Thermal management method and system of hydrogen fuel cell for hydrogen energy electric bicycle using solid hydrogen storage

Abstract

The invention discloses a thermal management method and system for a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen energy electric bicycle using solid hydrogen storage. The thermal management system of the hydrogen fuel cell comprises a tail gas heat exchanger, a gas inlet heat exchanger, a first heater and a second heater, wherein the tail gas heat exchanger is used for recovering heat in tail gas exhausted from a tail gas exhaust pipe; the gas inlet heat exchanger and the first heater are used for heating hydrogen and air entering an electric pile by utilizing the heat recovered by the tail gas heat exchanger; the heating sleeve covers the hydrogen storage bottle and is used for heating the hydrogen storage bottle through a heat exchange medium; and the heat management analysis control module is used for carrying out heat management control. According to the invention, heat in the tail gas of the electric pile can be fully utilized and is used for heating hydrogen and air supplied to the electric pile, so that the efficiency of the fuel cell can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of hydrogen fuel cells, and in particular to a thermal management method and system for a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage. Background Art

[0002] Hydrogen-powered electric vehicles based on solid-state hydrogen storage technology use hydrogen fuel cells as energy supply mechanisms. They have the advantages of fast hydrogen filling speed, long cruising range, safer hydrogen use, low carbon, and environmental protection.

[0003] A hydrogen fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy. It is a green and environmentally friendly form of energy utilization. Its basic principle is the reverse reaction of water electrolysis. Hydrogen is oxidized into hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons at the anode (positive electrode). The electrons flow to the cathode (negative electrode) through an external circuit, while the hydrogen ions reach the cathode through the electrolyte membrane. At the cathode, hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water and release electrical energy at the same time. A large amount of heat is generated during the reaction. This part of the waste heat is carried by the exhaust gas and blown away by the fuel cell fan. Generally, since the efficiency of the fuel cell is about 50%, the heat power carried by the exhaust gas is equivalent to the power of the fuel cell, resulting in a large waste of heat generated by the fuel cell.

[0004] In the stack of a hydrogen fuel cell system, the temperature of the intake air will affect the efficiency of the stack. For example, under appropriate high temperature conditions, the fuel cell reaction rate is faster and the output power is higher. By properly heating the intake air to a certain temperature, the efficiency of the stack can be effectively improved (Liu Yongfeng, Wang Na. Experimental study on the effect of intake air temperature on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J]. Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2016, 32(2):5. DOI: CNKI: SUN: BJJZ.0.2016-02-009.). Therefore, by heating the intake air to an appropriate temperature, it is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the battery, thereby bringing about an increase in the battery energy output (incremental energy). However, heating the intake air will consume a part of the energy (consumed energy). Increasing the difference between the incremental energy and the consumed energy can increase the energy yield of the battery and improve the overall efficiency, but there is no relevant reliable solution in the prior art to achieve this effect.

[0005] Patent CN117613297B discloses a thermal management system for a hydrogen storage tank for a hydrogen-powered two-wheeled vehicle, which can utilize the waste heat in the exhaust gas of the fuel cell, but it does not have the function of controlling the intake air temperature.

[0006] Patent CN118173829B discloses a thermal management system for a hydrogen fuel cell, which provides a control scheme for the intake air temperature, but does not involve a scheme for utilizing the exhaust gas of the fuel cell, and does not consider the effect of the intake air humidity on the efficiency of the fuel cell stack, let alone how to determine the value of the intake air temperature to obtain greater energy benefits, that is, the energy increase brought about by the improvement of battery efficiency after the intake air temperature is increased minus the energy consumption required to increase the intake air temperature.

[0007] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing technology to provide a more reliable solution. Summary of the invention

[0008] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a thermal management method and system for a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage in view of the deficiencies in the above-mentioned prior art.

[0009] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: In a first aspect of the present invention, a hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage is provided, which is used to perform heat management on the hydrogen fuel cell system of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle. The hydrogen fuel cell system includes a hydrogen supply unit, an air supply unit and a fuel cell stack;

[0010] The hydrogen supply unit includes a hydrogen storage bottle filled with solid hydrogen storage material and a hydrogen delivery pipeline connecting the hydrogen storage bottle to the fuel cell stack; the air supply unit includes an air delivery pipeline connecting external air to the fuel cell stack and an air compression pump arranged on the air delivery pipeline; the hydrogen provided by the hydrogen supply unit and the oxygen provided by the air supply unit react in the fuel cell stack to generate electrical energy, and the reaction products and remaining reaction gas in the fuel cell stack are discharged from an exhaust gas exhaust pipe connected to the fuel cell stack;

[0011] The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system includes an exhaust gas heat exchanger for recovering heat from exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust pipe, an intake heat exchanger and a first heater for heating hydrogen and air entering the fuel cell stack using the heat recovered by the exhaust gas heat exchanger, a second heater for heating a heat exchange medium, a heating jacket wrapped around the outside of the hydrogen storage bottle for heating the hydrogen storage bottle through a heat exchange medium, and a thermal management analysis control module for performing thermal management control.

[0012] Preferably, a first gas pressure regulating valve, a first temperature sensor, a first humidity sensor, a first air intake solenoid valve and a second temperature sensor are sequentially arranged along the air flow direction of the hydrogen delivery pipeline, the hydrogen discharged from the first gas pressure regulating valve passes through the air intake heat exchanger and the first heater in sequence and then passes through the first air intake solenoid valve to enter the fuel cell stack, and the second temperature sensor is located between the first air intake solenoid valve and the fuel cell stack to measure the temperature of the hydrogen entering the fuel cell stack;

[0013] An air filter, an air compression pump, a third temperature sensor, a second humidity sensor, a second gas pressure regulating valve and a second air intake solenoid valve are sequentially arranged along the air delivery pipeline in the direction of air flow. The air discharged from the second gas pressure regulating valve passes through the air intake heat exchanger, the first heater and then passes through the second air intake solenoid valve to enter the fuel cell stack.

[0014] Preferably, the heating jacket is provided with a heat exchange medium inlet and a heat exchange medium outlet, the heat exchange medium outlet is provided with a first medium delivery pipeline connected to the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, the heat exchange medium inlet is connected with a second medium delivery pipeline, and the second medium delivery pipeline is sequentially provided with a medium mixer and a second heater along the medium flow direction;

[0015] A third medium delivery pipeline is provided at the refrigerant outlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and a first branch pipeline and a second branch pipeline are connected in parallel at the end of the third medium delivery pipeline;

[0016] The first branch pipeline is connected to the heat medium inlet of the intake heat exchanger, and the heat medium outlet of the intake heat exchanger is connected to the first inlet end of the medium mixer through a fourth medium delivery pipeline;

[0017] The end of the second branch pipeline is connected to the second inlet end of the medium mixer, and the outlet end of the medium mixer is connected to the second heater through the second medium delivery pipeline.

[0018] Preferably, the first medium delivery pipeline is further provided with a medium buffer tank, a medium pump and a medium flow valve;

[0019] A fourth temperature sensor is provided on the second medium delivery pipeline between the second heater and the heat exchange medium inlet of the heating jacket;

[0020] The third medium delivery pipeline is provided with a fifth temperature sensor, the first branch pipeline is provided with a first medium solenoid valve, and the second branch pipeline is provided with a second medium solenoid valve.

[0021] Preferably, the heat management analysis control module is communicatively connected with the medium pump, the medium flow valve, the air compression pump, the first gas pressure stabilizing valve, the second gas pressure stabilizing valve, the first heater, the second heater, the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor, the third temperature sensor, the fourth temperature sensor, the fifth temperature sensor, the first humidity sensor, the second humidity sensor, the first air intake solenoid valve, the second air intake solenoid valve, the first medium solenoid valve, and the second medium solenoid valve;

[0022] The heat management analysis and control module includes a heat analysis submodule and a heat control submodule.

[0023] Preferably, the exhaust gas discharge pipe is connected to the heat medium inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and the exhaust gas after heat exchange and temperature reduction is discharged from the heat medium outlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger; the medium transported in the first medium transport pipeline enters the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and enters the third medium transport pipeline through the refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature increase;

[0024] The intake heat exchanger has two heat exchange units: a first heat exchange unit and a second heat exchange unit. The intake heat exchanger can heat air and hydrogen simultaneously through a single heat medium. The first heat exchange unit has a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet. The second heat exchange unit has a second refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet. The heat exchange medium entering the intake heat exchanger realizes heat exchange in the first heat exchange unit and the second heat exchange unit simultaneously.

[0025] The heat exchange medium transported by the first branch pipeline enters the heat medium inlet of the intake heat exchanger after passing through the first medium solenoid valve, is discharged through the heat medium outlet after heat exchange and cooling, and then enters the first inlet end of the medium mixer through the fourth medium transport pipeline; the heat exchange medium transported by the second branch pipeline enters the second inlet end of the medium mixer after passing through the second medium solenoid valve, and the heat exchange medium in the medium mixer enters the heating jacket after passing through the second heater;

[0026] The hydrogen transported by the hydrogen transport pipeline enters the air intake heat exchanger through the first refrigerant inlet, is discharged from the first refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature rises, and then enters the first heater;

[0027] The air transported by the air transport pipeline enters the air intake heat exchanger through the second refrigerant inlet, is discharged from the second refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature rises, and then enters the first heater.

[0028] In a second aspect of the present invention, a method for thermal management of a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage is provided, wherein the method uses the system as described above to perform thermal management on the hydrogen fuel cell system of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, and the method comprises the following steps:

[0029] S1. Set the hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , set the air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR The thermal control submodule of the thermal management analysis control module supplies hydrogen and air to the fuel cell stack according to the set pressure and flow rate by controlling the first gas pressure regulating valve, the first air intake solenoid valve, the second gas pressure regulating valve, and the second air intake solenoid valve;

[0030] Set the heating temperature T of the hydrogen storage bottle go , set the flow rate of the heat exchange medium output by the medium flow pump to be fixed at W;

[0031] S2, analyzing and obtaining the optimized intake air temperature T through the heat analysis submodule of the heat management analysis control module OPT :

[0032] S3, the thermal control submodule performs thermal management control by the following steps:

[0033] S3-1, obtain the temperature of the heat exchange medium after being heated by the exhaust gas heat exchanger through the fifth temperature sensor, and then calculate the unit time t according to the flow rate W of the heat exchange medium M The heat Q1 that can be provided by the intake heat exchanger when exchanging heat with the incoming hydrogen and air;

[0034] The unit time t is calculated based on the temperature, flow rate and pressure of the hydrogen and air entering the intake heat exchanger. M In the inlet heat exchanger, both hydrogen and air are heated to the inlet temperature T OPT Required heat Q2;

[0035] S3-2, compare the values ​​of Q1 and Q2, and control according to the comparison results as follows:

[0036] S3-2-1, when Q1<Q2, control the first medium solenoid valve to be fully opened and the second medium solenoid valve to be closed, so that the heat exchange medium heated by the exhaust heat exchanger can all enter the intake heat exchanger, and then control the first heater to work, and reheat the hydrogen and air preliminarily heated by the intake heat exchanger to a temperature of T OPT , and then supplied to the fuel cell stack;

[0037] After the heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger, the heat exchange medium enters the medium mixer and then enters the second heater. The second heater is controlled to work and heat the heat exchange medium to a temperature of T go Then transport it to the heating jacket;

[0038] S3-2-2, when Q1≥Q2, record the residual heat Q3, Q3=Q1-Q2, control the opening and closing degree of the first medium solenoid valve and the second medium solenoid valve, so that the heat exchange medium flow in the first branch pipeline is w1, and the heat exchange medium flow in the second branch pipeline is w2, and the hydrogen and air are heated to a temperature of T through the intake heat exchanger. OPT , control the first heater not to work; wherein w1 and w2 satisfy: w1+w2=W, the heat exchange medium with a flow rate of w1 in unit time t M The heat that can be provided by the intake air heat exchanger is Q1;

[0039] The heat exchange medium after heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger enters the medium mixer, mixes with the heat exchange medium directly entering the medium mixer through the second branch pipeline, and then enters the heating jacket after passing through the second heater. The second heater is controlled not to work first, and the temperature T' of the heat exchange medium entering the heating jacket is detected by the fourth temperature sensor. go , if T' go <T go , the feedback control makes the second heater work and heats the temperature of the heat exchange medium to T go , otherwise keep the second heater inoperative.

[0040] Preferably, step S2 specifically comprises:

[0041] S2-1, the intake air temperature analysis model obtains the following parameters: the initial temperature T of the supplied hydrogen obtained by the first temperature sensor and the first humidity sensor H2-0 and initial humidity RT H2-0 The initial temperature T of the supplied air is obtained by the third temperature sensor and the second humidity sensor. AIR-0 and initial humidity RT AIR-0 ;

[0042] S2-2. The intake air temperature analysis model uses the current intake air parameters as input to analyze and obtain the optimal intake air temperature T OPT ; Intake parameters include: hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , initial temperature T H2-0 , initial humidity RT H2-0 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR , initial temperature T AIR-0 , initial humidity RT AIR-0 ;

[0043] The analysis method of the intake air temperature analysis model is:

[0044] S2-2-1. Under the current intake pressure and intake flow rate, the intake temperature analysis model first analyzes and obtains the calculation method of the energy gain difference ΔQ according to the following steps:

[0045] The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T H2-0 , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T AIR-0 , humidity is RT AIR-0 When a unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack, the energy Q generated is 01 , the temperature rises to T OPT Energy required Q r ;

[0046] The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T OPT , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T OPT , humidity is RT AIR-0 When the unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack, the energy generated is Q 02 ;

[0047] The energy gain difference is ΔQ, ΔQ = (Q 02 -Q 01 )-Q r ;

[0048] S2-2-12. The intake air temperature analysis model analyzes and obtains the intake air temperature when the value of ΔQ is maximized under the current intake air parameters. This temperature is the optimized intake air temperature T OPT , denoted as T OPT =Max(ΔQ, T); The meaning of this formula is: the value of T when the value of ΔQ is the largest is T OPT .

[0049] Preferably, the intake air temperature analysis model is constructed by the following method:

[0050] 1) Build a training dataset:

[0051] 1-1) Fix the following parameters: Hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR ; Then the hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system is used to obtain the following data:

[0052] For a unit amount of hydrogen and air, at a fixed hydrogen humidity RT H2-s and air humidity RT AIR-s Down:

[0053] For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-s The air is passed through the first heater to heat the air and hydrogen to a set temperature T S The heating energy required is Q rs ,

[0054] For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-s The basic power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell is Q 01s ;

[0055] For the temperature T S of hydrogen and the temperature is T SThe optimized power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell is Q 02s ;

[0056] The energy gain difference is ΔQ s , ΔQ s =(Q 02s -Q 01s )-Q rs ;

[0057] 1-2) In the set range (T min -T max ), change the temperature T S The value of and take j values, recorded as T Sj , respectively, to obtain each temperature T Sj The optimal power generation energy under 02sj And the energy gain difference ΔQ sj , take the energy gain difference to get the maximum value Max-ΔQ s The temperature corresponding to the time is taken as the optimized intake temperature, denoted as T OPTs ; Among them, T min ≤T Sj ≤T max ;

[0058] RT H2-s , RT AIR-s , T H2-s , T AIR-s , Q rs , Q 02s , T Sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s , T OPTs Combine into one piece of data d;

[0059] 1-3) changing the hydrogen humidity and the air humidity, obtaining a number of training data under different hydrogen humidity and air humidity according to the same method as step 1-1) to step 1-2), combining all the training data to obtain a training data set D;

[0060] 2) Model training:

[0061] Using training data set D, with RT H2-s , RT AIR-s , T Sj , Q rsj , Q 01sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s is the input, T OPTsAs the target output, the RNN recurrent neural network model is trained, and the intake air temperature analysis model is obtained after the training is completed.

[0062] Preferably, wherein T min =25-35℃, T max =55-80℃, j=5-100.

[0063] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0064] The present invention provides a thermal management method and system for a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage. The present invention can fully utilize the heat in the tail gas of the fuel cell stack and use it to heat the hydrogen and air supplied to the fuel cell stack to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell; and when there is excess heat, it can also be used to heat the hydrogen storage bottle, which can reduce the additional energy consumption required for heating and dehydrogenation, and ultimately significantly improve the overall efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell system;

[0065] The present invention starts from the two aspects of reducing energy consumption and improving the efficiency of the fuel cell stack. It adopts a solution based on a machine learning algorithm to obtain a suitable value of the intake temperature, that is, to optimize the intake temperature. The energy gain difference ΔQ is defined to characterize the energy benefit that can be brought by optimizing the intake temperature: at the optimized intake temperature, a relatively higher fuel cell stack efficiency can be obtained while consuming relatively less energy to increase the intake temperature, that is, a greater energy benefit can be obtained; and this method also takes into account the influence of intake humidity on the fuel cell stack efficiency, so that the result is closer to the optimal intake temperature. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system according to Example 1;

[0067] Figure 2 This is a principle block diagram of the cooperation between the hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system and the hydrogen fuel cell system of Example 1;

[0068] Figure 3 This is a principle block diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system of Example 1;

[0069] Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an intake air heat exchanger of Example 1;

[0070] Figure 5 is a flow chart of a hydrogen fuel cell thermal management method according to Example 2;

[0071] Figure 6 is a specific flow chart of step S2 in Example 2;

[0072] Figure 7 This is a specific flow chart of step S3 in Example 2;

[0073] Figure 8 This is a specific flow chart of step S3-2 in Example 2;

[0074] Fig. 9 This is a flow chart of the method for constructing the intake air temperature analysis model in Example 2.

[0075] Description of reference numerals:

[0076] 1—hydrogen supply unit; 10—hydrogen storage bottle; 11—hydrogen delivery pipeline; 12—first gas pressure regulating valve; 13—first temperature sensor; 14—first humidity sensor; 15—first air intake solenoid valve; 16—second temperature sensor;

[0077] 2—air supply unit; 21—air delivery pipeline; 22—air filter; 23—air compression pump; 24—third temperature sensor; 25—second humidity sensor; 26—second gas pressure regulating valve; 27—second air intake solenoid valve;

[0078] 3—fuel cell stack; 31—exhaust gas emission pipe;

[0079] 4—hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system; 40—exhaust heat exchanger; 41—intake heat exchanger; 42—first heater; 43—second heater; 44—heating jacket; 440—heat exchange medium inlet; 441—heat exchange medium outlet; 45—heat management analysis control module;

[0080] 410—shell; 411—first heat exchange chamber; 412—second heat exchange chamber; 413—heat medium passage; 414—first refrigerant inlet; 415—first refrigerant outlet; 416—second refrigerant inlet; 417—second refrigerant outlet; 418—heat medium inlet; 419—heat medium outlet; 420—sealed baffle; 421—spoiler column;

[0081] 50—first medium delivery pipeline; 51—medium buffer tank; 52—medium pump; 53—medium flow valve; 54—second medium delivery pipeline; 540—fourth temperature sensor; 55—third medium delivery pipeline; 550—first branch pipeline; 551—second branch pipeline; 552—fifth temperature sensor; 553—first medium solenoid valve; 554—second medium solenoid valve; 56—fourth medium delivery pipeline; 57—medium mixer; 570—first inlet end; 571—second inlet end; 572—outlet end. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0082] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments so that those skilled in the art can implement the invention with reference to the description.

[0083] It should be understood that terms such as “having”, “including” and “comprising” used herein do not exclude the existence or addition of one or more other elements or combinations thereof.

[0084] Example 1

[0085] A hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system 4 for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage, which is used to perform heat management on a hydrogen fuel cell system of a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, wherein the hydrogen fuel cell system comprises a hydrogen supply unit 1, an air supply unit 2, and a fuel cell stack 3;

[0086] The hydrogen supply unit 1 includes a hydrogen storage bottle 10 filled with solid hydrogen storage material and a hydrogen delivery pipeline 11 connecting the hydrogen storage bottle 10 to the battery stack 3. The air supply unit 2 includes an air delivery pipeline 21 connecting the external air to the battery stack 3 and an air compression pump 23 arranged on the air delivery pipeline 21. The hydrogen provided by the hydrogen supply unit 1 and the oxygen provided by the air supply unit 2 react in the battery stack 3 to generate electrical energy, which is then supplied to the power mechanism of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle. The reaction products (water or water vapor) and the remaining reaction gas (unreacted air and hydrogen) in the battery stack 3 are discharged from the tail gas exhaust pipe 31 connected to the battery stack 3.

[0087] The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system 4 includes an exhaust gas heat exchanger 40 for recovering heat from the exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe 31, an intake air heat exchanger 41 and a first heater 42 for heating the hydrogen and air entering the fuel cell stack 3 using the heat recovered by the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40, a second heater 43 for heating the heat exchange medium, a heating jacket 44 wrapped around the hydrogen storage bottle 10 for heating the hydrogen storage bottle 10 through the heat exchange medium, and a heat management analysis control module 45 for heat management control. In this embodiment, the heat exchange medium is water.

[0088] The solid hydrogen storage material in the present invention is a solid hydrogen storage alloy, which can release hydrogen when heated. Further, it is more preferred to use a low-temperature solid hydrogen storage alloy, such as lanthanum nickel alloy, titanium manganese alloy, titanium nickel alloy, iron manganese alloy, etc.; the temperature at which the hydrogen is released is relatively low, which is conducive to the application in hydrogen-powered electric bicycles. In this embodiment, LaNi5 hydrogen storage alloy is more preferably used.

[0089] In terms of the overall solution, in the present invention, the exhaust heat exchanger 40 is used to recover the heat in the exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe 31, and then the heat is used to heat the hydrogen and air supplied to the fuel cell stack 3 to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell; and when the heat is still left after heating the hydrogen and air to the required temperature, it is reused to heat the hydrogen storage bottle 10, and the solid hydrogen storage material is prompted to release hydrogen by heating. Among them, the first heater 42 is used to assist in heating the hydrogen and air entering the fuel cell stack 3, and it only needs to work when the heat recovered in the exhaust gas is insufficient. The second heater 43 is used to assist in heating the heat transfer medium, and then the hydrogen storage bottle 10 is heated to the required temperature by the heat transfer medium, and the second heater 43 only needs to work when the heat recovered in the exhaust gas is not enough to simultaneously meet the heating requirements of the fuel cell stack 3 intake (hydrogen and air) and the heating requirements of the hydrogen storage bottle 10.

[0090] In this embodiment, the first gas pressure-stabilizing valve 12, the first temperature sensor 13, the first humidity sensor 14, the first air intake solenoid valve 15 and the second temperature sensor 16 are sequentially arranged on the hydrogen delivery pipeline 11 along the air flow direction. The hydrogen discharged from the first gas pressure-stabilizing valve 12 passes through the air intake heat exchanger 41 and the first heater 42 in sequence and then passes through the first air intake solenoid valve 15 to enter the fuel cell stack 3. The first gas pressure-stabilizing valve 12 is used to ensure that the hydrogen generated by the solid hydrogen storage material in the hydrogen storage bottle 10 under heating is discharged at a set pressure for supply. The first temperature sensor 13 and the first humidity sensor 14 are used to respectively detect the initial temperature and humidity of the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen storage bottle 10. The second temperature sensor 16 is located between the first air intake solenoid valve 15 and the fuel cell stack 3 to measure the temperature of the hydrogen entering the fuel cell stack 3.

[0091] In this embodiment, an air filter 22, an air compression pump 23, a third temperature sensor 24, a second humidity sensor 25, a second gas pressure regulating valve 26 and a second air intake solenoid valve 27 are sequentially arranged on the air delivery pipeline 21 along the air flow direction. The air discharged from the second gas pressure regulating valve 26 passes through the air intake heat exchanger 41 and the first heater 42 in sequence and then passes through the second air intake solenoid valve 27 to enter the fuel cell stack 3. The air compression pump 23 is used to draw in external air and compress it for supply. The air filter 22 filters the incoming air. The second gas pressure regulating valve 26 is used to ensure that the air is discharged at a set pressure for supply. The third temperature sensor 24 and the second humidity sensor 25 are used to detect the initial temperature and humidity of the supplied air respectively.

[0092] In this embodiment, a heat exchange medium inlet 440 and a heat exchange medium outlet 441 are provided on the heating jacket 44. The heating jacket 44 is wrapped around the hydrogen storage bottle 10. The interior of the heating jacket 44 is filled with a heat exchange medium. The hydrogen storage bottle 10 is heated by the heat exchange medium to achieve the required hydrogen release temperature.

[0093] The heat exchange medium outlet 441 is provided with a first medium delivery pipeline 50 connected to the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40, the heat exchange medium inlet 440 is connected with a second medium delivery pipeline 54, and the second medium delivery pipeline 54 is provided with a medium mixer 57 and a second heater 43 in sequence along the medium flow direction;

[0094] A third medium delivery pipeline 55 is provided at the refrigerant outlet of the tail gas heat exchanger 40, and a first branch pipeline 550 and a second branch pipeline 551 are connected in parallel to the end of the third medium delivery pipeline 55;

[0095] The first branch pipeline 550 is connected to the heat medium inlet 418 of the intake heat exchanger 41, and the heat medium outlet 419 of the intake heat exchanger 41 is connected to the first inlet end 570 of the medium mixer 57 through the fourth medium delivery pipeline 56;

[0096] The end of the second branch pipeline 551 is connected to a second inlet end 571 of the medium mixer 57 , and the outlet end 572 of the medium mixer 57 is connected to the second heater 43 through the second medium delivery pipeline 54 .

[0097] In this embodiment, a medium buffer tank 51, a medium pump 52 and a medium flow valve 53 are also provided on the first medium delivery pipeline 50; the medium pump 52 provides power for the delivery of the heat exchange medium, and the medium flow valve 53 is used to control the supply of the heat exchange medium according to the required flow rate.

[0098] A fourth temperature sensor 540 is provided on the second medium delivery pipeline 54 between the second heater 43 and the heat exchange medium inlet 440 of the heating jacket 44 to detect the temperature of the heat exchange medium entering the heating jacket 44;

[0099] A fifth temperature sensor 552 is provided on the third medium delivery pipeline 55 for detecting the temperature of the heat exchange medium after being heated by the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40. A first medium solenoid valve 553 is provided on the first branch pipeline 550, and a second medium solenoid valve 554 is provided on the second branch pipeline 551 for controlling the flow distribution of the heat exchange medium in the two branch pipelines.

[0100] In this embodiment, the heat management analysis control module 45 is connected to the medium pump 52, the medium flow valve 53, the air compression pump 23, the first gas pressure regulating valve 12, the second gas pressure regulating valve 26, the first heater 42, the second heater 43, the first temperature sensor 13, the second temperature sensor 16, the third temperature sensor 24, the fourth temperature sensor 540, the fifth temperature sensor 552, the first humidity sensor 14, the second humidity sensor 25, the first air intake solenoid valve 15, the second air intake solenoid valve 27, the first medium solenoid valve 553, the second medium solenoid valve 554 and other components for data collection and control;

[0101] The thermal management analysis and control module 45 includes a thermal analysis submodule and a thermal control submodule.

[0102] In this embodiment, the exhaust gas discharge pipe 31 is connected to the heat medium inlet 418 of the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40, and the exhaust gas after heat exchange and temperature reduction is discharged from the heat medium outlet 419 of the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40; the medium transported in the first medium transport pipeline 50 enters the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40, and enters the third medium transport pipeline 55 through the refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature increase;

[0103] The intake heat exchanger 41 has two heat exchange units: a first heat exchange unit and a second heat exchange unit. The intake heat exchanger 41 can heat the air and hydrogen simultaneously through a single heat medium. The first heat exchange unit has a first refrigerant inlet 414 and a first refrigerant outlet 415, and the second heat exchange unit has a second refrigerant inlet 416 and a second refrigerant outlet 417. The heat exchange medium entering the intake heat exchanger 41 realizes heat exchange in the first heat exchange unit and the second heat exchange unit simultaneously.

[0104] The heat exchange medium transported by the first branch pipeline 550 enters the heat medium inlet 418 of the intake heat exchanger 41 after passing through the first medium solenoid valve 553, and is discharged through the heat medium outlet 419 after heat exchange and cooling, and then enters the first inlet end 570 of the medium mixer 57 through the fourth medium transport pipeline 56; the heat exchange medium transported by the second branch pipeline 551 enters the second inlet end 571 of the medium mixer 57 after passing through the second medium solenoid valve 554, and the heat exchange medium in the medium mixer 57 enters the heating jacket 44 after passing through the second heater 43;

[0105] The hydrogen transported by the hydrogen transport pipeline 11 enters the air intake heat exchanger 41 through the first refrigerant inlet 414, is discharged from the first refrigerant outlet 415 after heat exchange and temperature rise, and then enters the first heater 42;

[0106] The air transported by the air transport pipeline 21 enters the intake heat exchanger 41 through the second refrigerant inlet 416 , is discharged from the second refrigerant outlet 417 after heat exchange and temperature rise, and then enters the first heater 42 .

[0107] When the temperature of the hydrogen and air passing through the intake heat exchanger 41 does not reach the required intake temperature, the first heater 42 performs auxiliary heating to reach the required intake temperature. Since the heating is performed simultaneously by the same first heater 42, it is considered that the temperature of the hydrogen and air entering the fuel cell stack 3 is the same. Therefore, only the second temperature sensor 16 is needed to detect the temperature of the hydrogen at the intake end of the fuel cell stack 3. When the temperature of the hydrogen reaches the required intake temperature, the temperature of the air also reaches the same temperature value.

[0108] The intake heat exchanger 41 can be a conventional multi-stream heat exchanger, that is, it can simultaneously realize heat exchange of two refrigerants through a single heat medium. Figure 3 The intake heat exchanger 41 of the structure shown in the figure has a shell 410 on which a first refrigerant inlet 414, a first refrigerant outlet 415, a second refrigerant inlet 416, a second refrigerant outlet 417, a heat medium inlet 418 and a heat medium outlet 419 are arranged. A heat medium channel 413 is arranged in the shell 410 from the left and right directions, and the heat medium channel 413 evenly divides the shell 410 into two upper and lower heat exchange chambers that are independently sealed from each other: a first heat exchange chamber 411 and a second heat exchange chamber 412 (i.e., a first heat exchange unit and a second heat exchange unit); a sealing partition 420 is also arranged between the first heat exchange chamber 411 and the second heat exchange chamber 412 to ensure that the fluids in the first heat exchange chamber 411 and the second heat exchange chamber 412 can only flow in their respective heat exchange chambers;

[0109] The heat medium inlet 418 is connected to the right end of the heat medium channel 413, the heat medium outlet 419 is connected to the left end of the heat medium channel 413, the first refrigerant inlet 414 is connected to the left end of the first heat exchange chamber 411, the first refrigerant outlet 415 is connected to the right end of the first heat exchange chamber 411, the second refrigerant inlet 416 is connected to the left end of the second heat exchange chamber 412, and the second refrigerant outlet 417 is connected to the right end of the second heat exchange chamber 412, so that the fluid in the heat exchange chamber and the fluid in the heat medium channel 413 are in countercurrent contact.

[0110] In order to increase the heat transfer efficiency, the heat medium channel 413 is arranged in a snake shape, bending through the two heat exchange chambers, and a number of interfering flow columns 421 are provided in both heat exchange chambers to promote more complete contact between the internal fluid and the outer wall of the heat medium channel 413.

[0111] The intake heat exchanger 41 of the above structure can realize synchronous heat exchange between hydrogen and air and the heat exchange medium.

[0112] Example 2

[0113] A method for thermal management of a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage, which uses the system of Example 1 to perform thermal management on the hydrogen fuel cell system of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, and the method comprises the following steps:

[0114] S1. Set the hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , set the air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR The thermal control submodule of the thermal management analysis control module 45 supplies hydrogen and air to the fuel cell stack 3 according to the set pressure and flow rate by controlling the first gas pressure regulating valve 12, the first air intake solenoid valve 15, the second gas pressure regulating valve 26, and the second air intake solenoid valve 27;

[0115] The first gas pressure regulating valve 12 and the first air intake solenoid valve 15 are used to realize the supply of hydrogen at a stable pressure and flow rate according to the set parameters, and the second gas pressure regulating valve 26 and the second air intake solenoid valve 27 are used to realize the supply of air at a stable pressure and flow rate according to the set parameters;

[0116] Set the heating temperature T of the hydrogen storage bottle 10 go , T go The value of is selected according to the solid hydrogen storage material used. For example, for the LaNi5 hydrogen storage alloy used in Example 1, in this embodiment, T is set go =45℃; set the flow rate of heat exchange medium output by the medium flow pump to be fixed at W;

[0117] S2, obtaining the optimal intake air temperature T through the heat analysis submodule of the heat management analysis control module 45 OPT :

[0118] S2-1. The intake air temperature analysis model obtains the following parameters: The initial temperature T of the supplied hydrogen is obtained by the first temperature sensor 13 and the first humidity sensor 14. H2-0 and initial humidity RT H2-0 The initial temperature T of the supplied air is obtained by the third temperature sensor 24 and the second humidity sensor 25. AIR-0 and initial humidity RT AIR-0 ;

[0119] S2-2. The intake air temperature analysis model uses the current intake air parameters as input to analyze and obtain the optimal intake air temperature T OPT ; Intake parameters include: hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , initial temperature T H2-0 , initial humidity RT H2-0 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR , initial temperature T AIR-0 , initial humidity RT AIR-0 ;

[0120] The analysis method of the intake air temperature analysis model is:

[0121] S2-2-1. Under the current intake pressure and intake flow rate, the intake temperature analysis model first analyzes the calculation method of the energy gain difference ΔQ according to the following steps:

[0122] The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T H2-0 , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T AIR-0 , humidity is RT AIR-0When the unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack 3, the energy Q generated by the power generation is 01 , the temperature rises to T OPT Energy required Q r ;

[0123] The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T OPT , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T OPT , humidity is RT AIR-0 When the unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack 3, the energy generated by the power generation is Q 02 ;

[0124] The energy gain difference is ΔQ, ΔQ = (Q 02 -Q 01 )-Q r ;

[0125] S2-2-12. Intake air temperature analysis model analysis obtains the intake air temperature when the value of ΔQ is maximum under the current intake air parameters. This temperature is the optimized intake air temperature T OPT , denoted as T OPT =Max(ΔQ, T); The meaning of this formula is: the value of T when the value of ΔQ is the largest is T OPT .

[0126] In this embodiment, the intake air temperature analysis model is constructed by the following method:

[0127] 1) Build a training dataset:

[0128] 1-1) Fix the following parameters: Hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR ; Then the hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system 4 is used to obtain the following data:

[0129] For a unit amount of hydrogen and air, at a fixed hydrogen humidity RT H2-s and air humidity RT AIR-s Down:

[0130] For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-s The air is obtained by passing through the first heater 42 so that both the air and the hydrogen are heated to a set temperature T S The heating energy Q required rs ,

[0131] For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-sThe basic power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell stack 3 is Q 01s ;

[0132] For the temperature T S of hydrogen and the temperature is T S The optimized power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell stack 3 is Q 02s ;

[0133] The energy gain difference is ΔQ s , ΔQ s =(Q 02s -Q 01s )-Q rs ;

[0134] 1-2) In the set range (T min -T max ), change the temperature T S The value of and take j values, recorded as T Sj , respectively, to obtain each temperature T Sj The optimal power generation energy under 02sj And the energy gain difference ΔQ sj , take the energy gain difference to get the maximum value Max-ΔQ s The temperature corresponding to the time is taken as the optimized intake temperature, denoted as T OPTs ; Among them, T min ≤T Sj ≤T max ;

[0135] RT H2-s , RT AIR-s 、T H2-s 、T AIR-s , Q rs , Q 02s 、T Sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s 、T OPTs Combined into one piece of data d;

[0136] 1-3) changing the hydrogen humidity and the air humidity, obtaining a number of training data under different hydrogen humidity and air humidity according to the same method as step 1-1) to step 1-2), combining all the training data to obtain a training data set D;

[0137] 2) Model training:

[0138] Using training data set D, with RT H2-s , RT AIR-s 、T Sj , Q rsj , Q01sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s is the input, T OPTs As the target output, the RNN recurrent neural network model is trained, and the intake air temperature analysis model is obtained after the training is completed.

[0139] Among them, T min 、T max The values ​​of and j are generally selected according to the actual situation, for example, T min =25-35℃, T max =55-80°C, j=5-100. In this embodiment, T min =40℃, T max =70℃, j=30.

[0140] In the stack 3 of the hydrogen fuel cell system, the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen is directly converted into electrical energy. Its basic working principle is: hydrogen is oxidized into hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons at the anode (positive electrode), and the electrons flow to the cathode (negative electrode) through the external circuit, while the hydrogen ions reach the cathode through the electrolyte membrane. At the cathode, hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water, while releasing electrical energy. A large amount of heat is generated during the reaction. This part of the waste heat is carried by the exhaust gas and blown away by the fuel cell fan. Generally, since the efficiency of the fuel cell is about 50%, the heat power carried by the exhaust gas is equivalent to the power of the fuel cell, which makes the heat generated by the fuel cell waste a lot.

[0141] In the stack 3 of the hydrogen fuel cell system, the temperature of the intake air will affect the efficiency of the stack 3. For example, under appropriate high temperature conditions, the fuel cell reaction rate is faster and the output power is higher. By properly heating the intake air to a certain temperature, the efficiency of the stack 3 can be effectively improved. At the same time, the humidity of the intake air will affect the performance of the proton membrane and the hydrogen permeation current, so the intake air humidity will also have a certain impact on the performance of the stack 3 (Liu Yongfeng, Wang Na. Experimental study on the effect of intake air temperature on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J]. Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering, 2016, 32(2): 5. DOI: CNKI: SUN: BJJZ.0.2016-02-009.).

[0142] The present invention can fully utilize the waste heat in the exhaust gas, and can use it to heat the intake air of the fuel cell stack 3 or can also be used to heat the hydrogen storage bottle 10 at the same time. On the one hand, the efficiency of the fuel cell stack 3 is improved by making the intake air temperature reach an appropriate value. On the other hand, by fully utilizing the waste heat, the energy consumption required for heating the hydrogen storage bottle 10 can be reduced, thereby further improving the overall efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell system.

[0143] In this invention, we first consider the two aspects of reducing energy consumption and improving the efficiency of the fuel cell stack 3, and adopt a solution based on machine learning algorithm to obtain the appropriate value of the intake air temperature. Specifically, we define the energy gain difference ΔQ to characterize the energy gain that can be brought by the optimal intake air temperature value. First, we calculate the energy Q that can be generated by a unit amount of intake air entering the fuel cell stack 3 when the intake air temperature is not adjusted. 01 Then calculate the energy Q required to adjust the temperature of the unit amount of intake air to a candidate optimal temperature value r , and calculate the energy Q that can be generated by a unit amount of intake air entering the fuel cell stack 3 at the candidate optimal temperature value 02 ,

[0144] ΔQ=(Q 02 -Q 01 )-Q r ; ΔQ represents the energy gain that can be ultimately brought by increasing the intake temperature after considering the energy required for the intake temperature increase, that is, the additional energy obtained by increasing the intake temperature. The greater the gain, the more additional energy is obtained. When the gain is the largest, that is, ΔQ is the largest, the additional energy obtained by increasing the temperature to improve the battery efficiency is the largest, and the temperature at this time can be considered as the optimal intake temperature. In this process, the present invention also takes into account the influence of intake humidity, so that the result is closer to the optimal intake temperature.

[0145] The above algorithm is a problem of continuous feedback and optimization, which is not easy to obtain using conventional calculation methods. However, a model based on a machine learning algorithm is used. In this embodiment, an RNN recurrent neural network model is used, and the model is trained using training data. Through its experience accumulation and data learning capabilities, it is able to obtain a reliable optimized intake temperature value, and control the intake temperature according to this value, which can achieve a relatively higher efficiency improvement of the fuel cell stack 3 under relatively small intake temperature heating energy consumption.

[0146] S3, the thermal control submodule uses the following steps to perform thermal management control:

[0147] S3-1, obtain the temperature of the heat exchange medium after being heated by the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40 through the fifth temperature sensor 552, and then calculate the unit time t according to the flow rate W of the heat exchange medium M The heat Q1 that can be provided by the intake heat exchanger 41 when exchanging heat with the incoming hydrogen and air;

[0148] The unit time t is calculated based on the temperature, flow rate and pressure of the hydrogen and air entering the intake heat exchanger 41. M In the inlet heat exchanger 41, both hydrogen and air are heated to the inlet temperature T OPT Required heat Q2;

[0149] According to the ideal gas state equation PV = (m / M)RT, P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, M is the molar mass of the gas, m is the mass of the gas, R is the universal constant of the gas, and T is the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. The unit time t is calculated using temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc. M The mass of gas inside, and then use the heat calculation formula Q = cm△t, c is the specific heat capacity, m is the mass, △t is the temperature difference, to calculate the heat.

[0150] S3-2, compare the values ​​of Q1 and Q2, and control according to the comparison results as follows:

[0151] S3-2-1, when Q1<Q2, control the first medium solenoid valve 553 to be fully opened and the second medium solenoid valve 554 to be closed, so that the heat exchange medium heated by the exhaust heat exchanger 40 can enter the intake heat exchanger 41, and then control the first heater 42 to work, and heat the hydrogen and air preliminarily heated by the intake heat exchanger 41 to a temperature of T OPT , and then supplied to the fuel cell stack 3;

[0152] After the heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger 41, the heat exchange medium enters the medium mixer 57, and then enters the second heater 43. The second heater 43 is controlled to work so that the heat exchange medium is heated to a temperature of T go Then it is transported to the heating jacket 44;

[0153] S3-2-2, when Q1≥Q2, record the remaining heat Q3, Q3=Q1-Q2, control the opening and closing degree of the first medium solenoid valve 553 and the second medium solenoid valve 554, so that the heat exchange medium flow rate in the first branch pipeline 550 is w1, and the heat exchange medium flow rate in the second branch pipeline 551 is w2, and the hydrogen and air are heated to a temperature of T through the intake heat exchanger 41. OPT , control the first heater 42 not to work; wherein w1 and w2 satisfy: w1+w2=W, the heat exchange medium with a flow rate of w1 in unit time t M The heat that can be provided by the intake air heat exchanger 41 is Q1;

[0154] The heat exchange medium after heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger 41 enters the medium mixer 57, mixes with the heat exchange medium directly entering the medium mixer 57 through the second branch pipe 551, and then enters the heating jacket 44 after passing through the second heater 43. The second heater 43 is controlled not to work first, and the temperature T' of the heat exchange medium entering the heating jacket 44 is detected by the fourth temperature sensor 540. go , if T' go <T go , the feedback control makes the second heater 43 work, heating the temperature of the heat exchange medium to T go , otherwise the second heater 43 is kept inoperative.

[0155] In this embodiment, the exhaust heat exchanger 40 is used to recover the heat in the exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe 31. This heat is stored by a heat exchange medium, and then the heat exchange medium is used to heat the intake air. The heat control submodule pre-evaluates this part of the heat, and if the intake air can be heated to the required temperature and there is still heat left, it is used to heat the hydrogen storage bottle 10. Specifically, the heat control submodule first estimates the maximum heat Q1 that the heat exchange medium heated by the exhaust heat exchanger 40 can provide to the intake air through the intake heat exchanger 41, and then calculates the optimal intake air temperature T required to heat the intake air. OPT The required heat Q2; then compare the size of Q1 and Q2;

[0156] When Q1<Q2, it indicates that the heat of the heat exchange medium is insufficient, and all the heat exchange medium is used to heat the intake air in the heat exchanger, and the first heater 42 is used for auxiliary heating, so that the temperature of the intake air detected by the second temperature sensor 16 reaches the optimal intake air temperature T OPT ;

[0157] When Q1≥Q2, but the heat is not enough to meet the heating requirements of the intake air and the hydrogen storage bottle 10 at the same time, a certain amount of heat exchange medium is first allocated to the intake air heat exchanger 41 to heat the intake air. This part of the heat exchange medium can just heat the intake air to the optimized intake air temperature T OPT , and the first heater 42 does not need to work at this time, and the remaining part of the heat exchange medium directly enters the medium mixer 57, which can avoid heat waste; the heat exchange medium in the medium mixer 57 is assisted by the second heater 43 to make the hydrogen storage bottle 10 reach the required temperature;

[0158] When Q1≥Q2, and the heat can meet the heating requirements of the intake air and the hydrogen storage bottle 10 at the same time, a certain amount of heat exchange medium is first allocated to the intake air heat exchanger 41 to heat the intake air. This part of the heat exchange medium can just heat the intake air to the optimized intake air temperature T OPT , and the first heater 42 does not need to work at this time, and the remaining part of the heat exchange medium directly enters the medium mixer 57, and then enters the heating sleeve 44 together with the heat exchange medium discharged from the intake heat exchanger 41 to heat the hydrogen storage bottle 10. At this time, the heat recovered in the exhaust gas is sufficient, so the second heater 43 does not need to work, and when there is excess heat, the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle 10 will be higher than the set value, which can increase the hydrogen release efficiency. Since no additional energy is required, no additional control is required, and all the remaining heat can be used to heat the hydrogen storage bottle 10.

[0159] Test Case

[0160] Test Example 1

[0161] The same system as in Example 1 is used, but the exhaust gas does not enter the exhaust gas heat exchanger 40 but is directly discharged, that is, the heat in the exhaust gas is not recovered; the intake temperature of hydrogen and air is fixedly set to 60°C, and the intake temperature is not optimized, and is only achieved by heating by the first heater 42; the first medium solenoid valve 553 is closed, and the second medium solenoid valve 554 is opened; the heating temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle 10 is set to 45°C, which is only achieved by the second heater 43.

[0162] Test Example 2

[0163] The same system as in Example 1 and the thermal management method substantially the same as in Example 2 are used, with the only difference being that the intake temperatures of hydrogen and air are fixedly set at 60°C, and no intake temperature optimization is performed; and wherein the heating temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle 10 is set at 45°C.

[0164] Test Example 3

[0165] The same system as in Example 1 is used, and thermal management is performed according to the method in Example 2, wherein the heating temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle 10 is set to 45°C.

[0166] The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system 4 of test examples 1-3 was set on the same hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, and the respective mileages were tested under the same conditions. Five groups of parallel tests were conducted for each test example, and the results were averaged.

[0167] The cruising range of test case 1 is taken as the base cruising range, and the cruising range index of test case 2 and test case 3 is calculated, and the cruising range index is defined as (cruising range / base cruising range) × 100%;

[0168] The test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0169] Table 1

[0170] Test Example 1 Test Example 2 Test Example 3 Endurance index / % 100 145 163

[0171] The test results show that by recovering heat from the exhaust gas and optimizing the intake temperature, the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell system can be improved, thereby improving its endurance.

[0172] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed as above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the specification and the implementation modes. They can be fully applied to various fields suitable for the present invention. For those familiar with the art, additional modifications can be easily implemented. Therefore, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and the scope of equivalents, the present invention is not limited to specific details.

Claims

1. A hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage, which is used to manage the heat of the hydrogen fuel cell system of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, characterized in that: The hydrogen fuel cell system includes a hydrogen supply unit, an air supply unit and a fuel cell stack; The hydrogen supply unit includes a hydrogen storage bottle filled with solid hydrogen storage material and a hydrogen delivery pipeline connecting the hydrogen storage bottle to the fuel cell stack; the air supply unit includes an air delivery pipeline connecting external air to the fuel cell stack and an air compression pump arranged on the air delivery pipeline; the hydrogen provided by the hydrogen supply unit and the oxygen provided by the air supply unit react in the fuel cell stack to generate electrical energy, and the reaction products and remaining reaction gas in the fuel cell stack are discharged from an exhaust gas exhaust pipe connected to the fuel cell stack; The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system includes an exhaust gas heat exchanger for recovering heat from exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust pipe, an intake heat exchanger and a first heater for heating hydrogen and air entering the fuel cell stack using the heat recovered by the exhaust gas heat exchanger, a second heater for heating a heat exchange medium, a heating jacket wrapped around the outside of the hydrogen storage bottle for heating the hydrogen storage bottle through a heat exchange medium, and a thermal management analysis control module for performing thermal management control.

2. The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The hydrogen delivery pipeline is provided with a first gas pressure regulating valve, a first temperature sensor, a first humidity sensor, a first air intake solenoid valve and a second temperature sensor in sequence along the air flow direction. The hydrogen discharged from the first gas pressure regulating valve passes through the air intake heat exchanger and the first heater in sequence and then passes through the first air intake solenoid valve to enter the fuel cell stack. The second temperature sensor is located between the first air intake solenoid valve and the fuel cell stack to measure the temperature of the hydrogen entering the fuel cell stack. An air filter, an air compression pump, a third temperature sensor, a second humidity sensor, a second gas pressure regulating valve and a second air intake solenoid valve are sequentially arranged along the air delivery pipeline in the direction of air flow. The air discharged from the second gas pressure regulating valve passes through the air intake heat exchanger, the first heater and then passes through the second air intake solenoid valve to enter the fuel cell stack.

3. The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The heating jacket is provided with a heat exchange medium inlet and a heat exchange medium outlet, the heat exchange medium outlet is provided with a first medium delivery pipeline connected to the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, the heat exchange medium inlet is connected with a second medium delivery pipeline, and the second medium delivery pipeline is sequentially provided with a medium mixer and a second heater along the medium flow direction; A third medium delivery pipeline is provided at the refrigerant outlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and a first branch pipeline and a second branch pipeline are connected in parallel at the end of the third medium delivery pipeline; The first branch pipeline is connected to the heat medium inlet of the intake heat exchanger, and the heat medium outlet of the intake heat exchanger is connected to the first inlet end of the medium mixer through a fourth medium delivery pipeline; The end of the second branch pipeline is connected to the second inlet end of the medium mixer, and the outlet end of the medium mixer is connected to the second heater through the second medium delivery pipeline.

4. The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The first medium delivery pipeline is also provided with a medium buffer tank, a medium pump and a medium flow valve; A fourth temperature sensor is provided on the second medium delivery pipeline between the second heater and the heat exchange medium inlet of the heating jacket; The third medium delivery pipeline is provided with a fifth temperature sensor, the first branch pipeline is provided with a first medium solenoid valve, and the second branch pipeline is provided with a second medium solenoid valve.

5. The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The heat management analysis control module is in communication connection with the medium pump, the medium flow valve, the air compression pump, the first gas pressure stabilizing valve, the second gas pressure stabilizing valve, the first heater, the second heater, the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor, the third temperature sensor, the fourth temperature sensor, the fifth temperature sensor, the first humidity sensor, the second humidity sensor, the first air intake solenoid valve, the second air intake solenoid valve, the first medium solenoid valve, and the second medium solenoid valve; The heat management analysis and control module includes a heat analysis submodule and a heat control submodule.

6. The hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The exhaust gas discharge pipe is connected to the heat medium inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and the exhaust gas after heat exchange and temperature reduction is discharged from the heat medium outlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger; the medium transported in the first medium transport pipeline enters the refrigerant inlet of the exhaust gas heat exchanger, and enters the third medium transport pipeline through the refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature increase; The intake heat exchanger has two heat exchange units: a first heat exchange unit and a second heat exchange unit. The intake heat exchanger can heat air and hydrogen simultaneously through a single heat medium. The first heat exchange unit has a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet. The second heat exchange unit has a second refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet. The heat exchange medium entering the intake heat exchanger realizes heat exchange in the first heat exchange unit and the second heat exchange unit simultaneously. The heat exchange medium transported by the first branch pipeline enters the heat medium inlet of the intake heat exchanger after passing through the first medium solenoid valve, is discharged through the heat medium outlet after heat exchange and cooling, and then enters the first inlet end of the medium mixer through the fourth medium transport pipeline; the heat exchange medium transported by the second branch pipeline enters the second inlet end of the medium mixer after passing through the second medium solenoid valve, and the heat exchange medium in the medium mixer enters the heating jacket after passing through the second heater; The hydrogen transported by the hydrogen transport pipeline enters the air intake heat exchanger through the first refrigerant inlet, is discharged from the first refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature rises, and then enters the first heater; The air transported by the air transport pipeline enters the air intake heat exchanger through the second refrigerant inlet, is discharged from the second refrigerant outlet after heat exchange and temperature rises, and then enters the first heater.

7. A thermal management method for a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage, characterized in that: The method adopts the system as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 to perform heat management on the hydrogen fuel cell system of the hydrogen-powered electric bicycle, and the method comprises the following steps: S1. Set the hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , set the air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR The thermal control submodule of the thermal management analysis control module supplies hydrogen and air to the fuel cell stack according to the set pressure and flow rate by controlling the first gas pressure regulating valve, the first air intake solenoid valve, the second gas pressure regulating valve, and the second air intake solenoid valve; Set the heating temperature T of the hydrogen storage bottle go , set the flow rate of the heat exchange medium output by the medium flow pump to be fixed at W; S2, analyzing and obtaining the optimized intake air temperature T through the heat analysis submodule of the heat management analysis control module OPT ; S3, the thermal control submodule performs thermal management control by the following steps: S3-1, obtain the temperature of the heat exchange medium after being heated by the exhaust gas heat exchanger through the fifth temperature sensor, and then calculate the unit time t according to the flow rate W of the heat exchange medium M The heat Q1 that can be provided by the intake heat exchanger when exchanging heat with the incoming hydrogen and air; The unit time t is calculated based on the temperature, flow rate and pressure of the hydrogen and air entering the intake heat exchanger. M In the inlet heat exchanger, both hydrogen and air are heated to the inlet temperature T OPT Required heat Q2; S3-2, compare the values ​​of Q1 and Q2, and control according to the comparison results as follows: S3-2-1, when Q1<Q2, control the first medium solenoid valve to be fully opened and the second medium solenoid valve to be closed, so that the heat exchange medium heated by the exhaust heat exchanger can all enter the intake heat exchanger, and then control the first heater to work, and reheat the hydrogen and air preliminarily heated by the intake heat exchanger to a temperature of T OPT , and then supplied to the fuel cell stack; After the heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger, the heat exchange medium enters the medium mixer and then enters the second heater. The second heater is controlled to work and heat the heat exchange medium to a temperature of T go Then transport it to the heating jacket; S3-2-2, when Q1≥Q2, record the residual heat Q3, Q3=Q1-Q2, control the opening and closing degree of the first medium solenoid valve and the second medium solenoid valve, so that the heat exchange medium flow in the first branch pipeline is w1, and the heat exchange medium flow in the second branch pipeline is w2, and the hydrogen and air are heated to a temperature of T through the intake heat exchanger. OPT , control the first heater not to work; wherein w1 and w2 satisfy: w1+w2=W, the heat exchange medium with a flow rate of w1 in unit time t M The heat that can be provided by the intake air heat exchanger is Q1; The heat exchange medium after heat exchange in the intake heat exchanger enters the medium mixer, mixes with the heat exchange medium directly entering the medium mixer through the second branch pipeline, and then enters the heating jacket after passing through the second heater. The second heater is controlled not to work first, and the temperature T' of the heat exchange medium entering the heating jacket is detected by the fourth temperature sensor. go , if T' go <T go , the feedback control makes the second heater work and heats the temperature of the heat exchange medium to T go , otherwise keep the second heater inoperative.

8. The thermal management method of a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 7, characterized in that: Step S2 is specifically as follows: S2-1, the intake air temperature analysis model obtains the following parameters: the initial temperature T of the supplied hydrogen obtained by the first temperature sensor and the first humidity sensor H2-0 and initial humidity RT H2-0 The initial temperature T of the supplied air is obtained by the third temperature sensor and the second humidity sensor. AIR-0 and initial humidity RT AIR-0 ; S2-2. The intake air temperature analysis model uses the current intake air parameters as input to analyze and obtain the optimal intake air temperature T OPT ; Intake parameters include: hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , initial temperature T H2-0 , initial humidity RT H2-0 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR , initial temperature T AIR-0 , initial humidity RT AIR-0 ; The analysis method of the intake air temperature analysis model is: S2-2-1. Under the current intake pressure and intake flow rate, the intake temperature analysis model first analyzes and obtains the calculation method of the energy gain difference ΔQ according to the following steps: The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T H2-0 , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T AIR-0 , humidity is RT AIR-0 When a unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack, the energy Q generated is 01 , the temperature rises to T OPT Energy required Q r ; The temperature for analyzing hydrogen is T OPT , humidity is RT H2-0 , the air temperature is T OPT , humidity is RT AIR-0 When the unit amount of hydrogen and air enters the fuel cell stack, the energy generated is Q 02 ; The energy gain difference is recorded as ΔQ, ΔQ = (Q 02 -Q 01 )-Q r ; S2-2-12. The intake air temperature analysis model analyzes and obtains the intake air temperature when the value of ΔQ is maximized under the current intake air parameters. This temperature is the optimized intake air temperature T OPT .

9. The thermal management method of a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 8, characterized in that: The intake air temperature analysis model is constructed by the following method: 1) Construct training data set D: 1-1) Fix the following parameters: Hydrogen supply pressure P H2 , gas flow rate q H2 , air supply pressure P AIR , gas flow rate q AIR ; Then the hydrogen fuel cell thermal management system is used to obtain the following data: For a unit amount of hydrogen and air, at a fixed hydrogen humidity RT H2-s and air humidity RT AIR-s Down: For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-s The air is passed through the first heater to heat the air and hydrogen to a set temperature T S The heating energy Q required rs , For the temperature T H2-s of hydrogen and the temperature is T AIR-s The basic power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell is Q 01s ; For the temperature T S of hydrogen and the temperature is T S The optimized power generation energy generated by the air entering the fuel cell is Q 02s ; The energy gain difference is ΔQ s , ΔQ s =(Q 02s -Q 01s )-Q rs ; 1-2) In the set range (T min -T max ), change the temperature T S The value of and take j values, recorded as T Sj , respectively, to obtain each temperature T Sj The optimal power generation energy under 02sj And the energy gain difference ΔQ sj , take the energy gain difference to get the maximum value Max-ΔQ s The temperature corresponding to the time is taken as the optimized intake temperature, denoted as T OPTs ; Among them, T min ≤T Sj ≤T max ; RT H2-s , RT AIR-s , T H2-s , T AIR-s , Q rs , Q 02s , T Sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s , T OPTs Combine into one piece of data d; 1-3) changing the hydrogen humidity and the air humidity, obtaining a number of training data under different hydrogen humidity and air humidity according to the same method as step 1-1) to step 1-2), combining all the training data to obtain a training data set D; 2) Model training: Using training data set D, with RT H2-s , RT AIR-s 、T Sj , Q rsj , Q 01sj , Q 02sj , ΔQ sj 、Max-ΔQ s is the input, T OPTs As the target output, the RNN recurrent neural network model is trained, and the intake air temperature analysis model is obtained after the training is completed.

10. The thermal management method of a hydrogen fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle using solid-state hydrogen storage according to claim 9, characterized in that: in, T min =25-35℃,T max =55-80℃,j=5-100。

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