Large-size rock test piece on-site preparation device and method

Abstract

The invention provides a large-size rock test piece on-site preparation device and method.The device comprises two force transmission columns arranged in parallel, one ends of the force transmission columns are fixedly connected with a clamping mechanism, the other ends of the force transmission columns are fixedly connected with a cross beam, the clamping mechanism is used for fixing the force transmission columns, and a cutting mechanism is installed at the end close to the clamping mechanism; two winding mechanisms are fixedly mounted in the length direction of the cross beam; each cutting mechanism comprises two positioning wheels, two guide wheels and a guide plate, and carborundum wires are wound on the guide wheels and the positioning wheels and are driven to move back and forth to cut a rock mass; and the wire winding mechanism is used for driving the guide wheel to slide on the guide plate along the gear groove and driving the carborundum wire to move on the surface of the rock mass so as to cut the rock mass. According to the invention, the on-site sampling success rate is improved, the labor intensity of operators is reduced, the damage of vibration in the operation process to the internal structure of the rock test piece is reduced, and the rock test result is closer to the actual condition of the rock mass.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of rock mechanics testing, and in particular to an on-site preparation device and method for large-size rock specimens. Background Art

[0002] The research object of rock mechanics test is rock specimens, and the size of rock specimens is limited by the existing rock mechanics test equipment. At present, rock specimens sampled at home and abroad are generally obtained on-site using The complete rock core drilled by the geological drill bit is selected and shaped by secondary grinding and polishing in the room. The processed rock specimen is generally a cylinder with a specimen radius of about 40mm and a height of about 150mm. Due to the small size of the core, it generally does not contain or still has a small amount of joints and cracks, which is inconsistent with the actual situation of the rock mass, and the test results cannot truly reflect the mechanical properties of the rock mass. Therefore, conducting large-scale rock mechanics tests is an inevitable requirement for the development of rock mechanics tests. To carry out large-scale rock mechanics tests, two key issues must be solved: one is the rock mechanics test equipment, and the other is how to obtain large-scale rock specimens on site. For the first problem, with the rapid development of science and technology today, rock mechanics equipment of different specifications and models have been developed at home and abroad. The specimen size can reach 500mm×500mm×1500mm, and the test pressure can reach 3000 tons. Typical equipment includes the MTS rock mechanics test equipment produced in the United States and the Changjiang 3000 large rock hydraulic coupling multifunctional test system produced in China with independent intellectual property rights. As for the second key issue, currently the main sampling method in China is manual sampling, which involves drilling holes continuously on the top, bottom, left and right sides of the specimen to form four cuts to obtain large-sized rock specimens. This method has low sampling efficiency, the drilling direction is not easy to control, the success rate is low, the surface of the rock sample is uneven, and secondary processing is required. In addition, the strong vibration generated by a large number of drillings causes certain damage to the internal structure of the rock specimen, resulting in new microcracks, which affects the test results. Summary of the invention

[0003] In view of the difficulties in taking large rock samples at present, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an on-site preparation device and method for large-size rock specimens, which can replace most of the manpower with machinery, reduce labor costs, and have high sampling efficiency and success rate. After sampling, the surface of the specimen is smooth and flat, and no secondary processing is required. Most importantly, the vibration during the sampling process causes little damage to the internal structure of the specimen, and the test results can truly reflect the mechanical properties of the rock mass.

[0004] The present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0005] A large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device comprises two parallel force transmission columns, one end of the force transmission column is connected and fixed with a clamping mechanism, and the other end is connected and fixed with a cross beam, the clamping mechanism is used to fix the force transmission column, a cutting mechanism is installed at one end close to the clamping mechanism, and two winding mechanisms are installed and fixed along the length direction of the cross beam; each cutting mechanism comprises two positioning wheels, two guide wheels and a guide plate, the positioning wheel is fixed at one end of the guide plate, the guide wheel is installed in a gear groove of the guide plate, one end of the guide plate where the positioning wheel is installed is close to the clamping mechanism, a corundum wire is wound on the guide wheel and the positioning wheel, driving the corundum wire to move back and forth to cut the rock mass; the winding mechanism is used to adjust the tightness of the corundum wire, driving the guide wheel to slide along the gear groove on the guide plate, driving the corundum wire to move on the surface of the rock mass to achieve cutting of the rock mass.

[0006] Furthermore, the clamping mechanism includes a clamping plate, a pressure plate, a fixed plate, a transmission block, a tension spring and a sleeve hole. The sleeve hole is formed by drilling a hole in the rock mass using a drilling rig. A force transmission column equipped with a clamping mechanism and a cutting mechanism in the rock specimen preparation device is placed in the sleeve hole; the pressure plate contacts the bottom of the sleeve hole, the fixed plate is connected to the end of the force transmission column, the shaft at the bottom of the transmission block is clamped in a groove in the fixed plate, the top of the transmission block is connected to the pressure plate through an axle pin, the pressure plate is connected to the fixed plate through four spring shafts, the bottom shaft of the clamping plate is fixed in a hole reserved on the fixed plate, one end of the tension spring is connected to the axle pin at the top of the clamping plate, and the other end is hooked on the horizontal axis on the side of the pressure plate.

[0007] Furthermore, the two ends of the beam are each equipped with a winding mechanism, which reels in the wire on one side while unwinding the wire on the other side; the winding mechanism includes a winding wheel, a fixed wheel, and an electric hydraulic pump. The fixed wheel is fixed to the end of the beam, the winding wheel is connected to the fixed wheel, and is driven to rotate by the electric hydraulic pump, and the emery wire is wound on the winding wheel.

[0008] A method for on-site preparation of large-size rock specimens, which is carried out using the above-mentioned device, comprises the following steps:

[0009] Step 1, assemble the various components: assemble the clamping mechanism, cutting mechanism and winding mechanism, wind the emery wire on the winding wheel, and process the crossbeam and force transmission column as required;

[0010] Step 2, point selection: Based on the traditional method of making large-size rock specimens, select the corner of the main hole or slope, and determine the boundary line of the rock specimen according to the size of the rock specimen;

[0011] Step 3, arranging drilling holes: before cutting the rock specimen, arranging drilling holes on one exposed surface of the corner, and arranging two drilling holes on the other exposed surface of the corner;

[0012] Step 4, drilling: The holes are serial holes, which are composed of holes drilled by 2 drill bits. The depth of the holes is determined according to the size of the cut sample. After all the holes are completed, rinse them with clean water;

[0013] Step 5, assembling the rock specimen preparation device: assembling the large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device according to the hole spacing and hole depth, measuring the hole spacing and hole depth, determining the length of the force transfer column and the distance between the two force transfer columns according to the hole spacing and depth, and then determining the installation positions of the two force transfer columns on the beam, and finally installing the clamping mechanism, cutting mechanism, winding mechanism and emery wire in sequence;

[0014] Step 6, fix the device: adjust the clamping mechanism to be in a closed state, send the device into the hole, adjust the tightness of the emery wire to make the emery wire in close contact with the rock surface, press the device down hard to make the clamping mechanism in an open clamping state, and fix the device;

[0015] Step 7: The winding mechanism is connected to the power supply, and the electric hydraulic pump is started to drive the guide wheel on the cutting mechanism to rotate and gradually move toward the deep part of the rock mass, further driving the emery wire to rub back and forth on the surface of the rock mass at high speed to cut the rock mass;

[0016] Step 8. After the cutting is completed, hold the force transmission column and press it down hard. The clamping mechanism returns to the initial state, that is, the closed state. Take the device out of the sleeve hole and cut other surfaces in the same way until the cutting of the four surfaces is completed.

[0017] Step 9: Move the device to the other side of the corner and cut it in the same way as above. In this way, the cutting of the five sides of the entire specimen is completed.

[0018] The present invention only requires a small amount of drilling, and uses the torque of an electric hydraulic pump to control the tightness of the corundum wire. The corundum wire moves back and forth on the rock mass at high speed to cut the rock mass, and drives the guide wheel of the cutting mechanism to move deep into the rock mass. The device breaks through the limitations of traditional on-site preparation of large-sized rock specimens, and its advantages are reflected in the following aspects:

[0019] (1) The labor intensity of the staff is reduced; (2) The work efficiency is improved. According to calculations, in the conventional method, it takes about 4 days for two skilled workers to take a rock specimen. With this device, it only takes about 1.5 days for two skilled workers to take the same rock specimen; (3) The surface of the rock specimen is smooth and flat, and no secondary processing is required; (4) The rock is less damaged. During the sample preparation process, the vibration generated has little damage to the inside of the rock specimen, and the test results can more truly reflect the mechanical properties of the rock mass itself; (5) The production success rate is high. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of a large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the clamping mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the cutting mechanism structure of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of a wire take-up mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the pilot site of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of the holes in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] In the figure: 1-clamping mechanism; 2-winding mechanism; 3-guide wheel; 4-emery wire; 5-fixed plate; 6-pressure plate; 7-clamping plate; 8-winding wheel; 9-fixed wheel; 10-transmission block; 11-force transmission column; 12-crossbeam; 13-guide plate; 14-positioning wheel; 15-hydraulic electric pump; 16-tension spring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the present invention.

[0028] See also Figures 1 to 5 An embodiment of the present invention provides an on-site preparation device for large-size rock specimens, which is a symmetrical square frame structure, including a clamping mechanism 1, a guide wheel 3, a positioning wheel 1, a guide plate 13, a winding mechanism 2, a crossbeam 12, a corundum wire 4 and a force transmission column 11.

[0029] There are two clamping mechanisms 1, each of which includes a clamping plate 7, a pressure plate 6, a fixing plate 5, a transmission block 10, a tension spring 16 and a sleeve hole. The two clamping mechanisms 1 are respectively fixed to the ends of the force transmission column 11. The force transmission column 11 with the clamping mechanism 1 and the cutting mechanism is sent into a borehole (referred to as a sleeve hole) that is previously drilled in the rock mass by a drilling rig according to sampling requirements. The casing hole is generally composed of more than two drill holes, which partially overlap each other. The casing hole depth should be greater than the size of the rock specimen. The pressure plate 6 of the clamping mechanism is in contact with the bottom of the casing hole. The fixed plate 5 is connected to the end of the force transmission column 11 by screws. The shaft at the bottom of the transmission block 10 is inserted into the groove in the fixed plate 5. The top of the transmission block 10 is connected to the pressure plate 6 by an axle pin. The pressure plate 6 is connected to the fixed plate 5 through four spring shafts. The bottom shaft of the clamping plate 7 is fixed in the hole reserved on the fixed plate 5. One end of the tension spring 16 is connected to the axle pin at the top of the clamping plate 7, and the other end is hooked on the horizontal axis on the side of the pressure plate 6.

[0030] The working principle of the clamping mechanism 1 is as follows: when the pressure plate 6 contacts and presses the bottom of the sleeve hole, the pressure plate 6 moves to the left, driving the transmission block 10 to move to the left as well, and the shaft on the transmission block 10 moves with the groove in the fixed plate 5; at the same time, a tension spring 16 fixed at one end to the pressure plate 6 and at the other end to the clamping plate 7 drives the clamping plate 7 to open outward, and the clamping plate 7 is in close contact with the sleeve hole wall, that is, it is in a clamping state; press the pressure plate 6 hard again, and the shaft on the transmission block 10 will return to the initial position with the groove in the fixed plate 5, and the clamping plate 7 will be separated from the sleeve hole wall, that is, it will return to a closed state.

[0031] like Figure 4 As shown, the positioning wheel 14, the guide plate 13, and the guide wheel 3 constitute a cutting mechanism. A gear groove is provided inside the guide plate 13, the positioning wheel 14 is fixed at one end of the guide plate 13, and the guide wheel 3 is installed in the gear groove of the guide plate 13. The cutting mechanism is fixed on the force transmission column 11, and one end of the positioning wheel 14 is installed close to the clamping mechanism 1. During cutting, the winding mechanism tightens the emery wire 4, and the winding end of the emery wire 4 moves to the right. At this time, the cutting surface of the sand wire contacts the surface of the sample to cut the sample; at the same time, the guide wheel 3 will follow the position of the cutting surface of the sand wire and move along the direction of the upper positioning wheel 14 of the guide plate 13 to achieve cutting of rock masses at different depths.

[0032] There are two winding mechanisms 2, one for winding the wire while the other for releasing the wire. The fixed wheel 9 is fixed to the end of the crossbeam 12, the winding wheel 8 is connected to the fixed wheel 9, and is driven to rotate by the electric hydraulic pump 15, and the emery wire 4 is wound on the winding wheel 8. When winding and releasing the wire, the guide block fixed on the winding wheel 8 will move with the threaded groove on the fixed wheel 9, thereby driving the winding wheel 8 to move left and right to make the winding more uniform; a ratchet device and a clamping spring are provided on the other side of the winding wheel 8, and the clamping spring clamps the inclined surface block, so that the rotating shaft can drive the winding wheel to rotate clockwise. When the rotating shaft needs to be released, the inclined surface of the inclined surface block contacts the rotating shaft, and the winding wheel 8 can be rotated in the counterclockwise direction to realize the release function.

[0033] like Figure 2 As shown, each winding mechanism includes a winding wheel 8, a fixed wheel 9, and an electric hydraulic pump 15. The winding mechanism 2 is fixed at appropriate positions at the two ends of the crossbeam 12, and can be adjusted according to the size of the specimen. Its main function is to provide power for the entire device, so that the emery wire 4 moves back and forth at high speed to cut the rock, and the torque of the winding wheel 8 is used to control the tightness of the emery wire 4.

[0034] There are two force transmission columns 11. The force transmission columns 11 are steel sections and are flat. One end of each force transmission column 11 is connected and fixed to the clamping mechanism 1, and the other end is connected and fixed to the crossbeam 12. The cutting mechanism is installed at the end close to the clamping mechanism 1, and the end where the positioning wheel 14 is installed is close to the clamping mechanism 1.

[0035] The number of the cross beam 12 is one. The cross beam 12 is a steel section and is flat. The cross beam 12 is connected and fixed to the exposed ends of the two force transmission columns 116. The winding mechanism 2 is symmetrically installed at both ends of the cross beam 12.

[0036] The emery wire 4 is hinged by one or more abrasive wires. The winding path of the emery wire is: winding wheel 8-small hole of beam 12-positioning wheel 14-guide wheel 3-rock surface-opposite guide wheel 3-opposite positioning wheel 14-small hole of beam 12-opposite winding wheel 8. Specifically, one end of the emery wire 4 is fixed and wound on a wire-receiving mechanism, and the other end of the emery wire 4 passes through the small hole of beam 12, passes through two positioning wheels 14 along the guide plate 13 of one of the cutting mechanisms, and then returns along the guide plate 13 to pass through the guide wheel 3, and then goes to another cutting mechanism along the length direction of beam 12. Similarly, after the emery wire 4 passes through the guide wheel 3 of the guide plate 13 of the cutting mechanism, it returns to the wire-receiving wheel of another wire-receiving mechanism along the direction of the guide plate 13 through the positioning wheel 14 on the guide plate 13, and is fixed on the wire-receiving wheel.

[0037] The present invention provides a method for on-site preparation of large-size rock specimens, which is carried out using the above-mentioned device. The method comprises the following steps:

[0038] Step 1: Assemble various components, such as the clamping mechanism 1, the winding mechanism 2, wind the emery wire on the winding wheel 8, and process the crossbeam 12 and the force transmission column 11;

[0039] Step 2: Select the point. Based on the traditional method of making large-size rock specimens, select the corner of the main hole or slope, and determine the boundary line of the rock specimen according to the size of the rock specimen;

[0040] Step 3: Drilling arrangement. Before cutting the rock specimen, drill holes are arranged on an exposed surface at the corner. The drilling arrangement diagram is shown in Figure 5 , two drill holes are arranged on the other exposed surface of the corner;

[0041] Step 4: Drill holes. The holes are linked together, such as Figure 6 As shown, two The drill bit is used to drill holes (referred to as holes), and the depth of the holes is determined according to the size of the cut sample. After all holes are drilled, rinse them with clean water;

[0042] Step 5: Assemble the rock specimen preparation device. According to the hole spacing and hole depth, assemble the large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device. To explain in more detail how to assemble, take the upper surface of the rock specimen cutting as an example, measure the hole spacing and hole depth of 1# and 2#, determine the length of the force transfer column 11 and the distance between the two force transfer columns 11 according to the hole spacing and depth, and then determine the installation position of the two force transfer columns 11 on the beam 12, and finally install the clamping mechanism 1, cutting mechanism, winding mechanism 2 and emery wire 4 in sequence;

[0043] Step 6: Fix the device. Adjust the clamping mechanism 1 to be in a closed state. Send the device into the hole, adjust the tightness of the emery wire, and make the emery wire in close contact with the surface of the rock mass. Press the device downward with force, and the pressure plate 6 in the clamping mechanism 1 contacts the bottom of the hole. The pressure plate 6 moves to the left, driving the transmission block 10 to move to the left. The shaft on the transmission block 10 will move to a certain position along the groove in the guide plate. At the same time, the tension spring 16, one end of which is fixed to the pressure plate 6 and the other end is fixed to the clamping plate 7, will also drive the clamping plate 7 to open outward. That is, when the shaft on the transmission block 10 is in the same position, the clamping mechanism 1 is in a clamping state, and the device is fixed;

[0044] Step 7: The winding mechanism is connected to a power source, and the electric hydraulic pump 15 is started to drive the guide wheel 3 on the cutting mechanism to rotate and gradually move toward the deep part of the rock mass, and further drive the emery wire 4 to rub back and forth on the surface of the rock mass at high speed to cut the rock mass;

[0045] Step 8: After the cutting is completed, hold the force transmission column 11 and press it down hard, the clamping mechanism 1 returns to the initial state, that is, the closed state, and remove the device from the sleeve hole. Then cut the other side in the same way until the cutting of the four sides is completed.

[0046] Step 9: Move the device to the other side of the corner and cut it in the same way as above. In this way, the cutting of the five sides of the entire specimen is completed.

[0047] The present invention breaks through the limitations of conventional large-scale rock sampling, such as being time-consuming and labor-intensive. The use of this device not only improves the work efficiency and success rate of large-scale rock sampling and reduces labor costs, but also solves the problems of uneven surface of large-scale rock samples and damage to the internal structure of the rock mass during the sampling process. The test results can truly reflect the mechanical properties of the rock mass.

[0048] The contents not described in detail in this specification belong to the prior art known to professional and technical personnel in this field.

[0049] The present invention drives the emery wire 4 to rub back and forth on the surface of the rock mass by the hydraulic electric pump 15 to achieve rock cutting, thereby improving the success rate of on-site sampling, reducing the labor intensity of operators, achieving one-time molding without the need for secondary processing, and reducing the damage of the vibration during the operation to the internal structure of the rock specimen, so that the rock test results are closer to the actual situation of the rock mass.

[0050] The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device, characterized by: The invention comprises two force transmission columns (11) arranged in parallel, one end of the force transmission column (11) is connected and fixed to a clamping mechanism (1), and the other end is connected and fixed to a crossbeam (12), the clamping mechanism (1) is used to fix the force transmission column (11), a cutting mechanism is installed at one end close to the clamping mechanism (1), and two winding mechanisms are installed and fixed along the length direction of the crossbeam; each cutting mechanism comprises two positioning wheels (14), two guide wheels (3) and a guide plate (13), the positioning wheel (14) is fixed to the guide plate (13) At one end, the guide wheel (3) is installed in the gear groove of the guide plate (13); one end of the positioning wheel (14) installed on the guide plate (13) is close to the clamping mechanism (1); the emery wire (4) is wound on the guide wheel (3) and the positioning wheel (14), driving the emery wire (4) to move back and forth to cut the rock mass; the winding mechanism is used to adjust the tightness of the emery wire (4), drive the guide wheel (3) to slide along the gear groove on the guide plate (13), drive the emery wire (4) to move on the surface of the rock mass to achieve cutting of the rock mass.

2. The large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The clamping mechanism (1) comprises a clamping plate (7), a pressing plate (6), a fixing plate (5), a transmission block (10), a tension spring (16) and a sleeve hole. The sleeve hole is formed by drilling a hole in a rock mass using a drilling rig. A force transmission column (11) having a clamping mechanism (1) and a cutting mechanism installed in a rock specimen preparation device is placed in the sleeve hole. The pressing plate (6) contacts the bottom of the sleeve hole, the fixing plate (5) is connected to the end of the force transmission column (11), the shaft at the bottom of the transmission block (10) is clamped into a groove in the fixing plate (5), the top of the transmission block (10) is connected to the pressing plate (6) via an axis pin, the pressing plate (6) is connected to the fixing plate (5) via four spring axes, the bottom axis of the clamping plate (7) is fixed in a hole reserved on the fixing plate (5), one end of the tension spring (16) is connected to the axis pin at the top of the clamping plate (7), and the other end is hooked on the horizontal axis on the side of the clamping plate (6).

3. The large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The two ends of the cross beam (12) are each equipped with a winding mechanism, which reels in the wire on one side while unwinding the wire on the other side; the winding mechanism comprises a winding wheel (8), a fixed wheel (9), and an electric hydraulic pump (15). The fixed wheel (9) is fixed to the end of the cross beam (12), the winding wheel (8) is connected to the fixed wheel (9), and is driven to rotate by the electric hydraulic pump (15), and the emery wire (4) is wound on the winding wheel (8).

4. A method for preparing large-size rock specimens on site, characterized in that The method is carried out using the device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, and comprises the following steps: Step 1, assembling the various components: assembling the clamping mechanism (1), the cutting mechanism and the winding mechanism, winding the emery wire on the winding wheel (8), and processing the crossbeam (12) and the force transmission column (11) as required; Step 2, point selection: Based on the traditional method of making large-size rock specimens, select the corner of the main hole or slope, and determine the boundary line of the rock specimen according to the size of the rock specimen; Step 3, arranging drilling holes: before cutting the rock specimen, arranging drilling holes on one exposed surface of the corner, and arranging two drilling holes on the other exposed surface of the corner; Step 4, drilling: The holes are serial holes, which are composed of holes drilled by 2 drill bits. The depth of the holes is determined according to the size of the cut sample. After all the holes are completed, rinse them with clean water; Step 5, assembling the rock specimen preparation device: assembling the large-size rock specimen on-site preparation device according to the hole spacing and hole depth, measuring the hole spacing and hole depth, determining the length of the force transmission column (11) and the distance between the two force transmission columns (11) according to the hole spacing and depth, and then determining the installation positions of the two force transmission columns (11) on the crossbeam (12), and finally installing the clamping mechanism (1), the cutting mechanism, the winding mechanism and the emery wire (4) in sequence; Step 6, fixing the device: adjust the clamping mechanism (1) to be in a closed state, insert the device into the hole, adjust the tightness of the emery wire to make the emery wire closely contact with the rock surface, press the device downward with force to make the clamping mechanism (1) in an open clamping state, and fix the device; Step 7: The winding mechanism is connected to a power source, and the electric hydraulic pump (15) is started to drive the guide wheel (3) on the cutting mechanism to rotate and gradually move toward the deep part of the rock mass, further driving the emery wire (4) to rub back and forth on the surface of the rock mass at high speed to cut the rock mass; Step 8: After the cutting is completed, hold the force transmission column (11) and press it downwards with force, so that the clamping mechanism (1) returns to the initial state, i.e. the closed state, and remove the device from the sleeve hole. Then, cut the other surfaces in the same way until the cutting of the four surfaces is completed. Step 9: Move the device to the other side of the corner and cut it in the same way as above. In this way, the cutting of the five sides of the entire specimen is completed.

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