A silicone marine antifouling paint suitable for use on static marine installations

Abstract

This invention discloses an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities. The coating process involves reacting capsaicin with unsaturated acid anhydride monomers to eliminate the active free radical scavenging phenol groups and synthesize capsaicin unsaturated esters. These esters serve as inhibitors for subsequent free radical copolymerization. The capsaicin unsaturated esters then undergo free radical polymerization with unsaturated silane curing agent monomers to obtain capsaicin-modified silane curing agents. These modified organosilicon marine antifouling coatings are then prepared based on this modified silosilicon coating. In actual service, especially in static seawater environments, the low surface free energy of this coating inhibits the adhesion of fouling organisms. Simultaneously, the capsaicin groups stimulate fouling organisms, driving them away from the coating surface and significantly improving the antifouling effect of the coating on static marine facilities. This coating is particularly suitable for various static marine facilities subjected to long-term static immersion in seawater, achieving fouling prevention without relying on seawater erosion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the fields of marine antifouling technology and underwater coating protection technology, and specifically relates to an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for antifouling of static marine facilities. Background Technology

[0002] Marine biofouling is a major challenge for countries around the world developing their marine industries, and applying antifouling coatings is the most effective and convenient way to solve this problem.

[0003] Traditional marine antifouling coatings kill fouling organisms by releasing toxic agents, but this can also harm marine life and pollute the marine environment. With the development of technology and the improvement of human environmental awareness, traditional marine antifouling coatings such as organotin and cyclohexanenitrile (CBR) have been banned. As a result, corresponding environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings have been developed, mainly including fouling release, fouling degradation, and fouling inhibition types.

[0004] Organosilicon marine antifouling coatings belong to the category of fouling-release environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. Due to their low surface free energy, they do not inhibit the adhesion of marine fouling organisms, although the adhesion is not strong. With the help of seawater scouring during navigation, the adhered fouling organisms can be released back into the marine environment, thus achieving a physical and environmentally friendly antifouling effect. However, to achieve excellent antifouling performance, organosilicon marine antifouling coatings require the removal of these weakly adhered organisms through high-speed seawater scouring. Therefore, currently, these marine antifouling coatings are mainly used on high-speed vessels, and their application in static marine facilities is less effective. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To overcome the drawback of existing fouling-release marine antifouling coatings that require seawater rinsing to achieve effective antifouling, and thus enable applications for antifouling of static marine facilities, this invention aims to provide an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities. By introducing capsaicin groups into the curing agent, a physiologically irritating effect is generated on the surface of the final cured coating, driving fouling organisms to spontaneously avoid the coating surface. Furthermore, the introduction of capsaicin groups into the curing agent does not affect the flexible siloxane molecular chain structure of the main chain; therefore, the final cured coating surface still exhibits excellent low surface free energy characteristics, retaining the antifouling advantages of fouling-release antifouling coatings. Thus, even for static marine facilities lacking high-speed seawater rinsing, the coating can still exhibit excellent antifouling performance. However, the presence of phenol groups in the capsaicin molecular structure, which are active free radical scavengers, can inhibit polymerization in free radical copolymerization reactions, preventing the synthesis of capsaicin-modified silane curing agents. To address the aforementioned challenges, this invention first esterifies the phenolic groups in the capsaicin molecule, introducing unsaturated groups during the anhydride esterification reaction. These unsaturated groups then undergo free radical polymerization with an unsaturated silane curing agent. This process not only introduces the capsaicin structure into the curing agent but also preserves the unsaturated groups within the capsaicin structure, ensuring that the capsaicin-modified silane curing agent retains the physiological stimulating effect of capsaicin. Based on this, subsequent marine antifouling coatings and cured coatings are prepared.

[0006] This invention is implemented through the following technical solutions:

[0007] The present invention provides an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities, characterized in that, by weight, it comprises (1) 10-20 parts of component A; (2) 4-8 parts of component B; and (3) 0.5-1 part of component C.

[0008] in,

[0009] Component A comprises, by weight:

[0010]

[0011] Component B comprises, by weight:

[0012] 5-10 parts of capsaicin-modified silane curing agent

[0013] 15-30 parts of the second solvent;

[0014] Component C comprises, by weight:

[0015] 1-3 parts of catalyst

[0016] 3 to 10 parts of the third solvent;

[0017] The capsaicin-modified silane curing agent is prepared through the following steps:

[0018] (1) Mix equal parts by weight of capsaicin and ethanol evenly, then add an amount of unsaturated acid anhydride monomer twice the amount of capsaicin, and keep the environment sealed. Use strong acid solution as catalyst and react for 20-40 h at 5-15℃ and 100-200 rpm.

[0019] (2) Extract with excess ethyl acetate, take the upper organic phase, evaporate the organic solvent to obtain capsaicin unsaturated ester;

[0020] (3) Under nitrogen protection, capsaicin unsaturated ester and silane curing agent with unsaturated groups are placed in a mixed solvent, and then azobisisobutyronitrile (1% of the total weight of the reactants) is added. The mixture is stirred evenly at 50-100 rpm, then heated to 55-70℃ and reacted for 12-18 hours. After drying, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent is obtained.

[0021] Furthermore, the strong acid solution is selected from either 2 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution or 2 mol / L sulfuric acid solution. When using the strong acid solution as a catalyst, the pH of the reaction system must be ensured to be ≤2.0.

[0022] Furthermore, the weight ratio of the capsaicin unsaturated ester, the silane curing agent with unsaturated groups, and the mixed solvent is 1:(4-10):(10-30).

[0023] Furthermore, the capsaicin is selected from one of cis-capsaicin, synthetic capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin.

[0024] Furthermore, the unsaturated anhydride is selected from one of acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride, 2-buten-1-ylsuccinic anhydride, and crotonic anhydride.

[0025] Furthermore, the silane curing agent having unsaturated groups is selected from one of γ-methacryloxypropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0026] Furthermore, the mixed solvent is composed of ethylene glycol, toluene, and acetone mixed in a weight ratio of 1:1:1.

[0027] Furthermore, the hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin is selected from one of α,ω-dihydroxy polysiloxane, α,ω-dihydroxy polydimethylsiloxane, and α,ω-dihydroxy polymethylsiloxane resin, and its viscosity is 5000-10000 mPa·s.

[0028] Furthermore, the additive is selected from at least one of wetting and dispersing agents, defoamers, and leveling agents.

[0029] Specifically, the wetting and dispersing agent is selected from BYK116 and BYK169 from BYK Corporation, and 901 and 903 from Deqian Company.

[0030] Specifically, the defoamer is selected from BYK065 and BYK066N from BYK Corporation, and EFKA2020 from Efka in the Netherlands.

[0031] Specifically, the leveling agent is selected from one of BYK308, BYK310, and BYK373 from Germany.

[0032] Furthermore, the pigments and fillers are selected from, but not limited to, calcium carbonate, kaolin, tourmaline, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and silicon dioxide.

[0033] Furthermore, the first solvent is selected from one of ethanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, butanone, and methanol.

[0034] Furthermore, the second solvent is selected from xylene, ethanol, and methyl ethyl ketone.

[0035] Furthermore, the catalyst is selected from one of dibutyltin disilicate, stannous octoate, and organobismuth.

[0036] Furthermore, the third solvent is selected from one of pentapentine, acetone, anhydrous ethanol, toluene, and xylene.

[0037] This invention provides a method for preparing an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities. In practice, the method is not limited to this specific preparation method, and includes the following steps:

[0038] (1) In a dispersion and stirring device, hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin, additives, pigments and fillers and first solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 100-300 rpm for 30-50 min to obtain component A, which is then left to stand for storage.

[0039] (2) In a dispersion and stirring device, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent and second solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50-100 rpm for 15 min to obtain component B, which is then left to stand and store.

[0040] (3) In a dispersion and stirring device, the catalyst and the third solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50-100 rpm for 15 min to obtain component C, which is then left to stand for storage.

[0041] The coating prepared using the above technical solution involves mixing the three components A, B, and C evenly by weight (preferably in a weight ratio of 20:4:1). It can be applied by brushing, spraying, or rolling. After cross-linking and curing, an antifouling coating with a film thickness of 150–250 μm is prepared. The specific application method is not limited.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0043] 1. This invention introduces capsaicin functional groups into the molecular structure of the curing agent, thereby ensuring that the main chain siloxane structure of the cured organosilicon coating still has the characteristics of organosilicon materials such as flexibility and low surface energy. The cured coating surface still exhibits beneficial low surface energy characteristics, maintaining the antifouling advantages of the fouling-releasing organosilicon marine antifouling coating itself, and the surface performance of the coating is not changed due to the introduction of capsaicin functional groups.

[0044] 2. Since the phenolic groups on the capsaicin molecule can inhibit free radical copolymerization, this invention first protects the phenolic groups through esterification to avoid adverse effects during the preparation of the modified curing agent. At the same time, the phenolic groups are consumed by the esterification reaction through unsaturated acid anhydrides, and unsaturated double bonds are introduced into the capsaicin molecule. When reacting with the unsaturated siloxane curing agent, the unsaturated double bonds from the acid anhydride are consumed, ensuring that the double bonds of the capsaicin molecule itself do not participate in the reaction. The resulting capsaicin-modified silane curing agent retains the unique physiological irritant properties of capsaicin, providing a guarantee for subsequent antifouling.

[0045] 3. After the coating prepared by this invention is cured, the low surface properties of the coating ensure that fouling organisms are difficult to adhere to. When a small number of fouling organisms adhere, they secrete adhesive substances and are physiologically irritated by capsaicin, causing the fouling organisms to spontaneously escape from the coating surface. This eliminates the objective reality that fouling release type antifouling coatings rely on high-speed seawater rinsing to achieve antifouling. Therefore, this type of coating is particularly suitable for static marine facilities. Detailed Implementation

[0046] The following embodiments are provided to further illustrate the present invention. These embodiments are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims of the present invention.

[0047] The raw materials used in this embodiment and comparative example are shown in Table 1. The implementation is not limited to the substances listed in Table 1; appropriate commercial products or chemicals can be selected as described above. Unless otherwise specified, other substances used in the embodiments are commercially available chemical reagents.

[0048] Table 1

[0049]

[0050] The formulations of the capsaicin-modified silane curing agent are shown in Tables 2 and 3 (parts by weight), and the specific preparation process is as follows:

[0051] <Capsaicin-modified silane curing agent 1>

[0052] (1) Mix equal parts by weight of capsaicin and ethanol evenly, then add an unsaturated acid anhydride monomer in a mass twice that of capsaicin, and keep the environment sealed. Use 2 mol / L strong acid solution as a catalyst (pH value of the reaction system ≦2.0) and react for 36 h at 5℃ and 120 rpm.

[0053] (2) Extract with excess ethyl acetate, take the upper organic phase, evaporate the organic solvent to obtain capsaicin unsaturated ester;

[0054] (3) Under nitrogen protection, capsaicin unsaturated ester and silane curing agent with unsaturated groups were placed in a mixed solvent, and then azobisisobutyronitrile (1% of the total weight of the reactants) was added. The mixture was stirred evenly at 50 rpm, then heated to 60°C and reacted for 14 h. After drying, capsaicin modified silane curing agent 1 was obtained.

[0055] <Capsaicin-modified silane curing agent 2>

[0056] (1) Mix equal parts by weight of capsaicin and ethanol evenly, then add an unsaturated acid anhydride monomer in a mass twice that of capsaicin, and keep the environment sealed. Use 2 mol / L strong acid solution as a catalyst and react at 10℃ and 100 rpm for 40 h.

[0057] (2) Extract with excess ethyl acetate, take the upper organic phase, evaporate the organic solvent to obtain capsaicin unsaturated ester;

[0058] (3) Under nitrogen protection, capsaicin unsaturated ester and silane curing agent with unsaturated groups were placed in a mixed solvent, and then azobisisobutyronitrile (1% of the total weight of the reactants) was added. The mixture was stirred evenly at 100 rpm, then heated to 70°C and reacted for 18 h. After drying, capsaicin modified silane curing agent 2 was obtained.

[0059] <Capsaicin-modified silane curing agent 3>

[0060] (1) Mix equal parts by weight of capsaicin and ethanol evenly, then add an unsaturated acid anhydride monomer in a mass twice that of capsaicin, and keep the environment sealed. Use 2 mol / L strong acid solution as a catalyst and react for 20 h at 15 °C and 200 rpm.

[0061] (2) Extract with excess ethyl acetate, take the upper organic phase, evaporate the organic solvent to obtain capsaicin unsaturated ester;

[0062] (3) Under nitrogen protection, capsaicin unsaturated ester and silane curing agent with unsaturated groups were placed in a mixed solvent, and then azobisisobutyronitrile (1% of the total weight of the reactants) was added. The mixture was stirred evenly at 70 rpm, then heated to 55°C and reacted for 12 h. After drying, capsaicin modified silane curing agent 3 was obtained.

[0063] Table 2. Reaction components of capsaicin unsaturated esters

[0064] Components Capsaicin unsaturated ester 1 Capsaicin unsaturated ester 2 Capsaicin unsaturated ester 3 strong acid solution 5-1 5-2 5-2 Capsaicin 6-1 6-2 6-1 Unsaturated acid anhydrides 7-1 7-2 7-3

[0065] Table 3. Components of Capsaicin-Modified Silane Curing Agent

[0066]

[0067] Example 1 - Example 3

[0068] A formulation for an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities is shown in Table 4. The specific preparation process is the same for each embodiment, as follows:

[0069] (1) In a dispersion and stirring device, hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin, additives, pigments and fillers and first solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 200 rpm for 30 min to prepare component A, and then allowed to stand for storage.

[0070] (2) In a dispersion and stirring device, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent and second solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50 rpm for 15 min to prepare component B, which is then left to stand and store.

[0071] (3) In a dispersion and stirring device, the catalyst and the third solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50 rpm for 15 min to prepare component C, which is then left to stand and store.

[0072] The coating prepared using the above technical solution is made by mixing the three components A, B, and C in a weight ratio of 20:4:1. It can be applied by brushing, spraying, or rolling. After cross-linking and curing, an antifouling coating with a film thickness of 150-250 μm is prepared.

[0073] Table 4

[0074]

[0075]

[0076]

Example 4

[0077] The formulation of an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities is the same as that in Example 1, and the specific preparation process is as follows:

[0078] (1) In a dispersion and stirring device, hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin, additives, pigments and fillers and first solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 100 rpm for 50 min to prepare component A, and then allowed to stand for storage.

[0079] (2) In a dispersion and stirring device, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent and second solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 80 rpm for 15 min to prepare component B, which is then left to stand and store.

[0080] (3) In a dispersion and stirring device, the catalyst and the third solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 80 rpm for 15 min to prepare component C, which is then left to stand and store.

[0081] The coating prepared using the above technical solution is made by mixing the three components A, B, and C in a weight ratio of 20:4:1. It can be applied by brushing, spraying, or rolling. After cross-linking and curing, an antifouling coating with a film thickness of 150-250 μm is prepared.

[0082]

Example 5

[0083] The formulation of an organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities is the same as that in Example 1, and the specific preparation process is as follows:

[0084] (1) In a dispersion and stirring device, hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin, additives, pigments and fillers and first solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 300 rpm for 35 min to prepare component A, and then allowed to stand for storage.

[0085] (2) In a dispersion and stirring device, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent and second solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 100 rpm for 15 min to prepare component B, which is then left to stand and store.

[0086] (3) In a dispersion and stirring device, the catalyst and the third solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 100 rpm for 15 min to prepare component C, and then left to stand for storage.

[0087] The coating prepared using the above technical solution is made by mixing the three components A, B, and C in a weight ratio of 20:4:1. It can be applied by brushing, spraying, or rolling. After cross-linking and curing, an antifouling coating with a film thickness of 150-250 μm is prepared.

[0088]

Comparative Example 1

[0089] Ordinary organosilicon low surface energy marine antifouling coating comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 90.0 parts polysiloxane resin, 30.0 parts pigments and fillers, 4.0 parts crosslinking curing agent, 1.5 parts catalyst, 0.5 parts additives, and 10.0 parts third solvent.

[0090] The polysiloxane resin selected was α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 10000 mPa·s; the pigment selected was zinc oxide; the crosslinking curing agent selected was tetraethyl orthosilicate; the catalyst selected was dibutyltin disilicate; the additive selected was 0.5 parts of BYK161 dispersant from BYK Corporation; and the third solvent selected was xylene.

[0091] (1) Add 90.0 parts of α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 10000 mPa·s and 30.0 parts of micron-sized zinc oxide to a disperser and disperse at high speed at 300 rpm for 30 min. Then, add 0.5 parts of BYK161 dispersant from BYK Corporation to the disperser at 200 rpm and disperse for 30 min. Then grind the mixture in a sand mill until the fineness is less than 40 μm to make a pre-dispersed slurry, which is then bottled for later use.

[0092] (2) Mix 4.0 parts of tetraethyl orthosilicate and 10.0 parts of xylene evenly to prepare a crosslinking curing agent component and then bottle it for later use; mix 1.5 parts of dibutyltin disilicate and 20.0 parts of xylene evenly to prepare a catalyst component and then bottle it for later use;

[0093] (3) Before use, mix the pre-dispersed slurry, cross-linking curing agent and catalyst components evenly according to the ratio. After coating and curing, the resulting coating is a common organosilicon low surface energy marine antifouling coating with a thickness of 150-200μm.

[0094]

Comparative Example 2

[0095] The weight parts and preparation method of Comparative Example 2 were the same as those of Comparative Example 1, except that 4.0 parts by weight of synthetic capsaicin (i.e., capsaicin 6-1 in Table 1) were added.

[0096] <Specific test conditions and results>

[0097] Test 1: Surface Free Energy

[0098] The contact angles of the coating surface with deionized water and diiodomethane were measured using an XG-CAMC3 fully automatic contact angle measuring instrument manufactured by Shanghai Xuanzhun Instrument Co., Ltd. The surface energy of the coating was then calculated using the Owens two-liquid method.

[0099] Test 2: Static antifouling performance test

[0100] Antifouling panels were prepared according to the national standard GB5370-85, which describes the shallow sea immersion test method for antifouling paint samples. Static shallow sea tests were conducted in the Nantong sea area to evaluate the antifouling performance of the coating. The test was carried out at the Nantong Qidong Port floating wharf, with the prepared panels vertically immersed in seawater at a depth of 1 to 2 meters below sea level. After 6 months, the panels were observed and inspected to measure the degree of marine fouling organism adhesion. The tested panels were observed directly without any further treatment.

[0101] Table 5. Performance comparison of the coatings prepared in the examples and the coatings prepared in the comparative examples.

[0102]

[0103]

[0104] The above tests confirm that the silicone marine antifouling coating suitable for static marine facilities maintains excellent low surface energy characteristics, which is conducive to exhibiting excellent antifouling effect. At the same time, the irritation generated by capsaicin tends to drive fouling organisms away from the coating. Therefore, it still maintains excellent antifouling performance in static antifouling performance tests and can be widely used in static marine facilities.

[0105] The specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and those skilled in the art can make various modifications or variations within the scope of the claims, which do not affect the essence of the present invention.

Claims

1. An organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for antifouling of static marine facilities, characterized in that, The product comprises, by weight, 10 to 20 parts of (1) component A; (2) Component B consists of 4 to 8 portions; (3) Component C: 0.5 ~ 1 part; in, Component A comprises, by weight: 80-120 parts of hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin 1-4 parts of auxiliary agent 20-60 parts of pigments and fillers The first solvent is 60-100 parts; Component B comprises, by weight: 5-10 parts of capsaicin-modified silane curing agent 15-30 parts of the second solvent; Component C comprises, by weight: 1 to 3 parts of catalyst 3-10 parts of the third solvent; The capsaicin-modified silane curing agent is prepared through the following steps: (1) Mix equal parts by weight of capsaicin and ethanol evenly, then add an amount of unsaturated acid anhydride monomer twice the amount of capsaicin, and keep the environment sealed. Use strong acid solution as catalyst and react for 20-40 h at 5-15℃ and 100-200 rpm. (2) Extract with excess ethyl acetate, take the upper organic phase, evaporate the organic solvent, and then obtain capsaicin unsaturated ester; (3) Under nitrogen protection, capsaicin unsaturated ester and silane curing agent with unsaturated groups are placed in a mixed solvent, and then the initiator azobisisobutyronitrile is added. The mixture is stirred evenly at 50~100 rpm, and then heated to 55~70℃ and reacted for 12~18h. After drying, capsaicin modified silane curing agent is obtained.

2. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The strong acid solution is selected from either 2 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution or 2 mol / L sulfuric acid solution; when using a strong acid solution as a catalyst, the pH of the reaction system must be ≤2.0 during the reaction.

3. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The weight ratio of capsaicin unsaturated ester, silane curing agent with unsaturated groups, and mixed solvent is 1:(4~10):(10~30).

4. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Capsaicin is selected from one of cis-capsaicin, synthetic capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin.

5. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The unsaturated acid anhydride monomer is selected from one of acrylic anhydride, methacrylic anhydride, 2-buten-1-ylsuccinic anhydride, and crotonic anhydride.

6. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The silane curing agent with unsaturated groups is selected from one of γ-methacryloxypropyltriisopropoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

7. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The mixed solvent is composed of ethylene glycol, toluene, and acetone in a weight ratio of 1:1:

1.

8. The antifouling coating as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin is selected from one of α,ω-dihydroxypolysiloxane, α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane, and α,ω-dihydroxypolymethylsiloxane resin, and its viscosity is 5000~10000 mPa·s.

9. A method for preparing an antifouling coating as described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) In a dispersion and stirring device, hydroxyl-terminated polysiloxane resin, additives, pigments and fillers and first solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 100~300 rpm for 30~50 min to obtain component A; (2) In a dispersion and stirring device, capsaicin-modified silane curing agent and second solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50~100 rpm for 15 min to obtain component B; (3) In a dispersion and stirring device, the catalyst and the third solvent are added in sequence, and then stirred at 50~100 rpm for 15 min to obtain component C.

10. An organosilicon marine antifouling coating suitable for antifouling of static marine facilities, characterized in that, The antifouling coating as described in any one of claims 1-8 is mixed evenly and applied to the surface of the substrate by any one of brushing, spraying or roller coating. After cross-linking and curing, an antifouling coating with a film thickness of 150~250µm is prepared.

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