Controllable injection molding equipment for PVC pipe production and processing

Abstract

The controllable injection molding equipment for PVC pipe production and processing comprises a base, a top plate is arranged above the base, four sets of supporting rods are fixedly connected between the top plate and the base, a movable plate is movably connected between the supporting rods, and an air cylinder and an injection molding box are arranged on the outer surface of the upper end of the top plate; the output end of the cylinder penetrates through the top plate and is fixedly connected with the moving plate; in the process that the movable plate is repeatedly pushed and pulled, the screw rotates forwards and backwards, and under common transmission of the first tooth conveying belt, the first driving wheel and the first transmission wheel, the multiple sets of center rods rotate forwards and backwards at the same time, adhesion of the center rods and injection molding liquid is prevented, and the stripping difficulty of the center rods and pipes is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of pipe injection molding, and in particular to a controllable injection molding device for producing and processing PVC pipes. Background Art

[0002] Injection molding is a method of producing industrial products, usually using rubber injection molding and plastic injection molding. Injection molding can also be divided into injection molding and die casting. The injection molding machine is referred to as an injection machine or injection molding machine. It is the main molding equipment for thermoplastics or thermosetting plastics using plastic molding molds to make plastic products of various shapes. Injection molding is achieved through injection molding machines and molds.

[0003] A Chinese patent (publication number: CN213137564U) discloses a PVC pipe injection molding device, which is provided with an upper injection molding cavity, a lower injection molding cavity and a smooth straight pipe, the smooth straight pipe is passed into the interior of the through hole, and passes through the notch to reach the interior of the lower injection molding cavity, the upper injection molding cavity and the lower injection molding cavity are fitted together, and the injection liquid enters the interior of the injection molding channel through the shunt pipe and reaches the upper injection molding cavity, so as to realize the injection molding of the pipe body and rapid molding;

[0004] However, although the above patent content can realize automatic control of the injection volume of the injection liquid and realize the injection molding and rapid molding of the pipe body, it cannot quickly cool the PVC, which may easily cause the PVC pipe head to be in the injection mold for a long time and greatly reduce the production efficiency of the PVC pipe. At the same time, it also cannot ensure the uniform distribution of the injection liquid inside the mold. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art and to provide a controllable injection molding device for the production and processing of PVC pipes.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a controllable injection molding device for producing and processing PVC pipes, comprising a base, a top plate is arranged above the base, and four groups of support rods are fixedly connected between the top plate and the base, a movable plate is movably connected between the support rods, a cylinder and an injection molding box are arranged on the upper outer surface of the top plate, and the output end of the cylinder passes through the top plate and is fixedly connected to the movable plate, an upper mold seat is arranged below the movable plate, and a support seat is arranged on the upper outer surface of the base, and a lower mold seat is fixedly connected to the upper outer surface of the support seat;

[0007] The output pipe of the injection molding box passes through the movable plate and communicates with the upper mold base, and the upper end outer surface of the lower mold base is provided with a plurality of forming cavities, and a through hole is provided at a position corresponding to the molding cavity on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold base, and a center rod is provided inside each group of through holes, and a movable plate is provided between the plurality of groups of the center rods;

[0008] An electric push rod is provided on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold base, one end of the electric push rod is fixedly connected to the movable plate, the movable plate, a driving mechanism for assisting the center rod in quickly removing the material is provided between the movable plate and the center rod, and a heat dissipation mechanism for accelerating the forming of the pipe is provided between the movable plate and the support seat.

[0009] Furthermore, the driving mechanism includes a screw, a transmission wheel and a driving wheel; a screw is rotatably connected to the outer surface of one side of the movable plate, and one end of the screw passes through the interior of the support seat and is threadedly connected thereto, a transmission wheel is rotatably connected to the position of the outer surface of the movable plate corresponding to the center rod through a rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is rotatably connected to the center rod, a driving wheel is rotatably connected to the position of the outer surface of one side of the movable plate corresponding to the screw, and the driving wheel is fixedly connected to the screw, and a toothed conveyor belt is connected for transmission between several groups of the transmission wheel and the driving wheel.

[0010] Furthermore, a rectangular groove is opened on the outer surface of the screw away from one end of the driving wheel, and a rectangular rod is movably connected inside the rectangular groove. One end of the rectangular rod is rotatably connected to the support seat through a connecting shaft, and one end of the connecting shaft passes through one side of the support seat and is fixedly connected to a rotating disk.

[0011] Furthermore, a cooling cavity is opened inside the support seat, and a rotating rod is rotatably connected inside the cooling cavity, a blade is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating rod, and one end of the rotating rod passes through the outside of the support seat and is fixedly connected to rotating disk 2, a driving bar is arranged between rotating disk 1 and rotating disk 2, and the driving bar is rotatably connected to rotating disk 2 and the driving bar.

[0012] Furthermore, the heat dissipation mechanism includes a driving wheel 2 whose outer surface of a rotating rod is located between a support seat and a rotating disk 2, and a movable hole is opened on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold seat at a position corresponding to the center rod, and a hollow plate is fixedly connected to the inside of the movable hole, and a rotating column is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the hollow plate, and a transmission wheel 2 is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating column, and a toothed conveyor belt 2 is transmittedly connected between several groups of the transmission wheel 2 and the driving wheel 2, and a fan blade is fixedly connected to one end of the rotating column, and the air suction surface of the fan blade faces the direction of the hollow plate.

[0013] Furthermore, one end of the rotating column passes through the interior of the movable hole and is symmetrically fixedly connected with two groups of limit columns, and the outer surface of the limit column is movably connected with a connecting block, the outer surface of the connecting block is fixedly connected with a connecting plate, and the outer surface of the limit column is provided with a spring at a position between the connecting plate and the connecting block, one end of the spring is fixedly connected to the connecting block, and the other end is fixedly connected to the limit column.

[0014] Furthermore, one end of the center rod passes through the interior of the movable hole and matches it, and a movable groove is provided at the end of the center rod corresponding to the movable hole. The outer surface of the connecting plate is arc-shaped, and the neutral rod is parallel to the central axis of the rotating column but does not overlap.

[0015] In summary, due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0016] 1. In the present invention, during the process of the movable plate being repeatedly pushed and pulled, the screw rod rotates forward and backward, and under the common drive of the toothed conveyor belt 1, the driving wheel 1 and the transmission wheel 1, a plurality of groups of center rods rotate forward and backward at the same time, so as to prevent the center rod from adhering to the injection liquid, reduce the difficulty of removing the center rod from the pipe, and utilize the rotation of the center rod and the connection plate to repeatedly elastically collide with the movable groove under the action of the spring, so that the injection liquid is more evenly distributed inside the molding cavity;

[0017] While the center rod rotates, the rectangular rod rotates forward and backward with the screw, the first rotating disk pulls the driving bar, the driving bar drives the second rotating disk to rotate forward and backward, and the rotating rod drives the blades to stir the coolant, so that the coolant flows inside the cooling chamber and is evenly distributed, avoiding the cooling speed of the pipe being affected by the excessively high temperature of the coolant in contact with the lower die seat;

[0018] 2. In the present invention, when the rotating rod is driven to rotate by the rectangular rod, the second driving wheel, the second transmission wheel and the second toothed conveyor belt drive together to make the fan blade rotate forward and reversely, accelerate the flow of air near the upper die seat and the lower die seat, help the overall heat dissipation of the upper die seat and the lower die seat, and further enhance the cooling efficiency;

[0019] In addition, when removing the material, the electric push rod continuously pushes the movable plate to move away from the lower die seat, the center rod rotates and separates from the tube, the upper die seat separates from the lower die seat, and the fan blades accelerate the flow of hot air around the tube to avoid workers being scalded by hot air flow during the process of removing the tube, thereby improving safety during the injection molding process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 It is a combined view of the lower mold base and the heat dissipation mechanism of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 It is a combined view of the heat dissipation mechanism and the driving mechanism of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of the driving mechanism of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 5 It is a structural schematic diagram of the heat dissipation mechanism of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 6 A combined view of a connecting plate and a spring of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 7 It is a combined view of the rectangular rod and the screw rod of the present invention.

[0027] 1. Base; 2. Top plate; 3. Support rod; 4. Moving plate; 5. Cylinder; 6. Injection molding box; 7. Driving mechanism; 71. Screw; 72. Transmission wheel 1; 73. Driving wheel 1; 74. Toothed conveyor belt 1; 75. Rectangular rod; 76. Rotating disk 1; 8. Heat dissipation mechanism; 81. Driving wheel 2; 82. Hollow plate; 83. Rotating column; 84. Transmission wheel 2; 85. Toothed conveyor belt 2; 86. Fan blade; 87. Limiting column; 88. Connecting plate; 89. Connecting block; 810. Spring; 811. Movable groove; 9. Upper mold base; 10. Lower mold base; 11. Support base; 12. Center rod; 13. Movable plate; 14. Cooling chamber; 15. Rotating rod; 16. Blade; 17. Rotating disk 2; 18. Driving strip. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] Embodiment 1: Figure 1-3 As shown, a controllable injection molding device for producing and processing PVC pipes proposed by the present invention comprises a base 1, a top plate 2 is arranged above the base 1, and four groups of support rods 3 are fixedly connected between the top plate 2 and the base 1, and a movable plate 4 is movably connected between the support rods 3;

[0030] The upper outer surface of the top plate 2 is provided with a cylinder 5 and an injection molding box 6, and the output end of the cylinder 5 passes through the top plate 2 and is fixedly connected to the movable plate 4, an upper mold seat 9 is provided below the movable plate 4, and a support seat 11 is provided on the upper outer surface of the base 1, and a lower mold seat 10 is fixedly connected to the upper outer surface of the support seat 11, and the cylinder 5 is controlled to push the movable plate 4 to move downward along the support rod 3 until the upper mold seat 9 and the lower mold seat 10 are completely matched, and the injection molding box 6 is opened, and the injection plastic passes through the upper mold seat 9 and enters between the upper mold seat 9 and the lower mold seat 10;

[0031] The output pipe of the injection molding box 6 passes through the movable plate 4 and communicates with the upper mold base 9, and the upper end outer surface of the lower mold base 10 is provided with a plurality of forming cavities, and a through hole is provided at a position corresponding to the molding cavity on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold base 10, and a center rod 12 is provided inside each group of through holes, and a movable plate 13 is provided between the plurality of groups of center rods 12;

[0032] An electric push rod is provided on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold base 10, and one end of the electric push rod is fixedly connected to the movable plate 13. The electric push rod pulls the movable plate 13 to move toward the direction close to the lower mold base 10. The center rod 12 passes through the through hole and the molding cavity in sequence. The outer diameter of the center rod 12 is smaller than the inner diameter of the molding cavity, and the center rod 12 fits with the through hole and the movable hole.

[0033] Embodiment 2: Figure 2-4 As shown, the difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that a driving mechanism 7 for assisting the center rod 12 to quickly remove the material is provided between the movable plate 13 and the center rod 12, and the driving mechanism 7 includes a screw 71, a transmission wheel 72 and a driving wheel 73, and the outer surface of one side of the movable plate 13 is rotatably connected with the screw 71, and one end of the screw 71 passes through the interior of the support seat 11 and is threadedly connected thereto;

[0034] A transmission wheel 72 is rotatably connected to the position of the outer surface of the movable plate 13 corresponding to the center rod 12 through a rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft is rotatably connected to the center rod 12. A driving wheel 73 is rotatably connected to the position of the outer surface of one side of the movable plate 13 corresponding to the screw 71, and the driving wheel 73 is fixedly connected to the screw 71. A toothed conveyor belt 74 is connected between a plurality of groups of transmission wheels 72 and the driving wheels 73.

[0035] The electric push rod repeatedly pushes and pulls the movable plate 13 to move back and forth in a small range, and the center rod 12 is always located inside the movable hole. During the repeated pushing and pulling of the movable plate 13, the screw 71 rotates forward and backward. Under the joint transmission of the toothed conveyor belt 74, the driving wheel 73 and the transmission wheel 72, several groups of center rods 12 rotate forward and backward at the same time, reducing the difficulty of removing the center rod 12 and the pipe.

[0036] Embodiment 3: Figure 2-7 As shown, the difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 lies in that a rectangular groove is provided on the outer surface of the screw 71 away from the end of the driving wheel 73, and a rectangular rod 75 is movably connected inside the rectangular groove, one end of the rectangular rod 75 is rotatably connected to the support seat 11 via a connecting shaft, and one end of the connecting shaft passes through one side of the support seat 11 and is fixedly connected to a rotating disk 76, and the rectangular rod 75 rotates forward and reversely with the screw 71.

[0037] A cooling chamber 14 is provided inside the support seat 11, and a rotating rod 15 is rotatably connected inside the cooling chamber 14, and a blade 16 is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating rod 15, and one end of the rotating rod 15 passes through the outside of the support seat 11 and is fixedly connected to a rotating disk 2 17, and a driving bar 18 is provided between the rotating disk 1 76 and the rotating disk 2 17, and the driving bar 18 is rotatably connected to the rotating disk 2 17 and the driving bar 18, the rotating disk 1 76 pulls the driving bar 18, and the driving bar 18 drives the rotating disk 2 17 to rotate forward and reverse, and the rotating rod 15 drives the blades 16 to stir the coolant, so that the coolant flows inside the cooling chamber 14 and is evenly distributed.

[0038] Embodiment 4: Figure 2-6 As shown, the difference between this embodiment and the embodiments 1, 2 and 3 is that a heat dissipation mechanism 8 for accelerating the tube forming is provided between the movable plate 13 and the support seat 11, and the heat dissipation mechanism 8 comprises a second driving wheel 81 whose outer surface of the rotating rod 15 is located between the support seat 11 and the second rotating disk 17;

[0039] A movable hole is provided on one side of the outer surface of the lower die base 10 at a position corresponding to the center rod 12, and a hollow plate 82 is fixedly connected inside the movable hole, a rotating column 83 is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the hollow plate 82, and a second transmission wheel 84 is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating column 83, and a second toothed conveyor belt 85 is connected between a plurality of groups of second transmission wheels 84 and the second driving wheel 81 for transmission;

[0040] One end of the rotating column 83 is fixedly connected to a fan blade 86, and the suction surface of the fan blade 86 faces the hollow plate 82. The electric push rod continuously pushes the movable plate 13 to move away from the lower mold base 10, the center rod 12 is rotated and separated from the pipe, the upper mold base 9 is separated from the lower mold base 10, and the fan blade 86 accelerates the flow of hot air around the pipe to avoid workers being scalded by hot air flow during the process of removing the pipe.

[0041] Embodiment 5: Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1, embodiment 2, embodiment 3, and embodiment 4 lies in that one end of the rotating column 83 passes through the interior of the movable hole and is symmetrically fixedly connected with two groups of limiting columns 87, and the outer surface of the limiting column 87 is movably connected with a connecting block 89, the outer surface of the connecting block 89 is fixedly connected with a connecting plate 88, and the outer surface of the limiting column 87 is provided with a spring 810 at a position between the connecting plate 88 and the connecting block 89, one end of the spring 810 is fixedly connected to the connecting block 89, and the other end is fixedly connected to the limiting column 87.

[0042] One end of the center rod 12 passes through the interior of the movable hole and coincides with it, and a movable groove 811 is provided at the end of the center rod 12 corresponding to the movable hole. The outer surface of the connecting plate 88 is arc-shaped, and the neutral rod is parallel to the central axis of the rotating column 83 but does not overlap. During the forward and reverse rotation of the fan blade 86, the connecting plate 88 repeatedly elastically collides with the movable groove 811 under the action of the spring 810, so that the injection liquid is more evenly distributed inside the molding cavity.

[0043] The working process and principle of the present invention are as follows:

[0044] Step 1: Control the cylinder 5 to push the movable plate 4 down along the support rod 3 until the upper die base 9 is completely matched with the lower die base 10. At the same time, the electric push rod pulls the movable plate 13 to move toward the lower die base 10. The center rod 12 passes through the through hole and the molding cavity in sequence and extends to the inside of the movable hole. The outer diameter of the center rod 12 is smaller than the inner diameter of the molding cavity, and the center rod 12 fits the through hole and the movable hole.

[0045] Step 2, open the injection molding box 6, the injection plastic passes through the upper mold base 9 and enters between the upper mold base 9 and the lower mold base 10, and the coolant in the cooling cavity 14 accelerates the cooling of the injection plastic;

[0046] Step 3: After 2 minutes, the electric push rod repeatedly pushes and pulls the movable plate 13 to move back and forth in a small range, and the center rod 12 is always located inside the movable hole. During the process of the movable plate 13 being repeatedly pushed and pulled, the screw 71 rotates forward and reversely. Under the common drive of the toothed conveyor belt 74, the driving wheel 73 and the transmission wheel 72, several groups of center rods 12 rotate forward and reverse at the same time, reducing the difficulty of removing the center rod 12 and the pipe;

[0047] Step 4, the rectangular rod 75 rotates forward and reversely with the screw 71, the rotating disk 1 76 pulls the driving bar 18, the driving bar 18 drives the rotating disk 2 17 to rotate forward and reversely, and the rotating rod 15 drives the blades 16 to stir the coolant, so that the coolant flows inside the cooling chamber 14 and is evenly distributed. In the process of the rotating rod 15 rotating, under the common drive of the driving wheel 2 81, the transmission wheel 2 84 and the toothed conveyor belt 2 85, the fan blades 86 rotate forward and reverse to accelerate the flow of airflow near the upper die base 9 and the lower die base 10;

[0048] Step 5: During the forward and reverse rotation of the fan blade 86, the connecting plate 88 repeatedly collides with the movable groove 811 under the action of the spring 810, so that the injection liquid is more evenly distributed inside the molding cavity;

[0049] Step 6: After 3 minutes, control the cylinder 5 and the electric push rod at the same time, so that the electric push rod continues to push the movable plate 13 to move away from the lower die base 10, the center rod 12 is rotated and separated from the pipe, the upper die base 9 is separated from the lower die base 10, and the fan blades 86 accelerate the flow of hot air around the pipe.

[0050] The above are only preferred specific implementation modes of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can make equivalent replacements or changes according to the technical solutions and inventive concepts of the present invention within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A controllable injection molding device for producing and processing PVC pipes, comprising a base (1), characterized in that: A top plate (2) is arranged above the base (1), and four groups of support rods (3) are fixedly connected between the top plate (2) and the base (1), and a movable plate (4) is movably connected between the support rods (3). A cylinder (5) and an injection molding box (6) are arranged on the upper outer surface of the top plate (2), and the output end of the cylinder (5) passes through the top plate (2) and is fixedly connected to the movable plate (4). An upper mold base (9) is arranged below the movable plate (4), and a support base (11) is arranged on the upper outer surface of the base (1), and a lower mold base (10) is fixedly connected to the upper outer surface of the support base (11); The output pipe of the injection molding box (6) passes through the movable plate (4) and communicates with the upper mold base (9), and the upper end outer surface of the lower mold base (10) is provided with a plurality of forming cavities, and a through hole is provided on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold base (10) at a position corresponding to the molding cavity, and a center rod (12) is provided inside each group of through holes, and a movable plate (13) is provided between the plurality of groups of the center rods (12); An electric push rod is provided on the outer surface of one side of the lower die base (10), one end of the electric push rod is fixedly connected to a movable plate (13), a driving mechanism (7) for assisting the central rod (12) in quickly removing the material is provided between the movable plate (13) and the central rod (12), and a heat dissipation mechanism (8) for accelerating the forming of the pipe is provided between the movable plate (13) and the support base (11).

2. A controllable injection molding device for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The driving mechanism (7) comprises a screw (71), a transmission wheel (72) and a driving wheel (73); the outer surface of one side of the movable plate (13) is rotatably connected to the screw (71), and one end of the screw (71) penetrates into the interior of the support seat (11) and is threadedly connected thereto; the outer surface of the movable plate (13) is rotatably connected to the transmission wheel (72) via a rotating shaft at a position corresponding to the center rod (12); the rotating shaft is rotatably connected to the center rod (12); the outer surface of one side of the movable plate (13) is rotatably connected to the driving wheel (73) at a position corresponding to the screw (71), and the driving wheel (73) is fixedly connected to the screw (71); and a plurality of groups of the transmission wheels (72) and the driving wheels (73) are connected for transmission by toothed conveyor belts (74).

3. The controllable injection molding equipment for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 2 is characterized in that: A rectangular groove is formed on the outer surface of the screw rod (71) away from one end of the driving wheel (73), and a rectangular rod (75) is movably connected inside the rectangular groove. One end of the rectangular rod (75) is rotatably connected to the support seat (11) via a connecting shaft, and one end of the connecting shaft passes through one side of the support seat (11) and is fixedly connected to a rotating disk (76).

4. The controllable injection molding equipment for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The support seat (11) is provided with a cooling cavity (14) inside, and a rotating rod (15) is rotatably connected inside the cooling cavity (14), a blade (16) is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating rod (15), and one end of the rotating rod (15) passes through the outside of the support seat (11) and is fixedly connected to a rotating disk 2 (17), a driving bar (18) is provided between the rotating disk 1 (76) and the rotating disk 2 (17), and the driving bar (18) is rotatably connected to the rotating disk 2 (17) and the driving bar (18).

5. The controllable injection molding equipment for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The heat dissipation mechanism (8) comprises a second driving wheel (81) whose outer surface of a rotating rod (15) is located between a support seat (11) and a second rotating disk (17), and a movable hole is provided on the outer surface of one side of the lower mold seat (10) at a position corresponding to the center rod (12), and a hollow plate (82) is fixedly connected inside the movable hole, a rotating column (83) is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the hollow plate (82), and a second transmission wheel (84) is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the rotating column (83), and a plurality of groups of the second transmission wheel (84) and the second driving wheel (81) are connected to each other with toothed conveyor belts (85) for transmission, and a fan blade (86) is fixedly connected to one end of the rotating column (83), and the air suction surface of the fan blade (86) faces the direction of the hollow plate (82).

6. The controllable injection molding equipment for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 5, characterized in that: One end of the rotating column (83) passes through the inside of the movable hole and is symmetrically fixedly connected to two groups of limiting columns (87), and the outer surface of the limiting column (87) is movably connected to a connecting block (89), and the outer surface of the connecting block (89) is fixedly connected to a connecting plate (88), and a spring (810) is provided on the outer surface of the limiting column (87) at a position between the connecting plate (88) and the connecting block (89), and one end of the spring (810) is fixedly connected to the connecting block (89), and the other end is fixedly connected to the limiting column (87).

7. The controllable injection molding equipment for producing and processing PVC pipes according to claim 6, characterized in that: One end of the center rod (12) passes through the inside of the movable hole and matches it, and a movable groove (811) is opened at the end of the center rod (12) corresponding to the movable hole. The outer surface of the connecting plate (88) is arc-shaped, and the neutral rod is parallel to the central axis of the rotating column (83) but does not overlap.

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