Windshield and vehicle

Abstract

The application relates to a windshield and a vehicle, the windshield comprising: an optical sensor mounted in the interior of the vehicle; a laminated glass having an optical window in the field of view of the optical sensor, the laminated glass comprising an outer layer glass, a bonding layer and an inner layer glass arranged in a stack, the inner layer glass being provided with a first through hole; wherein the optical window is located in the first through hole, and the MTF value of the optical window is greater than or equal to 0.3. The windshield can make the MTF value of the optical window of the laminated glass greater than or equal to 0.3, make the optical sensor obtain clearer environmental image data, reduce the probability of causing deviation to the algorithm of the ADAS system of the vehicle, and meet the demand of L3 or above level automatic driving.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of glass product technology, and in particular to a windshield and a vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] In autonomous or assisted driving systems, a large amount of data collection of the environment ahead is required, and optical sensors mounted on the windshield are crucial data acquisition devices. As the requirements for autonomous driving continue to increase, optical sensors need to accurately acquire images from farther distances. Consequently, there is a need to continuously improve the pixel count of optical sensors. This places higher demands on the optical distortion of the windshield for long-distance, narrow-angle optical sensors in order to minimize image distortion.

[0003] The requirements for optical distortion of windshields have become increasingly stringent. In the early days, the requirement was that the optical distortion of windshields be less than 200 mdpt (diopter), which has now been tightened to require that the optical distortion of windshields be less than 150 mdpt, 120 mdpt, 100 mdpt, or even smaller than 100 mdpt.

[0004] In related technologies, most optical sensor manufacturers have not considered the impact of automotive windshields on the image clarity of optical sensors. As a result, after the optical sensors are actually installed in a car, the windshield significantly affects the clarity of the images acquired by the optical sensors, especially for high-pixel, narrow-angle optical sensors. When the image clarity of the optical sensor is affected by the windshield, this affects the accuracy of the algorithms of the Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) in recognizing and judging the images captured by the optical sensor, causing deviations in the ADAS system's algorithms.

[0005] MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is a function of modulation density as a function of spatial frequency. MTF values ​​are often used to directly evaluate the performance of optical sensors. The higher the MTF value, the better the image clarity acquired by the optical sensor.

[0006] The existing windshields and optical sensors installed in vehicles have an MTF value of about 0.1 in the optical window region corresponding to the windshield. The images acquired by the optical sensors are not clear enough, which causes a huge deviation in the algorithm of the vehicle's ADAS system and cannot meet the requirements of L3 level and above autonomous driving. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This application aims to address at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, this application provides a windshield and a vehicle that enable the MTF value of the optical sensor at the corresponding optical window of the windshield to be greater than or equal to 0.3, thereby allowing the optical sensor to acquire clearer image data to meet the requirements of Level 3 and above autonomous driving.

[0008] In a first aspect, this application provides a windshield, comprising:

[0009] Optical sensors, installed inside the vehicle;

[0010] The laminated glass has an optical window within the field of view of the optical sensor. The laminated glass includes an outer glass layer, an adhesive layer, and an inner glass layer stacked together. The inner glass layer has a first through hole.

[0011] The optical window is located within the first through hole, and the MTF value of the optical window is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0012] The windshield according to the first aspect of this application has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0013] The windshield of this application enables the optical sensor to achieve an MTF value greater than or equal to 0.3 in the optical window of the laminated glass. This allows the optical sensor to acquire clearer environmental image data, reducing the probability of errors in the vehicle's ADAS system algorithm and meeting the requirements of Level 3 and above autonomous driving. Furthermore, it ensures that the MTF value of the optical window is not affected by the inner glass layer, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor, particularly meeting the MTF requirements of high-precision cameras with narrow horizontal field of view.

[0014] In some embodiments, the relative position of the laminated glass and the optical sensor satisfies the following condition:

[0015] After the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the angle between the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass and the central axis of the optical sensor is α; the vertical field of view of the optical sensor is β; the length of the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the first through hole is a; the length of the intersection line between the vertical field of view of the optical sensor and the outer glass is b; where a ≥ b + 10

[0016] Where b = K1 × [1 / tan(α-β / 2) - 1 / tan(α+β / 2)], K1 is a constant and K1 = 12 to 18.

[0017] In some embodiments, the relative position of the laminated glass and the optical sensor satisfies the following condition:

[0018] The horizontal field of view of the optical sensor is γ; the width of the first through hole in the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor is m; the length of the intersection line between the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor and the outer glass is n; where m≥n+10;

[0019] Where n = K2 × tan(y / 2) / sin(α), K2 is a constant and K2 = 24 to 36.

[0020] In some embodiments, α is 20° to 45°, β is 17° to 65°, and γ is 28° to 120°.

[0021] In some embodiments, the minimum gap distance between the optical sensor and the inner glass is c, where c is 2 mm to 5 mm.

[0022] In some embodiments, the adhesive layer has a second through hole, which communicates with the first through hole and the optical window is located within the second through hole.

[0023] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes a first shielding layer disposed between the outer glass and the adhesive layer, the first shielding layer having a third through hole, the third through hole communicating with the second through hole and the optical window located within the third through hole.

[0024] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes a second shielding layer disposed on the side of the inner glass away from the adhesive layer.

[0025] In some embodiments, the outline area of ​​the optical window is smaller than the outline area of ​​the third through hole, the outline area of ​​the third through hole is smaller than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole, and the outline area of ​​the second through hole is greater than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole.

[0026] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes an antireflective layer disposed on the outer glass near the adhesive layer, the antireflective layer being located within the third through-hole and at least covering the optical window, the antireflective layer being used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer glass to optical signals emitted and / or received by the optical sensor.

[0027] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes an electrically heated element disposed on the outer glass near the adhesive layer, the electrically heated element being located within the third through-hole and at least covering the optical window.

[0028] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes a heat insulation layer comprising at least one metallic silver layer, a silver alloy layer, or a transparent conductive oxide layer, the heat insulation layer being shielded from the optical window.

[0029] In some embodiments, the outer glass layer is transparent glass or ultra-transparent glass, and the inner glass layer is transparent glass or colored glass;

[0030] The total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 80%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 91%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

[0031] In some embodiments, the optical sensor is a visible light camera with 2 million or more pixels, and the visible light camera has an MTF value of 0.6 or more at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency.

[0032] In some embodiments, the optical window has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with wavelengths in the range of 440nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, and the optical window has a transmittance TL2 for visible light with wavelengths in the range of 600nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°. TL1 ≥ 50%, and the ratio of TL2 to TL1 TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.8.

[0033] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a vehicle, the vehicle including the windshield described above, and the optical sensor being installed inside the vehicle and facing the optical window. Attached Figure Description

[0034] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0035] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the vertical cross-section of the windshield according to an embodiment of this application.

[0036] Figure 2 for Figure 1 The first through hole shown is an enlarged diagram of a trapezoidal shape.

[0037] Figure 3 for Figure 1 The first through hole shown is a magnified schematic diagram with a circular shape.

[0038] Figure 4 for Figure 1 The enlarged schematic diagram shows the shape of the first through hole as an ellipse.

[0039] Figure 5 for Figure 1 The first through hole shown is a rectangular shape, as illustrated in the enlarged schematic diagram.

[0040] Figure 6 for Figure 1 The diagram shows a partially enlarged view of the windshield.

[0041] Figure 7 for Figure 1 The diagram shows a horizontal cross-section of the windshield.

[0042] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of various test points of the optical window of the windshield in an embodiment of this application.

[0043] Figure 9 This is a frontal view of the windshield from inside the vehicle to outside, according to an embodiment of this application.

[0044] Figure 10 for Figure 9 The diagram shows a partially enlarged view of the windshield.

[0045] Figure 11 This is another vertical cross-sectional view of the windshield according to an embodiment of this application.

[0046] Reference numerals in the attached drawings: laminated glass 100; optical window 101; outer glass 110; inner glass 120; first through-hole 121; adhesive layer 130; second through-hole 131; first shielding layer 140; third through-hole 141; extension 1401; second shielding layer 150; anti-reflective layer 160; heat insulation layer 170; optical sensor 200. Detailed Implementation

[0047] To make the above-mentioned objectives, features, and advantages of this application more apparent and understandable, the specific embodiments of this application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of this application. However, this application can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar modifications without departing from the spirit of this application. Therefore, this application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0048] See Figure 1 , Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a vertical cross-section of a windshield according to an embodiment of this application. The windshield includes an optical sensor 200 and laminated glass 100.

[0049] An optical sensor 200 is installed inside the vehicle. The laminated glass 100 has an optical window 101 within the field of view of the optical sensor 200. Light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 passes through the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 to collect environmental data outside the vehicle.

[0050] The laminated glass 100 includes an outer glass layer 110, an adhesive layer 130, and an inner glass layer 120 stacked together, with the inner glass layer 120 having a first through hole 121.

[0051] The optical window 101 is located within the first through hole 121, and the MTF value of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0052] In this application, after the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the outer glass 110 is located on the outside of the vehicle, and the inner glass 120 is located on the inside of the vehicle. The adhesive layer 130 connects the outer glass 110 and the inner glass 120 to form a laminated glass structure that meets automotive glass usage standards. The outer glass 110 has a surface facing away from the adhesive layer 130 and a surface facing the adhesive layer 130. The surface of the outer glass 110 facing away from the adhesive layer 130 is the outer surface of the laminated glass 100. The inner glass 120 has a surface facing away from the adhesive layer 130 and a surface facing the adhesive layer 130. The surface of the inner glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130 is the inner surface of the laminated glass 100.

[0053] It is understood that the windshield described in this application can be either the front windshield or the rear windshield of a vehicle. Specifically, this application will provide a detailed description based on the front windshield as an example.

[0054] This application does not impose specific limitations on the thickness and material of the outer glass layer 110, the material of the adhesive layer 130, or the thickness and material of the inner glass layer 120. Optionally, the thickness of the outer glass layer 110 is greater than or equal to 2.1 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm. The material of the outer glass layer 101 may include at least one of soda-lime glass, high-alumina glass, lithium aluminum glass, and borosilicate glass. The material of the adhesive layer 130 may be polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), or ionomer polymer film (SGP), etc. The thickness of the inner glass layer 120 is greater than or equal to 0.7 mm and less than or equal to 2.1 mm. Similarly, the material of the inner glass layer 120 may include at least one of soda-lime glass, high-alumina glass, lithium aluminum glass, and borosilicate glass. The thickness of the outer glass layer 110 and the inner glass layer 120 may be the same or different, preferably the thickness of the outer glass layer 110 is greater than the thickness of the inner glass layer 120. The outer glass 110 can be made of the same material as the inner glass 120, or they can be different materials.

[0055] It should be noted that, since the inner glass 120 has a first through hole 121 on its surface, the area of ​​the outer glass 110 corresponding to the first through hole 121 is relatively thin. Based on this, by correspondingly increasing the thickness of the outer glass 110, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 0.5mm to 4.3mm greater than the thickness of the inner glass 120. For example, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 2.1mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 1.6mm, or the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 3.0mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 1.1mm, or the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 3.5mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 0.7mm. Preferably, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 1mm to 3mm greater than the thickness of the inner glass 120. This increases the thickness of the area corresponding to the first through hole 121 of the outer glass 110, reduces the risk of stress concentration at the contour boundary of the first through hole 121 during use of the laminated glass 100, and improves the overall mechanical properties and structural strength of the laminated glass 100.

[0056] The outer glass layer 110 and the inner glass layer 120 can be processed using automotive glass bending forming technology to obtain a certain curvature. Examples of automotive glass bending forming technology include gravity forming at at least 500°C and pressing forming at at least 500°C. The bent outer glass layer 110 and inner glass layer 120 are then laminated together with the adhesive layer 130 and processed using a lamination process. The outer glass layer 110, adhesive layer 130, and inner glass layer 120 are then bonded together to form a composite glass, thus obtaining the final laminated glass 100.

[0057] The inner glass 120 has a first through-hole 121. It is understood that the first through-hole 121 penetrates both opposite surfaces of the inner glass 120. The optical sensor 200 collects environmental data from outside the vehicle through an optical window 101 within the first through-hole 121. The optical sensor 200 can be mounted on the surface of the laminated glass 100 near the interior of the vehicle, close to the center of the top edge of the laminated glass 100, to facilitate obtaining a larger field of view. The imaging direction of the optical sensor 200 is towards the first through-hole 121.

[0058] To ensure the overall strength of the laminated glass 100 and better protect the passengers inside the vehicle, let the area of ​​the first through hole 121 be S1 and the area of ​​the laminated glass 100 be S. Preferably, S1 and S satisfy: 0.0004≤S1 / S≤0.15. This also meets the minimum field of view (FOV) requirement for the optical sensor 200 to acquire environmental data outside the vehicle and reduces the manufacturing difficulty of the laminated glass 100. Optionally, S1 and S can also satisfy: 0.0005≤S1 / S≤0.1, or 0.001≤S1 / S≤0.008.

[0059] Understandably, the detection light emitted by the optical sensor 200 passes through the first through-hole 121 and the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 to detect objects outside the vehicle. Detection light emitted or reflected by these objects passes through the optical window 101 and the first through-hole 121 of the laminated glass 100 and enters the optical sensor 200. Thus, the optical sensor 200 can collect environmental data from outside the vehicle and transmit this data to the vehicle's ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System). The ADAS system's algorithms process the environmental image data accordingly to provide assisted driving. The environmental data can be image data or point cloud data, etc.

[0060] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 The light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 needs to pass through the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 corresponds to the field of view of the optical sensor 200 in the forward field of view, that is, the field of view of the optical sensor 200 forms the optical window 101 on the laminated glass 100. In order to allow the light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 to pass smoothly through the laminated glass 100, the inner glass 120 has a first through hole 121 at the position corresponding to the optical window 101, and the optical window 101 is located in the first through hole 121.

[0061] See Figures 2 to 5 The shape of the first through-hole 121 can be one of trapezoidal, circular, elliptical, square, or rectangular. The area enclosed by the dashed line within the first through-hole 121 is the optical window 101 formed on the laminated glass 100 by the field of view of the optical sensor 200. Figure 2 As shown, the first through hole 121 is trapezoidal, and preferably, the four corners of the trapezoid are rounded with a radius greater than or equal to 5mm. Figure 3 As shown, the first through hole 121 is circular. Figure 4 As shown, the first through hole 121 is elliptical. (As indicated...) Figure 5 As shown, the first through hole 121 is rectangular, and preferably the four corners of the rectangle are rounded with a radius greater than or equal to 5mm.

[0062] It is understood that the field of view (FOV) of the optical sensor 200 is used to represent the size of the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The FOV of the optical sensor 200 includes a vertical field of view of β and a horizontal field of view of γ. In order to enable the optical sensor 200 to acquire clearer environmental image data, reduce the probability of causing deviations in the algorithm of the vehicle's ADAS system, and meet the requirements of autonomous driving at Level 3 and above, this application adjusts the relative positions of the outer glass 110, the inner glass 120 and the optical sensor 200, as well as the size parameters of the optical window 101 and the first through hole 121, so that the MTF value of the optical window of the laminated glass 100 is greater than or equal to 0.3. The MTF value of the optical window of the laminated glass 100 can be measured according to the standard ISO12233. A specific example of the measurement method is as follows: the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 are in a simulated assembly or actual assembly state in the vehicle. The standard test image is placed outside the vehicle and in front of the laminated glass 100. The standard test image on the outside of the laminated glass 100 is acquired by the optical sensor 200. Multiple MTF test points are set at multiple points on the image. The MTF value corresponding to each MTF test point is obtained by testing and calculating with the corresponding MTF testing device. The MTF value corresponding to each test point on the image is the MTF value of the optical window 101.

[0063] In some embodiments of this application, see Figure 6 , Figure 6 for Figure 1 The diagram shows an enlarged vertical cross-section of the windshield. After the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the angle between the line connecting the top and bottom edges of the laminated glass 100 and the central axis of the optical sensor 200 is α. The central axis of the optical sensor 200 can be understood as the optical axis of the optical sensor 200. The line connecting the top and bottom edges of the laminated glass 100 can be referenced... Figure 6 The extension line of the inner surface of the laminated glass 100, and the central axis of the optical sensor 200 can be referenced. Figure 6 The horizontal dashed line in the diagram represents the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The vertical field of view of the optical sensor 200 is β, which is the field of view of the optical sensor 200 in the vertical section. The length of the line connecting the top and bottom of the first through-hole 121 is a, which is equal to the maximum dimension of the first through-hole 121 along the line connecting the top and bottom of the laminated glass 100. The length of the intersection line between the vertical field of view of the optical sensor 200 and the outer glass 110 is b, meaning the maximum dimension of the optical window 101 along the line connecting the top and bottom of the laminated glass 100 is b. The relative positions of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 satisfy the following condition: a ≥ b + 10.

[0064] Where b=K1×[1 / tan(α-β / 2)-1 / tan(α+β / 2)], that is, in the direction of the line connecting the top and bottom of the laminated glass 100, the difference between the size of the first through hole 121 and the size of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 10mm, which ensures that the MTF value of the optical window 210 is not affected by the inner glass 120, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200 and meeting the MTF requirements of high-precision narrow field-of-view cameras.

[0065] In this application, K1 is a constant and K1 = 12 to 18. Optionally, K1 can be one of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18. The units of a and b are both millimeters (mm).

[0066] In this embodiment, α is greater than or equal to 20° and less than or equal to 45°. β is greater than or equal to 17° and less than or equal to 65°. For example, α can be one of 20°, 24°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 42°, 45°, etc. β can be one of 17°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 65°, etc. It should be understood that the vertical field of view β of the optical sensor 200 is an inherent value of the optical sensor 200 after it leaves the factory, and its size depends on the manufacturer of the optical sensor 200. The optical sensor 200 can be directly purchased according to actual needs. Based on the fact that the relative position and related dimensional parameters of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 satisfy the above formula, α is limited to 20° to 45°. While realizing the selection of a camera with high precision and narrow field of view, it can improve the MTF value of the optical window 101 to a certain extent, making the MTF value of the optical window 101 greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0067] Further, see Figure 7 , Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the horizontal cross-section of the windshield according to an embodiment of this application. The horizontal field of view of the optical sensor 200 is γ, which is the field of view of the optical sensor 200 in the horizontal cross-section. The width of the first through hole 121 in the horizontal field of view direction of the optical sensor 200 is m, and the length of the intersection line between the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor 200 and the outer glass 110 is n. The relative position of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 also satisfies the following condition: m ≥ n + 10.

[0068] Where n = K2 × tan(y / 2) / sin(α). That is, along the horizontal field of view, the difference between the size of the first through hole 121 and the size of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 10 mm, which ensures that the MTF value of the optical window 210 is not affected by the inner glass 120, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200 and meeting the MTF requirements of high-precision cameras with narrow field of view.

[0069] In this application, K2 is a constant and K2 = 24 to 36. Optionally, K2 can be one of 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, or 36. The units of m and n are both millimeters (mm).

[0070] Optionally, γ is greater than or equal to 28° and less than or equal to 120°. For example, γ can be one of 28°, 40°, 65°, 74°, 89°, 97°, 120°, etc. Similarly, the horizontal field of view γ of the optical sensor 200 is an inherent value of the optical sensor 200 after it leaves the factory, and its size depends on the manufacturer of the optical sensor 200. The optical sensor 200 can be purchased directly according to actual needs. By making γ greater than or equal to 28° and less than or equal to 120°, while achieving the selection of a camera with high precision and a narrow field of view, the MTF value of the optical window 101 can be improved to a certain extent, making the MTF value of the optical window 101 greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0071] See Figure 8 Taking the example that the vertical projections of the optical window 101 and the first through-hole 121 relative to the outer glass 110 are both isosceles trapezoids, nine MTF test points are set on the two diagonals of the optical window 101. The intersection of the two diagonals is taken as the first test point T0, defined as 0.00center. The other eight test points are T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, and T8. Test point T1 is the point 50mm to the left and 50mm upward from test point T0, and test point T2 is the point 75mm to the left from test point T0. Test point T3 is 50mm to the right and 50mm up from test point T0; test point T4 is 75mm to the right and 75mm up from test point T0; test point T5 is 50mm to the right and 50mm down from test point T0; test point T6 is 75mm to the right and 75mm down from test point T0; test point T7 is 50mm to the left and 50mm down from test point T0; and test point T8 is 75mm to the left and 75mm down from test point T0.

[0072] Subsequently, the optical sensor 200 acquires a standard test image of the outer side of the laminated glass 100. Correspondingly, each of the nine MTF test points has a corresponding pixel in the image acquired by the optical sensor 200. The MTF value corresponding to each pixel is calculated using a corresponding MTF testing device, which represents the MTF values ​​for the nine MTF test points. MTF tests were performed according to standard ISO 12233 for multiple embodiments, and the test results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0073] Table 1: MTF values ​​at 9 MTF test points in Examples 1-15

[0074] T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Example 1 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.49 Example 2 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.61 0.57 0.55 0.49 Example 3 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.55 0.53 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.47 Example 4 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.53 0.59 0.57 0.51 0.45 Example 5 0.56 0.57 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.46 Example 6 0.60 0.57 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.49 Example 7 0.60 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.53 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.45 Example 8 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.59 0.56 0.51 0.45 Example 9 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.58 0.51 0.61 0.55 0.54 0.47 Example 10 0.57 0.53 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.46 0.53 0.42 Example 11 0.55 0.51 0.46 0.48 0.42 0.57 0.55 0.51 0.48 Example 12 0.55 0.48 0.44 0.47 0.43 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.49 Example 13 0.59 0.55 0.47 0.52 0.52 0.56 0.47 0.50 0.48 Example 14 0.59 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.58 0.52 0.50 0.47 Example 15 0.57 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.44 0.55 0.50 0.49 0.48

[0075] It should be noted that in the above embodiments 1 to 15, the relative positions and related parameters of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 satisfy a≥b+10 and / or m≥n+10.

[0076] MTF tests were then conducted on multiple sets of comparative examples. The only difference between Comparative Examples 1 to 7 and Examples 1 to 15 is that the laminated glass 100 does not have a first through-hole 121. The only difference between Comparative Examples 8 to 14 and Examples 1 to 15 is that the relative positions and related parameters of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 do not satisfy either a≥b+10 or m≥n+10. MTF tests were conducted on multiple sets of comparative examples according to standard ISO12233, and the test results are shown in Table 2 below:

[0077] Table 2: MTF values ​​at 9 MTF test points in Comparative Examples 1-14

[0078]

[0079]

[0080] It is easy to see from Tables 1 and 2 above that in Examples 1 to 15, the MTF values ​​corresponding to the 9 MTF test points are all greater than or equal to 0.3, even greater than or equal to 0.4, and even greater than or equal to 0.5.

[0081] In Comparative Examples 1 to 7, because the laminated glass 100 does not have a first through-hole 121, at least three, at least four, and even at least five of the nine MTF test points in Comparative Examples 1-7 have MTF values ​​less than 0.3. Furthermore, the MTF values ​​at some test points are less than 0.2, less than 0.15, and even less than 0.1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 in Comparative Examples 1-7 clearly cannot meet the requirements of the optical sensor 200 to acquire clearer environmental image data, let alone meet the needs of Level 3 and above autonomous driving.

[0082] In Comparative Examples 8 to 14, although the laminated glass 100 is provided with a first through hole 121, the relative position and related parameters of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 do not satisfy a≥b+10 or m≥n+10. Compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 7, the number of test points with MTF values ​​less than 0.3 in the 9 MTF test points of Comparative Examples 8 to 14 is significantly reduced, but there are still 1-2 test points with MTF values ​​less than 0.3. The optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 in Comparative Examples 8 to 14 also cannot meet the requirements of the optical sensor 200 to obtain clearer environmental image data, let alone meet the requirements of autonomous driving at Level 3 and above.

[0083] Furthermore, participate again Figure 6 The minimum gap distance between the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass layer 120 is c, where c is 2mm to 5mm. This minimum gap distance can be understood as the distance from the closest point on the optical sensor 200 to the inner glass layer 120 to the inner glass layer 120 itself. Specific examples include 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 3.5mm, 4mm, 4.5mm, and 5mm. This ensures that the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass layer 120 are as close as possible, while also facilitating the setting of the position and size of the first through-hole 121. In this application, constants K1 and K2 can be determined based on the distance c between the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass 120. For example, when the distance c is 2mm, constant K1 is 12 and constant K2 is 24; or when the distance c is 5mm, constant K1 is 18 and constant K3 is 36. When the distance c is greater than 2mm and less than 5mm, K1 can be a value greater than 12 and less than 18 according to the actual design, and K2 can be a value greater than 24 and less than 36 according to the actual design.

[0084] See Figure 1 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 The adhesive layer 130 has a second through hole 131, which is connected to the first through hole 121 and the optical window 101 is located inside the second through hole 131.

[0085] Specifically, the dimension of the second through hole 131 along the extension direction of the target axis (i.e., the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100) can be greater than or equal to a, and / or the dimension of the second through hole 131 in the horizontal direction can be greater than or equal to m. In other words, the outline area of ​​the second through hole 131 can be greater than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole 121.

[0086] In this embodiment, by providing a second through hole 131 in the adhesive layer 130, which is connected to the first through hole 121 and the optical window 101 is located within the second through hole 131, the softening and deformation of the adhesive layer 130 during the production process of the window glass 10 due to heating, pressurization and other processes can be avoided from affecting the optical quality of the optical window 101, and the adhesive layer 130 can be avoided from affecting the clarity of the image acquired by the optical sensor 200.

[0087] Further, see Figure 1 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 The laminated glass 100 also includes a first shielding layer 140 disposed between the outer glass 110 and the adhesive layer 130. The first shielding layer 140 has a third through hole 141, which communicates with the second through hole 131 and the optical window 101 is located in the third through hole 141.

[0088] Specifically, the outer glass layer 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass layer 120 are stacked sequentially. The third through-hole 141 of the first shielding layer 140 is connected to the first through-hole 121 of the inner glass layer 120 and the second through-hole 131 of the adhesive layer 130. The first shielding layer 140 can be used to shield components inside the vehicle, ensuring a consistent color around the windshield, improving the overall appearance, blocking solar radiation, preventing aging of interior components, and improving product stability and lifespan. The material of the first shielding layer 140 is preferably at least one of black ceramic ink, brown ceramic ink, black ultraviolet ink, and brown ultraviolet ink, and it can be formed by screen printing, inkjet printing, or other methods. The thickness of the first shielding layer 140 is in the micrometer range, for example, 5 to 40 micrometers.

[0089] In one embodiment, after the outer glass layer 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass layer 120 are stacked to form the laminated glass 100, a first through-hole 121 is sequentially formed in the inner glass layer 120, a second through-hole 131 is formed in the adhesive layer 130, and a third through-hole 141 is formed in the first shielding layer 140 using a laser drilling process. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a first through-hole 121 can be formed in the inner glass layer 120, a second through-hole 131 in the adhesive layer 130, and a third through-hole 141 in the first shielding layer 140 using a laser drilling process, and then the outer glass layer 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass layer 120 are stacked to form the laminated glass 100.

[0090] It should be noted that because a first through-hole 121 is formed in the inner glass 120 through a drilling process and a second through-hole 131 is formed in the adhesive layer 130 through a drilling process, the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131 have corresponding outline boundaries. When people outside the vehicle look into the vehicle through the outer glass 110, it will have a noticeable unsightly appearance. That is, the inner glass 120 with the first through-hole 121 and the adhesive layer 130 with the second through-hole 131 will bring an overall appearance defect to the laminated glass 100. Based on this, the outline boundary of the third through-hole 141 of the first shielding layer 140 can cover the outline boundaries of the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131, so that the shielding layer defined by the outline boundary of the third through-hole 141 covers the outline boundaries of the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131, thereby improving the overall appearance of the laminated glass 100.

[0091] See Figure 9 and Figure 10 The first shielding layer 140 is disposed around the edge of the surface of the outer glass 110 near the interior side (the inner surface of the outer glass), and extends from the top center to the center of the outer glass 110 in a T-shaped shielding area. This is because the optical sensor 200 is usually integrated at the top center of the windshield, and to consider the needs of vehicle appearance and component layout, these components can be shielded by the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140. In order to allow the optical sensor 200 to collect external environmental data of the vehicle through the first through hole 121 and the second through hole 131, the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140 is provided with a third through hole 141, that is, the first shielding layer 140 is not covered in the third through hole 141, and the optical window 101 is located in the third through hole 141.

[0092] In some embodiments, the outline area of ​​the optical window 101 is smaller than the outline area of ​​the third through hole 141, and the outline area of ​​the third through hole 141 is smaller than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole 121.

[0093] Specifically, the dimension of the third through-hole 141 along the extension direction of the target axis is greater than or equal to b and less than or equal to a, and / or the dimension of the third through-hole 141 along the horizontal direction is greater than or equal to n and less than or equal to m. In other words, the contour area of ​​the third through-hole 141 can be greater than or equal to the contour area of ​​the optical window 101. Usually, the contour area of ​​the third through-hole 141 is slightly larger than the contour area of ​​the optical window 101. This can avoid the field of view being reduced due to insufficient contour area of ​​the third through-hole 141, and also avoid the image quality being poor due to excessive stray light from outside entering the optical sensor 200 because the contour area of ​​the third through-hole 141 is too large. Preferably, the contour of the third through-hole 141 is 1 to 20 mm larger than the contour of the optical window 101. Examples of specific values ​​are 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, etc., with 1 to 10 mm being preferred.

[0094] Furthermore, the outline area of ​​the third through hole 141 is less than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole 121 to achieve a better masking effect. Figure 9 and Figure 10 In the first shielding layer 140, there is an extension 1401 extending into the first through hole 121, so that the outline area of ​​the third through hole 141 is smaller than the outline area of ​​the first through hole 121. The extension 1401 can be continuous printing ink or stippled ink spaced apart from each other, preferably stippled ink spaced apart from each other, which can further improve the optical quality of the optical window 101.

[0095] In some embodiments of this application, see Figure 1 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 The laminated glass 100 also includes a second shielding layer 150, which is disposed on the side of the inner glass 120 away from the adhesive layer 130. Specifically, the second shielding layer 150 may be disposed only at the top center of the surface of the inner glass 120 away from the adhesive layer 130 (the inner surface of the inner glass 120), and may have the same shape as the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140. Alternatively, it may be disposed around the four edges of the inner surface of the inner glass 120 and extend from the top center to the center of the inner surface of the inner glass 120 in a T-shaped shielding area.

[0096] Specifically, the outer glass layer 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, the inner glass layer 120, and the second shielding layer 150 are stacked sequentially. The material of the second shielding layer 150 is preferably at least one of black ceramic ink, brown ceramic ink, black ultraviolet ink, and brown ultraviolet ink, and it can be formed by screen printing, inkjet printing, or other methods. The thickness of the second shielding layer 150 is in the micrometer range, for example, 5 to 40 micrometers.

[0097] Further, see Figure 11 The laminated glass 100 also includes an anti-reflection layer 160 disposed on the side of the outer glass 110 near the adhesive layer 130. The anti-reflection layer 160 is located within the third through-hole 141 and at least covers the optical window 101. The anti-reflection layer 160 is used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer glass 110 to the optical signals emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200.

[0098] Furthermore, the laminated glass 100 also includes an electric heating element (not shown) disposed on the side of the outer glass 110 near the adhesive layer 130, the electric heating element being located within the third through hole 141 and at least covering the optical window 101.

[0099] Specifically, the electric heating element may include an electric heating wire, an electric heating plate, etc. For example, a tungsten wire. The electric heating element is used to heat the optical window 101, thereby achieving the effects of defogging and defrosting the optical window 101 and improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200.

[0100] Furthermore, see also Figure 11 The laminated glass 100 also includes a heat insulation layer 170, which contains at least one metallic silver layer, silver alloy layer or transparent conductive oxide layer, and the heat insulation layer 170 avoids the optical window 101.

[0101] It should be noted that the heat insulation layer 170 can be used to reflect infrared rays, and can even be electrically heated by adding a busbar. The heat insulation layer 170 can be directly deposited onto the side of the outer glass 110 near the adhesive layer 130 (the inner surface of the outer glass 110) or the side of the inner glass 120 near the adhesive layer 130 (the outer surface of the inner glass 120) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (CVD), for example by magnetron sputtering. Furthermore, the heat insulation layer 170 is preferably capable of withstanding high-temperature heat treatment, such as bending or tempering processes. Specifically, when the heat insulation layer (170) includes a transparent conductive oxide layer, the transparent conductive oxide layer can be indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc dioxide (AZO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), etc. The thermal insulation layer (170) further comprises at least two dielectric layers, each of which is a silver metal layer, a silver alloy layer, or a transparent conductive oxide layer located between the two dielectric layers. The material of the dielectric layer is selected from at least one oxide, nitride, or oxynitride selected from Zn, Ti, Si, Al, Sn, Se, Zr, Ni, In, Cr, W, Ca, Y, Nb, Cu, and Sm. For example, it can be zinc tin oxide (ZnSnOx), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), titanium oxide (TiOx), silicon zirconium nitride (SiZrN), silicon aluminum nitride (SiALN), silicon aluminum oxide (SiAlO), etc.

[0102] Furthermore, the outer glass layer 110 is transparent or ultra-transparent glass, and the inner glass layer 120 is transparent or tinted glass. The total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 80%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 91%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

[0103] Optionally, the optical sensor 200 can be used to collect data about the vehicle's external environment. For example, the optical sensor 200 can be a visible light camera, a near-infrared camera, a thermal imager, a lidar, a gesture detection sensor, etc., to better realize the vehicle's intelligence and safety performance.

[0104] The optical sensor 200 is a visible light camera with a resolution of 2 megapixels or higher. The visible light camera has an MTF value of 0.6 or higher at the 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency. Specifically, the photosensitive chip of the visible light camera can be a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) or a charge-coupled device (CCD). The pixel count of the visible light camera can be 2 megapixels, 5 megapixels, 8 megapixels, etc. The size of the photosensitive chip in a visible light camera can be 2 / 3" (8.8mm*6.6mm), 1 / 1.7" (7.4mm*5.6mm), or 1 / 1.8" (7.2mm*5.3mm), etc. Larger photosensitive chips can be preferred to receive more light signals. The lens parameters of the visible light camera, such as focal length, aperture number, and angle of view, should meet the requirements of the application scenario. The maximum optical distortion of the visible light camera lens should be less than 3%, and the modulation transfer function (MTF) value at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency should be greater than or equal to 0.6, thus meeting the requirements for high-definition image acquisition.

[0105] To further meet the needs of high-definition image acquisition, especially the image acquisition requirements of visible light cameras with a pixel count of 5 million or even 8 million, the optical window 101 preferably has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with wavelengths in the range of 440nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, where TL1 ≥ 50%. Specific examples include TL1 = 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, and even TL1 ≥ 70%. Furthermore, the transmittance TL2 of the optical window 101 for visible light with wavelengths between 600nm and 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70° is TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.8. The ratio of TL2 to TL1 is also commonly referred to as the red light ratio, and specific examples include TL2 / TL1 = 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.88, etc., with TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.85 being preferred.

[0106] In addition, this application embodiment also provides a vehicle, which includes the windshield described above, and an optical sensor 200 is installed inside the vehicle and faces the optical window 101.

[0107] Vehicles can be cars, buses, trucks, tractors, special-purpose transport vehicles, and special-purpose vehicles, etc. Of course, vehicles can also include wheels, chassis, engines, etc.

[0108] The optical sensor 200 is disposed on the side of the inner glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130. Understandably, the optical sensor 200 is disposed inside the vehicle and can be fixed to the surface of the inner glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130 via a bracket or similar means, or it can be fixed to the roof crossbeam via a bracket or similar means. The imaging direction of the optical sensor 200 faces the first through-hole 121.

[0109] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0110] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this patent application should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A windshield, characterized in that, include: Optical sensor (200), installed inside the vehicle; The laminated glass (100) has an optical window (101) within the field of view of the optical sensor (200). The laminated glass (100) includes an outer glass layer (110), an adhesive layer (130), and an inner glass layer (120) stacked together. The inner glass layer (120) has a first through hole (121). The optical window (101) is located inside the first through hole (121), and the MTF value of the optical window (101) is greater than or equal to 0.

3. After the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the angle between the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass (100) and the central axis of the optical sensor (200) is α; the vertical field of view of the optical sensor (200) is β; the length of the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the first through hole (121) is a; the length of the line intersecting the vertical field of view of the optical sensor (200) and the outer glass (110) is b; wherein, , K1 is a constant and K1 = 12 to 18, α is 20° to 45°, and β is 17° to 65°.

2. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The relative positions of the laminated glass (100) and the optical sensor (200) satisfy the following conditions: The horizontal field of view of the optical sensor (200) is γ; the width of the first through hole (121) in the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor (200) is m; the length of the line of intersection between the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor (200) and the outer glass (110) is n; wherein, ; in, K2 is a constant and K2 = 24 to 36.

3. The windshield according to claim 2, characterized in that, The γ is 28° to 120°.

4. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The minimum gap distance between the optical sensor (200) and the inner glass (120) is c, where c is 2 mm to 5 mm.

5. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive layer (130) has a second through hole (131), which is connected to the first through hole (121), and the optical window (101) is located inside the second through hole (131).

6. The windshield according to claim 5, characterized in that, The laminated glass (100) further includes a first shielding layer (140) disposed between the outer glass (110) and the adhesive layer (130). The first shielding layer (140) has a third through hole (141) which communicates with the second through hole (131) and the optical window (101) is located in the third through hole (141).

7. The windshield according to claim 6, characterized in that, The laminated glass (100) further includes a second shielding layer (150), which is disposed on the side of the inner glass (120) away from the adhesive layer (130).

8. The windshield according to claim 6, characterized in that, The outline area of ​​the optical window (101) is smaller than the outline area of ​​the third through hole (141), the outline area of ​​the third through hole (141) is smaller than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole (121), and the outline area of ​​the second through hole (131) is greater than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole (121).

9. The windshield according to claim 6, characterized in that, The laminated glass (100) further includes an antireflective layer (160) disposed on the outer glass (110) near the adhesive layer (130), the antireflective layer (160) being located within the third through-hole (141) and at least covering the optical window (101), the antireflective layer (160) being used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer glass (110) to optical signals emitted and / or received by the optical sensor (200).

10. The windshield according to claim 6, characterized in that, The laminated glass (100) also includes an electric heating element disposed on the outer glass (110) near the adhesive layer (130), the electric heating element being located within the third through hole (141) and at least covering the optical window (101).

11. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The laminated glass (100) further includes a heat insulation layer (170) comprising at least one metallic silver layer, silver alloy layer or transparent conductive oxide layer, the heat insulation layer (170) avoiding the optical window (101).

12. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer glass layer (110) is transparent glass or ultra-transparent glass, and the inner glass layer (120) is transparent glass or colored glass; The total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 80%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 91%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

13. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical sensor (200) is a visible light camera with more than or equal to 2 million pixels, and the visible light camera has an MTF value of more than or equal to 0.6 at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency.

14. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical window (101) has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with wavelengths in the range of 440nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, and the optical window (101) has a transmittance TL2 for visible light with wavelengths in the range of 600nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°. TL1 ≥ 50%, and the ratio of TL2 to TL1 is TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.

8.

15. A vehicle, characterized in that, The vehicle includes a windshield as described in any one of claims 1 to 14, and the optical sensor (200) is mounted inside the vehicle and faces the optical window (101).

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