Optically variable safety element and valuable document containing such optically variable safety element.

Abstract

The present invention relates to an optically variable safety element having a subject area, wherein an optically variable subject material having a contour in the subject area is visible to an observer at least from a first viewing angle, and the optically variable subject material includes substructures visible to the observer, the visible substructures being visible along the contour of the subject material, wherein the substructures are sub-sub-subjects visible to the observer, and each sub-sub-subject has a contour.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an optically variable security element having a subject matter (motiv) visible to an observer, which includes visible substructures as sub-subject matter. Furthermore, this invention relates to valuable documents having an optically variable security element. Technical Background

[0002] Optically variable security elements (e.g., on banknotes) are known from the prior art. Depending on the viewing angle, the observer will receive different optical impressions. Different viewing angles can be achieved by tilting the optically variable element or a document with an optically variable element around an axis while keeping the observer's viewing direction and the illumination direction of the optically variable element constant.

[0003] WO 2012 / 084182 A2 relates to an optically variable security element having a subject matter, wherein the subject matter comprises multiple substructures extending over the subject matter and having alternating bright and dark sub-regions. In WO 2012 / 084182 A2, the subject matter is formed by perceptible substructures at a certain viewing angle, and the substructures themselves are not the subject matter. The good contrast achieved by the substructures at a large solid angle facilitates authenticity verification by the observer or user, and the security element can be used to improve the anti-counterfeiting properties of valuable documents. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an optically variable security element that achieves improved anti-counterfeiting properties and whose authenticity is easily verified by an observer.

[0005] The optically variable safety element includes a subject area. An optically variable subject, having a subject shape, is visible to an observer within the subject area at least from a first viewing angle. The optically variable subject includes substructures visible to the observer, wherein the visible substructures are visible along the contour of the subject. Each substructure is a sub-subject matter visible to the observer. Each sub-subject matter has a contour.

[0006] Security elements can be applied to items to enable verification of their authenticity. Examples of such items include checks, bank cards, documents, certificates, ID cards, clothing (including tags), or banknotes.

[0007] By forming the main subject from sub-subjects, the authenticity of valuable documents with secure components can be identified particularly well and easily. For example, a subject that appears geometric at first glance, such as a square or triangle, or another subject, such as an apple, is identified by the observer as the main subject. If the main subject is composed of sub-subjects, the observer can easily and reliably verify the authenticity of valuable items. Subjects can be easily perceived by the observer and compared with other subjects, even if they have different dimensions. For example, with the linear substructure of WO 2012 / 084182A2, the observer finds it more difficult to determine whether the perceived substructure corresponds to the structure envisioned by the manufacturer; therefore, the observer's authenticity check is only given to a limited extent.

[0008] The security element can provide an optical or visual impression to an observer (person) without any auxiliary devices, allowing the observer to optically perceive the authenticity of an object equipped with the security element. Optical security elements are particularly suitable for simple or routine authenticity checks. The optical impression can be perceived in the wavelength range of 400 nanometers to 780 nanometers.

[0009] In the case of optically variable safety elements, an observer wishing to verify authenticity will produce different optical impressions depending on the viewing angle, viewing direction, side of the safety element, or viewing type (overhead or distant view). Therefore, the safety element can convey a first optical impression from a first viewing angle and a second optical impression from a second viewing angle, where the first and second optical impressions are distinct.

[0010] Security elements can be applied to the object to be protected, such as a banknote or its precursor, for example, as a patch or strip. Security elements can be planar. The maximum area of ​​a security element can be 5000 mm². 2 The maximum preferred diameter is 2500mm. 2 The maximum thickness can reach 1500mm. 2 The maximum thickness can reach 1000mm. 2 .

[0011] The safety element may have a length that is at least five times, preferably at least ten times, greater than its width. The width of the safety element is at least 1 mm.

[0012] Safety elements can be supplied as lines. Safety elements can be supplied as strips.

[0013] Security paper can be a precursor to a valuable document. Security paper can be paper that has not yet been fully printed. Security paper may include at least one security element, at least one window, and / or at least one security feature.

[0014] A security element can be applied to valuable documents or security paper. The security element can extend from one side of the valuable document or security paper to the other side. The sides can be opposite each other. The length of the security element can be equal to the width or height of the valuable document or security paper.

[0015] A security element may be at least partially contained within a valuable document or security paper. The security element may be incorporated into the document or security paper in such a way that portions of the security element are visible to the observer, while portions are not. Alternatively, the security element may be incorporated into the document or security paper in such a way that portions of the security element are covered by the document or security paper, while portions are not covered.

[0016] A subject (or theme) is particularly well-suited to serve as a visual impression. In this case, the subject could be a circle, a square, or an apple.

[0017] The subject matter can be geometric shapes. The subject matter is especially circles or polygons. Polygons can be triangles, quadrilaterals, particularly rectangles, rhombuses, or squares, or they can be hexagons.

[0018] A subject has an outline. This outline can be an external outline. Through the outline, the subject can be defined (optically) relative to its surrounding area. The outline can also surround the internal portion of the subject. The subject can be identified through its outline.

[0019] The subject matter can be visible in the subject matter area of ​​the safety element. The subject matter area can have an area equal to that of the safety element. The area of ​​the subject matter area can be a maximum of 95% of the area of ​​the safety element, preferably a maximum of 90%, preferably a maximum of 75%, preferably a maximum of 50%, preferably a maximum of 30%, and preferably a maximum of 20%.

[0020] The subject matter can be the subject matter that has the most perceptible extension within the subject matter area.

[0021] For example, a safety element can be defined in an xy plane with x and y directions. Compared to all perceptible subjects, the subject material can have the greatest extension in one direction. Compared to all perceptible subjects, the subject material can have the greatest extension in the x-direction. Or, compared to all perceptible subjects, the subject material can have the greatest extension in the y-direction. Compared to all perceptible subjects, the subject material can have the greatest extension in both the x and y directions. Compared to all perceptible subjects, the subject material can have the largest area in the xy plane.

[0022] The at least first viewpoint can be within the range of the first viewpoint. The range of viewpoints can include a maximum of 40°, preferably a maximum of 30°, preferably a maximum of 20°, and preferably a maximum of 10°.

[0023] The subject material is optically variable. Therefore, depending on the viewing angle, an observer can have different optical impressions of the subject material. Alternatively or supplementarily, an observer can have different optical impressions of the subject material depending on the direction of viewing. Alternatively or supplementarily, an observer can obtain different optical impressions of the subject material depending on the side of the safety element. Alternatively or supplementarily, an observer can have different visual impressions of the subject material depending on the type of viewing (looking down or looking into the distance).

[0024] The visible substructures of a subject material can be perceived optically by an observer alone. If a substructure can be distinguished from another structure by the human eye, then it can be perceived optically alone.

[0025] The main material may contain at least two substructures, preferably at least three substructures, preferably at least four substructures, preferably at least five substructures, preferably at least ten substructures, preferably at least fifteen substructures, and preferably at least twenty substructures.

[0026] Each of the substructures may have a smaller perceptible extension in the subject area than the main subject.

[0027] Each substructure may have an area in the xy plane smaller than the main body. In particular, the area of ​​each substructure may be up to 50% of the area of ​​the main body, preferably up to 25%, preferably up to 15%, preferably up to 10%, preferably up to 7%, preferably up to 5%, preferably up to 3%.

[0028] Typically, the surface of the subject can be a surface surrounded (included) by the subject's outline, particularly in the xy plane of the safety element. The outline can be an external outline.

[0029] Typically, a region of a structure can be a region enclosed (contained) by the structure's contour, particularly in the xy plane of a safety element. The contour can be an external contour.

[0030] Typically, a subject can have a bright, perceptible outline. The interior of the subject, surrounded by the outline, can be perceived as dark.

[0031] The main subject can be displayed by its outline only and / or the sub-subjects can be displayed by their respective outlines only.

[0032] At a given viewing angle, under non-diffuse illumination, such as by the sun or a point light source, the section that is perceived as bright will show a higher relative intensity of reflected light than the section that is perceived as dark.

[0033] Relative reflected light intensity is the ratio of reflected light intensity to incident light intensity. If the light is completely reflected by the light source, the relative reflected light intensity is 100%.

[0034] The relative reflected light intensity in the perceptibly bright section can be at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50% greater than the relative reflected light intensity in the perceptibly dark section. The percentage can be a percentage.

[0035] The substructure of the main body material is a sub-sub ...

[0036] The outline of the subject material can surround the interior part of the subject material.

[0037] The outline of each sub-theme can be defined around the internal parts of each sub-theme.

[0038] The outline of a sub-subject can surround the internal parts of the sub-subject. This can be applied to any sub-subject.

[0039] The main subject can have the shape of the main subject. Each sub-subject can have the shape of the sub-subject.

[0040] The shape of at least one of the sub-themes may differ from the shape of the main theme.

[0041] Each sub-sub ...

[0042] Each sub-sub ...

[0043] At least two adjacent sub-themes can have the same sub-theme shape.

[0044] At least two adjacent sub-subjects can have different sub-subject shapes.

[0045] At least one of the sub-sub ...

[0046] No sub-sub-subject has a shape that corresponds to the shape of the main subject.

[0047] The first sub-subject can have a first sub-subject shape, and the second sub-subject can have a second sub-subject shape, wherein the first sub-subject shape and the second sub-subject shape have different areas. The first sub-subject shape can correspond to the second sub-subject shape.

[0048] At least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, and even more preferably at least 90% of the sub-subjects may have the same sub-subject shape. Each sub-subject may have the same sub-subject shape as any other sub-subject.

[0049] At least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, and even more preferably at least 90% of the sub-subjects may have different sub-subject shapes. Each sub-subject may have a sub-subject shape that is different from the other sub-subjects.

[0050] At least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 80%, and even more preferably at least 90% of the sub-subjects may have corresponding sub-subject shapes. Each sub-subject may have a sub-subject shape corresponding to each other sub-subject.

[0051] The first sub-sub ...

[0052] The sub-subject may include at least five sub-subjects, preferably at least eight sub-subjects, more preferably at least ten sub-subjects, and even more preferably at least fifteen sub-subjects, each of which has a different sub-subject shape. No sub-subject shape may be the same as another sub-subject shape.

[0053] Subjects with the same shape can overlap. In particular, subjects with the same shape can overlap without changing the subject matter, for example, without enlarging or stretching the center.

[0054] Two subjects with different shapes cannot be made to overlap by enlarging or stretching the center of one of the subjects.

[0055] For example, the main subject can be square, and one of the sub-subjects can be circular. Sub-subjects cannot overlap with the main subject by enlarging or center stretching.

[0056] When enlarged or stretched from the center, all aspect ratios and angular ratios of the shape can be preserved.

[0057] Generally speaking, if the surfaces of the subjects, for example, the surface of the subject surrounded by the corresponding subject outline, do not exceed 80%, preferably not more than 85%, more preferably not more than 90%, more preferably not more than 92%, more preferably not more than 94%, more preferably not more than 96%, more preferably not more than 98%, more preferably not more than 98%, more preferably not more than 99%, more preferably not more than 99.5%, more preferably not more than 99.8%, more preferably not completely overlap, then the overlap of the two subjects cannot be obtained.

[0058] Two subjects with corresponding shapes can be made to overlap by enlarging them or by stretching them through the center of one of the subjects.

[0059] For example, the main subject and sub-subject shapes can each be squares. The side length of the square sub-subject can be smaller than the side length of the square main subject. By enlarging or center stretching, the sub-subject can overlap with the main subject.

[0060] When enlarged or stretched from the center, all aspect ratios and angular ratios of the shape can be preserved.

[0061] Generally, the overlap of two subjects can be achieved if at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%, more preferably at least 99.5%, more preferably at least 99.8%, more preferably completely overlap.

[0062] The sub-sub ...

[0063] Each of the sub-sub ...

[0064] Sub-sub-themes may have sub-sub-theme shapes. The shape of at least one sub-sub-theme may differ from the shape of the main theme. Alternatively or additionally, the shape of at least one sub-sub-theme may differ from the shape of at least one sub-theme.

[0065] Sub-sub-themes may have sub-sub-theme shapes. The shapes of at least three sub-sub-themes may each differ from the shape of the main theme. Alternatively or additionally, the shapes of at least three sub-sub-themes may each differ from the shape of at least one sub-theme among the sub-themes.

[0066] The shape of at least one sub-sub ...

[0067] The shape of at least one sub-sub ...

[0068] The outline of the main subject can be an external outline. The outline of the sub-sub ...

[0069] The outline of the subject matter can be seen by the observer through alternating sections of light and dark. Alternatively, the outline of the subject matter can be seen by the observer through a continuous section of light.

[0070] The bright part of the main subject's outline or the bright part of the main subject's outline can be the bright part of the sub-subject.

[0071] Along the contour, alternating light and dark areas can have different lengths. For example, a lighter area can have a greater length than a subsequent darker area. Furthermore, a dark area can have a greater length than a subsequent light area.

[0072] Along a contour, alternating light and dark sections can have the same length. For example, a light section can have the same length as a subsequent dark section.

[0073] Along the contour, the extension of alternating light and dark portions can be periodic. For example, a first bright portion can have a first length extension, a subsequent first dark portion has a second length extension, a subsequent second bright portion has a third length extension, and a subsequent second dark portion has a fourth length extension. The first length extension of the first bright portion can be equal to the third length extension of the second bright portion. The second length extension of the first dark portion can be equal to the fourth length extension of the second dark portion. The first length extension of the first bright portion can be different from the second length extension of the first dark portion. The first length extension of the first bright portion can be different from the fourth length extension of the second dark portion. The third length extension of the second bright portion can be different from the second length extension of the first dark portion. The third length extension of the second bright portion can be different from the fourth length extension of the second dark portion.

[0074] Gaps may exist between sub-subjects along the outline of the main subject. Sub-subjects along the outline may be spaced apart or not in contact. Sub-subjects may be in contact with each other along the outline of the main subject. There may be no gaps between sub-subjects along the outline of the main subject.

[0075] The longitudinal extension of the gap can be the shortest distance between two sub-subjects in one direction, especially in the x or y direction.

[0076] The outline of the main subject can be formed at least partially, and preferably entirely, by sub-subjects. The outline of the main subject can be formed segmentally by sub-subjects.

[0077] The sub-subject can form the outline of the main subject. Preferably, the sub-subject forms the outline of the main subject and has the maximum distance from the interior of the main subject.

[0078] The outline of the main subject can be formed in such a way that it encompasses the largest possible surface area and is formed by parts of sub-subjects. Between the sub-subjects, the extensions (or trends) of the sub-subject parts that constitute the outline can be guided further in a straight line or with the same curvature.

[0079] The sub-subjects may constitute at least 10% of the total length of the main subject's outline, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 70%.

[0080] There can be a visible distance between two adjacent sub-subjects.

[0081] The distance between sub-subjects can form a total length of the subject outline that is less than 70%, preferably less than 60%, more preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 40%, more preferably less than 30%, and more preferably less than 20%.

[0082] In at least one second viewpoint, the optically variable subject can be visible over a smaller area than in the first viewpoint. The first and second viewpoints can be different perspectives.

[0083] The transition from a first-person perspective to a second-person perspective can be achieved by tilting the safety element around an axis located within the plane defined by the safety element.

[0084] The surface of the main material can be a surface surrounded or closed by the main contour.

[0085] When the perspective changes, the subject matter preferably exhibits a motion effect.

[0086] In motion effects, the subject matter can be changed in particular by adjusting its size, shape, position, and / or rotation based on the viewpoint.

[0087] Preferably, the subject changes size when the viewing angle is changed within a certain viewing range.

[0088] The maximum field of view is 40°, preferably 30°, more preferably 20°, and even more preferably 10°. Both the first and second field of view are within the field of view range.

[0089] The effects of motion can be continuous.

[0090] By tilting the safety element, especially within the field of view, the motion effect can be perceived by the observer. The motion effect can be continuous.

[0091] By continuously tilting the safety element, especially within the field of view, the area of ​​the optically variable subject can be perceived in a continuously decreasing manner.

[0092] In a second perspective, the subject matter may include visible sub-subjects. Typically, in other perspectives that differ from each other, the subject matter may include visible sub-subjects.

[0093] The area of ​​each sub-subject in the second perspective can be the same as the area of ​​each sub-subject in the first perspective. The area of ​​each sub-subject in another perspective can be the same as the area of ​​each sub-subject in the previous perspective. At least three, preferably at least four, and more preferably at least five sub-subjects can be seen in the first and / or second perspectives.

[0094] The area of ​​each sub-subject in the second perspective may be smaller than the area of ​​each sub-subject in the first perspective. The area of ​​each sub-subject in another perspective may be smaller than the area of ​​each sub-subject in the previous perspective. At least three, preferably at least four, and more preferably at least five sub-subjects may be visible in the first and / or second perspectives.

[0095] In a first and / or second viewpoint, multiple sub-subjects are visible in order to display the main subject. The number of sub-subjects of the main subject can be up to 30, preferably up to 24, and more preferably up to 16. Preferably, sub-subjects between 3 and 30, more preferably between 3 and 24, and even more preferably between 3 and 16 are visible in the first and / or second viewpoint. This number takes into account that there may be more than one or more main subjects on a single safety element.

[0096] The area of ​​a sub-subject can be determined by the outline of the sub-subject. The outline of the sub-subject can surround or enclose the area.

[0097] The outline of a sub-theme can be basically similar to that of the main theme. Therefore, a sub-theme can replace the main theme, and a sub-sub-theme can replace a sub-theme.

[0098] The number of sub-themes in a second perspective can be the same as the number of sub-themes in a first perspective. The number of each sub-theme in another perspective can be the same as the number of each sub-theme in a previous perspective. In this case, at least three, preferably at least four, more preferably at least five, and even more preferably at least ten different (especially second perspective) perspectives can be considered.

[0099] The number of sub-themes in a second perspective can be less than the number of sub-themes in a first perspective. The number of each sub-theme in another perspective can be less than the number of each sub-theme in a previous perspective. In this case, at least three, preferably at least four, more preferably at least five, and even more preferably at least ten different (especially second perspective) perspectives can be considered.

[0100] The size ratio between the main subject and each sub-subject can be the same (constant) from different perspectives. The size ratio can be an integer or a non-integer. The size ratio can be an integer and greater than 1. The size ratio can be at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, and preferably at least 6. Preferably, the size ratio is in the range of 3 to 10, more preferably in the range of 3 to 8, and more preferably in the range of 4 to 6.

[0101] The size ratio can be 4.0±0.5, 5.0±0.5 or 6.0±0.5, preferably 4.0±0.3, 5.0±0.3 or 6.0±0.3, preferably 4.0±0.2, 5.0±0.2 or 6.0±0.2, preferably 4.0±0.1, 5.0±0.1 or 6.0±0.1.

[0102] The size ratio between the main subject and each sub-subject can be variable (not constant) depending on the perspective.

[0103] The size ratio can be defined as (ni*c):1, where n can be an integer and / or i can be an integer. c represents the viewpoint, and c = 0, 1, 2, ... represents the first, second, third... viewpoints. For example, in the first viewpoint, c equals 0; in the second viewpoint, c equals 1; in the third viewpoint, c equals 2, and so on. A constant angular difference can exist between the viewpoints considered.

[0104] i can be between 0.5 and 5.0, preferably between 0.5 and 4.0, preferably between 0.5 and 3.5, preferably between 0.5 and 2.5, preferably between 0.5 and 1.5, preferably between 0.7 and 1.3, and preferably between 0.9 and 1.1. Particularly preferred is i equal to 1.

[0105] n can be at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, and preferably at least 6. n can be in the range of 3 to 10, preferably from 3 to 8, and preferably from 4 to 6. n can be 4.0±0.5, 5.0±0.5, or 6.0±0.5, preferably 4.0±0.3, 5.0±0.3, or 6.0±0.3, preferably 4.0±0.2, 5.0±0.2, or 6.0±0.2, and preferably 4.0±0.1, 5.0±0.1, or 6.0±0.1.

[0106] Typically, the dimensional ratio can be determined by the ratio of the (maximum) extension of the main body in one direction (e.g., the x-direction or y-direction) to the (maximum) extension of the sub-body in the same direction on a plane defined by the safety element. The dimensional ratio can be the ratio of the perimeter of the main body to the perimeter of the sub-body, and more specifically, the ratio of each sub-body. The perimeter can be determined by the corresponding profile.

[0107] The shape of the subject matter can correspond to different viewpoints. In the first viewpoint, the subject matter can have a specific shape; in the second viewpoint, the subject matter can also have a specific shape. The shape of the subject matter in the first viewpoint can correspond to the shape of the subject matter in the second viewpoint.

[0108] Each sub-topic can contain sub-sub-topics. Each sub-topic can contain an outline. The outline can surround the interior portion of the corresponding sub-topic.

[0109] Sub-sub-themes can be seen along the outline of the corresponding sub-themes, or they can be identified after magnification.

[0110] The outline of a sub-sub ...

[0111] Each sub-sub-theme can have a sub-sub-theme shape. A sub-sub-theme shape can correspond to a sub-theme shape. A sub-sub-theme shape can correspond to a main theme shape.

[0112] A safety element can define an xy-plane. The xy-plane can include the x-axis and the y-axis. By tilting an optically variable safety element about the x-axis, a transition from a first viewpoint to a second viewpoint can be achieved. A transition from a third viewpoint, particularly each of the first, second, or further second viewpoints, to a fourth viewpoint can be achieved by tilting an optically variable safety element about the y-axis.

[0113] Preferably, the main subject changes when tilted about the x-axis, but does not change when tilted about the y-axis. The viewpoint dependence of the sub-subject is chosen such that the main subject displayed by the sub-subject is completely unchangingly visible to the observer (despite the changes in the sub-subject).

[0114] In a third-person perspective, the sub-subject can have a size, and in a fourth-person perspective, the sub-subject can also have a size, wherein the size of the sub-subject in the third-person perspective can be different from the size of the sub-subject in the fourth-person perspective. Preferably, the size of the sub-subject in the third-person perspective is larger than the size of the sub-subject in the fourth-person perspective.

[0115] From a third-person perspective, a sub-subject can have a ratio of light to dark areas; from a fourth-person perspective, a sub-subject can have a ratio of light to dark areas. The ratio of light to dark areas in the third-person perspective can differ from the ratio of light to dark areas in the fourth-person perspective. Preferably, the ratio of light to dark areas in the third-person perspective is greater than the ratio of light to dark areas in the fourth-person perspective.

[0116] In a third-person perspective, the sub-subject can have an area; in a fourth-person perspective, the sub-subject can also have an area. The area of ​​the sub-subject in the third-person perspective can be the same as the area of ​​the sub-subject in the fourth-person perspective. Preferably, when tilted about the y-axis, the sub-subject changes, for example, in size, position, or degree of rotation, but its area remains unchanged. Preferably, when tilted about the y-axis, the sub-subject changes, but the total area of ​​the sub-subject does not change. This variation is particularly advantageous because the area of ​​the sub-subject (i.e., the bright luminous portion) determines the visible brightness of the main subject.

[0117] By tilting around the y-axis, the observer can see the motion effects of several sub-themes. By tilting around the y-axis, the motion effects of most sub-themes can be seen by the observer. By tilting around the y-axis, the observer can see the motion effects of each sub-theme.

[0118] The motion effect of the sub-subject can be the same as that of the main subject. The motion effect can be a change in size, such as a pumping effect, or an increase in the thickness of the corresponding sub-subject's outline. Alternatively, in the motion effect, the sub-subject can be seen moving along the outline of the main subject.

[0119] In the pumping effect, by tilting about an axis in one direction, the subject matter (sub-subject matter) can be seen to alternately increase and decrease in size. In the pumping effect, the decrease and / or increase in size can be relatively small compared to other dimensional changes.

[0120] When tilted around the second axis, the changes in sub-themes are designed to allow the observer to see an unchanging main theme.

[0121] First-person perspective is different from second-person perspective. Third-person perspective is different from fourth-person perspective. First, second, third, and fourth-person perspectives can be different perspectives.

[0122] The optically variable safety element may include a component consisting of directional reflective microreflectors. The microreflectors are preferably non-diffractive microreflectors. The microreflectors may be micromirrors. A preferred microreflector is a micromirror with an inclined surface.

[0123] Optically variable safety elements can include components of microreflectors that generate main and sub-subjects for the observer based on the viewing angle. The microreflector can be a micromirror.

[0124] The components of a microreflector may include an embossed structure with a coating that enhances reflection.

[0125] The components of a microreflector may include an embossed structure with a liquid crystal coating.

[0126] The components of a microreflector may include an embossed structure with a metallic coating.

[0127] The components of a microreflector may include an embossed enamel layer.

[0128] The size of each microreflector, especially the maximum width of each microreflector, can be between 2 μm and 300 μm, preferably between 3 μm and 100 μm, and more preferably between 5 μm and 50 μm.

[0129] Microreflectors, particularly micromirrors, can be designed according to the description in DE 10 200 5 061 749A1. Microreflectors, particularly micromirrors, can be produced or manufactured according to the description in DE 10 200 5 061 749A1.

[0130] Microreflectors can be tilted or tilted relative to the plane (xy plane) defined by the safety element. Thus, light from the light source can be reflected to a point with varying intensities by different microreflectors tilted differently from the plane. By appropriately selecting the tilt of different microreflectors, the subject matter can be seen by the observer through the reflection of light. Specifically, the observer can see different subjects depending on the viewing angle.

[0131] Microreflectors can be equipped with reflective coatings or reflective enhancement coatings. Metallic coatings or high-refractive-index coatings can be applied to microreflectors. Multilayer systems (color-changing or color-filtering) can be applied to microreflectors. Microreflectors can be equipped with liquid crystal coatings.

[0132] For example, microreflectors can be fabricated in an imprintable layer (e.g., an imprintable varnish layer) using a printing process. A silver layer can be applied to or be applied to a substrate. The imprintable layer can be a thin film, particularly a thermoplastic film. The imprintable layer can be a radiation-curable varnish. The imprintable layer can have several sublayers.

[0133] Microreflectors can be overlapped with structures whose dimensions are preferably equal to or greater than one-quarter of the visible light wavelength. These structures can be referred to as subwavelength structures.

[0134] The subwavelength structure can be a periodic structure with a period in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm, preferably in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The subwavelength structure can also be a non-periodic structure with a width in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm, preferably in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Therefore, a subject can be represented in color, especially in multiple colors. For each microreflector, the color display can be adjusted or selected individually. In particular, color changes can be achieved as a view-dependent color effect. View-dependent color effects can be combined with motion effects, especially the motion effects described herein.

[0135] The maximum width of the sub-subject matter does not exceed 5.0 mm, especially in the first-view perspective. The maximum width of the sub-subject matter is preferably not more than 3.0 mm, more preferably not more than 2.0 mm, and more preferably not more than 1.0 mm. The maximum width of the sub-subject matter is at least 100 μm, preferably at least 200 μm. The maximum width of the sub-subject matter can be between 100 μm and 5.0 mm, preferably between 100 μm and 2.0 mm, more preferably between 200 μm and 2 mm, and more preferably between 300 μm and 1.5 mm.

[0136] Sub-sub ...

[0137] Valuable documents may include any security elements disclosed herein. Valuable documents may include checks, bank cards, documents, certificates, ID cards, clothing (clothing tags), or banknotes.

[0138] A valuable document may contain at least one other security element. This other security element may be a security element that is perceptible to an observer. This other security element may be a security element that is imperceptible to an observer. This other security element may be a machine-perceptible security element.

[0139] A valuable document may include at least one security feature. The security feature may be printed on the valuable document. The security feature may be contained within the document's base material. The security feature may be perceptible to an observer. The security feature may be imperceptible to an observer. The security feature may be machine-perceptible. Attached Figure Description

[0140] The invention, or further embodiments and advantages thereof, are further illustrated below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which describe embodiments of the invention only. Identical elements in the drawings are denoted by the same reference numerals. These drawings should not be considered to be true scale, and individual elements may be exaggerated or simplified.

[0141] Figure 1A valuable document 100 with a security element 10 is shown;

[0142] Figure 2 The safety element 10 with the main body material 30 is shown;

[0143] Figure 3 The safety element 10 with the prominently displayed subject material 30 is shown;

[0144] Figure 4 The safety element 10 with the main body material 30 is shown;

[0145] Figure 5 The safety element 10 with the prominently displayed subject material 30 is shown;

[0146] Figure 6 A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 and dimensions s361, s371 and s381 is shown;

[0147] Figure 7 A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 and dimensions s401 and s411 is shown;

[0148] Figure 8a The safety element 10 is shown from a first-view perspective;

[0149] Figure 8b Safety element 10 is shown during the transition from a first-view to a second-view perspective;

[0150] Figure 8c The safety element 10 is shown from a second perspective;

[0151] Figure 8d Safety element 10 is shown during the transition from a second perspective to a further second perspective;

[0152] Figure 8e The safety element 10 is shown from a further second perspective;

[0153] Figure 9a The safety element 10 is shown from a first-view perspective;

[0154] Figure 9b Safety element 10 is shown during the transition from a first-view to a second-view perspective;

[0155] Figure 9c The safety element 10 is shown from a second perspective;

[0156] Figure 9d Safety element 10 is shown during the transition from a second perspective to a further second perspective;

[0157] Figure 9eThe safety element 10 is shown from a further second perspective;

[0158] Figure 10 Safety element 10 with dimensions s362, s372 and s382 is shown;

[0159] Figure 11 Safety element 10 with dimensions s402 and s412 is shown;

[0160] Figure 12a A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown;

[0161] Figure 12b An enlarged sub-sub ...

[0162] Figure 13a A security element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown from one viewpoint;

[0163] Figure 13b A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown from another perspective;

[0164] Figure 13c A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown in view with dimensions s403 and s413;

[0165] Figure 13d A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown in view having dimensions s363, s373 and s383;

[0166] Figure 13e A safety element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown in a further view having dimensions s404 and s414; and

[0167] Figure 13f A security element 10 with sub-subject 50 is shown in a further view having dimensions s364, s374 and s384. Detailed Implementation

[0168] Figure 1 A valuable document 100 with a security element 10 is shown. The security element 10 includes at least a subject area 20. In the subject area 20, the subject matter 30 can be (at least) visible to an observer.

[0169] For example, the valuable document 100 may be a banknote. The carrier or substrate of the valuable document 100 may include or consist of one or more layers of paper. Alternatively, the carrier or substrate of the valuable document 100 may include or consist of one or more layers of plastic. Further optionally, the carrier or substrate of the valuable document 100 may include at least a paper layer and at least one plastic layer.

[0170] The security element 10 can be applied to the carrier (or substrate) of the document 100, for example, as a security strip or security patch. Typically, the security element is provided on a transport carrier, such as a plastic film, and then (released) from the transport carrier to the carrier of the valuable document. Alternatively, the security element is introduced into the carrier of security paper, for example, as a security thread. In particular, the security element has been introduced into the carrier during the manufacturing process of the carrier, such as during the manufacturing process of the paper or foil, or between two sublayers of the carrier.

[0171] Figure 2 The safety element 10 with subject area 20 is shown in the first view.

[0172] Safety element 10 allows the definition of an xy-plane, which defines the x-axis and y-axis. The x-axis and y-axis can be oriented perpendicularly to each other. The z-axis can be perpendicular to the xy-plane.

[0173] On the safety element 10, particularly in the subject area 20, the subject matter 30 having sub-subject matter 50 is visible to the observer. The subject matter 30 having sub-subject matter 50 is especially visible from a first-person perspective.

[0174] Typically, due to display technology limitations, in the attached figures, areas that appear bright to the observer in the subject area 20 are represented as black, and areas that appear dark to the observer in the subject area 20 are represented as white (bright).

[0175] The bright or dark areas of the subject area 20 can be achieved by placing micromirrors within it. The surfaces of the micromirrors can be tilted relative to the xy plane, causing them to reflect light from the light source to the observer at different intensities depending on the viewing angle.

[0176] For example, in the first share of subject area 20, the micromirrors can be tilted such that, at a certain angle, a relatively high proportion of light is reflected from the light source to the observer. In the second share of subject area 20, the micromirrors can be tilted such that, at a certain angle, a relatively small proportion of light, and in particular, no light, is reflected from the light source to the observer. The first share of subject area 20 can appear bright, or be perceived as bright by the observer. The second share of subject area 20 can appear dark, or be perceived as dark by the observer.

[0177] From different perspectives, the first share of subject area 20 can reflect a relatively low proportion of light from the light source to the observer, while the second share of subject area 20 can reflect a relatively high proportion of light from the light source to the observer.

[0178] The main material 30 may have a main material shape 31. For example, the main material shape 31 may be a geometric shape. Figure 2In the example, the main material shape 31 is a square.

[0179] The main body material 30 may have a profile 32. The profile 32 of the main body material 30 may (completely) surround or enclose a surface. The profile 32 of the main body material 30 may define the shape of the main body material.

[0180] The outline 32 of the subject material 30 may include or surround the internal portion 33 of the subject material 30.

[0181] Sub-subject 50 can be seen along the outline 32 of the main subject 30. The outline 32 of the main subject 30 can be formed by the sub-subject 50.

[0182] Sub-subject 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51. Sub-subject shape 51 may be different from the main subject shape 31.

[0183] Different sub-themes 50 can each have different sub-theme shapes 51.

[0184] exist Figure 2 In the example, the main subject shape 31 is square. Sub-subjects along the outline 32 of the main subject 30 have different sub-subject shapes 51 (see also...). Figure 12b Each sub-subject's area of ​​50 can be smaller than the main subject's area of ​​30.

[0185] Along the outline 32 of the main subject 30, all sub-subjects 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51 that is different from the shape 31 of the main subject 31.

[0186] The outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be perceived as a continuous line. For example, the outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be a continuous brightly visible portion of the subject material.

[0187] If the outline 32 of the main subject 30 can be perceived as a continuous line, then the sub-subjects 50 can be arranged such that there are no visible gaps 35 between the sub-subjects 50 (within the area of ​​the outline 32).

[0188] The outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be perceived by an observer as an interrupted or discontinuous line. For example, the outline 32 of the subject material 30 can alternately have segments 36 that are perceived as light and segments 38 that are perceived as dark. In this case, the segment 36 that is perceived as light can follow the segment 38 that is perceived as dark, and then the segment 36 that is perceived as light can follow again, and so on.

[0189] The perceptibly bright segment 36 of the outline 32 of the main subject 30 can be defined by the sub-subject 50. For example, sub-subject 50 or any of sub-subject 50 may include outline 52 (see...). Figure 12b The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 may be a portion 36 of the outline 32 of main subject 30 that is perceptibly bright.

[0190] The perceptible bright section 36 of the outline 32 of the main subject 30 can be part of the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50.

[0191] Sub-subject 50 is visible along the outline 32 of the main subject 30. The outline 32 of the main subject 30 can (completely) surround the sub-subject 50.

[0192] Sub-subject 50 can be seen (completely) within the interior portion 33 of the main subject 30. The interior portion 33 of the main subject 30 can be (completely) surrounded by the outline 32 of the main subject 30.

[0193] Sub-themes 50 can be visible at intervals within theme region 20. A gap 35 may exist between two adjacent sub-themes 50.

[0194] Sub-themes 50 can be seen at constant intervals within theme region 20. For all sub-themes 50 in theme region 20, equal gaps 35 are visible between two adjacent sub-themes 50.

[0195] The gap 35 between the two sub-themes 50 can cause a perceptible dark section 38 in the outline 32 of the main theme 30. The perceptible dark section 38 in the outline 32 of the main theme 30 can be a missing section in the outline 52 of the sub-theme 50.

[0196] The perceptible light section 36 and perceptible dark section 38 of the outline 32 of the main material 30 can have different lengths.

[0197] For example, a segment 36 that is perceived as bright can have a greater length extension than a segment 38 that is perceived as dark.

[0198] Similarly, the segment 38 that is perceived as dark can have a greater length extension than the segment 36 that is perceived as bright.

[0199] The segment 36 that is perceived as bright and the segment 38 that is perceived as dark can have the same length extension.

[0200] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the outline 32 of the main material 30, which is perceptibly dark, may have the same length extension.

[0201] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the outline 32 of the main material 30 may have the same length extension of the segment 36 that is perceived as bright.

[0202] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the outline 32 (of which the main material 30 is) can be perceived by light.

[0203] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the outline 32 (of which the main material 30 is) can be darkly perceived.

[0204] At least 25%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90% of the interior portion 33 of the main body material 30 surrounded by the outline 32 can be perceived as dark.

[0205] exist Figure 3 The image shows a safety element 10 with a subject area 20. The subject material 30 is shown as a dotted surface.

[0206] The subject material 30 can be completely defined by the outline 32 and the surrounding area of ​​the subject material 30. In particular, the subject material 30 includes a continuous surface surrounded by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0207] Figure 4 A safety element 10 with a subject area 20 is shown in a first-view perspective. The safety element 10 can be coupled with... Figure 1 The safety element 10 described is the same.

[0208] Within subject area 20, subject material 30 is visible (perceptible). Subject material 30 may have subject material shape 31.

[0209] The main body material 30 may have an outline 31 as its outer outline. The main body material 30 may have an inner outline 39.

[0210] The main subject 30 may include sub-subjects 50. Sub-subjects 50 may be visible between the inner contour 39 and the outer contour. Sub-subjects 50 may be visible along the inner contour 39. Sub-subjects 50 may be visible along the outer contour.

[0211] There may be a gap of 35 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50. The arrangement of sub-subjects 50 can be the same as the arrangement of sub-subjects 50, such as... Figure 1 As stated above.

[0212] The outline 32, serving as the outer contour, may include a light-perceived portion 36. The light-perceived segment 36 may be associated with, for example... Figure 1 The described perceptible bright section 36 is the same.

[0213] The outline 32, serving as the outer contour, can be included within the perceptibly dark segment 38. The perceptibly dark segment 38 can be combined with, for example... Figure 1 The described perceptible dark segment 38 is the same.

[0214] The internal contour 39 of the subject material 30 can be perceived as a continuous line. For example, the internal contour 39 of the subject material 30 can be a continuous, bright, visible portion of the subject material 30.

[0215] If the inner contour 39 of the main subject 30 can be perceived as a continuous line, then the sub-subjects 50 can be arranged such that there are no visible gaps between the sub-subjects 50 (within the area of ​​the inner contour 39).

[0216] The internal contour 39 may include segments 39a that are perceived as light. The internal contour may include segments 39b that are perceived as dark.

[0217] The internal contour 39 of the subject material 30 can be perceived by an observer as an interrupted or discontinuous line. For example, the internal contour 39 of the subject material 30 can alternately have segments 39a that are perceived as light and segments 39b that are perceived as dark. Here, the segment 39a that is perceived as light can follow the segment 39b that is perceived as dark, and then the segment 39a that is perceived as light can follow the segment 39b, and so on.

[0218] The perceptibly bright section 39a of the internal contour 39 of the main subject 30 can be fixed by the sub-subject 50. For example, the sub-subject 50 or any of the sub-subjects 50 may include contour 52 (see...). Figure 13b A portion of the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 may be a perceptibly bright segment 39a of the internal outline 39 of the main subject 30.

[0219] The perceptible bright section 39a of the inner contour 39 of the main subject 30 may be part of the contour 52 of the sub-subject 50.

[0220] Sub-subject 50 can be seen along the internal outline 39 of the main subject 30.

[0221] The perceptible light section 39a and the perceptible dark section 39b of the inner contour 39 of the main material 30 may have different lengths.

[0222] For example, a segment 39a that is perceived as bright can have a greater length extension than a segment 39b that is perceived as dark.

[0223] Similarly, the segment 39b that is perceived as dark can have a greater length extension than the segment 39a that is perceived as bright.

[0224] The segment 39a that is perceived as bright and the segment 39b that is perceived as dark can have the same length.

[0225] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the perceptible dark section 39b of the inner contour 39 of the main body 30 may have the same length extension.

[0226] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the light-sensitive portion 39a of the inner contour 39 of the main body material 30 may have the same length extension.

[0227] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the inner contour 39 (of which the main body material 30 is) can be perceived by light.

[0228] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the inner contour 39 (of which the main body material 30 is) can be darkly perceived.

[0229] The main element 30 can extend between the outer contour 32 and the inner contour 39. This is in Figure 5 The area is represented by a dashed line. The area between the inner and outer contours can be called the main material area.

[0230] The main material 30 can have a frame-like shape.

[0231] exist Figure 6 The image shows a security element 10 from a first-view perspective. The security element 10 includes a subject area 20 in which sub-subject 50 is visible. The security element 10 can be any security element 10 disclosed herein.

[0232] Sub-topic 50 may have a width s361. The width may be visible in the x-direction (the direction along the x-axis). The width may be the maximum visible extension of sub-topic 50 in the x-direction.

[0233] Sub-subject 50 may have a height s371. The height may be visible in the y-direction (the direction along the y-axis). The height may be the maximum visible extension of sub-subject 50 in the y-direction.

[0234] Width s361 and height s371 can be the same. Width s361 and height s371 can have the same length extension.

[0235] Width s361 and height s371 can be different. Width s361 and height s371 can have different lengths.

[0236] Width s361 can be greater than height s371. Width s361 can have a greater length extension than height s371.

[0237] Width s361 can be smaller than height s371. Width s361 can have a smaller length extension than height s371.

[0238] The outline 32 may include a light-perceived portion 36, the length of which is equal to the (length extension) of the width s361.

[0239] The outline 32 may include a light-perceived portion 36 whose length extension is equal to the (length extension) of the height s371.

[0240] A distance s381 can exist between two adjacent sub-themes 50. The distance s381 can exist between each sub-theme of sub-theme 50.

[0241] The distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be less than the width s361 and / or height s371 of the sub-subject 50.

[0242] The distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be greater than the width s361 and / or height s371 of the sub-subject 50.

[0243] The distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be the same as the width s361 and / or height s371 of the sub-subject 50.

[0244] The distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be up to half the width s361 and / or height s371 of the sub-subject 50.

[0245] All or part of the sub-subjects 50 of the main subject 30 may have the height s371 and / or width s361.

[0246] Figure 7 Safety element 10 is shown from a first-view perspective. Safety element 10 can be any safety element 10 disclosed herein.

[0247] The subject material 30 may have a width s411. The width may be visible in the x-direction (in the direction of the x-axis). The width may be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the x-direction. The subject material 30 may be defined in the x-direction by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0248] The subject material 30 may have a height s401. The height may be visible in the y-direction (in the direction of the y-axis). The height may be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the y-direction. The subject material 30 may be defined in the y-direction by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0249] Width s411 and height s401 can be the same. Width s411 and height s371 can have the same length extension.

[0250] Width s411 and height s401 can be different. Width s411 and height s401 can have different lengths.

[0251] The width s411 can be greater than the height s401. The width s411 can have a greater length extension than the height s401.

[0252] The width s411 can be smaller than the height s401. The width s411 can have a shorter length extension than the height s401.

[0253] The ratio between the width s411 and the height s401 of the main subject 30 can be basically the same (±10%) as the ratio between the width s361 and the height s371 of the sub-subject or sub-subject 50.

[0254] Figure 8a , 8c Figures 8e and 8e illustrate the safety element 10 from different perspectives. The safety element 10 is tilted along a first axis located in the xy plane, specifically along the x-axis, to achieve different perspectives. The safety element 10 can be any safety element 10 disclosed herein.

[0255] Safety element 10 may include subject area 20. In subject area 20, subject material 30 having subject material shape 31 can be seen by an observer. Subject material 30 may include outline 32. Subject material 30 may include sub-subject material 50.

[0256] Figure 8a The safety element 10 is shown from a first-view perspective.

[0257] Within the subject area 20 of the safety element 10, the main body 30 is visible. In this example, the shape 31 of the main body is square.

[0258] Some of the sub-themes 50 have a shape 51 that is different from the shape of the main theme 51.

[0259] The first share of sub-subject 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51 corresponding to the main subject shape 31, and the second share of sub-subject 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51 different from the main subject shape 51.

[0260] The first share (in terms of quantity) of sub-theme 50 can be greater than the second share of sub-theme.

[0261] Each of the sub-themes 50 can have a sub-theme shape 51 that is different from the main theme shape 31.

[0262] The environment of the subject material 30 relative to the subject material 30 can be defined by the outline 32.

[0263] The main subject 30 may include sub-subjects 50. Sub-subjects 50 may be visible along the outline 32.

[0264] Safety element 10 can define an xy plane with an x-axis (x-direction) and a y-axis (y-direction).

[0265] exist Figure 8b In the middle, it is shown that... Figure 8a The same safety element 10. In Figure 8b The text indicates the transition from a first-person perspective to a second-person perspective. The safety element 10 in the second-person perspective is shown as... Figure 8c As shown. From the second perspective, at least the position of sub-theme 50 has changed.

[0266] The transition from first-person to second-person perspective can be achieved by tilting the safety member 10 around the x-axis or by using a valuable document 100 with the safety member 10 (tilted north-south). The positions of the light source and the observer should not change.

[0267] In the second perspective, the sub-subject 50 is arranged such that, for example, the main subject 30 is smaller. Specifically, the sub-subject 50 can be seen in a portion of the subject area 20 surrounded by the outline 32 of the main subject in the first perspective.

[0268] This is Figure 8b The subject matter 50 is indicated by a sub-subject with a dashed outline. The sub-subject with a dashed outline is shown in a first viewpoint, while the sub-subject with a continuous outline is shown in a second viewpoint. The internal outline of the subject matter in the first viewpoint surrounds the outline 32 of the subject matter in the second viewpoint. Similarly, it can be determined that the sub-subjects 50 in the two viewpoints do not overlap.

[0269] In the second perspective, the number of sub-themes (50) may have changed. Figure 8b In this case, for example, the number of sub-themes changes from five to three in each direction. For example, in a further perspective, the number of visible sub-themes 50 may be less (or larger) than in the first perspective, especially when the main theme 30 becomes smaller (or larger). Alternatively or additionally, the size of the sub-themes 50 changes, in Figure 8b The same size sub-subject 50 is shown in the figure.

[0270] exist Figure 8cThe image shows the subject material 30 visible from a second viewpoint. The area of ​​the subject material 30 in the second viewpoint may be smaller than the area in the first viewpoint. The area of ​​the subject material 30 surrounded by the outline 32 may be smaller in the second viewpoint than in the first viewpoint.

[0271] The subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the second view can correspond to the subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the first view.

[0272] In this example, the subject material 30 has a square shape 31 in both the first and second viewpoints. These squares have different areas. By magnifying the subject material 30 in the second viewpoint, it can be made to coincide with the subject material 30 in the first viewpoint.

[0273] Figure 8d This illustrates the transition of subject matter 30 from a second-person perspective to a further second-person perspective. Similar to... Figure 8b and 8c The illustration shows that the sub-subject 50 with a dashed outline indicates the sub-subject 50 from a second perspective, and the sub-subject 50 with a continuous outline indicates the sub-subject 50 from a further second perspective.

[0274] The transition from a second-person perspective to a further second-person perspective can be achieved by a safety element 10 that is further tilted around the x-axis, or by a valuable document 100 with a safety element 10 (north-south tilt). The positions of the light source and the observer should not change.

[0275] In a further second perspective, the position of the sub-subject 50 may have changed further. For example, the sub-subject 50 may be visible in a portion of the subject area 20 surrounded by the outline 32 of the main subject 30 in the second perspective. The main subject 30 becomes smaller when tilted further.

[0276] In a further second perspective, the number of sub-themes 50 may have changed (further). For example, in a further second perspective, the number of sub-themes 50 may be less (or more) than in the second perspective, especially when the main theme 30 has become smaller (or larger). Alternatively or supplementarily, the size of the sub-themes 50 may be changed, for example, by decreasing simultaneously as shown.

[0277] exist Figure 8e In the second view, the subject matter 30 is visible. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 in the second view can be smaller than its area in the second view. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 surrounded by the outline 32 in the second view can be smaller than its area in the second view.

[0278] The subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the further second perspective can correspond to the subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the second perspective.

[0279] In this example, the subject material 30 has a square shape 31 in both the second viewpoint and the further second viewpoint. These squares have different areas. By magnifying the subject material 30 in the further second viewpoint, it can be made to coincide with the subject material 30 in the second viewpoint.

[0280] Figures 8a to 8e The safety element 10 with two second views is shown. There may also be more than two second views, especially three or four.

[0281] The movement of the main theme 30, that is, in Figures 8a to 8e The dimensional changes of the main subject 30 can have a continuous effect on the observer when tilted. When the safety element is tilted, the sub-subject 50 can be statically positioned or moved.

[0282] By utilizing statically arranged sub-subjects 50, continuous movement (especially continuous dimensional changes) of the main subject can be achieved. Specifically, when tilted, the sub-subject 50 of the following (second or further second) perspective can become increasingly visible in segments, while the sub-subject 50 of the previous perspective correspondingly becomes invisible in segments in the opposite direction. Figure 8a As shown in 8c and 8e, the main subject is first represented by a fully visible or luminous sub-subject from a (first or second) perspective, and then by a fully visible or luminous sub-subject from the next (second or further second) perspective. In the transition between these perspectives—starting from one side of the sub-subject from the first (or second) perspective—increasingly more portions of the sub-subject from the second (or further second) perspective become visible (bright). Similarly, starting from the application side of the sub-subject from the second (or further second) perspective, increasingly more portions of the sub-subject from the first (or second) perspective become invisible (dark). Thus, the main subject is dynamically displayed through static sub-subjects that are only partially visible between the first and second perspectives.

[0283] Alternatively, the continuous movement of the main subject (especially continuous dimensional changes) can also be achieved through the movement of sub-subjects. When the safety element tilts, the main subject moves through the movement of at least several sub-subjects, specifically from a position of the sub-subject at a first (or second) viewpoint to a position of the sub-subject at a second (or further second) viewpoint. Figure 8a Starting with 8 out of the 16 visible sub-topics 50, for example, every two out of sub-topics 50, move inwards until they reach... Figure 8c The new position. The other eight sub-themes disappear (darken), ideally with the start of movement. From Figure 8c Initially, four of the eight sub-themes 50 move inward until they reach... Figure 8eThe new position. The other four sub-themes disappear, preferably with the start of further movement.

[0284] For continuous movement of the main subject, moving sub-subjects are advantageous because they are more difficult to imitate. The use of static sub-subjects supports a brighter representation of the subject and / or serves as a secondary effect for different tilt axes.

[0285] It is conceivable that if, upon tilting to a (further) second perspective, the overall brightness of the sub-subject changes, but this does not result in continuous movement of the main subject. For example, if the sub-subject changes its overall brightness upon tilting (bright => dark, dark => bright), the sudden change in the position of the main subject is visible to the observer. On the other hand, if the overall brightness of the sub-subject changes continuously upon tilting, particularly a steady change from bright to dark for the sub-subject in the first (or second) perspective, and a steady change from dark to bright for the sub-subject in the second (or further second) perspective, then the observer will see a main subject that gradually emerges in its new position and gradually fades out in its old position.

[0286] Figure 9a , 9c Figures 9e and 9e illustrate the safety element 10 from different perspectives, particularly from the first, second, and further second perspectives, respectively. The safety element 10 can be any safety element 10 disclosed herein.

[0287] Safety element 10 includes a subject area 20. Within the subject area 20, a subject 30 having a subject shape 31 is visible to the observer. The subject 30 may include an outline 32. The subject 30 includes sub-subjects 50, specifically represented by means of sub-subjects 50.

[0288] Figure 9a The safety element 10 is shown from a first-view perspective.

[0289] Within the subject area 20 of the safety element 10, the main body 30 is visible. In this example, the shape 31 of the main body is square.

[0290] Some of the sub-themes 50 have a shape 51 that is different from the shape of the main theme 51.

[0291] The first share of sub-subject 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51 corresponding to the main subject shape 31, and the second share of sub-subject 50 may have a sub-subject shape 51 different from the main subject shape 51.

[0292] The first share (in terms of quantity) of sub-theme 50 can be greater than the second share of sub-theme.

[0293] Each of the sub-themes 50 can have a sub-theme shape 51 that is different from the main theme shape 31.

[0294] The subject material 30 can be defined by the outline 32 relative to the environment of the subject material 30.

[0295] The main subject matter may include sub-subject matter 50. Sub-subject matter 50 may be visible along outline 32.

[0296] Safety element 10 can define an xy plane having an x-axis (x-direction) and a y-axis (y-direction). Transitions from a first viewpoint to a second or further second viewpoint can occur, such as... Figures 8a to 8e As described. In particular, the safety element is tilted along an axis in the plane (here, the x-axis).

[0297] exist Figure 9b In the middle, it is shown that... Figure 9a The same safety element 10. In Figure 9b The text indicates the transition from a first-person perspective to (e.g., a second-person perspective). The safety element 10 in the second-person perspective is as follows... Figure 9c As shown.

[0298] From a second perspective, the position of sub-subject 50 can be changed. For example, sub-subject 50 can be seen in a portion of the subject area 20, which is surrounded by the outline 32 of the main subject, from the first perspective.

[0299] This is Figure 9b The subject matter 50 is indicated by a sub-subject with a dashed outline. The sub-subject with a dashed outline is shown in a first viewpoint, while the sub-subject with a continuous outline is shown in a second viewpoint. The sub-subjects 50 in the two views do not overlap. The (external) outline 32 of the subject matter in the second viewpoint is... Figure 9b In the example, it is located within the inner outline of the subject material from a first-person perspective.

[0300] In the second perspective, the number of sub-themes 50 can remain unchanged. For example, the number of visible sub-themes 50 in the second perspective can be equal to the number of sub-themes 50 in the first perspective.

[0301] From a second perspective, the area of ​​sub-subject 50, or alternatively, its size, can be changed. For example, the size or area of ​​visible sub-subject 50 from a second perspective can be smaller than the size or area of ​​visible sub-subject 50 from a first perspective.

[0302] exist Figure 9c In the second viewpoint, the subject matter 30 is visible. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 in the second viewpoint can be smaller than its area in the first viewpoint. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 surrounded by the outline 32 in the second viewpoint can be smaller than its area in the first viewpoint.

[0303] The subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the second view can correspond to the subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the first view.

[0304] In the first perspective, the shape 51 of each sub-subject 50 may be different from the shape 51 of each sub-subject 50 in the second perspective.

[0305] In both the first and second perspectives, the respective sub-sub-sub-shapes 51 of each sub-sub-subject 50 can correspond.

[0306] In both the first and second perspectives, the individual sub-sub-sub-shapes 51 of each sub-sub ...

[0307] From both the first and second perspectives, the subject material 30 can have a square shape 31. These squares have different areas. By magnifying the subject material 30 from the second perspective, it can be made to coincide with the subject material 30 from the first perspective.

[0308] Figure 9d This illustrates the transition of subject matter 30 from a second-person perspective to a further second-person perspective. Similar to... Figure 9b and 9c The illustration shows that the sub-subject 50 with a dashed outline indicates the sub-subject 50 from a second perspective, and the sub-subject 50 with a continuous outline indicates the sub-subject 50 from a further second perspective.

[0309] The transition from a second perspective to a further second perspective will be achieved by further tilting (north-south tilt) of the safety element 10 or the valuable document 100 having the safety element 10 around the same axis, i.e., the x-axis here.

[0310] In a further second perspective, the position of sub-theme 50 will change further. For example, sub-theme 50 may be visible in a portion of the theme area 20 surrounded by the outline 32 of the main theme in the second perspective. Figure 9d As shown, in a portion of the subject area 20 surrounded by the inner outline 32 of the subject material from a second perspective, a further second-view sub-subject 50 is visible.

[0311] In a further second perspective, the number of sub-themes 50 can remain unchanged. For example, the number of visible sub-themes 50 in a further second perspective can be equal to the number of sub-themes 50 in the second perspective.

[0312] In a further second perspective, the size or area of ​​the sub-subject 50 can be changed. For example, the size or area of ​​the visible sub-subject 50 in a further second perspective can be smaller than the size or area of ​​the visible sub-subject 50 in the second perspective.

[0313] exist Figure 9e In the second view, the subject matter 30 is visible. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 in the second view can be smaller than its area in the second view. The area of ​​the subject matter 30 surrounded by the outline 32 in the second view can be smaller than its area in the second view.

[0314] The subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the further second perspective can correspond to the subject material shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the second perspective.

[0315] In the second perspective, the shape 51 of each sub-subject 50 may be different from the shape 51 of each sub-subject 50 in the further second perspective.

[0316] Each sub-sub ...

[0317] In the second perspective and the further second perspective, the respective sub-sub-sub-shape 51 of each sub-sub ...

[0318] The movement is preferably a reduction or enlargement of the main subject. As explained earlier, the movement of the main subject 30 can have a continuous effect on the observer between different viewpoints. Similarly, the sub-subject 50 can be static or moving. The gradual change or positional shift of the sub-subject 50 or any of the sub-subjects 50 between different viewpoints can have a continuous effect on the observer.

[0319] Figure 10 and Figure 11 The safety element 10 is illustrated exemplarily from a further perspective, such as a second perspective. The safety element 10 can be any safety element 10 disclosed herein. The further perspective may differ from the first perspective.

[0320] The safety element 10 has a subject area 20 with a main subject 30 and a sub-subject 50.

[0321] From a further perspective, sub-subject 50 can have a width s362. The width s362 is visible in the x-direction (the direction along the x-axis). The width s362 can be the maximum visible extension of sub-subject 50 in the x-direction.

[0322] From a further perspective, sub-subject 50 can have a height s372. Height s372 is visible in the y-direction (the direction along the y-axis). Height s372 can be the maximum visible extension of sub-subject 50 in the y-direction.

[0323] The width s362 of sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be equal to the width s361 of sub-subject 50 in a first perspective.

[0324] The width s362 of sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be smaller than the width s361 of sub-subject 50 in the first perspective.

[0325] The width s362 of sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be greater than the width s361 of sub-subject 50 in the first perspective.

[0326] The height s372 of sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be equal to the height s371 of sub-subject 50 in a first perspective.

[0327] The height s372 of sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be less than the height s371 of sub-subject 50 in the first perspective.

[0328] The height s372 of sub-subject 50 from a further perspective can be greater than the height s371 of sub-subject 50 from a first perspective.

[0329] A distance s382 can exist between two adjacent sub-themes 50. A distance s381 can exist between each sub-theme of sub-theme 50.

[0330] From a further perspective, the distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be equal to the distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 in the first perspective.

[0331] From a further perspective, the distance s382 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be smaller than the distance s381 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 from the first perspective.

[0332] From a further perspective, the distance s382 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be greater than the distance s382 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 from the first perspective.

[0333] The subject material 30 can have a width s412 from a further perspective. The width can be visible in the x-direction (in the direction of the x-axis). The width can be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the x-direction. The subject material 30 can be limited in the x-direction by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0334] From a further perspective, the subject material 30 may have a height s402. This height may be visible in the y-direction (the direction along the y-axis). The height may be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the y-direction. The subject material 30 may be constrained in the y-direction by its outline 32.

[0335] The width s412 can be smaller than the width s411 in the first viewpoint from a further perspective.

[0336] The height s402 can be smaller than the height s401 in the first viewpoint from a further perspective.

[0337] The ratio between width s412 and height s402 in a further viewpoint can be substantially the same (±10%) as the ratio between width s411 and height s401 in the first viewpoint.

[0338] The ratio between the width s362 and the height s372 of the sub-subject 50 in a further perspective can be approximately (±10%) equal to the ratio between the width s361 and the height s371 of the sub-subject 50 in the first perspective.

[0339] Figure 12a A security element 10 with subject area 20 and sub-subject area 50 is shown. The security element 10 can be any security element 10 disclosed herein.

[0340] Figure 12b It shows things like Figure 12a The enlarged sub-subject 50 of the safety element 10 shown.

[0341] Sub-subjects 50, and in particular each of the sub-subjects 50, may have a sub-subject shape 51. The respective sub-subject shape 51 of each sub-subject in the sub-subjects 50 may differ from the subject shape 31 of the main subject 30. At least one sub-subject shape 51 of the sub-subjects 50 may differ from the subject shape 31 of the main subject 30. At least one sub-subject shape 51 of the sub-subjects 50 may correspond to the subject shape 31 of the main subject 30.

[0342] Sub-subject 50, and in particular each of sub-subject 50, may have an outline 52. The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 may include or surround the interior portion 53 of sub-subject 30.

[0343] The shape 51 of the sub-subject can be determined by the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50. The outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 can (completely) surround or surround a surface.

[0344] Sub-sub-subject 70 is visible along the outline 52 of sub-subject 50. The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be formed by sub-sub-subject 70.

[0345] Sub-sub-subject 70 may have sub-sub-subject shape 71. Sub-subject shape 71 may correspond to main subject shape 31 and / or sub-subject shape 51.

[0346] Unlike main subjects and sub-subjects, sub-subjects are simply chosen to be large enough that they are visible to the observer as subjects. In design, an observer can only recognize a sub-subject as a subject after magnification, such as with a magnifying glass or camera.

[0347] The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be perceived as a continuous line. For example, the outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be a continuous, bright, visible portion of sub-subject 50.

[0348] The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be perceived by the observer as an interrupted or discontinuous line. For example, the outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can alternately have segments 56 that are perceived as bright and segments 58 that are perceived as dark. In this case, a segment 56 that is perceived as bright can be followed by a segment 58 that is perceived as dark, and a segment 56 that is perceived as bright can be followed by a segment that is perceived as dark, and so on.

[0349] The perceptible bright section 56 of the outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be determined by sub-subject 70.

[0350] The perceptible bright section 56 of the outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can be part of the outline 72 of sub-subject 70.

[0351] Sub-sub-subject 70 is visible along the outline 52 of sub-subject 50. The outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can (completely) surround sub-subject 70.

[0352] Sub-sub-subject 70 can be (completely) visible within the interior portion 53 of sub-subject 50. The interior portion 53 of sub-subject 50 can be (completely) surrounded by the outline 52 of sub-subject 50.

[0353] Sub-sub-themes 70 can be visible at intervals within the theme area 20. A gap 55 can exist between two adjacent sub-sub-themes 50.

[0354] Sub-sub-themes 70 can be seen at constant intervals within the theme region 20. For all sub-sub-themes 70 in the theme region 20, equal gaps 55 are visible between two adjacent sub-sub-themes 70.

[0355] The gap 55 between two sub-subjects 70 can cause a perceptible dark segment 58 in the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50. The perceptible dark segment 58 in the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 can be a missing part of the outline 72 of the sub-subject 70.

[0356] The perceptible light section 56 and perceptible dark section 58 of the outline 52 of sub-subject 50 can have different lengths.

[0357] For example, a segment 56 that is perceived as bright can have a greater length extension than a segment 58 that is perceived as dark.

[0358] Similarly, segment 58, which is perceived as dark, can have a greater length extension than segment 56, which is perceived as bright.

[0359] The segment 56 that is perceived as bright and the segment 58 that is perceived as dark can have the same length extension.

[0360] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the perceptible dark section 58 of the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 may have the same length extension.

[0361] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the perceptible bright section 56 of the outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 may have the same length extension.

[0362] At least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of the outline 52 (of which the sub-subject 50 is illuminated.

[0363] The outline 52 of the sub-subject 50 (its total length) is at least 10%, preferably at least 25%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 55%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of which is secretly perceived.

[0364] At least 25%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90% of the internal portion 53 of the sub-subject 50 surrounded by outline 52 is dark-perceived.

[0365] Sub-sub-subject 70 may have the same characteristics as sub-sub-subject 50 and / or subject 30.

[0366] Figure 13a The safety element 10 is shown in a third-view perspective. In particular, the third-view perspective can be any one of a first, second, or further second perspective. Figure 13b Safety element 10 is shown from a fourth perspective. Safety element 10 can be any safety element 10 disclosed herein.

[0367] The transition from a third-person to a fourth (or even a further fourth) perspective can be achieved by tilting the safety member 10 or the valuable document 100 with the safety member 10 (tilted east-west) around another axis, specifically the y-axis, in the xy-plane. The positions of the light source and the observer should not change.

[0368] The position, size, area, and / or shape of sub-theme 50 can be changed by switching from a third-person to a fourth-person perspective.

[0369] The position of sub-subject 50 can be changed by switching from a third-person to a fourth-person perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the size of sub-subject 50 can be changed by switching from a third-person to a fourth-person perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the area of ​​sub-subject 50 can be changed by switching from a third-person to a fourth-person perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the shape of sub-subject 50 can be changed by switching from a third-person to a fourth-person perspective.

[0370] The position of the subject material 30 can be changed by switching from a third-view to a fourth-view perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the size of the subject material 30 can be changed by switching from a third-view to a fourth-view perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the area of ​​the subject material 30 can be changed by switching from a third-view to a fourth-view perspective. Alternatively or additionally, the shape of the subject material 30 can be changed by switching from a third-view to a fourth-view perspective.

[0371] However, preferably, the main subject 30 remains substantially unchanged when tilted about the second axis. Tilting about the second axis preferably only changes the sub-subjects 50 representing the main subject 50. In particular, the main subject 30 can be changed by tilting about the first axis from a third (or any third) perspective, as described above.

[0372] The outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be perceived as a continuous line. For example, the outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be a continuous brightly visible portion of the subject material.

[0373] The outline 32 of the subject material 30 can be perceived by an observer as an interrupted or discontinuous line. For example, the outline 32 of the subject material 30 can alternately have segments 36 that are perceived as light and segments 38 that are perceived as dark.

[0374] The proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the third view can be equal to the proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the fourth view.

[0375] The proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the third view can be greater than the proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the fourth view.

[0376] The proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the third view can be smaller than the proportion of the perceptible dark segment 38 in the outline 32 under the fourth view.

[0377] The proportion of the perceptibly bright segment 36 in the outline 32 under the third-view perspective can be the same as the proportion of the perceptibly bright segment 36 in the outline 32 under the fourth-view perspective.

[0378] The proportion of the segment 36 that is perceptibly bright in the outline 32 from a third-view perspective can be greater than the proportion of the segment 36 that is perceptibly bright in the outline 32 from a fourth-view perspective.

[0379] The proportion of the segment 36 that is perceptibly bright in the outline 32 from a third-view perspective can be smaller than the proportion of the segment 36 that is perceptibly bright in the outline 32 from a fourth-view perspective.

[0380] Sub-subjects 50 can be seen intermittently within subject area 20. A gap 35 may exist between two adjacent sub-subjects 50.

[0381] The longitudinal extension of the gap 35 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 in the third perspective can be equal to the longitudinal extension of the gap between adjacent sub-subjects in the fourth perspective.

[0382] The vertical extension of the gap 35 between two adjacent sub-sub ...

[0383] In a third-person perspective, the vertical extension of the gap 35 between two adjacent sub-subjects 50 can be greater than the vertical extension of the gap between adjacent sub-subjects in a fourth-person perspective.

[0384] The sub-subject shape 51 of sub-subject 50 in the third perspective can correspond to the sub-subject shape 51 of sub-subject 50 in the fourth perspective.

[0385] The shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can correspond to the shape 31 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0386] Figure 13c Safety element 10 is shown in third-person view. Figure 13e Safety element 10 is shown in fourth-person view.

[0387] The subject material 30 can have a width s413 in a third-person view. The subject material 30 can have a width s414 in a fourth-person view. The width can be visible in the x-direction (in the direction of the x-axis). The width can be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the x-direction. The subject material 30 can be limited in the x-direction by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0388] The subject material 30 can have a height s403 in a third-person view. The subject material 30 can have a height s404 in a fourth-person view. The height can be visible in the y-direction (in the direction of the y-axis). The height can be the maximum visible extension of the subject material 30 in the y-direction. The subject material 30 can be limited in the y-direction by the outline 32 of the subject material 30.

[0389] The width s413 of the subject material 30 in the third-person view can be the same as the width s414 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person view.

[0390] The width s413 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can be smaller than the width s414 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0391] The width s413 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can be greater than the width s414 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0392] The height s403 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can be the same as the height s404 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0393] The height s403 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can be less than the height s404 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0394] The height s403 of the subject material 30 in the third-person perspective can be greater than the height s404 of the subject material 30 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0395] The ratio between width s413 and height s403 in the third-person perspective can be basically the same (±10%) as the ratio between width s414 and height s404 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0396] Figure 13d Safety element 10 is shown in third-person view. Figure 13f Safety element 10 is shown in fourth-person view.

[0397] Sub-theme 50 in third-person perspective can have a width of s363. Sub-theme 50 in fourth-person perspective can have a width of s364.

[0398] The width is visible in the x-direction (the direction along the x-axis). The width can be the maximum visible extension of sub-subject 50 in the x-direction.

[0399] Sub-subject 50 in a third-person perspective can have a height of s373. Sub-subject 50 in a fourth-person perspective can have a height of s374. The height is visible in the y-direction (the direction along the y-axis). The height can be the maximum visible extension of sub-subject 50 in the y-direction.

[0400] The width s363 of sub-subject 50 in the third-person perspective can be equal to the width s364 of sub-subject 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0401] The width s363 of sub-theme 50 in the third-person perspective can be smaller than the width s364 of sub-theme 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0402] The width s363 of sub-theme 50 in the third-person perspective can be greater than the width s364 of sub-theme 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0403] The height s373 of sub-subject 50 in third-person perspective can be equal to the height s374 of sub-subject 50 in fourth-person perspective.

[0404] The height s373 of sub-theme 50 in the third-person perspective can be less than the height s374 of sub-theme 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0405] The height s373 of sub-theme 50 in the third-person perspective can be greater than the height s374 of sub-theme 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0406] From a third-person perspective, a distance s383 can exist between two adjacent sub-themes 50. From a fourth-person perspective, a distance s384 can exist between two adjacent sub-themes 50. This distance can exist between the various sub-themes of sub-theme 50.

[0407] The distance s383 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the third-person perspective can be equal to the distance s384 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0408] The distance s383 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the third-person perspective can be less than the distance s384 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0409] The distance s383 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the third-person perspective can be greater than the distance s384 between two adjacent sub-themes 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0410] The ratio between the width s363 and the height s373 of the sub-subject 50 in the third-person perspective can be approximately (±10%) equal to the ratio between the width s364 and the height s374 of the sub-subject 50 in the fourth-person perspective.

[0411] Typically, distance can be the shortest distance between objects (e.g., between two sub-subjects) in one direction, preferably in the x or y direction.

[0412] Less or smaller can mean at least 100 μm less or at least 100 μm smaller. Less or smaller can mean less or smaller between 100 μm and 500 μm.

[0413] Larger means at least 100 μm larger. Larger can mean larger than 100 μm to 500 μm.

[0414] Similarly, the maximum deviation is ±10%, preferably ±5%, preferably ±3%, and preferably ±1%.

[0415] Generally speaking, each sub-subject 50 of the subject matter 30 may have features disclosed for the sub-subject 50. Each sub-sub-subject 70 of the subject matter 30 or the sub-subject 50 may substantially have features disclosed for the sub-sub-subject 70.

[0416] List of reference numerals

[0417] 10 safety elements

[0418] 20 Theme Range

[0419] 30 themes

[0420] 31 Theme Material Shape

[0421] 32 Theme Material Outline

[0422] 33 The internal parts of the main theme

[0423] The gaps between 35 sub-themes

[0424] 36 sections that can be perceived as bright

[0425] 38. Sections that can be perceived as dark.

[0426] 39 Theme Material Internal Outline

[0427] 39a is a section that can be perceived as bright.

[0428] 39b is a section that can be perceived as dark.

[0429] S361 first-person perspective sub-theme breadth

[0430] S371 First-Person Perspective Sub-Theme Height

[0431] The distance between sub-themes in S381's first-person perspective

[0432] S362 Second-Person Sub-Theme Width

[0433] S372 Second-Perspective Sub-Theme Height

[0434] Distance between sub-themes in S382 second-person perspective

[0435] S363 Third-Perspective Sub-Topic Width

[0436] S373 Third-Perspective Sub-Theme Height

[0437] The distance between sub-themes in S383's third-person perspective

[0438] S364 Fourth-Person Perspective Sub-Theme Width

[0439] S374 Fourth-Perspective Sub-Theme Height

[0440] The distance between sub-themes in S384's fourth-person perspective

[0441] S401 First-Person Perspective Theme Material Height

[0442] S411 First-Person Perspective Theme Width

[0443] S402 Second Perspective Theme Material Height

[0444] S412 Second Perspective Theme Material Width

[0445] S403 Third-Perspective Theme Material Height

[0446] S413 Third-Perspective Theme Material Width

[0447] S404 Fourth Perspective Theme Material Height

[0448] S414 Fourth Perspective Theme Material Width

[0449] 50 sub-themes

[0450] 51 sub-themes shape

[0451] 52 Sub-themes Outline

[0452] 53 sub-themes internal section

[0453] The gaps between 55 sub-themes

[0454] 56 sections that can be perceived as bright

[0455] 58 is a section that can be perceived as dark.

[0456] 70-subject

[0457] 71-piece subject shape

[0458] 72 sub-themes outline

[0459] 100 valuable documents

Claims

1. An optically variable security element (10) having a motif area (20), wherein (a) an optically variable motif (30) having a contour (32) in the motif area (20) is visible to an observer at least at a first viewing angle, and (b) the optically variable subject matter (30) comprises a substructure visible to an observer, wherein, the visible substructure is visible along the contour (32) of the motif (30), characterized in that (c) the substructure is a submotif (50) visible to an observer, and (d) each submotif (50) has a contour (52), wherein the optically variable security element comprises an assembly of directional reflective microreflectors which generate a motif and submotifs for an observer depending on the viewing angle.

2. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein The contour (32) of the motif (30) encloses an inner portion (33) of the motif (30), and / or wherein the contour (52) of each submotif (50) encloses an inner portion (53) of the each submotif (50).

3. An optically variable security element (10) as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein The motif (30) has a motif shape (31) and each of the submotifs (50) has a submotif shape (51), wherein the submotif shape (51) of at least one of the submotifs (50) is different from the motif shape (31) of the motif (30).

4. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein The motif (30) is represented only by its contour (32), and / or the submotifs (50) are represented by their contours (52), respectively.

5. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 3, wherein At least two of the submotifs (50) have different submotif shapes (51) from each other, or wherein the submotifs (50) have the same submotif shape (51).

6. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein The submotifs (50) comprise subsubmotifs (70) arranged along the contour (52) of the respective submotif (50).

7. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 6, wherein The subsubmotifs (70) have a subsubmotif shape (71), and the subsubmotif shape (71) of at least one of the subsubmotifs (70) is different from the motif shape (31) of the motif (30) and / or from the submotif shape (51) of at least one of the submotifs (50).

8. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein The submotifs (50) form at least 10% of the total length of the contour (32) of the motif (30).

9. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein, A visible distance (s381) between two adjacent submotifs (50), respectively, wherein the distance (s381) between the submotifs (50) forms less than 70% of the total length of the contour (32) of the motif (30).

10. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The contour (32) of the motif (30) is visible to an observer by alternating bright and dark portions.

11. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein The motif (30) is differently visible depending on the viewing angle, and, at at least one second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the optically variable motif (30) is visible with a smaller or larger area, at a different position and / or with a different degree of rotation than at the first viewing angle.

12. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 11, characterized in that The optically variable motif (30) comprises submotifs (50) visible at the second viewing angle, wherein the area of each submotif (50) at the second viewing angle is equal to, smaller than or larger than the area of the each submotif (50) at the first viewing angle.

13. An optically variable security element (10) as claimed in claim 11 or 12, wherein The optically variable subject matter (30) comprises sub-topics (50) visible in the second viewing angle, the number of sub-topics (50) in the second viewing angle being equal to, less than or greater than the number of sub-topics (50) in the first viewing angle.

14. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 11, wherein, The optically variable security element (10) defines an x-y plane having an x-axis and a y-axis, wherein the transition from the first viewing angle to the at least one second viewing angle can be effected by tilting the optically variable security element (10) about the x-axis.

15. An optically variable security element (10) according to claim 14, wherein, By tilting the optically variable security element (10) about the y-axis, a transition from a third viewing angle to at least one fourth viewing angle can be achieved, the sub-topics (50) being different in the third viewing angle and in the fourth viewing angle, wherein, - the subject matter (30) changes upon tilting about the x-axis and does not change upon tilting about the y-axis; and / or - the sub-topics (50) differ in size and / or in the proportion of dark segments to light segments in the third and fourth viewing angle, wherein the total area of the sub-topics and / or the area of the sub-topics remains unchanged.

16. The optically variable security element (10) according to claim 1, wherein - the micro-reflectors are micro-mirrors, and / or - the assembly comprises a relief structure with a coating enhancing the reflection, the coating enhancing the reflection being a metallic coating, an optically variable coating, such as a liquid crystal coating or an optically variable multilayer structure, or an HRI coating; and / or - the assembly comprises an embossed lacquer layer.

17. A value document (100) having an optically variable security element (10) according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 16.

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