A method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of intercropping under rubber forest to reduce powdery mildew infection, and specifically relates to a method for intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens to reduce powdery mildew infection in rubber trees. The present invention comprises the following steps: S1, selecting a mature rubber tree forest land under conventional production and planting in a mountain rubber garden as an intercropping forest land; S2, tracking, observing and recording the phenological changes of rubber trees after the rubber trees stop cutting; S3, selecting the upper leaves of the rubber tree crown to start yellowing for pumpkin tip seedling cultivation; S4, selecting the rubber tree leaves to turn yellow when most of the leaves start to fall, and planting and transplanting seedlings when a small number of leaves begin to fall, and finally harvesting pumpkin tips through field management such as water supply, fertilization, and prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. The present invention plants pumpkin tips in the middle of mature rubber forests, has low risks and technical difficulties, makes full use of a large number of idle rubber tapping laborers during the stop cutting period, not only the economic benefits of pumpkin tips are far higher than other crops, but also the rubber tree yield is improved, and the powdery mildew diseases of rubber trees and pumpkin tips are greatly reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of reducing powdery mildew infection by intercropping under rubber forests, and particularly relates to a method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens. Background Art

[0002] The rubber trees planted in my country are not resistant to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew of rubber trees breaks out in large numbers from the end of February to the end of March every year. The disease only infects young leaves and does not infect old leaves. Most of the leaves that grow at this time will fall off due to severe powdery mildew, resulting in the failure to harvest on time in April due to the lack of mature and stable leaves. The outbreak of powdery mildew of rubber trees not only directly causes a reduction in rubber production, but also consumes a lot of manpower, material and financial resources every year for prevention and control.

[0003] At present, the main method of rubber tree prevention and control is artificial drug prevention, such as spraying sulfur powder and sulfur smoke, which not only consumes a lot of manpower and financial resources, but also causes air, water, food and other pollution. In addition, the prevention and control effect is unstable and is seriously affected by rainfall and wind.

[0004] my country's tropical farmland resources are limited, and most of the space under rubber forests is not utilized, especially the space under mature forests, where the utilization rate is extremely low due to weak light. The reasons are: first, the returns from planting products are low; second, there are great risks, and the growth requirements of planted crops are different from those of rubber trees. The two cannot be met at the same time, which may affect rubber production and not be worth the cost; third, the technical requirements are high, the labor demand is large, and it is difficult to promote and apply.

[0005] Developing the forest economy can increase farmers' income. At present, the planting patterns under rubber gardens are mainly divided into: 1. Interplanting of southern medicinal herbs, such as five-fingered peach, Niu Dali, Patchouli, etc. The market for medicinal herbs planted under the forest is small and the economic value is low, so it is difficult to promote. 2. Interplanting of tropical crops, such as soybeans, corn, sugarcane, etc., a large number of studies have reported that young rubber trees are suitable for interplanting crops or cash crops, and mature rubber trees are not suitable for planting due to insufficient light and cannot meet the normal growth of most crops ("The Current Situation and Prospects of the Development of Planting and Breeding Models under Rubber Gardens in my country"). 3. Interplanting of fungi. Fungi like shade and are suitable for growing under rubber trees. It is currently a relatively successful model, but the planting technology requirements are high, and the initial investment and maintenance requirements are high, so it has not been promoted on a large scale. 4. Interplanting of garden plants, such as cut-leaf flowers, Leucaena leucophylla, etc., garden plants compete with rubber trees for nutrients, so it is difficult to promote. In addition, in the current planting model under rubber gardens, the prevention and control of powdery mildew of rubber trees still relies on conventional artificial drug prevention and control, which is also a test for the adaptability of interplanted crops.

[0006] It can be seen that there is currently a lack of a planting model in rubber gardens that has high returns, low risks, and low technical difficulty, which can fully utilize a large number of idle rubber tapping workers during the period of suspension of tapping, solve the problem of difficulty in hiring workers, further increase their income, and is not affected by the prevention and control methods of powdery mildew of rubber trees, and can even reduce the infection of powdery mildew on rubber trees. Summary of the invention

[0007] The invention aims to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens.

[0008] The objective of the present invention is achieved through the following technical scheme: A method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1. Selection of rubber tree forests: Select mature rubber tree forests under conventional production in mountain rubber plantations as intercropping forests; preferably, the rubber tree forests have water sources near them for easy irrigation and the slope is less than 15°.

[0010] S2. Observation of rubber tree leaf fall phenology: After the rubber tree harvesting is stopped, the phenological changes of the rubber tree are tracked and observed, and the time when the upper leaves of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow, most of the leaves of the whole tree turn yellow, and the whole tree falls leaves is recorded;

[0011] S3. Selection of the time for raising pumpkin tip seedlings: Raise pumpkin tip seedlings when the leaves on the upper layer of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow;

[0012] S4. Planting, field management and harvesting of pumpkin tip seedlings: Choose the time when most of the rubber tree leaves turn yellow and a small number of leaves begin to fall for planting and transplanting seedlings. Through field management such as water supply, fertilization, and prevention and control of pests and diseases, the pumpkin tips are finally harvested.

[0013] Furthermore, the mature rubber trees are rubber trees that are over 7 years old.

[0014] Furthermore, in step S1, the planting method of the rubber tree forest is conventional productive planting: plant spacing is 2.5 to 3.5 m, and row spacing is 7 to 10 m.

[0015] Furthermore, in steps S2 and S3, the time when the upper leaves of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow is mid-December.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S3, the pumpkin tip seedlings are grown by sowing and growing seedlings in conventional nutrient trays.

[0017] Furthermore, in step S3, the pumpkin tips are made from pumpkins with long, thick and large seedlings and strong resistance, such as pillow melon, yellow petal melon and the like.

[0018] Furthermore, in steps S2 and S4, the leaves of the rubber tree mostly turn yellow, and a small number of leaves begin to fall off in early to mid-January. At this time, the forest land can already receive some scattered light, which is enough for the growth of seedlings and can provide moderate shade to reduce water loss in winter drought.

[0019] Furthermore, in step S4, the pumpkin tip seedlings grow to 1-2 true leaves when they are planted and transplanted, and the seedling age is 18-20 days.

[0020] Furthermore, in step S4, the planting and transplanting method comprises the following steps: (1) land preparation: shallow tillage and hole digging; (2) installation of drip irrigation tape: a drip tube model with double holes of 30 cm spacing is selected, and the drip irrigation tape is placed close to the roots of the melon seedlings; (3) transplanting: a plant spacing of 0.6 m, a row spacing of 0.8 m, two rows per ridge, a ridge width of 1.5 m, and individual plants are planted in a V-shaped pattern.

[0021] Further, in step S4, the specific method of field management is: water is supplied once every 3-5 days during the seedling stage, 18-18-18 water-soluble compound fertilizer and 15% calcium-5% magnesium medium element fertilizer are applied once every 15-20 days through root dripping, and pest control is paid attention to, especially powdery mildew prevention, 70% triadimefon 700 times diluted solution or sulfur suspension 250 times diluted solution can be used, both of which are universal agents for powdery mildew prevention. Prevention is once every 20 days.

[0022] Furthermore, in step S4, the timing of harvesting is: when the pumpkin tip seedlings grow to have 8-10 true leaves, the pumpkin tips can be harvested for the first time, retaining 3-4 true leaves, and then when the vines exceed 60cm, they can be harvested, retaining 1-2 true leaves; water and fertilizer are added in time after each harvest of the pumpkin tips to facilitate the cultivation of side vines, quickly cover most of the forest land in a short time, and maintain high soil moisture and fertility in the forest land through pumpkin vine coverage and watering and fertilizing.

[0023] The principle of the present invention is that planting pumpkin tips under mountain rubber gardens is beneficial to improving soil properties and microbial environment, and can promote rubber trees to produce leaves in advance and stabilize, so that rubber trees can avoid the high incidence period of powdery mildew; on the other hand, it can increase the powdery mildew resistance of rubber trees. Therefore, the powdery mildew susceptibility rate is low, and harvesting can be started on time or even in advance, the latex yield is increased, and the income of rubber farmers is improved.

[0024] The pumpkin tip variety selected by the present invention has the characteristics of thick vines, long and thick melon tips, strong vine branching ability, and strong disease resistance. The pumpkin tip selected by the present invention is aimed at picking pumpkin tips, which is different from the previous planting of pumpkins in young rubber forests and the goal of harvesting pumpkins. A large number of studies have reported that young rubber forests are different from mature rubber forests, and different plants are suitable for planting. Specifically, rubber forests are interplanted with pumpkins, generally 1-4 years old rubber forests ("Intercropping Technology of Pumpkin in Rubber Gardens in Full-Cycle Intercropping Model"), and interplanting in young forests is basically general planting under full light; most young trees do not shed leaves in winter or even do not shed leaves, and are not cut at the same time, and generally do not carry out powdery mildew prevention and control or do not need to carry out powdery mildew prevention and control; the pumpkins interplanted in young fields are all carried out under full light, mainly for harvesting pumpkins. The light in the environment of mature rubber forests is not enough, and the small pumpkins cannot grow up.

[0025] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0026] 1. The method of the present invention has high income. On the one hand, the method of the present invention can effectively reduce the infection probability of powdery mildew in mature rubber trees, reduce the dosage and manpower of powdery mildew prevention and treatment, and can also improve the yield of rubber trees; on the other hand, the pumpkin tips obtained by the present invention are off-season vegetables, have high market value, and the market price is 10 yuan to 16 yuan / kg. The yield is only slightly lower than about 10% of pure land planting, but the rent of rubber plantation intercropping is cheap, or even no rent is required, and the net profit will be about 15% higher than that of pure land planting.

[0027] 2. The present invention can fully activate the labor of rubber tappers after the rubber tapping is stopped. The method of the present invention is carried out between December of each year and April of the following year. At this time, rubber trees are stopped from being tapped, and rubber farmers have enough time to implement understory planting to generate income. At the same time, the temperature during this period is about 16 to 28° C., which is the most suitable temperature for the growth of pumpkin tips.

[0028] 3. The planting technology of the present invention is of low difficulty. Compared with intercropping with other plants, the material harvested from the pumpkin tips is a nutritional organ, which only requires conventional planting and simple management. The technical threshold is low, the picking cycle is fast, the yield is high, and the profit is fast.

[0029] 4. The method of the present invention can effectively reduce the infection of powdery mildew in aged rubber trees. Compared with artificial drug control, it has the characteristics of sustainable recycling, can avoid the disadvantages of artificial drug control, reduce the consumption of manpower and financial resources, and avoid the ecological pollution caused by artificial drug control.

[0030] 5. The present invention uses mature rubber forests (mature rubber forests) planted over 7 years old. Unlike the full light conditions of young rubber forests, mature rubber forests have much lower light conditions than young rubber forests, so it is difficult to achieve high returns by planting other crops. The present invention solves the problem of the difficulty in effectively utilizing land resources under mature rubber forests by interplanting pumpkin tips under mature rubber forests, greatly increasing the income of rubber farmers and other related practitioners, and providing protection for rural revitalization.

[0031] 6. The powdery mildew strains of rubber trees and pumpkin tips are different, so there will be no cross-infection, and the probability of powdery mildew infection of rubber trees and pumpkin tips has been significantly reduced. In order to reduce the probability of powdery mildew infection of pumpkin tips, the rubber tree planting area is a hot zone, and the planting time is in the dry season, the temperature is relatively low, most of the temperature is between 12-24℃, and there is little rainfall. Pumpkin tips are not easily infected with powdery mildew, and each disease prevention spraying cycle can be extended to more than 20 days. In addition, the powdery mildew fungicides on the market for rubber trees and pumpkin tips are effective against these two powdery mildew strains, and can prevent powdery mildew of two plants with one application of the drug, reducing the number of powdery mildew pathogens, thereby playing a prevention-oriented role. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 On December 6, the rubber trees were afflicted with leaves beginning to age.

[0033] Figure 2 This is a rubber forest on January 8, in the early stages of leaf fall;

[0034] Figure 3 On February 18, the rubber forest was covered with 40-year-old trees and all their leaves had fallen off.

[0035] Figure 4 On February 25, a rubber tree forest had lost most of its leaves.

[0036] Figure 5 On March 5, some rubber trees had sprouted new leaves.

[0037] Figure 6 On April 29, the rubber trees had light green new leaves;

[0038] Figure 7 On May 10, the rubber trees were close to maturity with new leaves.

[0039] Figure 8 On April 22, the pumpkin tips under the 15-year-old rubber tree forest were growing vigorously, and a large number of new leaves of the rubber trees had sprouted. The rubber trees were growing well, and there were few powdery mildew cases.

[0040] Fig. 9On April 22, in rubber trees infected with powdery mildew and not interplanted, the newly sprouted leaves will curl and fail to turn green and mature normally. Eventually, all the new leaves will fall off or only a few will remain. The harvesting time will be delayed until the next leaf growth is stable.

[0041] Fig.10 Comparison of the growth potential of potatoes sown at the same time (the left picture shows potatoes intercropped under the forest, with weak growth potential; the right picture shows potatoes sown under pure sunlight, with vigorous growth potential). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following.

[0043] Phenological characteristics of rubber trees before and after leaf fall in mountain rubber plantations

[0044] Reference Figure 1-7 As the leaves turn yellow and fall, the scattered light or direct light on the forest surface changes from less to more, and becomes more and more as the leaves fall; later the leaves begin to sprout, from chicken claw-shaped leaflets to bronze leaves to color-changing leaves to light green leaves to green leaves, and the scattered light or direct light changes from more to less, until the rubber forest is completely closed, from the end of December to the beginning of May, lasting nearly 5 months, of which there is scattered light or direct light for nearly 3 months.

[0045] Example 1

[0046] A 15-year-old rubber tree variety Yunyan 77-4 was selected for cutting into mature forests, with a row spacing of 3m×8m. A planting area of ​​about 5 mu was selected as the intercropping pumpkin tip test site to observe and record: (1) the growth of different intercropped crops; (2) the growth phenology, cutting time, and powdery mildew infection of the intercropped rubber trees and the adjacent unintercropped rubber trees.

[0047] Planting and management of intercropping cash crops: Pumpkin seedlings were cultivated in mid-December. In early and mid-January, the seedlings were planted when they met the conditions for transplanting according to the growth law of the crop seedlings. During the transplanting period, about one-third to one-half of the rubber tree leaves fell off in all test areas. During the seedling stage, water was supplied once every 7 days, and 18-18-18 water-soluble compound fertilizer and 15% calcium-5% magnesium medium element fertilizer were applied through drip irrigation every 15-20 days. At the same time, attention was paid to pest and disease control.

[0048] Comparative Examples 1-4

[0049] At the same time, five different types of short-term economic crops were selected, including potatoes (Comparison 1), chili peppers (Comparison 2), zucchini (Comparison 3), cucumbers (Comparison 4) and tomatoes (Comparison 5). The planting area of ​​each variety was about 2 mu. The following were also observed and recorded: (1) the growth of different intercropped crops and (2) the growth phenology, harvesting time and powdery mildew infection of the rubber trees in the intercropping and the rubber trees next to them that were not intercropped.

[0050] Planting and management of intercropping cash crops: In mid-December, seedlings of five cash crops were planted at the same time. In early and mid-January, according to the growth law of seedlings of different crops, when the seedlings meet the conditions for transplanting, the transplanting interval of the five crops should not exceed 10 days. During this period, the leaves of rubber trees in all test areas fell off by one-third to one-half. During the seedling stage, water was supplied once every 7 days, and 18-18-18 water-soluble compound fertilizer and 15% calcium-5% magnesium medium element fertilizer were applied through drip irrigation every 15-20 days. At the same time, attention was paid to pest and disease control.

[0051] Experimental Example 1

[0052] The statistical growth conditions and economic benefits of six cash crops are shown in Table 1 below.

[0053] Table 1 Comparison of growth and economic benefits of six cash crops

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] The statistical comparison of the growth of rubber trees under different intercropping conditions of 6 economic crops is shown in Table 2 below.

[0057] Table 2 Comparison of the growth of rubber trees under different intercropping conditions (with the blank rubber tree forest as the control)

[0058]

[0059] Combining Tables 1, 2 and Figure 8-10 It can be seen that by planting pumpkin tips in the middle of mature rubber tree forests, not only the economic benefits are far higher than other crops, but also the yield of rubber trees is increased and the diseases of rubber trees and economic crops pumpkin tips are reduced.

[0060] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the form disclosed herein, and should not be regarded as excluding other embodiments, but can be used in various other combinations, modifications and environments, and can be modified within the scope of the concept described herein through the above teachings or the technology or knowledge of the relevant field. The changes and modifications made by those skilled in the art shall not deviate from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and shall be within the scope of protection of the claims attached to the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in mountain rubber gardens, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Selection of rubber tree forests: Select mature rubber tree forests under conventional production in mountain rubber plantations as intercropping forests; S2. Observation of rubber tree leaf fall phenology: After the rubber tree harvesting is stopped, the phenological changes of the rubber tree are tracked and observed, and the time when the upper leaves of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow, most of the leaves of the whole tree turn yellow, and the whole tree falls leaves is recorded; S3. Selection of the time for raising pumpkin tip seedlings: Raise pumpkin tip seedlings when the leaves on the upper layer of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow; S4. Planting, field management and harvesting of pumpkin tips: When most of the leaves of rubber trees turn yellow and a few begin to fall, the seedlings are planted and transplanted. Through field management such as water supply, fertilization, and prevention of pests and diseases, pumpkin tips are finally harvested. The mature rubber trees are rubber trees that are over 7 years old. In step S3, the variety of the pumpkin tip is pillow melon or yellow petal melon; In step S4, the planting and transplanting method comprises the following steps: (1) land preparation of the forest land: shallow tillage and digging holes; (2) Installing drip irrigation tape: Select a drip irrigation model with double holes with a hole spacing of 30 cm, and place the drip irrigation tape close to the roots of the melon seedlings; (3) Transplanting: Use a plant spacing of 0.6 m, a row spacing of 0.8 m, a double row per ridge, a ridge width of 1.5 m, and a single plant in a V-shaped planting pattern; In step S4, the specific method of field management is: water is supplied once every 3-5 days during the seedling stage, 18-18-18 water-soluble compound fertilizer and 15% calcium-5% magnesium medium element fertilizer are applied to the roots through drip irrigation once every 15-20 days, and pest and disease control is paid attention to at the same time; In step S4, the specific method of field management is: water is supplied once every 3-5 days during the seedling stage, 18-18-18 water-soluble compound fertilizer and 15% calcium-5% magnesium medium element fertilizer are applied through root dripping once every 15-20 days, and attention is paid to pest and disease control, and powdery mildew is prevented by using 700 times dilution of 70% triadimefon or 250 times dilution of sulfur suspension or a universal agent for preventing both powdery mildews, once every 20 days; In step S4, the timing of harvesting is: when the pumpkin tip seedlings grow to have 8-10 true leaves, the pumpkin tips are harvested for the first time, and 3-4 true leaves are retained. After that, when the vines exceed 60 cm, they are harvested, and 1-2 true leaves are retained. After each harvest of the pumpkin tips, water and fertilizer are added in time to facilitate the cultivation of side vines, quickly cover most of the forest land in a short time, and maintain high soil moisture and fertility in the forest land through pumpkin vine coverage and watering and fertilizer. Planting pumpkin tips under mountain rubber gardens is beneficial to improving soil properties and microbial environment. On the one hand, it can promote the early and stable leafing of rubber trees, allowing rubber trees to avoid the peak period of powdery mildew; on the other hand, it can increase the resistance of rubber trees to powdery mildew.

2. The method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in a mountain rubber garden according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the planting method of the rubber tree forest is conventional productive planting: plant spacing is 2.5 to 3.5 m, and row spacing is 7 to 10 m.

3. The method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in a mountain rubber garden according to claim 1, characterized in that: In steps S2 and S3, the time when the upper leaves of the rubber tree crown begin to turn yellow is mid-December.

4. The method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in a mountain rubber garden according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the pumpkin tip seedlings are grown by sowing and growing seedlings in conventional nutrient trays.

5. The method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in a mountain rubber garden according to claim 1, characterized in that: In steps S2 and S4, most of the rubber tree leaves turn yellow, and a small number of leaves begin to fall in early to mid-January.

6. The method for reducing powdery mildew infection of rubber trees by intercropping pumpkin tips in a mountain rubber garden according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the pumpkin tip seedlings grow to 1-2 true leaves when they are planted and transplanted, and the seedling age is 18-20 days.

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