Durable magnet wire and lubricating fluid for electric and hybrid vehicle applications

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a transmission system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle, the transmission system comprising an electric motor having insulated magnet wires and a lubricating and cooling fluid configured to maintain the durability of the magnet wires.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to a drive system for electric or hybrid electric vehicles, the drive system comprising an electric motor having insulated magnetic wires and a lubricating composition in contact with the insulated magnetic wires, the lubricating composition effectively providing improved durability of the insulated magnetic wires. Background Technology

[0002] Electric and hybrid electric vehicles may contain a power source (such as a conventional internal combustion engine like a gasoline or diesel engine and / or a battery source coupled to an electric motor), which is combined with a drivetrain and / or transmission to transmit power to the vehicle's wheels. The drivetrain and / or transmission may include an electric motor and / or a gear reduction unit coupled to the wheels. In some applications, a lubricant containing a lubricant composition is provided for lubricating both the electric motor and / or the transmission components in the drivetrain or power gear reduction unit.

[0003] In electric and hybrid electric vehicle applications, lubricating fluids may come into contact with the wires or components of the electric motor, as well as components of the drivetrain, transmission, and / or conventional internal combustion engine gear reduction unit. Consequently, suitable fluids must be applicable to a wide variety of vehicle components. For example, lubricating fluids may come into contact with the magnetic wires present in the electric motor stator and the gears in the mechanical parts of the drivetrain or transmission. Therefore, suitable fluids for these applications must not only possess conventional lubricating properties but also be compatible with electronic components and the insulation layers of such components.

[0004] Existing lubricants for transmissions typically require low friction and wear resistance, heat and oxidation stability, as well as detergency and dispersancy. To achieve these characteristics, existing lubricants generally consist of base oils and a variety of additives, such as antioxidants, detergents / dispersants, anti-wear agents, rust inhibitors, metal passivators, friction modifiers, defoamers, seal expanders, and / or viscosity index improvers, to name just a few common lubricant additives.

[0005] For suitability for electrical components, fluids typically need to provide good lubrication, good electrical conductivity, and / or good cooling performance, and be compatible with the insulating coatings of any electrical wires or other components that the fluid may come into contact with. Often, one or more of the desired characteristics required for electric and hybrid electric applications are compromised by the combination of additives commonly found in such conventional lubricating fluids; therefore, existing lubricating fluids may be unsuitable for electric or hybrid electric vehicles for one or more reasons. For example, some conventional lubricant packages may have low electrical conductivity but poor thermal conductivity (providing poor cooling performance), which is undesirable for electric or hybrid applications. Other conventional lubricant packages may have high thermal conductivity (providing good cooling capacity) but poor electrical conductivity, which is also undesirable for electric or hybrid applications. Furthermore, other conventional lubricant compositions may corrode or damage the insulation on wiring or electrical components, and degrade the performance of such components over time, as evidenced by poor or reduced wire breakdown voltage after fluid aging. Therefore, existing conventional driveway lubricating fluids may not necessarily provide the desired performance for these unique applications in the context of electric or hybrid electric driveways. Attached Figure Description

[0006] Figure 1 It is a graph showing the breakdown voltage of a magnetic conductor relative to the metal content of the lubricating and cooling fluids and the molar percentage of ester groups in the base oil system of the lubricating fluid. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This disclosure relates to a drivetrain for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle. In one method or embodiment, the drivetrain includes an electric motor and a lubricating and cooling fluid. The electric motor includes insulated magnetic wires having an insulating coating with a thermal rating of about 190°C to about 210°C. The lubricating and cooling fluid contacts the insulating coating of the insulated magnetic wires of the electric motor. In some aspects of this embodiment, the lubricating and cooling fluid includes a cleaning agent system that provides the fluid with at least about 50 ppm of metal and a base oil system comprising a first base oil having a lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil. In the method, the base oil system may further comprise at least about 20 weight percent of an ester base oil and has a molar percentage ratio of the metal provided by the cleaning agent system to the ester groups in the base oil system of the lubricating and cooling fluid of about 70 or less.

[0008] In other methods or embodiments of the drive system, the drive system may also include a plurality of alternative embodiments in any combination. These alternative methods or embodiments of the drive system may include one or more of the following: wherein the insulating coating of the magnetic conductor comprises one or more layers, and wherein the layer in contact with the lubricating and cooling fluid comprises polyamide, polyimide, poly(amide / imide), combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof; and / or wherein the magnetic conductor has an AWG gauge of 14 to 30; and / or wherein the magnetic conductor is copper; and / or wherein the insulating magnetic conductor in contact with the lubricating and cooling fluid has a breakdown voltage of about 10,000 volts or higher; and / or wherein the ester base oil comprises a branched diester; and / or wherein the branched diester is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 carbons and one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons; and / or wherein the ester base oil comprises a monoester and / or a diester having a structure of Formula I.

[0009]

[0010] Wherein R1 is a carbon chain having m-2 carbons, where m is an integer from 6 to 10, R2 and R3 are the same or different and include C8 to C20 straight-chain or branched alkyl chains, and n is an integer of 0 or 1; and / or where n is 1, and R2 and R3 are the same or different and include C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains; and / or where the ester base oil is selected from diesters based on bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate; diesters based on bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate; or has about 16 to about 18 carbons in its acid moiety and has [missing information] in its alcohol moiety. A linear monoester of about 20 linear carbon atoms; or a combination thereof; and / or wherein the detergent system comprises an alkali metal or alkali metal phenolate, sulfonate, calixarate, salicylate, carboxylate, its sulfide derivative or a combination thereof; and / or wherein the alkali or alkali metal comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium or a mixture thereof; and / or wherein the detergent system provides not more than 800 ppm of the metal; and / or wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a mineral or synthetic base oil; and / or wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a polyalphaolefin.

[0011] In another method or embodiment of this disclosure, the drivetrain for a hybrid or hybrid electric vehicle includes an electric motor having insulated magnetic conductors having an insulating coating thereon, wherein the insulating coating comprises a polyamide, polyimide, poly(amide / imide), combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof, in combination with a lubricating and cooling fluid, the lubricating and cooling fluid being in contact with the coating of the insulated magnetic conductors of the electric motor. In aspects of this embodiment, the lubricating and cooling fluid may comprise a cleaning agent system providing at least about 50 ppm of metal to the fluid and a base oil system comprising a first base oil having a lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil, wherein the base oil system comprises at least about 20% by weight of an ester base oil.

[0012] In other methods or embodiments of the drive system described in the preceding paragraph, the drive system may also include a plurality of alternative embodiments in any combination. These alternative methods or embodiments of the drive system may include one or more of the following: the molar percentage ratio of the metal to the ester group in the base oil system provided by the cleaning agent system is about 70 or less; and / or the insulating coating of the magnetic conductor has a thermal rating of about 190°C to about 200°C; and / or the insulated magnetic conductor in contact with lubricating and cooling fluids has a breakdown voltage of about 10,000 volts or higher; and / or the ester base oil includes a branched diester; and / or the branched diester is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 carbons and one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons; and / or the ester base oil includes monoesters and / or diesters having the structure of Formula I.

[0013]

[0014] Wherein R1 is a carbon chain having m-2 carbons, where m is an integer from 6 to 10; R2 and R3 are the same or different and include C8 to C20 straight-chain or branched alkyl chains; and n is an integer of 0 or 1; and / or where n is 1, and R2 and R3 are the same or different and include C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains; and / or where the ester base oil is selected from diesters based on bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate; diesters based on bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate; or in their acid... A linear monoester having about 16 to about 18 carbons in its alcohol moiety and about 20 linear carbons in its alcohol moiety; or combinations thereof; and / or wherein the cleaning agent system comprises alkali metals or alkali metal phenolates, sulfonates, calixarates, salicylates, carboxylates, their sulfide derivatives, or combinations thereof; and / or wherein the alkali or alkali metal comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof; and / or wherein the cleaning agent system provides not more than 800 ppm of the metal.

[0015] In some further methods or embodiments of this disclosure, methods for lubricating drive systems and electric motors are provided. In various aspects, the method includes lubricating the drive system and / or electric motor with any embodiment of the lubricating and cooling fluids described herein, wherein the insulated magnetic conductors of the electric motor are in contact with the lubricating and cooling fluids.

[0016] In other methods or embodiments, the use of any embodiment of the lubricating and cooling fluid described herein for lubricating any embodiment of the drivetrain of the hybrid or hybrid electric vehicle described herein is described. In the methods, the use includes contacting at least the insulated magnetic conductors of the electric motor with any embodiment of the lubricating and cooling fluid described herein to achieve the improved breakdown voltage as described above. Detailed Implementation

[0017] This disclosure describes systems comprising magnetic conductors having lubricating and cooling fluids, suitable for electric and / or hybrid electric vehicle applications, and specifically for their drivetrains and / or transmissions, wherein the lubricating and cooling fluids contact electric and / or hybrid electric motors and their components, such as insulated magnetic conductors. The fluids described herein exhibit not only good lubricating properties but also good electrical properties and are compatible with the insulating coatings of the magnetic conductors present in electric motors in such vehicle applications.

[0018] In some aspects, this disclosure includes systems having a drivetrain for electric or hybrid electric vehicles, wherein the drivetrain includes at least an electric motor having one or more insulated magnetic conductors. Each magnetic conductor has an insulating coating thereon with a thermal rating of about 190°C to about 210°C. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the thermal rating or heat class of the conductor is based on ASTM D2307. This test is described in NEMA MW 1000, a standard publication from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. In the method, the insulating coating of the magnetic conductor may comprise one or more layers, and at least the outer layer in contact with lubricating and cooling fluids comprises polyamide, polyimide, poly(amide / imide), combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof.

[0019] The drive system also includes a lubricating and cooling fluid that contacts the insulating coating of the magnetic conductors from the electric motor. To provide compatibility with the insulating coating of the magnetic conductors, the lubricating and cooling fluid comprises a selected composition and a selected base oil system, the selected composition including, but not limited to, a cleaning agent system that provides the fluid with at least about 50 ppm of metal, and the selected base oil system comprising a first base oil having a lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil. In some embodiments, the base oil system comprises at least about 20 weight percent of an ester base oil, and the lubricating and cooling fluid has a molar percentage ratio of the metal provided by the cleaning agent system to the ester groups in the base oil system of about 70 or less. For such a fluid and magnetic conductor combination, the drive system described herein provides an insulated magnetic conductor that, upon contact with the lubricating and cooling fluid, has a breakdown voltage of 10,000 volts or higher after aging (as described in more detail below). Further discussion below and as... Figure 1 As shown, the lubricating and cooling fluids with such a unique relationship of metal and ester content surprisingly provide good compatibility with the magnetic wire insulation coating, providing a high level of breakdown voltage and durability for the magnetic wire insulation during aging in the fluid.

[0020] Powertrains used in electric and / or hybrid electric vehicles utilize electric motors. A characteristic of an electric motor is a magnetic conductor used to exchange electrical and magnetic energy. As generally understood, an electric motor comprises one or more coils of magnetic conductors that become electromagnets when current flows through them. The electromagnets interact with permanent magnets, causing the coils to rotate, thereby powering the motor. When the motor is running, the coils generate heat and require lubrication and / or cooling. Therefore, fluids typically used in internal combustion engines are often used in electric motors for similar cooling and lubrication purposes. However, as explained in the background section, existing lubricants for internal combustion engines may be incompatible with the insulating coating present on the magnetic conductors because existing fluids tend to degrade the magnetic conductor coating upon aging, as evidenced by low measured breakdown voltages.

[0021] As used herein, the breakdown voltage is measured using the parameters specified therein for the number of twists in the six strands of the wire, based on the dielectric breakdown AC voltage specified in Sections 70 to 76 of ASTM D1676-17. The conductors for this evaluation are stranded and prepared according to Section 3.8.4 of ANSI NEMA Magnetic Conductor Standard 1000-2018, and are aged by immersing the stranded wire in approximately 75 to approximately 100 grams of test fluid at approximately 150°C for approximately 5 days (120 hours), as further described in the examples below. Water may be added to increase the intensity of the test. The breakdown voltage can be measured using a Megger 1525 insulation resistance tester or an equivalent.

[0022] Magnetic wire :

[0023] The drivetrain described herein includes at least one electric motor and lubricating and cooling fluids. Each electric motor includes one or more magnetic conductor coils. In embodiments, the magnetic conductors for the electric motors and drivetrains used in the systems described herein may be 14 to 30 American wire gauge (AWG) copper or aluminum wire, which may be round, rectangular, or other shapes and covered with one or more insulation layers. The insulation layers, particularly the outer insulation layer of the wire, will come into contact with the lubricating and cooling fluids of the vehicle drivetrain. The magnetic conductors typically include a polymer insulation layer, which may comprise one or more different polymer compositions. These polymers may be blended in a single layer, or such polymers may be multiple concentric layers surrounding the conductor.

[0024] In embodiments, the magnetic conductor insulation coating may comprise polymers or copolymers in one or more coatings: polyvinyl alcohol-formaldehyde-polyvinyl acetate; polyurethane; polyamide; polyester; polyester-polyimide; polyamide-polyimide; and / or polyimide, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the magnetic conductors of the drive system and motor of the system herein comprise one or more coatings comprising polyamide, polyimide, poly(amide / imide), polyamide-imide, or combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof. The insulated magnetic conductors have thermal ratings, and the conductors of this disclosure typically have a thermal rating of at least 190°C, and in some cases a thermal rating of 190°C to 210°C, and most preferably a thermal rating of 200°C. The outer surface of the magnetic conductor insulation coating contacts the lubricating and cooling fluids of the drive system herein.

[0025] Lubricating and cooling fluids for transmission systems

[0026] The drive system described herein includes not only the electric motor and its associated magnetic conductors as described above, but also lubricating and cooling fluids having selected detergent systems and selected base oil systems configured for the durability of the magnetic conductors. The combination of these components uniquely provides magnetic conductors with high aging durability as measured by high breakdown voltage. Each characteristic of the fluid will be described in more detail below, but typically the detergent system provides the fluid with at least about 50 ppm of metal (preferably at least 100 ppm, at least about 150 ppm, or at least about 200 ppm of metal) and the base oil system comprises selected blends of one or more first base oils having a lubricating viscosity in combination with ester base oils. In some embodiments, the fluid described herein may have (i) at least about 20% by weight of ester base oil in the base oil system and (ii) the lubricating and cooling fluid having a molar percentage ratio of the metals provided by the detergent system to the ester groups in the base oil system of about 70 or less, such as... Figure 1 As shown in the diagram, this is to achieve high breakdown voltage durability.

[0027] Cleaning system The lubricants and cooling fluids described herein include unique cleaning agent systems that provide selected amounts of metals, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof (preferably calcium), and in some embodiments, the selected amounts of such metals as a molar percentage relative to the ester groups of the base oil system in order to provide high breakdown voltage of the drive system magnetic conductors.

[0028] In embodiments, the cleaning agent system includes cleaning agent additives such as alkali metal or alkali metal phenolates, sulfonates, calixarates, salicylates, carboxylates, their sulfurized derivatives, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the cleaning agent is a phenolate or sulfonate, and most preferably a sulfonate. Suitable cleaning agents and methods of their preparation are described in more detail in several patent publications, including US 7,732,390 and references thereto, which are incorporated herein by reference. The lubricant compositions herein may include about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the cleaning agent additive, and in other methods about 0.15 to about 3% by weight, and in other methods about 0.15 to 1.0% by weight of the cleaning agent additive.

[0029] As described above and in some methods, the cleaning agent system provides a selected amount of metal, and in some methods provides a selected amount of calcium and / or magnesium. For example, the cleaning agent system provides a metal in amounts greater than about 50 ppm of the total lubricating composition, and in other methods, amounts of about 50 ppm to about 800 ppm of metal, about 100 ppm to about 800 ppm of metal, about 150 ppm to about 800 ppm of metal, or about 200 ppm to about 800 ppm of metal. In the method, the metal is preferably calcium and / or magnesium, most preferably calcium provided by phenolates and / or sulfonates, and most preferably highly basic calcium sulfonates.

[0030] In one method, suitable cleaning agents in the system may include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acid and long-chain mono- or dialkyl aryl sulfonic acid, such as calcium or magnesium salts, wherein the aryl group is benzyl, tolyl, and xylyl, and / or various phenolic salts or phenolic salt derivatives. Examples of suitable cleaning agents include, but are not limited to, low-alkaline / neutral and high-alkaline forms of the following cleaning agents: calcium phenolate, calcium sulfur-containing phenolate, calcium sulfonate, calcium calixarate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, calcium phosphate, calcium monothiophosphate and / or calcium dithiophosphate, calcium alkylphenolate, calcium thiocoupled alkylphenolate compound, methylene-bridged calcium phenolate, magnesium phenolate, magnesium sulfur-containing phenolate, magnesium sulfonate, magnesium calixarate, magnesium salicylate, magnesium carboxylate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium monothiophosphate and / or magnesium dithiophosphate, magnesium alkylphenolate, magnesium thiocoupled alkylphenolate compound, methylene-bridged magnesium phenolate, sodium phenolate, sodium sulfur-containing phenolate, sodium sulfonate, sodium calixarate, sodium salicylate, sodium carboxylate, sodium phosphate, sodium monothiophosphate and / or sodium dithiophosphate, sodium alkylphenolate, sodium thiocoupled alkylphenolate compound, or sodium methylene-bridged sodium phenolate.

[0031] Detergent additives can be neutral, low-alkaline, or high-alkaline. It should be understood that high-alkaline detergent additives are well-known in the field and can be alkali metal or alkaline earth metal high-alkaline detergent additives. These detergent additives are prepared by reacting a metal oxide or metal hydroxide with a matrix and carbon dioxide gas. The matrix is ​​typically an acid, such as aliphatic-substituted sulfonic acids, aliphatic-substituted carboxylic acids, or aliphatic-substituted phenols.

[0032] The term "highly basic" refers to metal salts, such as those of sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, salicylic acids, and / or phenols, in which the amount of metal present exceeds the stoichiometric amount. These salts can have conversion levels exceeding 100% (i.e., they can contain more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal required to convert the acid to its "normal," "neutral" salt). The expression "metal ratio," often abbreviated as MR, is used to represent the ratio of the total stoichiometric amount of metal in a highly basic salt to the stoichiometric amount of metal in a neutral salt, based on known chemical reactivity and stoichiometry. In normal or neutral salts, MR is one, and in highly basic salts, MR is greater than one. These are often referred to as highly basic, super-basic, or extremely basic salts and can be salts of organic sulfuric acids, carboxylic acids, or phenols.

[0033] As used herein, the term "TBN" is used to denote the total base number in mg KOH / g as measured by the ASTM D2896 method. The total base number (TBN) of a highly alkaline detergent composition for lubricants can be greater than about 200 mg KOH / g or more, or about 250 mg KOH / g or more, or about 350 mg KOH / g or more, or about 375 mg KOH / g or more, or about 400 mg KOH / g or more. The metal-to-matrix ratio of highly alkaline detergents can be 1.1:1, or 2:1, or 4:1, or 5:1, or 7:1, or 10:1.

[0034] Examples of suitable highly alkaline cleaning agents include, but are not limited to: highly alkaline calcium phenolate, highly alkaline calcium sulfur-containing phenolate, highly alkaline calcium sulfonate, highly alkaline calcium calixarate, highly alkaline calcium salicylate, highly alkaline calcium carboxylate, highly alkaline calcium phosphate, highly alkaline calcium monothiophosphate and / or calcium dithiophosphate, highly alkaline calcium alkylphenolate, highly alkaline calcium sulfur-coupled alkylphenolate compound, highly alkaline calcium methylene-bridged phenolate, highly alkaline magnesium phenolate, highly alkaline magnesium sulfur-containing phenolate, highly alkaline magnesium sulfonate, highly alkaline magnesium calixarate, highly alkaline magnesium salicylate, highly alkaline magnesium carboxylate, highly alkaline magnesium phosphate, highly alkaline magnesium monothiophosphate and / or magnesium dithiophosphate, highly alkaline magnesium alkylphenolate, highly alkaline magnesium sulfur-coupled alkylphenolate compound, or highly alkaline magnesium methylene-bridged phenolate.

[0035] When low-alkaline or neutral detergents are incorporated into detergent systems, they typically have a TBN of up to 175 mg KOH / g, up to 150 mg KOH / g, up to 100 mg KOH / g, or up to 50 mg KOH / g. Low-alkaline / neutral detergents may include detergents containing calcium or magnesium. Examples of suitable low-alkaline / neutral detergents include, but are not limited to, calcium sulfonate, calcium phenolate, calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate, magnesium phenolate, and / or magnesium salicylate.

[0036] In some embodiments, the detergent used in the transmission fluids herein is a neutral or low-alkalinity calcium sulfonate or calcium phenolate with a total base number (TBN) of about 0 to about 100, and in other methods about 0 to about 50. In other methods, the detergent used in the transmission fluids herein is a high-alkalinity calcium sulfonate or calcium phenolate with a TBN of 150-400, and in other methods about 200 to about 350. In other methods, the detergent used in the transmission fluids herein may be magnesium sulfonate or magnesium benzoate, and when magnesium sulfonate is incorporated into the detergent system, it may be a high-alkalinity detergent with a TBN of 300 to 500, and in other methods about 350 to about 450. The above TBN values ​​reflect the values ​​of the finished detergent components diluted in the base oil.

[0037] In other embodiments, the TBN of the cleaning agents described herein may reflect the pure or undiluted form of the cleaning agent components. For example, the fluids described herein may include neutral to low-alkalinity calcium sulfonate as a pure (or undiluted) additive with a TBN of 0 to about 80, and in other methods about 20 to about 80. High-alkalinity calcium sulfonate or calcium phenolate as a pure additive may have a TBN of about 300 to about 450, and in other methods about 380 to about 420. High-alkalinity magnesium sulfonate as a pure additive may have a TBN of about 500 to about 700, and in other methods about 600 to about 700. Preferably, the cleaning agent system described herein comprises a high-alkalinity calcium sulfonate cleaning agent providing about 50 to about 800 ppm of calcium.

[0038] Base oil system In other aspects or embodiments, the lubricating and cooling fluids disclosed herein comprise a unique base oil system comprising (i) a first base oil of a lubricating viscosity selected from one or more API Group I to V base oils and (ii) a selected amount of ester base oil. In some embodiments, the base oil system herein comprises a combination of API Group I, II, and / or III mineral base oils as the first base oil and ester base oils. In another approach, the base oil system herein comprises a combination of API Group IV polyalphaolefin base oils as the first base oil and ester base oils. In any of the above embodiments, the base oil system comprises at least about 20 weight percent of ester base oil. As discussed in more detail below, the ester base oil of the fluids herein is a reaction product of one or more carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids having a specific internal carbon chain length and one or more alcohols having a specific straight-chain or branched carbon chain length, and provides the fluid with a specific amount of ester functionality. Therefore, when blended with a cleaning agent system within the aforementioned relationship between metal and ester groups, the drive systems and motors of this invention exhibit very high levels of magnetic conductor durability in the context of breakdown voltage.

[0039] Ester base oils in base oil systems: One component of the lubricating and cooling fluids described herein is a base oil system comprising at least 20 weight percent of an ester base oil. In one method, the ester base oil of the base oil system is a straight-chain or branched monoester, and in other methods, it is a straight-chain or branched diester of a dicarboxylic acid. The ester or diester can be the product of the reaction of one or more carboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 carbons with one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons, and in other methods, the alcohol has a branched carbon chain of 8 to 10 carbons, and in still other methods, the alcohol has a branched carbon chain of 8 to 12 carbons, as well as various mixtures thereof. The monoester base oil may have up to 20 carbons in the ester or alcohol groups.

[0040] Suitable ester base oils may include those obtained from the reaction of selected carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids (including sebacic acid, octanoic acid; and / or adipic acid, etc., and mixtures thereof) with various straight-chain or branched alcohols, including 4-methylpentanol, 3-methylpentanol, 2-methylheptanol, hexane-2-ol, 6-methylheptanol, 5-methylheptanol, 4-methylheptanol, 3-methylpentanol, 2-methylheptanol, octane-2-ol, 2-ethylhexanol, 4-ethylhexanol, 8-methylnonanol, 7-methylnonanol, 6-methylnonanol, 5-methylnonanol, 4-methylnonanol, 3-methylnonanol, 2-methylnonanol, decane-2-ol, 11-methyldodecanol, etc., and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of these diesters include bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate, bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, etc., and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the ester base oil is selected from diisooctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, eicosyl palmitate, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ester base oil is a diester of bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate; a diester based on bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate; or a straight-chain monoester having about 16 to 18 carbons in the acid moiety and about 20 carbons in the alcohol moiety; or combinations thereof.

[0041] Such esters or diesters can be prepared by reacting a selected carboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid with a selected alcohol (or a mixture thereof) by an exemplary reaction, as generally shown in the following reaction scheme 1, to obtain a monoester or diester of formula (I):

[0042]

[0043] R1 comprises m-2 carbons, where in some embodiments m is an integer from 6 to 10, and R2 and R3 are the same or different (in Formula I) and comprise C6 to C12 branched alkyl chains, and in other methods comprise C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains, and in yet another method comprise C8 to C12 branched alkyl chains, and in yet another method comprise C6 to C10 branched alkyl chains, and n is an integer of 0 or 1. (Specifically, when n is 0, Formula I is a monoester, and when n is 1, Formula I is a diester.) Preferably, the integer n is 1, and R2 and R3 are the same or different and comprise C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains. In the context of a monoester, when n is 0, R3 and / or R2 can be up to 20 carbons, such as pentaalkyl palmitate.

[0044] Diester base oils may have about 20 mole percent or more (such as about 20 to about 30 mole percent or about 20 to about 25 mole percent of ester groups) of ester groups (-C(O)O-), and monoester base oils may have about 8 mole percent or less (such as about 6 to about 8 mole percent of ester groups) of ester groups.

[0045] The first base oil in the base oil system The base oil system described herein may also include one or more mineral oils and / or other synthetic oils as the first base oil component. As used herein, mineral oils and other synthetic oils refer to oils classified according to American Petroleum Institute (API) Category Groups I through V. Examples of natural oils include animal fats, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard) and mineral oils such as petroleum, paraffinic oils, or naphthenic oils. Oils derived from coal or shale are also suitable. The American Petroleum Institute classifies these different base feedstock types as follows: Group I, greater than 0.03 wt% sulfur and / or less than 90 vol% saturation, with a viscosity index between 80 and 120; Group II, less than or equal to 0.03 wt% sulfur and greater than or equal to 90 vol% saturation, with a viscosity index between 80 and 120; Group III, less than or equal to 0.03 wt% sulfur and greater than or equal to 90 vol% saturation, with a viscosity index greater than 120; Group IV, all polyalphaolefins. Hydrotreated and catalytically dewaxed base oils typically belong to Group II and Group III categories due to their low sulfur and aromatic content. Polyalphaolefins (Group IV base oils) are synthetic base oils prepared from various alpha-olefins and are essentially free of sulfur and aromatic compounds. Many Group V base oils are also truly synthetic products and can include diesters, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, alkylated aromatic compounds, polyphosphates, polyvinyl ethers, and / or polyphenylene ethers, etc.

[0046] Suitable oils may be derived from hydrocracked, hydrogenated, hydrorefined, unrefined, refined, and refined oils or mixtures thereof. Any oil blends of other base oils may be used, provided they do not impair the desired lubricating, electrical, and thermal properties discussed above.

[0047] Unrefined oils are those derived from natural, mineral, or synthetic sources, with or with little to no further purification. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils, except that they have undergone one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Examples of suitable purification techniques include solvent extraction, double distillation, acid or alkali extraction, filtration, percolation, etc. Oils refined to the level of edible oils may or may not be suitable. Edible oils may also be referred to as white oils. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition does not contain edible oils or white oils.

[0048] Refined oils are also known as recycled oils or reprocessed oils. These oils are obtained in a manner similar to that used to obtain refined oils. Typically, these oils undergo further processing using techniques aimed at removing waste additives and oil decomposition products.

[0049] Mineral oils can include oils obtained through drilling or from plants and animals, and any mixtures thereof. For example, such oils can include, but are not limited to: castor oil, lard, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil, as well as mineral lubricants, such as liquid petroleum and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricants of alkanes, cycloalkanes, or mixtures of alkane-cycloalkanes. These oils may be partially or fully hydrogenated where necessary. Oils derived from coal or shale may also be applicable.

[0050] Other useful synthetic lubricants may include hydrocarbon oils such as polymeric, oligomeric, or interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutene, polypropylene, propylene isobutylene copolymers); trimers or oligomers of poly(1-hexene), poly(1-octene), and 1-decene, such as poly(1-decene), which are commonly referred to as α-olefins, and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonylbenzene, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzene); polybenzenes (e.g., biphenyl, terphenyl, alkylated polybenzene); diphenylalkanes, alkylated diphenylalkanes, alkylated diphenyl ethers, and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and their derivatives, analogs, and homologues, or mixtures thereof.

[0051] Other synthetic lubricants include polyol esters, phosphoric acid-containing liquid esters (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and diethyl decanephosphonate), or polymeric tetrahydrofurans. Synthetic oils can be produced via the Fischer-Tropsch reaction and are typically hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment, the oil can be prepared via a Fischer-Tropsch gas-liquid synthesis step, as well as synthetic oils derived from other natural gas sources.

[0052] The first base oil component of the base oil system described herein may have a KV100 (kinematic viscosity at 100°C) of approximately 2 to approximately 6 cSt, approximately 2 to approximately 4 cSt, and approximately 2 to approximately 3 cSt as measured according to ASTM D445-18.

[0053] The base oil system used for the lubricating and cooling fluids described herein comprises blends of the first base oil and ester base oil described above, and in some embodiments, includes blends of one or more base oils from Groups I to V with ester base oils. In other embodiments, the first base oil is one or more oils selected from Groups I to IV, and in yet another embodiment, the first base oil is a mineral base oil selected from Groups I, II, and / or III, or optionally a polyalphaolefin base oil selected from Group IV.

[0054] For example, in some methods, the base oil system described herein, when combined with the cleaning agent system, suitable for the durability of magnetic wires, comprises at least about 20 weight percent of ester base oil, and in other methods, about 20 to about 80 weight percent of ester base oil (by total weight of the base oil system), in still other methods, the base oil system comprises about 30 to about 75 weight percent of ester base oil, and in still other methods, about 35 to about 73 weight percent of ester base oil. In other methods or embodiments, the amount of ester base oil included in the base oil system can range from at least about 20 weight percent, at least about 25 weight percent, at least about 30 weight percent, at least about 35 weight percent, at least about 40 weight percent, or at least about 50 weight percent of the total base oil system to about 80 weight percent or less, about 70 weight percent or less, about 65 weight percent or less, or about 50 weight percent or less.

[0055] In some methods, for example, the base oil system of the lubricating compositions applicable herein comprises about 20 to about 80 weight percent of Group I, II, III and / or IV oils as a first base oil (by total weight of the base oil system). In still other methods, the base oil system comprises about 60 to about 90 weight percent of the first base oil. In other methods or embodiments, the base oil system may include a first base oil in an amount ranging from at least about 50 weight percent, at least about 60 weight percent, at least about 70 weight percent, at least about 75 weight percent to about 80 weight percent or less, or about 75 weight percent or less.

[0056] The finished lubricating and cooling fluid may include a major amount of a base oil system (i.e., a first base oil and an ester base oil), and in some methods may include about 70 to about 98 weight percent of the base oil system, in other methods about 75 to about 90 weight percent, and in yet another method about 75 to about 85 weight percent. In other methods or embodiments, the amount of base oil system included in the lubricating composition may range from at least about 70 weight percent, at least about 75 weight percent, at least about 80 weight percent, at least about 85 weight percent, or at least about 90 weight percent to about 98 weight percent or less, about 90 weight percent or less, about 85 weight percent or less, or about 80 weight percent or less.

[0057] In some methods or implementations, the base oil system of this article, which includes blends of Group I to Group V base oils as first base oils and the mentioned ester base oils, may have a KV100 of about 2 to about 20 cSt, in other methods about 2 to about 10 cSt, about 2.5 to about 6 cSt, in still other methods about 2.5 to about 3.5 cSt, and in other methods about 2.5 to about 4.5 cSt.

[0058] Lubricating and cooling fluids

[0059] The lubricating oils and cooling fluids disclosed herein are suitable for lubricating transmissions and other components of electric and / or hybrid electric vehicles, and include the aforementioned base oil system in combination with one or more detergent additives that provide a selected ratio of metal to ester groups (i.e., -C(O)O- groups) in the base oil system. A suitable ratio of the molar percentage of metal to ester groups in the base oil system may be about 70 or less, and in other methods is about 10 to about 70 to achieve a high breakdown voltage of the magnetic conductors. The lubricating oil composition may be a transmission fluid, automotive fluid, engine oil, etc., and is particularly suitable for lubricating and contacting components of electric and / or hybrid electric vehicles, including electric motors, generators, motor stators, and / or batteries.

[0060] In other methods, the lubricating and cooling fluids may comprise about 30 to about 75 weight percent of the ester base oils described herein, based on the total weight of the lubricating and cooling fluids. In other methods, the amount of the ester base oils described herein that may be included in the lubricating and cooling fluids may range from at least about 30 weight percent, at least about 40 weight percent, at least about 50 weight percent, at least about 60 weight percent, at least about 65 weight percent, at least about 70 weight percent to less than about 80 weight percent, less than about 75 weight percent, less than about 70 weight percent, less than about 60 weight percent, less than about 50 weight percent, or less than about 40 weight percent.

[0061] In a further method, the lubricating oil composition may further comprise about 40 to about 80% by weight of one or more mineral or other synthetic oils (PAOs) as a first base oil, based on the total weight of the lubricating cooling fluid. The first base oil may include at least one or more oils from Groups I to V as discussed above, provided that the lubricating composition still achieves the desired characteristics as discussed throughout this disclosure.

[0062] As used herein, the terms “oil composition,” “lubricating composition,” “lubricating oil composition,” “lubricating oil,” “lubricant composition,” “fully formulated lubricant composition,” “lubricant,” and “lubricating and cooling fluid” are considered synonymous and fully interchangeable terms, referring to finished lubricating products containing a major amount of base oil components plus small amounts of detergents and other optional components.

[0063] The lubricants described herein may also include other optional additives required for specific applications, provided that such additives do not impair the electrical and cooling properties discussed herein. Several common optional additives are listed below:

[0064] Optional additive components

[0065] In addition to the base oils described above, the lubricating oil compositions herein may also include other additives to achieve one or more functions required for lubrication. Furthermore, one or more of the mentioned additives may be multifunctional and provide functions other than those specified herein.

[0066] For example, the compositions of the present invention may include one or more components selected from at least one of the following: friction modifiers, air-repellent additives, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, sealant expanders, viscosity index improvers, rust inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and combinations thereof. In addition to those indicated above, other performance additives may also include one or more metal passivators, ashless TBN synergists, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, pour point depressants, and mixtures thereof. Typically, a fully formulated lubricant will contain one or more of these performance additives. Examples of some common optional additive components are described below.

[0067] Viscosity index improver :

[0068] In addition to the poly(meth)acrylate copolymers described above, the lubricating oil compositions herein may optionally contain one or more additional or supplementary viscosity index improvers. Suitable supplementary viscosity index improvers may include polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ethylene / propylene copolymers, polyisobutylene, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, styrene / maleic ester copolymers, hydrogenated styrene / butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, α-olefin maleic anhydride copolymers, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates, polyalkylstyrene, hydrogenated alkenylaryl conjugated diene copolymers, or mixtures thereof. Viscosity index improvers may include star polymers, comb polymers, and suitable examples are described in U.S. Publication No. 2012 / 0101017A1.

[0069] In addition to the PMA viscosity index improvers discussed above, the lubricant compositions described herein may optionally contain one or more dispersant viscosity index improvers. Suitable dispersant viscosity index improvers may comprise functionalized polyolefins, such as ethylene-propylene copolymers functionalized with the reaction product of an acylation agent (e.g., maleic anhydride) and an amine; amine-functionalized polymethyl methacrylates; or esterified maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers reacted with an amine.

[0070] The total amount of viscosity index improver and / or dispersant may be 0 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.25 wt.% to 12 wt.%, or 0.5 wt.% to 10 wt.% of the lubricating composition.

[0071] dispersant

[0072] Lubricant compositions may include one or more selected dispersants or mixtures thereof. Dispersants are often referred to as ashless dispersants because they do not contain ash-forming metals before being mixed into the lubricant composition and generally do not contribute to any ash formation when added to the lubricant. Ashless dispersants are characterized by polar groups attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. Typical ashless dispersants include N-substituted long-chain alkenyl succinimides. N-substituted long-chain alkenyl succinimides include polyisobutylene (PIB) substituents, wherein the number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent is in the range of about 800 to about 2500, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene (number average molecular weight from 180 to about 18,000) as a calibration benchmark. The PIB substituents used in dispersants typically have a viscosity of about 2100 to about 2700 cSt at 100°C, as determined using ASTM D445-18. Succinimidide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,897,696 and 4,234,435, which are incorporated herein by reference. Succinimidide dispersants are typically polyamines, usually poly(ethylenediamine) imides. The dispersant may comprise two succinimidide moieties linked by a polyamine. The polyamine may be tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), other higher ethylenediamine species, and / or mixtures thereof. The polyamine may be a mixture of straight-chain, branched, and cyclic amines. A PIB substituent may be linked to each succinimidide moieties.

[0073] In some embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises at least one polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant derived from polyisobutylene with a number average molecular weight in the range of about 350 to about 5000, or about 500 to about 3000, as measured by the GPC method described herein. Polyisobutylene succinimide can be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

[0074] In some embodiments, when polyisobutylene (PIB) is included, it may have terminal double bonds in amounts greater than 50 mol%, greater than 60 mol%, greater than 70 mol%, greater than 80 mol%, or greater than 90 mol%. Such PIBs are also referred to as highly reactive PIBs (“HR-PIB”). HR-PIBs with a number average molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 5000 are suitable for embodiments of this disclosure. Conventional non-highly reactive PIBs typically have terminal double bonds in amounts less than 50 mol%, less than 40 mol%, less than 30 mol%, less than 20 mol%, or less than 10 mol%.

[0075] HR-PIBs with a number average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 3000 are suitable, as measured by the GPC method described herein. These HR-PIBs are commercially available or can be synthesized by polymerizing isobutylene in the presence of a non-chlorinated catalyst (e.g., boron trifluoride), as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,152,499 and 5,739,355. When used in the aforementioned thermo-olefin reaction, HR-PIBs can increase conversion rates and reduce sediment formation due to enhanced reactivity.

[0076] In some embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene succinic anhydride. In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from polyalphaolefin (PAO) succinic anhydride. In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from an olefin maleic anhydride copolymer. As an example, the dispersant may be described as polyPIBSA. In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from an anhydride grafted onto an ethylene-propylene copolymer.

[0077] One suitable class of dispersants is the Mannich base. Mannich bases are materials formed by the condensation of high molecular weight, alkyl-substituted phenols, polyalkylene polyamines, and aldehydes (such as formaldehyde). Mannich bases are described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 3,634,515.

[0078] Suitable dispersants can be high molecular weight esters or hemiesteramides.

[0079] Dispersants can also be post-treated by conventional methods through reaction with any of a variety of reagents. These reagents include boron, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazole, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, carbonates, cyclic carbonates, hindered phenolic esters, and phosphorus compounds. Suitable post-treatment methods and post-treatment products are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,645,726, 7,214,649, and 8,048,831.

[0080] Suitable boron compounds that can be used to form the dispersants of the present invention include any boron compound or mixture of boron compounds capable of introducing boron-containing substances into ashless dispersants. Any organic or inorganic boron compound capable of carrying out this reaction can be used. Thus, boron oxide, boron oxide hydrate, boron trifluoride, boron tribromide, boron trichloride, HBF4, boric acids such as borous acid (e.g., alkyl-B(OH)2 or aryl-B(OH)2), boric acid (i.e., H3BO3), tetraboric acid (i.e., H2B5O7), metaboric acid (i.e., HBO2), ammonium salts of such boric acids, and esters of these boric acids can be used. Using a complex of boron trihalide with an ether, organic acid, inorganic acid, or hydrocarbon is a convenient method for introducing boron reactants into the reaction mixture. Such complexes are known, for example, boron trifluoride-diethyl ether, boron trifluoride-phenol, boron trifluoride-phosphoric acid, boron trichloride-chloroacetic acid, boron tribromide-dioxane, and boron trifluoride-methyl ethyl ether.

[0081] Suitable phosphorus compounds for forming the dispersants of the present invention include phosphorus compounds or mixtures of phosphorus compounds capable of introducing phosphorus-containing substances into ashless dispersants. Therefore, any organic or inorganic phosphorus compound capable of carrying out such a reaction can be used. Thus, inorganic phosphorus compounds such as inorganic phosphoric acid and inorganic phosphorus oxides, including their hydrates, can be used. Typical organic phosphorus compounds include per- and partial esters of phosphoric acid, such as mono- and di-phosphophosphates, diesters, tri- and thiophosphophosphates, thiophosphophosphates, dithiophosphophosphates, trithiophosphophosphates, and tetrathiophosphophosphates; mono- and di-phosphophosphates, diesters, tri- and thiophosphophosphates, thiophosphophosphates, dithiophosphophosphates, and trithiophosphophosphates; trialkylphosphine oxides; trialkylphosphine sulfides; monoalkylphosphinates and dialkylphosphinates (RPO(OR')(OR"), where R and R' are hydrocarbon groups and R" is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group), and their mono-, di-, and trithiophosphinate analogs; monoalkylphosphinates and dialkylphosphinates (RP(OR')(OR)). (where R and R' are hydrocarbon groups, and R" is a hydrogen or hydrocarbon group) and their monothio and dithio analogs; etc. Therefore, compounds such as phosphorous acid (H3PO3, sometimes described as H2(HPO3), sometimes called orthophosphorous acid or phosphonic acid), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, sometimes called orthophosphoric acid), hypophosphorous acid (H4P2O6), metaphosphoric acid (HPO3), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2, sometimes called hypophosphonic acid), pyrophosphorous acid (H4P2O5, sometimes called pyrophosphonic acid), hypophosphonic acid (H3PO), tripolyphosphoric acid (H5P3O) 10 ), tetrapolyphosphoric acid (H5P4O) 13Phosphoric acid, including trimethomorphic phosphoric acid (H3P3O9), phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus tetroxide, and phosphorus pentoxide. Some or all of these are sulfur analogues, such as tetrathioacetic acid (H3PS4), thiophosphoric acid (H3PO3S), dithiophosphoric acid (H3PO2S2), trithiophosphoric acid (H3POS3), sesquisulfide, phosphorus heptasulfide, and phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5, sometimes called P4S). 10 It can also be used to form the dispersant disclosed herein. Inorganic phosphorus halide compounds, such as PCl3, PBr3, POCl3, PSCl3, etc., can also be used.

[0082] Such organophosphorus compounds can also be used, such as mono, di, and triesters of phosphoric acid (e.g., trialkyl phosphate, dialkyl monoacid phosphate, monoalkyl diacid phosphate, and mixtures thereof), mono, di, and triesters of phosphorous acid (e.g., trialkyl phosphite, dialkyl hydrogen phosphite, alkyl diacid phosphite, and mixtures thereof), esters of phosphonic acids (“primary” RP(O)(OR)2 and “secondary” R2P(O))(OR), esters of hypophosphonic acids, and phosphonyl halides (e.g., RP(O)Cl2 and R2P(O)Cl2). (RO)Cl), halophosphites (such as (RO)PCl2 and (RO)2PCl), halophosphates (such as ROP(O)Cl2 and (RO)2P(O)Cl), pyrophosphate triesters (such as (RO)2P(O)-OP(O)(OR)2), and partial sulfur analogs of any of the aforementioned organophosphorus compounds, wherein each hydrocarbon group contains up to about 100 carbon atoms, or up to about 50 carbon atoms, or up to about 24 carbon atoms, or up to about 12 carbon atoms. Halogenated phosphine halides (e.g., alkyl tetrahalides, dialkyl trihalides, and trialkyl dihalides) and phosphine halides (monohalides and dihalides) may also be used.

[0083] The lubricant described herein may include a mixture of one or more of the above-described boronized and phosphoricated dispersants with non-boronized and non-phosphoricated dispersants.

[0084] In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise at least one borate dispersant, wherein the dispersant is a reaction product of an olefin copolymer or an olefin copolymer with succinic anhydride, and at least one polyamine. The ratio of PIBSA to polyamine may be from 1:1 to 10:1, or from 1:1 to 5:1, or from 4:3 to 3:1, or from 4:3 to 2:1. Particularly suitable dispersants contain polyisobutylene groups of PIBSA, as determined by the GPC method described herein, having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of about 500 to 5000, and (B) a polyamine having the general formula H2N(CH2). m -[NH(CH2) m ] n —NH2, where m is in the range of 2 to 4 and n is in the range of 1 to 2.

[0085] In addition to the above, the dispersant can be post-treated with aromatic carboxylic acids, aromatic polycarboxylic acids, or aromatic anhydrides, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are directly attached to the aromatic ring. The carboxyl-containing aromatic compounds may be selected from 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride and 1,2-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, phthalic anhydride, phenylmethyltetracarboxylic anhydride, 1,2,4-phenyltricarboxylic acid anhydride, biphenyl acid or anhydride, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid or anhydride, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid anhydride, pyrene dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, etc. The molar ratio of this post-treatment component per mole of polyamine reaction can range from about 0.1:1 to about 2:1. In the reaction mixture, the typical molar ratio of this post-treatment component to the polyamine can range from about 0.2:1 to about 2:1. Another usable molar ratio of this post-treatment component to the polyamine can range from 0.25:1 to about 1.5:1. This post-treatment component can react with other components at temperatures from about 140°C to about 180°C.

[0086] Alternatively, or in addition to the post-treatments described above, the dispersant may be post-treated with a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. The number-average molecular weight of the non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride may be less than 500, as measured by the GPC method described herein. Suitable carboxylic acids or their anhydrides may include (but are not limited to) acetic acid or anhydride, oxalic acid and anhydride, malonic acid and anhydride, succinic acid and anhydride, alkenyl succinic acid and anhydride, glutaric acid and anhydride, adipic acid and anhydride, pimelic acid and anhydride, octanoic acid and anhydride, azelaic acid and anhydride, sebacic acid and anhydride, maleic acid and anhydride, fumaric acid and anhydride, tartaric acid and anhydride, glycolic acid and anhydride, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydronaphthalenedicarboxylic acid and anhydride, etc.

[0087] Non-aromatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides react with polyamines in a molar ratio ranging from about 0.1 to about 2.5 moles per mole of polyamine. Typically, the amount of non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride used will be relative to the number of secondary amino groups in the polyamine. Thus, about 0.2 to about 2.0 moles of non-aromatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides per secondary amino group in component B can react with other components to provide a dispersant according to embodiments of this disclosure. Another molar ratio of non-aromatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides to polyamines that can be used can be from 0.25:1 to about 1.5:1 moles per mole of polyamine. The non-aromatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides can react with other components at a temperature of about 140°C to about 180°C.

[0088] The percentage by weight of active ingredient (%) of alkenyl or alkyl succinic anhydride can be determined using chromatographic techniques. This method is described in columns 5 and 6 of U.S. Patent No. 5,334,321. The conversion percentage of the polyolefin is calculated from the percentage of active ingredient (%) using the equations in columns 5 and 6 of U.S. Patent No. 5,334,321.

[0089] The TBN of a suitable borate dispersant can be about 10 to about 65 mg KOH per gram of composition on an oil-free basis, or about 5 to about 30 mg KOH per gram of composition if measured based on a dispersant sample containing about 50% dilution oil.

[0090] Typically, the above-mentioned dispersant is provided in lubricants at about 4.5 to about 25 wt.%, in other methods at about 4.5 to about 12 wt.%, and in yet other methods at about 4.5 to about 7.7 wt.%.

[0091] Extreme pressure agent

[0092] The lubricating oil compositions described herein may optionally contain one or more extreme pressure agents. Oil-soluble extreme pressure (EP) agents include sulfur-containing and chlorine-containing sulfur EP agents, chlorinated hydrocarbon EP agents, and phosphorus EP agents. Examples of such EP agents include chlorinated waxes; organosulfurs and polysulfides, such as dibenzyl disulfide, bis(chlorobenzyl) disulfide, dibutyltetrasulfide, methyl oleate sulfur, alkyl phenol sulfur, dipentene sulfur, terpenes sulfur, Diels-Alder sulfur; phosphorus sulfides, such as the reaction products of phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphites, such as dialkyl phosphites and trialkyl phosphites, for example, dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentylphenyl phosphite; dipentylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearate phosphite, and polypropylene-substituted phenyl phosphites; metal thiocarbamates, such as zinc dioctyl dithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenol diacid; amine salts of alkyl and dialkyl phosphates, including, for example, amine salts of the reaction products of dialkyl dithiophosphite with propylene oxide; and mixtures thereof.

[0093] The extreme pressure agent may be present, for example, in an amount of about 0 to 3.0 wt.% or about 0.1 to 2.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0094] Anti-wear agent:The lubricating oil compositions described herein may optionally contain one or more anti-wear agents. Examples of suitable anti-wear agents include, but are not limited to, metal thiophosphates; metal dialkyl dithiophosphates; phosphate esters or salts thereof; phosphate esters; phosphites; phosphorus-containing carboxylic esters, ethers or amides; sulfurized olefins; compounds containing thiocarbamates, including thiocarbamates, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfides; and mixtures thereof. A suitable anti-wear agent may be molybdenum dithiocarbamate. Phosphorus-containing anti-wear agents are described more fully in European Patent 612 839. The metal in the dialkyl dithiophosphate may be an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, copper, titanium or zinc. A suitable anti-wear agent may be zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate.

[0095] Another embodiment of a suitable anti-wear agent includes titanium compounds, tartrate esters, tartrate imides, oil-soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds, sulfurized olefins, phosphites (such as dibutyl phosphite), phosphonates, and compounds containing thiocarbamates (such as thiocarbamates, thiocarbamate amides, thiocarbamate ethers, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates, and bis(S-alkyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfides). The tartrate ester or tartrate imide may contain alkyl ester groups, wherein the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl groups may be at least 8. In one embodiment, the anti-wear agent may include citrate esters.

[0096] The presence range of the anti-wear agent may include about 0 wt% to about 15 wt% of the lubricating oil composition, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt% in one method, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt% in another method, and about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt% in a further method.

[0097] Friction modifier

[0098] The lubricating oil compositions described herein may optionally contain one or more friction modifiers. Suitable friction modifiers may include metal-containing and metal-free friction modifiers, and may include (but are not limited to): imidazolines, amides, amines, succinimides, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated ether amines, amine oxides, amides, nitriles, betaine, quaternary ammonium, imines, amine salts, aminoguanidines, alkanolamides, phosphonates, metal-containing compounds, glycerides, sulfurized aliphatic compounds and olefins, sunflower oil and other naturally occurring vegetable or animal oils, dicarboxylic acid esters, esters or metaesters of polyols and one or more aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, etc.

[0099] Suitable friction modifiers may contain a hydrocarbon group selected from straight-chain, branched, or aromatic hydrocarbon groups or mixtures thereof, and may be saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbon group may consist of carbon and hydrogen or heteroatoms, such as sulfur or oxygen. The hydrocarbon group may have between 12 and 25 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the friction modifier may be a long-chain fatty acid ester. In another embodiment, the long-chain fatty acid ester may be a monoester, diester, or (tri)glycerol ester. The friction modifier may be a long-chain fatty amide, a long-chain fatty ester, a long-chain fatty epoxide derivative, or a long-chain imidazoline.

[0100] Other suitable friction modifiers may include organic, ashless (metal-free), nitrogen-free organic friction modifiers. Such friction modifiers may comprise esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols, and generally contain polar end groups (e.g., carboxyl or hydroxyl groups) covalently bonded to a lipophilic hydrocarbon chain. Examples of organic ashless nitrogen-free friction modifiers are generally known as glyceryl monooleate (GMO), which may contain monoesters, diesters, and trimers of oleic acid. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Patent 6,723,685.

[0101] Amine-based friction modifiers may include amines or polyamines. These compounds may have straight-chain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups or mixtures thereof, and may contain 12 to 25 carbon atoms. Other examples of suitable friction modifiers include alkoxylated amines and alkoxylated ether amines. These compounds may have straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, or mixtures thereof. They may contain about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Examples include ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated ether amines.

[0102] Amines and amides may be used as is or as additions or reaction products with boron compounds such as boron oxide, boron halide, metaborates, boric acid or monoalkyl, dialkyl or trialkyl esters of borate. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Patent 6,300,291.

[0103] The friction modifier may optionally be present in, for example, in the range of 0 wt.% to 6 wt.% or 0.01 wt.% to 4 wt.% or 0.05 wt.% to 2 wt.%.

[0104] Cleaning agents

[0105] The lubricant composition also comprises one or more selected detergents or mixtures thereof to provide a specific amount of metal and soap content to the lubricant composition. In one method, the detergent is a metal-containing detergent, such as a neutral to highly alkaline detergent. Suitable detergent matrices include: phenolates, sulfur-containing phenolates, sulfonates, calixarates, salixarates, salicylates, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, monothiophosphates and / or dithiophosphates, alkylphenols, thiocoupled alkylphenol compounds, and methylene-bridged phenols. Suitable detergents and methods of their preparation are described in more detail in several patent disclosures, including U.S. Patent 7,732,390 and the references cited therein. In one method, the detergent is neutral to highly alkaline sulfonates, phenolates, or carboxylates containing alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts. The detergent can be linear or branched, such as linear or branched sulfonates. Linear detergents are those comprising linear chains without side chain connections and typically comprise carbon atoms bonded to only one or two other carbon atoms. Branched cleaning agents are those having one or more side chains attached to the molecular backbone and may include carbon atoms bonded to one, two, three, or four other carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the sulfonate cleaning agent may be a predominantly straight-chain alkylbenzene sulfonate cleaning agent. In some embodiments, the straight-chain alkyl (or hydrocarbon) group may be linked at any position on the benzene ring along the straight chain of the alkyl group, but is typically at the 2, 3, or 4 position of the straight chain, and in some cases predominantly at the 2 position. In other embodiments, the alkyl (or hydrocarbon) group may be branched, i.e., formed from branched olefins such as propylene or 1-butene or isobutene. Sulfonate cleaning agents having a mixture of straight-chain and branched alkyl groups may also be used.

[0106] The cleaning agent matrix can be salted with, for example, but not limited to, the following alkali metals or alkaline earth metals: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the cleaning agent is barium-free. Suitable cleaning agents may include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acids and long-chain monoalkyl aryl sulfonic acids or dialkyl aryl sulfonic acids, wherein the aryl group is one of benzyl, tolyl, and xylyl.

[0107] Highly alkaline detergent additives are well known in the art and can be alkali metal or alkaline earth metal highly alkaline detergent additives. These detergent additives are prepared by reacting a metal oxide or metal hydroxide with a matrix and carbon dioxide gas. The matrix is ​​typically an acid, such as aliphatic-substituted sulfonic acids, aliphatic-substituted carboxylic acids, or aliphatic-substituted phenols. Generally, the term "highly alkaline" refers to metal salts, such as metal salts of sulfonic acids, formic acids, and phenols, in which the amount of metal present exceeds stoichiometry. These salts can have conversion levels exceeding 100% (i.e., they can contain more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal required to convert the acid to its "normal," "neutral" salt). The expression "metal ratio" is often abbreviated as MR, which is used to represent the ratio of the total stoichiometric amount of metal in a highly alkaline salt to the stoichiometric amount of metal in a neutral salt, based on known chemical reactivity and stoichiometry. In normal or neutral salts, the metal ratio is one, while in highly alkaline salts, MR is greater than one. These salts are often referred to as highly alkaline, superalkaline, or hyperalkaline salts, and can be salts of organic sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid, or phenol. Cleaning agents can also exhibit a total base number (TBN) of approximately 27 to approximately 400, and in other methods, approximately 200 to approximately 400.

[0108] In transmission fluids, the cleaning agent provides less than about 455 ppm of metal to the lubricant composition. High metal content leads to failure of one or more friction durability or wear tests described herein. In other methods, the cleaning agent provides about 0 to about 281 ppm of metal. In yet another method, the cleaning agent provides about 0 to about 100 ppm of metal to the lubricant composition.

[0109] The detergent also provides a selected level of soap content to the lubricant composition, and the provided soap content is balanced with the metal content such that increasing the soap content does not achieve the desired result if the metal is not within the desired range, as will be discussed in more detail in the embodiments herein. In one method, the detergent provides the final lubricant composition with a soap content of about 0.02% to about 0.15%, such as sulfonate soap, phenolic soap, and / or carboxylate soap. In other methods, the detergent provides about 0.02% to about 0.1% soap, and in yet another method, about 0.02% to about 0.05% soap.

[0110] Soap content typically refers to the amount of neutral organic acid salts, reflecting the cleaning power or detergency and dirt-suspending ability of a detergent. An example is a calcium sulfonate cleaner (made of RSO3). v Ca w (CO3) x (Oh) y The formula (where v, w, x, and y represent the number of sulfonate groups, calcium atoms, carbonate groups, and hydroxyl groups, respectively) indicates the soap content, which can be determined using the following formula:

[0111]

[0112] The effective formula is the composition formula (RSO3). v Ca w (CO3) x (OH) y The total weight of all atoms plus the weight of any other lubricant components. Further discussion on determining soap content can be found in Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, Techniques, Properties, Performance and Testing, edited by George Totten, ASTM International, 2003, the relevant sections of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0113] In some methods, the metal-containing cleaning agent is not borated, so that the boron in the lubricant is provided only by the dispersant.

[0114] The total amount of detergent that may be present in the lubricating oil composition may be from 0 wt.% to 2 wt.%, or from about 0 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.%, or from about 0 wt.% to about 0.15 wt.%.

[0115] antioxidants

[0116] The lubricating oil compositions described herein may optionally contain one or more antioxidants. Antioxidant compounds are known and include, for example, phenol salts, phenol sulfides, sulfide olefins, phosphosulfur terpenes, sulfide esters, aromatic amines, alkylated diphenylamines (e.g., nonyldiphenylamine, dinonyldiphenylamine, octyldiphenylamine, dioctyldiphenylamine), phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkylated phenyl-α-naphthylamine, hindered nonaromatic amines, phenols, hindered phenols, oil-soluble molybdenum compounds, macromolecular antioxidants, or mixtures thereof. Antioxidant compounds may be used alone or in combination.

[0117] Available antioxidants may include diarylamines and high molecular weight phenols. In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may contain a mixture of diarylamines and high molecular weight phenols, such that each antioxidant may be sufficient to provide an amount of up to about 5 wt.% based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition. In one embodiment, the antioxidant may be a mixture of 0.3 wt.% to 2 wt.% diarylamine and 0.4 wt.% to 2 wt.% high molecular weight phenol based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0118] One or more antioxidants may be present in the range of 0 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or 0.01 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.% to 3 wt.%, or 0.8 wt.% to 2 wt.% of the lubricating composition.

[0119] Corrosion inhibitors

[0120] Automatic transmission lubricants may further include additional corrosion inhibitors (it should be noted that some of the other mentioned components may also have copper corrosion inhibitory properties). Suitable additional copper corrosion inhibitors include ether amines, polyethoxylated compounds such as ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated alcohols, imidazolines, monoalkyl and dialkylthiadiazoles, etc.

[0121] Thiazoles, triazoles, and thiadiazoles can also be used in lubricants. Examples include benzotriazole; toluenetriazole; octyltriazole; decyltriazole; dodecyltriazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-mercapto-5-alkylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 2-mercapto-5-alkyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole. In one embodiment, the thiadiazole is 1,3,4-thiadiazole. In another embodiment, the thiadiazole is 2-alkyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-dithiadiazole. Many thiadiazoles are commercially available.

[0122] If a corrosion inhibitor is present, its dosage, based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition, may be sufficient to provide amounts from 0 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 3 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.% to 2 wt.%.

[0123] Foam inhibitors / defoamers

[0124] Defoamers / surfactants may also be included in the fluid according to the invention. Various reagents are known for this purpose. In one embodiment, the reagent is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and hexyl acrylate, such as PC-1244 available from Solutia. In another embodiment, the reagent is a siloxane fluid, such as 4% DCF. In yet another embodiment, the reagent is a mixture of defoamers.

[0125] Rust inhibitor

[0126] Various known rust inhibitors or additives are used in transmission fluids and are suitable for the fluids according to the present invention. Rust inhibitors include alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, for example... 77, C-8 acids, for example 8. Oxidized alkylamines such as Tomah PA-14, 3-decoxypropylamine and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers such as L-81.

[0127] Pour point depressant

[0128] Suitable pour point depressants may include polymethyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof. The pour point depressant may be present in an amount sufficient to provide 0 wt.% to 1 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 0.5 wt.%, or 0.02 wt.% to 0.04 wt.% based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0129] Sealing expander

[0130] The automatic transmission fluid disclosed herein may further include a sealing expander. Sealing expanders such as esters, adipates, sebates, terpenes, phthalates, sulfones, alcohols, alkylbenzenes, substituted sulfolane, aromatics, or mineral oils cause expansion of the elastomeric material used as a seal in engines and automatic transmissions.

[0131] Alcohol-based sealant expanders are typically low-volatility straight-chain alkyl alcohols, such as decanol, tridecyl alcohol, and tetradecyl alcohol. Alkylbenzenes that can be used as sealant expanders include dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonylbenzene, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene, etc. Substituted sulfolane (e.g., those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,029,588, which is incorporated herein by reference) can also be used as sealant expanders in compositions according to this disclosure. Mineral oils that can be used as sealant expanders in this disclosure include low-viscosity mineral oils having a high naphthenic or aromatic content. Aromatic sealant expanders include the commercially available Exxon Aromatic 200ND sealant expander. Examples of commercially available mineral oil sealant expanders include... and Mineral sealing oil (FN 3200).

[0132] Based on the above discussion, exemplary ranges of various lubricating composition components are listed in Table 1 below.

[0133] Table 1: Lubricant compositions for electric and / or hybrid electric applications

[0134]

[0135] The percentages for each component above represent the weight % of each component based on the total final lubricating oil composition. The balance of the lubricating oil composition consists of one or more base oils as defined above. Additives used to formulate the compositions described herein may be blended into the base oils individually or in various sub-combinations. However, it may be suitable to simultaneously blend all components using an additive concentrate (i.e., additive plus diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent).

[0136] definition

[0137] For the purposes of this disclosure, chemical elements are identified according to the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS edition, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th edition. Additionally, the general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry,” Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausolito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry,” 5th edition, edited by Smith, MB, and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0138] As described herein, compounds may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, as generally described above, or as exemplified by specific classes, subclasses and species of this disclosure.

[0139] Unless obvious from the context, the term “major amount” should be understood to mean an amount greater than or equal to 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, for example, about 80 to about 98% by weight. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “minor amount” should be understood to mean an amount less than 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0140] As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl group" is used in its general sense as is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having carbon atoms directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and possessing predominantly hydrocarbon characteristics. Examples of hydrocarbon groups include: (1) hydrocarbon substituents, namely aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic substituents substituted with aromatic, aliphatic, and alicyclic groups, as well as cyclic substituents in which the ring is completed through another part of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic group); (2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, namely substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups that, in the context described herein, do not alter the predominant hydrocarbon substituent (e.g., halogens (especially chlorine and fluorine), hydroxyl, alkoxy, mercapto, alkyl mercapto, nitro, nitroso, amino, alkylamino, and thiooxy); and (3) heterosubstituents, namely substituents that, in the context of this specification, are predominantly hydrocarbon-characteristic but contain atoms other than carbon in a ring or chain originally composed of carbon atoms. Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, and encompass substituents such as pyridyl, furanyl, thiophene, and imidazolyl. Generally speaking, for every ten carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon group, there are no more than two non-hydrocarbon substituents, or, in another embodiment, no more than one; in some embodiments, there are no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbon group.

[0141] As used herein, the term "aliphatic" includes the terms alkyl, alkenyl, and ynyl, each of which may optionally be substituted as described below.

[0142] As used herein, an "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms. Alkyl groups can be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl. Alkyl groups may be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more of the following substituents: halogen, phosphate, cycloaliphatic group [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocyclic aliphatic group [e.g., heterocyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocyclic aliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amide [e.g., (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylalkylcarbonylamino, (heterocyclic)carbonylamino, (heterocyclic alkyl)carbonylamino] [Heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroarylalkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclic alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g. aliphatic amino, cycloaliphatic amino or heterocyclic aliphatic amino], sulfonyl [e.g. aliphatic group -SO2-], sulfinyl, thio, thiooxy, urea, thiourea, aminosulfonyl, sulfonamide, side oxygen, carboxyl, carbamoyl, cycloaliphatic oxygen, heterocyclic aliphatic oxygen, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl or hydroxyl. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkyl groups include carboxylalkyl (e.g., HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (e.g., (alkyl-SO2-amino)alkyl), aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkyl, or haloalkyl.

[0143] As used herein, an "alkenyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group containing 2 to 8 (e.g., 2 to 12, 2 to 6, or 2 to 4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like alkyl groups, alkenyl groups can be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, allyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. The alkenyl group may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents such as: halogen, phosphate, cycloaliphatic group [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocyclic aliphatic group [e.g., heterocyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, arylyl, heteroarylyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocyclic aliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amide [e.g., (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylalkylcarbonylamino, (heterocyclic)carbonylamino, (heterocyclic alkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroarylalkylcarbonyl] [Amino, alkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclic alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g. aliphatic amino, cycloaliphatic amino, heterocyclic aliphatic amino or aliphatic sulfonylamino], sulfonyl [e.g. alkyl-SO2-, cycloaliphatic-SO2- or aryl-SO2-], sulfinyl, thio, thiooxy, urea, thiourea, aminosulfonyl, sulfonamide, side oxygen, carboxyl, carbamoyl, cycloaliphatic oxygen, heterocyclic aliphatic oxygen, aryl oxygen, heteroaryl oxygen, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl or hydroxyl. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkenyl groups include cyanoalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, acylalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, aryl, (alkoxyaryl)alkenyl, (sulfonylamino)alkenyl (e.g., (alkyl-SO2-amino)alkenyl), aminoalkenyl, acylaminoalkenyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkenyl, or haloalkenyl.

[0144] As used herein, "alkynyl" refers to an aliphatic carbon group containing 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and having at least one triple bond. The alkynyl group can be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, propynyl and butynyl. The alkynyl group may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents such as: aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, nitro, carboxyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, sulfonic acid, mercapto, thio (e.g., aliphatic thio or cycloaliphatic thio), sulfinyl (e.g., aliphatic sulfinyl or cycloaliphatic sulfinyl), sulfonyl (e.g., aliphatic -SO2-, aliphatic amino -SO2-, or cycloaliphatic -SO2-), amide (e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, ... Cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocyclic alkyl)carbonylamino, (cycloalkyl alkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylalkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], urea, thiourea, aminosulfonyl, sulfonamide, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl [e.g. (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl or (heterocyclic aliphatic)carbonyl], amino [e.g. aliphatic amino], thiooxy, lateral oxy, carboxyl, carbamoyl, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocyclic aliphatic)oxy or (heteroaryl)alkoxy.

[0145] As used in this article, "amino" refers to -NR X R Y , where R X and R Y Each of these groups is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, (alkyl)carbonyl, (cycloalkyl)carbonyl, ((cycloalkyl)alkyl)carbonyl, arylcarbonyl, (aralkyl)carbonyl, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonyl, ((heterocycloalkyl)alkyl)carbonyl, (heteroaryl)carbonyl, or (heteroaryl)carbonyl, each of which is defined herein and optionally substituted. Examples of amino groups include alkylamino, dialkylamino, or arylamino. When the term "amino" is not a terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is prefixed with -NR. X - indicates. R X It has the same meaning as the definition above.

[0146] As used herein, a “cycloalkyl” group refers to a saturated carbocyclic monocyclic or bicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cycloheptyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or ((aminocarbonyl)cycloalkyl)cycloalkyl.

[0147] As used herein, a “heterocyclic alkyl” group refers to a 3- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) saturated ring structure in which one or more ring atoms are heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S or combinations thereof). Examples of heterocyclic alkyl groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,4-dithiaalkyl, 1,3-dioxolane, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydrothiochromenyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydropyridinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydrobenzo[b]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.0]nonyl. Monocyclic heterocyclic alkyl groups can be fused with a phenyl moiety to form structures such as tetrahydroisoquinoline, which will be classified as heteroaryl.

[0148] As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic system having 4 to 15 ring atoms, wherein one or more of the ring atoms are heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof), and wherein the monocyclic system is aromatic, or at least one ring in the bicyclic or tricyclic system is aromatic. Heteroaryl includes benzo[b]fused ring systems having 2 to 3 rings. For example, benzo[b]fused groups include benzo[b]fused with one or two 4 to 8-membered heterocyclic aliphatic moieties (e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, dihydroindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl). Some examples of heteroaryl groups are pyridyl, 1H-indazolyl, furanyl, pyrroleyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, benzothiazolyl, xanthon, thiophene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, benzo[1,3]m-dioxacyclopentene, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiaphenyl, indazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, furanyl, cinnolyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, isoquinolinyl, 4H-quinolizyl, benzo-1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, or 1,8-naphthyridyl.

[0149] In a non-limiting sense, monocyclic heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thiopheneyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazoleyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4-H-pyranyl, pyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, or 1,3,5-triazinyl. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.

[0150] In a non-limiting sense, bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, dihydroindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolazinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazoleyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cenolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthidyl, or pteridyl. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.

[0151] As used herein, the term "recovery rate" refers to the weight percentage of a component in a lubricating and cooling fluid. For example, the recovery rate of a particular polymer or additive in an oil composition is the weight percentage of that polymer or additive in the composition: Recovery rate = (weight of oil-free polymer / additive) / (weight of the entire composition) × 100%. As mentioned above, the recovery rate of a polymer / additive herein refers to the solid content of the polymer / additive in the absence of any oil or carrier fluid.

[0152] As used herein, the term "viscosity index" is any measure of how viscosity changes with temperature. The viscosity index can be calculated using the following formula: VI = 100 * [(LU) / (LH)], where...

[0153] L = kinematic viscosity of an oil with a viscosity index of 0 at 40°C. This oil with a viscosity index of 0 has the same kinematic viscosity at 100°C as the oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated. The unit is mm. 2 / s(cSt);

[0154] H = kinematic viscosity of an oil with a viscosity index of 100 at 40°C. This oil with a viscosity index of 100 has the same kinematic viscosity at 100°C as the oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated. The unit is mm. 2 / s(cSt); and

[0155] U = kinematic viscosity (in mm) of the oil at 40°C for which the viscosity index is to be calculated. 2 / s(cSt).

[0156] Weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and number-average molecular weight (Mn) were determined using a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) instrument or similar instrument from Waters, and the data were processed using Waters Empower software or similar software. The GPC instrument can be equipped with a Waters separation module and a Waters refractive index detector (or similar optional equipment). GPC operating conditions may include a guard column, four Agilent PLgel columns (300 × 7.5 mm in length; 5 μm particle size, and pore size range of...). The column temperature is approximately 40°C. Unstabilized HPLC-grade tetrahydrofuran (THF) can be used as a solvent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min. GPC instruments can be calibrated using commercially available poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standards with a narrow molecular weight distribution range of 960–1,568,000 g / mol. For samples with a mass less than 500 g / mol, calibration curves can be extrapolated. Samples and PMMA standards can be dissolved in THF and prepared at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%, and used without filtration. GPC measurements are also described in US 5,266,223, which is incorporated herein by reference. GPC methods also provide molecular weight distribution information; see, for example, WWYau, JJ Kirkland, and DDBly, “Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography,” John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979, which is also incorporated herein by reference.

[0157] As discussed herein, the lubricating and cooling fluids are particularly suitable for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are those that include, but are not limited to, batteries such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and / or fuel cells, and are equipped with an electric motor. Hybrid electric vehicles are those that combine batteries, electric motors, and internal combustion engines. The lubricants of this article can contact components of the electric motor, the magnetic wires within the electric motor, and / or can be used in the transmission and for cooling and lubricating the electric motor. For example, the lubricating compositions of this article can contact the electrical windings and magnetic wires present in the stator.

[0158] The following examples will provide a better understanding of this disclosure and its many advantages. These examples are illustrative and do not limit its scope or spirit. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that variations of the components, methods, steps, and apparatus described in these examples can be used. All percentages, ratios, and parts mentioned in this disclosure are by weight, unless otherwise stated or apparent from the context of the examples below and throughout this disclosure. Unless otherwise described, the exemplary reactions described herein and throughout this disclosure are generally carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a top stirrer, condenser, temperature probe, and nitrogen supply. If necessary, a thermostatic hood is used to heat the reaction.

[0159] Example

[0160] The breakdown voltage of the insulated magnetic conductors was evaluated after aging in a control fluid and the lubricating and cooling fluid of this invention. The breakdown voltage was measured for the number of twists of the six strands of the wire, using the parameters specified in Table 9 of ASTM D1676-17, with the dielectric breakdown AC voltage specified in Sections 70-76. Each conductor was prepared according to Section 3.8.4 of ANSI NEMA Magnetic Conductor Standard 1000-2018. The stranded wires were placed in glass containers and immersed in approximately 75 g of the control fluid or the lubricating and cooling fluid of this invention, along with approximately 1500 ppm of water. Each container was aged at approximately 150°C for 5 days. Water was added to the containers to increase the intensity of the test. After aging, the samples were allowed to cool to room temperature. The conductors were removed from the containers and washed four times with heptane. The conductors were air-dried. The insulation around each conductor was removed approximately 1 mm from the conductor tip. Electrodes were then attached to the exposed conductor tips for testing.

[0161] The following ester base oils were tested in the base oil systems of the control fluid and the lubricating and cooling fluids of the present invention. In each fluid, the base oil system comprised (i) one of the following ester base oils and (ii) at least one other API IV group polyalphaolefin base oil.

[0162] · Ester Base Oil 1 (E-1): A diester based on bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate in acid... A branched diester having 6 internal carbons in one moiety and 8 carbons in the alcohol moiety. The branched diester has a KV 100C of about 2.7 cSt and has about 23.7 molar percentage of ester groups (the ester groups are –C(O)O- groups, and E-1 has 2 such ester groups).

[0163] · Ester Base Oil 2 (E-2): A diester based on bis(8-methylnonyl) adipate in acid... A branched diester having 6 internal carbons in one moiety and 10 carbons in the alcohol moiety. The branched diester has a KV 100C of 3.5 cSt and has about 20.6 molar percentage of ester groups (the ester groups are –C(O)O- groups, and E-2 has 2 such ester groups).

[0164] · Ester base oil 3 (E-3): A straight-chain monoester (C) having approximately 16 to 18 carbons in the acid moiety and 20 straight-chain carbons in the alcohol moiety. 16-18 -alkyl-COO-C 20 Alkyl group). The monoester has a KV 100C of about 5.4 cSt and has about 7.7 molar percentage of ester groups (the ester groups are –C(O)O- groups, and E-3 has 1 such ester group).

[0165] The following calcium or magnesium-based high-alkalinity cleaning agents were tested in a control fluid and the lubricating and cooling fluid of this invention:

[0166] • Cleaner 1 (DET-1): Highly alkaline calcium sulfonate cleaner (approximately 300 TBN, 11.9% calcium and 25% soap content).

[0167] • Cleaner 2 (DET-2): Highly alkaline magnesium sulfonate cleaner (approximately 400 TBN, 9.6% magnesium).

[0168] Each control fluid and the fluid of the present invention also includes the same amount and the same group of additional fluid additives, including dispersants, friction modifiers, antioxidants, metal passivators, extreme pressure agents, defoamers and demulsifiers.

[0169] Example 1

[0170] Insulated 15 American Wire Gauge (AWG) magnetic conductor (conductor A) was aged for 5 days at 150°C in the control fluids and the fluids of this invention listed in Tables 2 to 4 below. The conductor has a polyester (amide) (imide) inner insulator and an outer polyamide-imide insulation layer, with a thermal rating of 200°C. After aging, the conductor was washed in heptane, and the breakdown voltage was measured as reported in each table and shown below. Figure 1 The diagram is shown. A second 15AWG magnetic conductor (conductor B) was also tested in Table 2 for comparison; this conductor has a thermal rating of 180°C and a single polyester insulation layer. The base oil system includes the ester base oils and PAO base oils listed in each table.

[0171] Table 2: Lubricating and cooling fluids containing ester base oil-1

[0172]

[0173] 1 PAO: KV100 is 100cSt

[0174] 2 PAO: KV100 is 4cSt

[0175] *Metal content is calculated from the amount of calcium or magnesium provided by Det-1 or Det 2. There are no other sources of calcium or magnesium in the fluid. **The ratio of metal to ester groups in the base oil system is the detergent metal ppm divided by the ester group mol% in the base oil system (e.g., the ratio for fluid C-1 is calculated from 214 ppm of calcium in the detergent and 23.7 mol% of ester groups in the E-1 ester base oil system, which is contained in 10% of the base oil system, or 214 / (23.7% × 10%) = 90.3).

[0176] Table 3: Lubricating and cooling fluids containing ester base oil-2

[0177]

[0178]

[0179] 1PAO: kV100C is 100cSt

[0180] *The metal content was calculated from the amount of calcium provided by Det-1. There are no other sources of calcium in the fluid.

[0181] **The ratio of ester groups in the metal to base oil system is the detergent metal ppm divided by the ester group mol% in the base oil system (e.g., the ratio of fluid C-3 is calculated from the detergent calcium 214 ppm and the base oil system containing 10% E-2 ester base oil 20.6 mol% of ester groups, or 214 / (20.6% × 10%) = 104.0).

[0182] Table 4: Lubricating and cooling fluids containing ester base oil-3

[0183]

[0184] 1 PAO: kV100C is 100cSt

[0185] *The metal content was calculated from the amount of calcium provided by Det-1. There are no other sources of calcium in the fluid.

[0186] **The ratio of ester groups in the metal to base oil system is the detergent metal ppm divided by the ester group mol% in the base oil system (e.g., the ratio of fluid C-4 is calculated from the detergent calcium 214 ppm and the base oil system containing 10% E-3 ester base oil 7.7 mol% ester groups, or 214 / (7.7% × 10%) = 278.0).

[0187] Figure 1 The graph includes a breakdown voltage relative to the mol% ratio of ester groups (-C(O)O-) in the detergent metal and base oil system. As shown in the box at the top left, when combined with wire A, the fluid with a ratio of about 70 or less (or about 10 to about 70) achieves a high breakdown voltage of 10,000 volts or higher.

[0188] It should be noted that, unless explicitly and definitively limited to one indicator, the singular forms “a / an” and “the” as used in this specification and the appended claims include multiple indicators. Thus, for example, a reference to “antioxidant” includes two or more different antioxidants. The term “comprising” and its grammatical variations as used herein are intended to be non-limiting, such that the description of an item in the list does not exclude other similar items that may be substituted for or added to the listed items.

[0189] For the purposes of this specification and the appended claims, unless otherwise stated, all figures and other numerical values ​​used in the specification and claims to express quantities, percentages or proportions should be understood to be modified by the term "about" in all cases. Therefore, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and the appended claims are approximations that may vary depending on the desired characteristics sought to be obtained through this disclosure. To a minimum, and without attempting to limit the application of the equivalence principle to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be interpreted at least according to the number of significant figures reported and by applying general rounding techniques.

[0190] It should be understood that each component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed herein should be interpreted as disclosed for use alone or in combination with one or more of each other component, compound, substituent or parameter disclosed herein.

[0191] It should also be understood that each range disclosed herein should be interpreted as a disclosure of each specific value within the disclosed range having the same significant digits. Thus, for example, the range 1 to 4 should be interpreted as an explicit disclosure of the values ​​1, 2, 3, and 4, and any range of such values.

[0192] It should also be understood that each lower limit of each range disclosed herein should be interpreted as a combination of each upper limit of each range and each specific value within each range disclosed herein for the same component, compound, substituent, or parameter. Therefore, this disclosure should be interpreted as the disclosure of all ranges derived by combining each lower limit of each range with each upper limit of each range or with each specific value within each range, or by combining each upper limit of each range with each specific value within each range. That is, it should also be understood that this document also discusses any range between endpoint values ​​within a wide range. Therefore, the range 1 to 4 also means the range 1 to 3, 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 2 to 3, etc.

[0193] Furthermore, the specific amounts / values ​​of components, compounds, substituents, or parameters disclosed in this specification or examples should be interpreted as disclosures of a lower or upper limit of a range, and therefore can be combined with any other lower or upper limit or specific amount / value of the range of the same components, compounds, substituents, or parameters disclosed elsewhere in this disclosure to form such a range of components, compounds, substituents, or parameters.

[0194] While specific embodiments have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that may not currently be foreseen or possibly not currently foreseen may arise in the applicant or other persons skilled in the art. Therefore, the appended claims, as filed and as may be amended, are intended to cover all such alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.

Claims

1. A drivetrain system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle, the drivetrain system comprising: An electric motor, the electric motor comprising an insulated magnetic conductor having an insulating coating having a thermal rating of 190°C to 210°C; A lubricating and cooling fluid, the lubricating and cooling fluid being in contact with the insulating coating of the insulated magnetic conductor of the electric motor; and The lubricating and cooling fluid comprises a cleaning agent system and a base oil system, wherein the cleaning agent system provides the fluid with at least 50 ppm of metal, and the base oil system comprises a first base oil having a lubricating viscosity blended with an ester base oil, wherein the base oil system comprises at least 20 weight percent of the ester base oil, and the ratio of the molar percentage of the metal provided by the cleaning agent system to the ester group in the base oil system of the lubricating and cooling fluid is 70 or less.

2. The drive system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the insulating coating of the magnetic conductor comprises one or more layers, and wherein the layer in contact with the lubricating and cooling fluid comprises polyamide, polyimide, poly(amide / imide), combinations thereof, blends thereof, or copolymers thereof.

3. The drive system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the insulated magnetic conductor in contact with the lubricating and cooling fluid has a breakdown voltage of 10,000 volts or higher.

4. The drive system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic conductor has an AWG gauge of 14 to 30.

5. The drivetrain for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the ester base oil comprises a branched diester; and / or wherein the branched diester is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids having an internal carbon chain length of 6 to 10 carbons and one or more alcohols having a branched carbon chain length of 6 to 12 carbons; and / or wherein the ester base oil comprises a monoester and / or a diester having the structure of Formula I: Where R1 is a carbon chain with m-2 carbons, m is an integer from 6 to 10, R2 and R3 are the same or different and include straight-chain or branched alkyl chains from C8 to C20, and n is an integer of 0 or 1.

6. The drivetrain for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the ester base oil is selected from diesters based on bis(6-methylheptyl)adipate; diesters based on bis(8-methylnonyl)adipate; or linear monoesters having 16 to 18 carbons in their acid moiety and 20 linear carbons in their alcohol moiety; or combinations thereof.

7. The drive system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning agent system comprises an alkali metal or an alkali metal phenolate, sulfonate, calixarate, salicylate, carboxylate, its sulfide derivative or a combination thereof; and / or wherein the alkali or alkali metal comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium or a mixture thereof; and / or wherein the cleaning agent system provides not more than 800 ppm of the metal.

8. The drivetrain for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a mineral or synthetic base oil; and / or wherein the first base oil of the base oil system is a polyalphaolefin.

9. The drive system for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the magnetic conductor is copper.

10. The drivetrain for an electric or hybrid electric vehicle according to claim 5, wherein n is 1 and R2 and R3 are the same or different and comprise C8 to C10 branched alkyl chains.

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