back face of the cutting teeth is made.

[0025] Use color to differentiate the numerical values ​​of wear depth, and create a scale for wear depth;

[0026] The wear depth and wear rate of 30 feature points at the end of a 0.5m cutting stroke were plotted.

[0027] Finally, draw the cutting stroke L. g The diagram shows the wear depth distribution on the back face at depths of 0.125m, 0.25m, 0.375m, and 0.5m.

[0028] Compared with existing technologies, the beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a highly efficient method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution state of the flank face of milling cutter teeth. This invention considers the structure of high-feed milling cutters and their teeth, and proposes a method for selecting feature points on the flank face of the milling cutter teeth, performing targeted analysis of the contact area between the cutter teeth and the workpiece during the cutting process. This solves the problem of existing methods neglecting the influence of different milling cutter and tooth structures on instantaneous contact stiffness and wear depth.

[0029] This paper analyzes the instantaneous contact stiffness at specific locations, characterizes the instantaneous contact state of a milling cutter machining a workpiece within the same cutting cycle, and analyzes the distribution and changes of instantaneous contact stiffness during the cutting process. The paper also analyzes the variation of instantaneous contact stiffness between the cutter tooth rake face and the machined transition surface with the cutter tooth rotation angle. This approach addresses the problem of existing methods neglecting the change in instantaneous contact stiffness within the same cycle during the cutting process, allowing for a more intuitive view and analysis of the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution.

[0030] This study characterizes the changes in cumulative wear depth on the flank face during the cutting process, investigating the evolution of cumulative wear on the flank face of the cutting teeth. By plotting a color gradation diagram of the wear depth at selected feature points, the changing process and distribution patterns of cumulative wear depth on the flank face of the cutting teeth can be viewed and analyzed more intuitively. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the coordinate system of the high-feed milling cutter of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the tool tooth coordinate system of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the geometric model of the projection of the back face of the cutting tooth in this invention;

[0034] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the rear cutting surface of the cutter teeth after being cut according to the present invention;

[0035] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram showing the selection position of the cutting edge feature points on the flank face of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the high-feed milling cutter cutting process under vibration according to the present invention;

[0037] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the change process of the cutting tooth rotation angle in this invention;

[0038] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution area of ​​the rake face of the cutting tooth in this invention;

[0039] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the instantaneous contact stiffness of the flank face of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution of the back face of the cutting tooth in this invention;

[0041] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T1 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45° of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T2 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45° of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T1 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90° of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T2 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90° of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 15 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T3 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45° of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T4 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45° of the present invention.

[0047] Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T3 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90° of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 18 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T4 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90° of the present invention;

[0049] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T5 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45° of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution of the present invention when the T6 period φ = 15°, 30°, and 45°;

[0051] Figure 21 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution when the T5 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90° of the present invention;

[0052] Figure 22 This is a schematic diagram of the stiffness distribution of the present invention when the T6 period φ = 60°, 75°, and 90°;

[0053] Figure 23 This is a statistical diagram of the cumulative wear depth at 30 feature points during a 0.5m cutting stroke according to the present invention.

[0054] Figure 24 This is a color-coded schematic diagram illustrating the cumulative wear depth of the back face of the cutting teeth in this invention.

[0055] Figure 25 This is a schematic diagram of the color gradation of the cumulative wear depth on the back face of the cutting tooth in this invention.

[0056] Figure 26 A color gradation diagram of the cumulative wear depth of the rake face after supplementing numerical information for this invention;

[0057] Figure 27 The wear depth d of this inventiont With cutting stroke L g A changing color scale diagram;

[0058] Figure 28 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the design process of the color gradation diagram for the wear depth of the cutting edge face of the cutting tooth in this invention.

[0059] Figure 29 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the design process of the instantaneous stiffness distribution diagram of the back face of the cutting tooth in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0060] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0061] This invention provides, for example Figure 1-29 A method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution of the flank face of milling cutter teeth at high efficiency includes the following steps:

[0062] S1: To address the contact stiffness and cumulative wear depth of the cutter tooth rake face under the influence of cutting vibration, a geometric model of high feed milling cutter and cutter tooth is constructed, and a method for selecting feature points on the cutter tooth rake face is proposed.

[0063] S2: Analyze the instantaneous contact area between the rake face and the workpiece, and study the distribution of instantaneous contact stiffness of the rake face;

[0064] S3: Analyze the change process of the wear depth on the back face of the cutting tooth under different cutting strokes, and represent the change process in the form of a color scale diagram.

[0065] Implementation Example 1. Method for selecting feature points on the flank face of milling cutter teeth:

[0066] (1) During high-efficiency milling, different wear zones will occur on the flank face of the cutter teeth due to the influence of various cutting parameters, cutter structure, tooth structure, and the materials of the workpiece and the cutter teeth. Within the wear zone, variables such as instantaneous contact stiffness, friction, and wear depth at different locations will change over time. To facilitate the study of variables such as the wear depth on the flank face of the milling cutter teeth, feature points are selected at different locations within the wear zone on the flank face of the cutter teeth. First, it is necessary to determine the structure of the milling cutter and the cutter teeth, such as... Figure 1-2 As shown.

[0067] Figure 1 In the diagram, O-XYZ represents the workpiece coordinate system; o c -u c v c wc Let o be the coordinate system of the knife tooth structure. c Let u be a point on the intersection line of the plane containing the lowest point of the cutting tooth structure and the plane containing the end face of the cutting tooth, and let u be the projection plane of the perpendicular line from the inner limit point of the cutting edge of the cutting tooth along the Z-axis of the workpiece. c The line of intersection between the plane containing the lowest point of the cutter tooth structure and the plane containing the end face of the cutter tooth, v c The plane containing the lowest point of the shaft through the cutter tooth structure.

[0068] (2) After determining the structure of the high-feed milling cutter and the tooth structure, it is necessary to analyze the structure of the flank face of the tooth. Figure 3 The coordinate system u in the tool tooth coordinate system is given. c -o c -v c The geometric model of the flank face projection of the cutting edge is shown. The flank face projection is 10.7 mm wide and 3.98 mm high. A dividing line is drawn along the perpendicular direction of the cutting edge projection, dividing the flank face into 42 equal parts. Another dividing line is drawn parallel to the projection direction of the cutting edge.

[0069] Implementation Example 2. Characterization Method of Instantaneous Contact Stiffness Distribution:

[0070] (1) During the cutting process, the surface roughness of the workpiece changes continuously due to the influence of milling cutter vibration, the matching degree between the cutter and the workpiece, and the material properties of the cutter and the workpiece. At the same time, as the cutting stroke increases, the coating on the milling cutter teeth will gradually peel off and cause wear on the milling cutter, thus affecting the machining quality.

[0071] The structure of the milling cutter and its teeth affects the construction of the equations for the cutting edge and the flank face of the milling cutter teeth, thus influencing the construction of the contact stiffness model of the cutter-workpiece contact surface. This, in turn, affects the pose calculation of the friction and wear area elements on the flank face and the establishment of the machining transition surface structure. To reveal the dynamic characteristics of the instantaneous cutting transition surface state of the friction and wear area elements on the flank face of the milling cutter under vibration, this study characterizes the instantaneous cutting state between the milling cutter and its teeth and the workpiece. Figure 6-7 As shown, the design process for the instantaneous stiffness distribution diagram of the rake face is as follows: Figure 29 As shown;

[0072] Figure 6-7 In the diagram, O-XYZ represents the workpiece coordinate system; o v -x v y v z v Let O be the coordinate system of the milling cutter structure. v x is the intersection of the plane containing the axis of the milling cutter and the lowest point of the cutter teeth. v The axis lies in the plane where the lowest point of the tool tip is located and is parallel to the y-axis. v The axis is perpendicular, y vThe axis lies in the plane where the lowest point of the cutting tooth is located and points towards the tip of the cutting tooth with the largest outer diameter; v '-x v 'y v 'z v ' is the coordinate system of the milling cutter structure under the action of milling cutter vibration; C1, C2, and C3 represent cutter teeth 1, 2, and 3, respectively; φ is the instantaneous rotation angle of the cutter teeth; φ e φ is the effective cutting angle of the cutting tooth. e =90°; θ c The angle between the two cutting teeth; N i N represents any point on the flank face of the cutter tooth when there is no vibration. i 'for N i Any point on the back face of the cutter tooth during vibration; a For N i Vibration displacement; N i in N represents the coordinates of any point on the cutting edge of the cutting tooth when it enters the workpiece; i out r represents the coordinates of any point on the cutting edge of the cutting tooth when an effective cut is completed; Ni Let be the radius of rotation at any point on the cutting edge of the cutting tooth.

[0073] (2) Figure 4 The stiffness distribution is plotted within the given back face area. Initially, areas with a stiffness of 0 are shown in gray, such as... Figure 8 As shown.

[0074] (3) After determining the distribution area of ​​instantaneous contact stiffness on the back face, it is necessary to determine the numerical range of contact stiffness. Figure 9 The paper presents the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution of the rake face of the cutter teeth during six cycles of high-feed milling cutter cutting a workpiece. Stiffness statistical samples were selected at six instantaneous moments with cutter rotation angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. The maximum instantaneous contact stiffness is 9.59 × 10⁻⁶. 8 MPa / mm, therefore the range of contact stiffness is 10-10×10 8 The MPa / mm scale uses different colors to distinguish different values ​​of contact stiffness, such as... Figure 10 As shown.

[0075] Figures 11-22 The instantaneous contact stiffness distribution of the rake face of the cutter teeth is presented for six cycles of cutting a workpiece with a high feed milling cutter. Six instantaneous moments with milling cutter rotation angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° are selected to study the distribution characteristics of the instantaneous contact stiffness of the rake face of the cutter teeth at different moments under different cycles.

[0076] Implementation Example 3. Characterization Method of Wear Depth Distribution: To study the variation of wear depth on the flank face of a high-feed milling cutter, it is necessary to analyze the instantaneous wear depth on the flank face. The design process of the color scale diagram of wear depth on the flank face of the cutter is as follows: Figure 28 As shown.

[0077] (1) To study the variation of wear depth on the flank face of a high-feed milling cutter, it is necessary to analyze the instantaneous wear depth on the flank face. Figure 5 The study selected 30 feature points and, during a cutting stroke of 0.5m, statistically analyzed the wear depth at 16 time points with equal time intervals. For example... Figure 23 As shown.

[0078] (2) After calculating the cumulative wear depth, different colors are used to distinguish different sizes of wear depth, and a color gradation diagram of the wear depth on the back face of the cutting teeth is created, such as... Figure 24 As shown.

[0079] (3) Figure 13 The statistical values ​​are omitted, and only colors are used to differentiate the numerical values ​​of wear depth, creating a scale for wear depth, such as... Figure 25 As shown.

[0080] (4) Because Figure 25 A large amount of wear depth data was removed, and it is necessary to supplement the more important parts. Therefore, the wear depth and wear rate of 30 feature points at the end of a 0.5m cutting stroke were selected for plotting, as shown below. Figure 26 As shown.

[0081] (5) Finally, draw the cutting stroke L. g The diagram shows the wear depth distribution on the flank face at depths of 0.125m, 0.25m, 0.375m, and 0.5m. The final color-coded diagram of the wear depth on the flank face of the cutting tooth is shown below. Figure 27 As shown.

[0082] Figure 27 In the middle, L g d represents the milling cutter cutting stroke, with a value range of [0, 0.5], and the unit is meters (m). 0.5 The wear depth is the depth at which the cutting stroke is 0.5m, which is also the wear depth at the end of the cutting stroke; d r Wear rate:

[0083]

[0084] In the formula: d t last This represents the wear depth at the end of the cutting stroke. This represents the maximum cutting stroke.

[0085] In summary, compared with existing technologies, this invention considers the structure of high-feed milling cutters and cutter teeth, and proposes a method for selecting feature points on the flank face of the cutter teeth, performing targeted analysis of the contact area between the cutter teeth and the workpiece during cutting. This solves the problem of existing methods neglecting the influence of different milling cutter and cutter tooth structures on instantaneous contact stiffness and wear depth.

[0086] This paper analyzes the instantaneous contact stiffness at specific locations, characterizes the instantaneous contact state of a milling cutter machining a workpiece within the same cutting cycle, and analyzes the distribution and changes of instantaneous contact stiffness during the cutting process. The paper also analyzes the variation of instantaneous contact stiffness between the cutter tooth rake face and the machined transition surface with the cutter tooth rotation angle. This approach addresses the problem of existing methods neglecting the change in instantaneous contact stiffness within the same cycle during the cutting process, allowing for a more intuitive view and analysis of the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution.

[0087] This study characterizes the changes in cumulative wear depth on the flank face during the cutting process, investigating the evolution of cumulative wear on the flank face of the cutting teeth. By plotting a color gradation diagram of the wear depth at selected feature points, the changing process and distribution patterns of cumulative wear depth on the flank face of the cutting teeth can be viewed and analyzed more intuitively.

[0088] Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for identifying the contact stiffness and wear distribution of the flank face of a high-efficiency milling cutter tooth, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1: To address the contact stiffness and cumulative wear depth of the cutter tooth rake face under the influence of cutting vibration, a geometric model of high feed milling cutter and cutter tooth is constructed, and a method for selecting feature points on the cutter tooth rake face is proposed. S2: Analyze the instantaneous contact area between the rake face and the workpiece, and study the distribution of instantaneous contact stiffness of the rake face; S3: Analyze the change process of the wear depth on the flank face of the cutting tooth under different cutting strokes, and represent the change process in the form of a color scale diagram; Method for selecting feature points on the flank face of milling cutter teeth: To select feature points at different locations within the wear area on the flank face of the cutting tooth, it is first necessary to determine the structure of the milling cutter and the cutting tooth. After determining the structure of the high-feed milling cutter and the tooth structure, it is necessary to analyze the structure of the flank face of the tooth. Methods for characterizing instantaneous contact stiffness distribution: Plot the stiffness distribution over the flank face area; After determining the distribution area of ​​instantaneous contact stiffness on the flank face, it is necessary to determine the numerical range of contact stiffness; the instantaneous contact stiffness distribution of the flank face of the cutter teeth in 6 cycles of cutting a workpiece with a high feed milling cutter is obtained by selecting stiffness statistical samples at 6 instantaneous moments when the milling cutter rotation angle is 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. The scale for instantaneous contact stiffness ranges from 10 to 10 × 10⁸ MPa / mm, with different colors used to distinguish different values ​​of contact stiffness. Methods for characterizing wear depth distribution: Thirty feature points were selected for study. During a cutting stroke of 0.5m, 16 time nodes with equal time intervals were selected to statistically analyze the wear depth. After calculating the cumulative wear depth, different colors are used to distinguish different sizes of wear depth, and a color scale map of the wear depth on the back face of the cutting teeth is made. Use color to differentiate the numerical values ​​of wear depth, and create a scale for wear depth; The wear depth and wear rate of 30 feature points at the end of a 0.5m cutting stroke were plotted. Finally, draw the cutting stroke. L g The diagram shows the wear depth distribution on the back face at depths of 0.125m, 0.25m, 0.375m, and 0.5m.

Images