The invention discloses an optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interference ultrasonic sensing and detection device, comprising a 1550nm light source, a 1550nm optical circulator, an optical fiber Fabry-Perot ultrasonic sensor, a photoelectric transition module, a signal amplification module, an oscillograph, a piezoelectric transducer and a signal generator. The basic structure of the optical fiber Fabry-Perot ultrasonic sensor is composed of a single mode optical fiber, a quartz vibrating membrane, an outer ceramic bushing, an inner ceramic bushing and a metal base. The light emitted by the 1550nm light source reaches the optical fiber Fabry-Perot ultrasonic sensor through the optical circulator, when ultrasonic wave acts on the ultrasonic sensor, as the light reflected by the optical fiber Fabry-Perot ultrasonic sensor is modulated by the ultrasonic signal, the reflected light reaches the photoelectric conversion module by the circulator and then is converted into an electric signal, and the ultrasonic signal can be observed by the oscillograph after amplification. The invention has simple structure, easy manufacture, low cost and high sensitivity, strong practicability, easy encapsulation and is convenient for mass production, and can be applied to related fields of industrial detection, power system safety and the like.