Fishtail flame burner assembly

Abstract

A combustor assembly includes a body portion including a gas inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a first cavity in fluid communication with the gas inlet. The gas nozzle extends between a first end coupled to the body portion and a second end. The gas nozzle has a second cavity in fluid communication with the first cavity of the body portion, the second cavity including a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion extending from within the conical portion to an outlet of the gas nozzle. A fuel tube is located at least partially within the first cavity of the body portion and the second cavity of the gas nozzle, the fuel tube having a fuel inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source and a fuel nozzle located within the through-bore of the gas nozzle, the fuel nozzle having a fuel outlet located proximate the second end of the gas nozzle.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to gas burners and, more particularly, to a fishtail flame burner assembly having a gas nozzle that provides internal combustion and a shaped flame. Background Art

[0002] Oxy-fuel combustion is the process of burning fuel using oxygen instead of air as the primary oxidant. The use of oxy-fuel combustion reduces harmful environmental emissions because the nitrogen component of the air oxidant is not heated, thereby reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and reducing fuel consumption. Burner assemblies typically have cylindrical gas nozzles due to ease of configuration. However, different applications may require a flame of a different shape than that produced by a cylindrical gas nozzle. Summary of the invention

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to a burner assembly for oxy-fuel combustion. The burner assembly embodiments described herein include a gas nozzle having an internal fishtail configuration to advantageously shape a flame produced by the burner assembly.

[0004] One aspect of the present technology relates to a burner assembly, the burner assembly including a body portion, the body portion including an air inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a cavity in fluid communication with the air inlet. A gas nozzle extends between a first end connected to the body portion and a second end. The gas nozzle has a through hole, the through hole is in fluid communication with the cavity of the body portion, the through hole includes a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion, the trapezoidal portion extends from the conical portion to the outlet of the gas nozzle. A fuel pipe is at least partially located in the cavity of the body portion and the through hole of the gas nozzle, the fuel pipe has a fuel inlet and a fuel nozzle, the fuel inlet is configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source, the fuel nozzle is packaged in the through hole of the gas nozzle, the fuel nozzle has a fuel outlet, and the fuel outlet is positioned near the second end of the gas nozzle.

[0005] In one aspect, the trapezoidal portion has a first width within the conical portion and a second width at the outlet, wherein the second width is greater than the first width.

[0006] In one aspect, the ratio of the first width to the second width is about 0.60.

[0007] In one aspect, the first width is in a range from about 0.85 inches to about 1.41 inches and the second width is in a range from about 1.39 inches to 2.31 inches.

[0008] In one aspect, the trapezoidal portion extends at an angle in the range of about 10 degrees to 30 degrees between the first width and the second width.

[0009] In one aspect, the tapered conical portion extends between a first height equal to the diameter of the second cavity and a second height at the trapezoidal portion, wherein the second height is less than the first height.

[0010] In one aspect, the tapered conical portion extends between the first diameter and the second diameter at an angle of about 10-35 degrees.

[0011] In one aspect, the ratio of the second diameter to the first diameter is about 0.25.

[0012] In one aspect, the first height is in a range from about 1.13 inches to about 1.90 inches and the second height is in a range from about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

[0013] In one aspect, the outlet has a height in the range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

[0014] In one aspect, a ratio between the first width and the height of the outlet is in a range of about 1.5 to 3.0.

[0015] In one aspect, the burner assembly is a submerged burner.

[0016] In one aspect, the burner assembly further comprises a water jacket surrounding at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle. The water jacket provides a water passage between an inner wall of the water jacket and an outer wall of at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle.

[0017] In one aspect, the water jacket further comprises one or more water inlets for introducing water into the water passage.

[0018] According to another embodiment, a method of manufacturing a burner assembly is disclosed. A body portion is provided, the body portion including an air inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a first cavity in fluid communication with the air inlet. A first end of a gas nozzle is coupled to the body portion. The gas nozzle extends between the first end and the second end and has a second cavity in fluid communication with the first cavity of the body portion. The second cavity includes a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion extending from within the conical portion to an outlet of the gas nozzle. A fuel pipe is at least partially located within the first cavity of the body portion and the second cavity of the gas nozzle. The fuel pipe has a fuel inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source and a fuel nozzle located in the second cavity of the gas nozzle. The fuel nozzle has a fuel outlet, and the fuel outlet is positioned near the second end of the gas nozzle.

[0019] It should be understood that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and the additional concepts discussed in more detail below (as long as such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are considered part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of the claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are considered part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be understood that terms explicitly used herein, which may also appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference, should be given the meaning most consistent with the specific concepts disclosed herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The foregoing will become apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the present disclosure, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the different views. The accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, emphasis instead being placed on illustrating the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a burner assembly according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 2 is operably coupled to a gas source and a fuel source according to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 A schematic side view and block diagram of a combustor assembly is illustrated.

[0023] Figure 3 According to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 A schematic elevation view of a burner assembly is shown.

[0024] Figure 4 According to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 A schematic side cross-sectional view of a combustor assembly is illustrated.

[0025] Figure 5 According to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 A schematic side cross-sectional view of an end portion of a burner assembly is illustrated.

[0026] Figure 6 According to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 A schematic top cross-sectional view of an end portion of a combustor assembly is illustrated.

[0027] Fig. 7A and Figure 7B 1 and 2 are schematic side and top views, respectively, of a gas nozzle of a burner assembly according to aspects of the present disclosure. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B The dimensions illustrated in FIG. 5 are exemplary and are not intended to be limiting.

[0028] Fig. 8A and Figure 8B According to aspects of the present disclosure Figure 1 An exemplary image of a flame produced by the burner assembly is shown.

[0029] Fig. 9 is a schematic perspective view of an end portion of another burner assembly having a water jacket surrounding a gas nozzle according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Fig.10 According to aspects of the present disclosure Fig. 9 A schematic side view of an end portion of a burner assembly is shown.

[0031] Fig.11 According to aspects of the present disclosure Fig. 9 A side cross-sectional view of an end portion of a burner assembly is illustrated.

[0032] Fig.12 is an example process for manufacturing a combustor assembly according to aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The present disclosure generally relates to a burner assembly for oxy-fuel combustion. The burner assembly embodiments discussed herein include a gas nozzle having an internal fishtail configuration to advantageously shape a flame produced by the burner assembly.

[0034] The following is a description of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. Although the burner assembly shown in the figures is shown in an upward orientation, the description of the assembly shown in the figures is not intended to be limited to a specific orientation.

[0035] Figure 1-7B A burner assembly 100 according to the present disclosure is illustrated. The burner assembly 100 includes a first body portion 102, a second body portion 104, a gas nozzle 106, a fuel tube 108, and a fuel nozzle 110, but the burner assembly 100 may include other types and / or numbers of elements in other combinations or configurations, such as flanges configured to interconnect the various elements of the burner assembly 100. Although the first body portion 102 and the second body portion 104 are illustrated and described, it should be understood that the burner assembly 100 may have other body configurations including other numbers of body portions or a single integral body. The burner assembly 100 advantageously provides a gas nozzle with an internal fishtail configuration that shapes the flame produced to provide a narrower flame than a cylindrical burner along the vertical axis of the burner assembly while also providing a wider flat flame along the horizontal axis of the burner assembly. The burner assembly 100 may be used as, for example, an immersion burner, although the burner assembly 100 may be used in other burner applications.

[0036] Now more specifically refer to Figure 2, the first body portion 102 includes an air inlet 112 configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source 114 to provide a supply of gas 116 to the burner assembly 100. In one example, the first body portion 102 is made of stainless steel and is substantially hollow. Although illustrated as a hole in the body 102, it should be understood that the air inlet 112 can take any form sufficient to provide an appropriate volume of gas 116 into the first body portion 102 and subsequently into the gas nozzle 106. In one example, the gas is oxygen or a gaseous mixture containing a majority of oxygen. It should be understood that other gaseous mixtures can be used, for example, a gaseous mixture containing oxygen or any other gaseous oxidant that supports the combustion process.

[0037] The second body portion 104 is coupled to the first body portion 102 via a first flange 118, but in other examples, the burner assembly may include a single, unitary body. In one example embodiment, the second body portion 102 is made of stainless steel and is substantially hollow. In this example, the first body portion 102 and the second body portion 104 define a first cavity 120 (eg, Figure 4 The first chamber is fluidly connected to the gas inlet 112 to receive the gas 116 (as shown in FIG. Figure 2 The second body portion 104 is coupled to the gas nozzle 106 via the second flange 122 such that during operation, the gas 116 is delivered from the gas inlet 112 to the gas nozzle 106 through the first cavity 120 .

[0038] Now more specifically refer to Figure 4-Figure 6 , the gas nozzle 106 extends between a first end 124 and a second end 126. The first end 124 is coupled to the second body portion 104 via a second flange 122. The gas nozzle 104 also includes a second cavity 128 arranged to extend along the length of the gas nozzle 106 from the first end 124 to the second end 126. The second cavity 128 is in fluid communication with the first cavity 120, such that during operation, the gas 116 is delivered from the gas inlet 112 to the second cavity 128 through the first cavity 120.

[0039] Now more specifically refer to Figure 4-7B The second chamber 128 includes a cylindrical portion 130 extending between the first end 124 of the gas nozzle 106 and a cylindrical portion end 132 and having a diameter (D) (eg Fig. 7A). At the cylindrical portion end 132, the cylindrical portion 130 extends into a tapered conical portion 136 of the second cavity 128. The conical portion 136 forms a conical section within the gas nozzle 106 that provides a reduced diameter compared to the diameter (D) of the cylindrical portion 132. The reduced diameter squeezes the gas 116 flowing through the cylindrical portion 132 of the cavity 128 into a narrower conical area to provide a narrower flow of gas 116. The conical portion 136 extends between the cylindrical portion end 132 and the conical portion end 138. In one example, the conical portion 136 extends from the cylindrical portion end 132 at an angle of approximately 20 degrees, although the angle at which the conical portion 136 extends from the cylindrical portion end 132 may be in the range of approximately 10 degrees to approximately 45 degrees. As shown in FIG. Fig. 7A As shown, the tapered portion 136 has a first height (FH) at the cylindrical portion end 132 that is equal to the diameter 134 of the cylindrical portion 130 and a second height (SH) at the tapered portion end 138, wherein SH is less than FH. In one example, the ratio of SH to FH is about 0.25, but in other examples, the ratio of SH to FH can be about 0.15 to about 0.45. In one example, FH is about 1.51 inches and SD is about 0.5 inches. In other examples, FH is in the range of about 1.13 inches to about 1.90 inches, and SH is in the range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

[0040] See again Figure 4-7B The second cavity 128 also includes a trapezoidal portion 140 between an end 142 of the first trapezoidal portion within the conical portion 136 and an outlet 144 of the burner assembly 100. Figure 7BAs shown, the trapezoidal portion 140 has a first width (FW) at a first trapezoidal portion end 142 within the conical portion 136 and a second width (SW) at an outlet 144. In one example, the trapezoidal portion 142 extends at an angle of about 15 degrees between the first trapezoidal portion end 142 and the outlet 144, but in other examples, the angle can range from about 10 degrees to about 30 degrees. The angle depends on the length of the trapezoidal portion 142. In this example, SW is greater than FW, so that the trapezoidal portion 136 is advantageously configured to provide a wider flat flame generated by the burner assembly 100. In one example, FW is about 1.13 inches and SW is about 1.85 inches. In other examples, FW is in the range of about 0.85 inches to about 1.41 inches, and SW is in the range of about 1.39 inches to about 2.31 inches. In this example, the outlet 144 has a height of about 0.5 inches, but in other examples, the height of the outlet 144 is in the range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches. The ratio between FW and the height of the outlet 144 advantageously provides a flame configuration as described below. In this example, the ratio between FW (1.13 inches) and the height of the outlet 144 (0.5 inches) is about 2.26, but in other examples, the ratio may be between 1.5 and 3.0.

[0041] Now more specifically refer to Figure 4 The fuel tube 108 includes a first end 146 and a second end 148. The fuel tube 108 also includes a through hole 150 disposed within the fuel tube 108 and extending between the first end 146 and the second end 148 of the fuel tube 108. The fuel tube 108 includes a fuel inlet 152 located near the first end 146 thereof. The fuel inlet 152 is configured to communicate with a fuel source 154 (e.g., a source of fuel 156 (e.g., Figure 2 The fuel 156 may be selected from methane, propane, butane, hydrogen, natural gas, carbon monoxide, or any other gaseous fuel that can spontaneously ignite at high temperatures. The through hole 150 is arranged so that the fuel 156 can flow through the through hole 150 and out of the second end 148. The fuel pipe 108 is at least partially located in the first cavity 120 of the first body portion 102 and the second body portion 104, and extends from the first body portion 102 to the second body portion 104 and into the second cavity 128 of the gas nozzle 106 within the first cavity 120. The fuel pipe 108 is concentric with the first cavity 120 and the second cavity 128.

[0042] In addition, the second end 148 of the fuel tube 108 is configured to receive the fuel nozzle 110. In this example, the fuel nozzle 110 is completely located within the second cavity 128 of the gas nozzle 106. The fuel nozzle 108 is arranged to engage with and be removably secured to the second end 148 of the fuel tube 108. The fuel nozzle 108 also includes a through hole 158 that is generally concentric with the through hole 150 of the fuel tube 108. The through hole 158 terminates at a fuel outlet 160 and has a nozzle diameter (ND). The ND is selected so that the fuel 156 (at Figure 2 108 and the through hole 158 of the fuel nozzle 108 and out of the fuel outlet 160. The fuel outlet 160 is located near the end 132 of the cylindrical portion so that the fuel outlet 160 delivers the fuel 156 to the tapered section 130 where it is passed through the through hole 150 of the fuel tube 108 and the through hole 158 of the fuel nozzle 108 and out of the fuel outlet 160. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B The diameter reduction between FD and SD is shown to squeeze or compress the flow of gas 116. In this example, combustion occurs within the gas nozzle 106, so the fuel 156 ( Figure 2 The flow rate (as shown) must be sufficient to avoid flashback with the burner assembly 100.

[0043] Now refer to Figure 1 FIG8 depicts an exemplary operation of the combustor assembly 100. During operation, a gas source 114 connected to the gas inlet 112 provides gas 116 flowing through the gas inlet 112 into a first cavity 120 of the first body portion 102 and the second body portion 104 of the combustor assembly 100. The volume of the first cavity 120 is sufficient to contain the gas 116 and redirect it around the volume occupied by the fuel tube 108 and the fuel nozzle 110 into the first end 124 of the gas nozzle 106, along the second cavity 128 of the gas nozzle 106, and out of the second end 126 of the gas nozzle 106 at the outlet 144. The tapered portion 136 compresses the flow of the gas 116 near the fuel outlet 160 of the fuel nozzle 110.

[0044] At the same time, a fuel source 152 connected to the fuel tube 108 provides fuel 156, which flows from the first end 146 of the fuel tube 108 through the through hole 150 to the second end 148 of the fuel tube 108, into the through hole 158 of the fuel nozzle 110, and out into the tapered portion 136 of the gas nozzle 106. Once the gas 116 and the fuel 156 are mixed, the temperature experienced in the tapered portion 136 is sufficient to cause the gas-fuel mixture to autoignite, which produces combustion for the combustor assembly 100. The tapered portion 136 advantageously compresses the gas 116 around the fuel outlet 160 to produce a narrower flame. The flow of the gas-fuel mixture is then directed into the trapezoidal portion 140 to provide a wider flat flame at the outlet 144. Fig. 8A and Figure 8B An image of a flame produced by the burner assembly 100 is illustrated. When combustion occurs within the burner assembly 100, the flow rate of the fuel 156 must be sufficient to avoid flashback. In this example, the gas nozzle 106 is air cooled, but in other examples, as described below, a water jacket may be used to reduce the operating temperature. It should be understood that, although not shown, an igniter may be provided so that combustion does not rely on autoignition as described herein.

[0045] As discussed above, the burner assembly is intended to operate using oxy-fuel combustion with a gas to fuel ratio of about 1.5-3 (gas): 1 (fuel). In addition, the burner assembly 100 is intended to operate at 250,000 btu / hr to about 20 million btu / hr.

[0046] Figure 9-11 The figure shows an end portion of another exemplary embodiment of a burner assembly according to the present disclosure. Except as described below, the structure and operation of the burner assembly 200 are the same as the burner assembly 100, and the same reference numerals are used to identify the same elements. The burner assembly 200 provides a water-cooled version of the burner assembly 100, which is air-cooled, but other fluids can be used with the burner assembly 200 to provide cooling. The burner assembly 200 advantageously provides enhanced cooling to reduce operating temperatures when combustion occurs within the gas nozzle 106.

[0047] Reference again Figure 9-11 , the burner assembly 200 also includes a water jacket 162 positioned around and encircling at least a portion of the second body portion 104 and the gas nozzle 106. The water jacket 162 includes a water passage 164 between an inner wall 166 of the water jacket 162 and an outer wall 168 formed by the gas nozzle 106 and a portion of the second body portion 104. In this example, the second body portion 104 includes a water inlet 168 that is in fluid communication with a water source (not shown) and with the water passage 164 to provide water around the gas nozzle 106. During operation of the burner assembly 200, a cooling fluid is provided from the water source 170 through the water inlet 168 to the water passage 164 and circulated around the gas nozzle 106 to reduce the operating temperature of the burner assembly 200.

[0048] Fig.12The figure shows an exemplary method of manufacturing a burner assembly according to aspects of the present technology. First, in step 1200, a body portion is provided, the body portion including an air inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a first cavity in fluid communication with the air inlet. In step 1202, a first end of a gas nozzle is coupled to the body portion. When coupled, the gas nozzle has a second cavity in fluid communication with the first cavity of the body portion. The second cavity of the gas nozzle includes a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion extending from the conical portion to the outlet of the gas nozzle. Next, in step 1204, a fuel pipe is at least partially located in the first cavity of the body portion and the second cavity of the gas nozzle. The fuel pipe has a fuel inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source and a fuel nozzle located in the second cavity of the gas nozzle. The fuel nozzle includes a fuel outlet positioned near the second end of the gas nozzle. In optional step 1206, a water jacket is provided surrounding at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle. The water jacket provides a water channel between the inner wall of the water jacket and the outer wall of at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle.

[0049] Although several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will readily conceive of various other devices and / or structures for performing the functions described herein and / or obtaining the results and / or one or more advantages, and each such variation and / or modification is considered to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are intended to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend on one or more specific applications for which the present invention is taught. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to determine many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein using only routine experiments. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented only by way of example, and within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the inventive embodiments may be implemented in a manner different from that specifically described and claimed. The inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, and / or method described herein. In addition, if such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods are not mutually contradictory, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and / or methods is included within the scope of the invention disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A burner assembly, include: a body portion including a gas inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a first cavity in fluid communication with the gas inlet; a gas nozzle extending between a first end coupled to the body portion and a second end, the gas nozzle having a second cavity in fluid communication with the first cavity of the body portion, the second cavity including a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion extending from within the conical portion to an outlet of the gas nozzle; as well as a fuel pipe at least partially disposed within the first cavity of the body portion and the second cavity of the gas nozzle, the fuel pipe having a fuel inlet and a fuel nozzle, the fuel inlet being configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source, the fuel nozzle being disposed within the second cavity of the gas nozzle, the fuel nozzle having a fuel outlet, the fuel outlet being positioned proximate the second end of the gas nozzle.

2. The burner assembly according to claim 1, in, The trapezoidal portion has a first width within the conical portion and a second width at the outlet, wherein the second width is greater than the first width.

3. The burner assembly according to claim 2, in, A ratio of the first width to the second width is about 0.

60.

4. The burner assembly according to claim 2, in, The first width is in a range of about 0.85 inches to about 1.41 inches, and the second width is in a range of about 1.39 inches to 2.31 inches.

5. The burner assembly according to claim 1, in, The tapered conical portion extends between a first height equal to a diameter of the second cavity and a second height at the trapezoidal portion, wherein the second height is less than the first height.

6. The burner assembly according to claim 4, in, The first height is in a range of about 1.13 inches to about 1.90 inches, and the second height is in a range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

7. The burner assembly according to claim 1, in, The outlet has a height in a range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

8. The burner assembly according to claim 1, in, A ratio between the first width and the height of the outlet is in a range of about 1.5 to 3.

0.

9. The burner assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: include: A water jacket surrounds at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle, the water jacket providing a water passage between an inner wall of the water jacket and outer walls of the at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle.

10. The burner assembly according to claim 9, in, The water jacket also includes one or more water inlets for introducing water into the water passage.

11. A method of manufacturing a burner assembly, the method include: providing a body portion including a gas inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a gas source and a first cavity in fluid communication with the gas inlet; coupling a first end of a gas nozzle to the body portion, the gas nozzle extending between the first end and a second end, the gas nozzle having a second cavity in fluid communication with the first cavity of the body portion, the second cavity comprising a tapered conical portion and a trapezoidal portion extending from within the conical portion to an outlet of the gas nozzle; as well as A fuel tube is at least partially positioned within the first cavity of the body portion and the second cavity of the gas nozzle, the fuel tube having a fuel inlet configured to be in fluid communication with a fuel source and a fuel nozzle positioned within the second cavity of the gas nozzle, the fuel nozzle having a fuel outlet positioned proximate the second end of the gas nozzle.

12. The method according to claim 11, in, The trapezoidal portion has a first width within the conical portion and a second width at the outlet, wherein the second width is greater than the first width.

13. The method according to claim 12, in, A ratio of the first width to the second width is about 0.

60.

14. The method according to claim 12, in, The first width is in a range of about 0.85 inches to about 1.41 inches, and the second width is in a range of about 1.39 inches to 2.31 inches.

15. The method according to claim 11, in, The tapered conical portion extends between a first height equal to a diameter of the second cavity and a second height at the trapezoidal portion, wherein the second height is less than the first height.

16. The method according to claim 15, in, The first height is in a range of about 1.13 inches to about 1.90 inches, and the second height is in a range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

17. The method according to claim 11, in, The outlet has a height in a range of about 0.37 inches to about 0.63 inches.

18. The method according to claim 11, in, A ratio between the first width and the height of the outlet is in a range of about 1.5 to 3.

0.

19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: include: A water jacket is provided surrounding at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle, the water jacket providing a water passage between an inner wall of the water jacket and outer walls of the at least a portion of the body portion and the gas nozzle.

20. The method according to claim 19, in, The water jacket also includes one or more water inlets for introducing water into the water passage.

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