Quantum key generation method, device, equipment and medium

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a quantum key generation method, device, equipment and medium, relating to the technical field of quantum communication. The method comprises: negotiating with a first communication party through a classical channel to determine a coding strategy; receiving a sequence of photons sent by the first communication party, randomly selecting a base vector to measure the photons of the bit order recorded in the coding strategy, obtaining a first measurement result, and saving the photons that have not been measured; after the first communication party publishes the measurement base vector of the sequence of photons and the bit string corresponding to the photons of the bit order recorded in the coding strategy, calculating the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result; in the case where the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, measuring the photons that have not been measured by the base vector published by the first communication party to obtain a second measurement result; and generating a quantum key based on the second measurement result. According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, the number of keys generated per unit time can be increased, and the coding rate of the quantum key can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of quantum communication technology, and in particular to a quantum key generation method, apparatus, device, and medium. Background Technology

[0002] Quantum communication is an emerging interdisciplinary field combining quantum mechanics and information science. It utilizes the fundamental properties of quantum physics to achieve unconditional security in communication. Among these technologies, quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first in the field of quantum communication to move towards practical application and industrialization, and it is expected to bring secure communication solutions with long-term security guarantees to the field of information security.

[0003] Unlike existing cryptographic techniques, QKD uses quantum states to encode information. Its security is based on the principles of quantum physics rather than the requirements and assumptions of mathematical computational complexity, and it has reliable security even under conditions where quantum computing technology is mature.

[0004] QKD enables both communicating parties to generate the same key. Its key generation rate, or key generation rate, is an important indicator of system performance. A high key generation rate can encrypt more data and form a more complex encryption system.

[0005] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the background section above is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of this disclosure, and therefore may include information that does not constitute prior art known to those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This disclosure provides a quantum key generation method, apparatus, device, and medium that improves the quantum key generation rate to at least a certain extent without reducing the security of the quantum key generation process.

[0007] Other features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part from practice of this disclosure.

[0008] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a quantum key generation method is provided, comprising: negotiating with a first communicating party through a classical channel to determine a coding strategy, the coding strategy recording the position of photons to be measured in the first measurement; receiving a photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly selecting a basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtaining a first measurement result, and saving the photons that were not measured; after the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, calculating the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result; if the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, measuring the photons that were not measured using the basis vector published by the first communicating party, obtaining a second measurement result; and generating a quantum key based on the second measurement result.

[0009] In one embodiment of this disclosure, after receiving a photon sequence sent by a first communicating party, randomly selecting a basis vector to measure the photons at positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtaining a first measurement result, and saving the photons that were not measured, the method further includes: informing the first communicating party through a classical channel that the first measurement has been completed and the photons that were not measured have been saved; and obtaining the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence published by the first communicating party and the bit string corresponding to the photons at positions recorded in the coding strategy through a classical channel.

[0010] In one embodiment of this disclosure, before receiving the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, the method further includes: negotiating with the first communicating party through a classical channel to determine an encoding strategy, the encoding strategy including the correspondence between the polarization state of photons and bit values.

[0011] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the encoding strategy includes encoding photons of four polarization states into four classical bit values.

[0012] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the method further includes: removing unmeasured photons when the bit error rate is greater than a preset threshold.

[0013] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a quantum key generation method is provided, comprising: negotiating with a second communicating party through a classical channel to determine a coding strategy, the coding strategy recording the position of photons to be measured in the first measurement; generating a random bit string; selecting a basis vector based on the random bit string and encoding photons sequentially; sending the encoded photon sequence to the second communicating party, so that the second communicating party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects a basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtains a first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured; after the second communicating party completes the first measurement and has saved the photons that have not been measured, publishing the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, so that the second communicating party calculates the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result; if the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, measuring the photons that have not been measured using the basis vector published by the first communicating party to obtain a second measurement result, generating a quantum key based on the second measurement result; and generating a quantum key based on the bit string corresponding to the photons at positions not recorded in the coding strategy.

[0014] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a quantum key generation device is provided, comprising a first negotiation module, a photon receiving and processing module, a bit error rate calculation module, a photon measurement module, and a key generation module.

[0015] The first negotiation module is used to negotiate with the first communication party through a classical channel to determine the coding strategy, which records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0016] The photon receiving and processing module is used to receive the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly select the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtain the first measurement result, and save the photons that have not been measured.

[0017] The bit error rate calculation module is used to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result after the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy.

[0018] The photon measurement module is used to measure the photons that have not been measured by using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, and to obtain a second measurement result.

[0019] The first generation module is used to generate a quantum key based on the second measurement result.

[0020] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a quantum key generation device is provided, comprising a second negotiation module, a random number generation module, a photon encoding module, a photon transmission module, and an information publication module.

[0021] The second negotiation module is used to negotiate with the second communication party through the classical channel to determine the coding strategy, which records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0022] The random number generation module is used to generate a random bit string;

[0023] The photon encoding module is used to encode photons sequentially by selecting a basis vector based on a random bit string;

[0024] The photon transmission module is used to send the encoded photon sequence to the second communication party so that the second communication party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured.

[0025] The information publishing module is used to publish the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy after the second communication party completes the first measurement and has saved the photons that have not been measured. This allows the second communication party to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the unmeasured photons are measured using the basis vector published by the first communication party to obtain the second measurement result. A quantum key is then generated based on the second measurement result.

[0026] The second generation module is used to generate a quantum key based on the bit string corresponding to the photon position not recorded in the coding strategy.

[0027] According to another aspect of this disclosure, an electronic device is provided, comprising: a memory for storing instructions; and a processor for calling the instructions stored in the memory to implement the above-described quantum key generation method.

[0028] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a computer-readable storage medium is provided that stores computer instructions thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implement the above-described quantum key generation method.

[0029] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a computer program product is provided, which stores instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the above-described quantum key generation method.

[0030] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a chip is provided, including at least one processor and an interface;

[0031] An interface is used to provide program instructions or data to at least one processor;

[0032] At least one processor is used to execute program instructions to implement the quantum key generation method described above.

[0033] The quantum key generation method, apparatus, device, and medium provided in this disclosure measure the photon sequence twice. The bit error rate is calculated based on the result of the first measurement. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the unmeasured photons are measured using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party to obtain a second measurement result. This ensures that the bit values ​​corresponding to each photon in the second measurement result are accurate, eliminating the need to discard erroneous results and retaining more information for quantum key generation. Consequently, more quantum keys can be generated in a single photon sequence transmission and reception process, increasing the number of keys generated per unit time, improving the quantum key generation rate, and without compromising the security of the quantum key generation process.

[0034] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not intended to limit this disclosure. Attached Figure Description

[0035] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with this disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this disclosure.

[0036] Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are merely some embodiments of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any creative effort.

[0037] Figure 1 This diagram illustrates a flowchart of a quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0038] Figure 2 This diagram illustrates another quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 3 This diagram illustrates a flowchart of yet another quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0040] Figure 4 This diagram illustrates a flowchart of yet another quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0041] Figure 5 This diagram illustrates the architecture of a quantum key distribution system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0042] Figure 6 This diagram illustrates a quantum key distribution device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0043] Figure 7 This diagram illustrates a flowchart of yet another quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0044] Figure 8This diagram illustrates a flowchart of yet another quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0045] Figure 9 This diagram illustrates a quantum key generation device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0046] Figure 10 This diagram illustrates a quantum key generation device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0047] Figure 11 A structural block diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0048] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this disclosure clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this disclosure, and not all of them. The components of the embodiments of this disclosure described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of this disclosure provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed disclosure, but merely represents selected embodiments of this disclosure. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this disclosure without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0049] The following detailed description of this exemplary implementation method is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0050] Figure 1 A flowchart of a quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of this disclosure is shown, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the quantum key generation method provided in this embodiment includes steps S101-S107.

[0051] In S101, the first and second communicating parties negotiate through a classical channel to determine a coding strategy, which records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0052] The coding strategy records the position of the photon that was measured for the first time, or it can record the position of the photon that was not measured for the first time.

[0053] A classical channel can be any traditional communication method, such as the Internet, telephone lines, or radio waves. Classical channels follow the laws of classical physics, not quantum mechanics.

[0054] In S102, the first communication party sends the encoded photon sequence to the second communication party.

[0055] The first communicating party generates a random bit string, then selects a basis vector based on the bit string, and encodes the photons sequentially to obtain a photon sequence.

[0056] In S103, the second communicating party randomly selects a basis vector to measure the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured.

[0057] In this embodiment of the present disclosure, during the first measurement, only a portion of the photons in the photon sequence are measured, and the photons that are not measured are stored in the quantum memory.

[0058] Understandably, when the second communicating party measures a photon, if the selected basis vector is the same as the basis vector used by the first communicating party when encoding the photon, then the measurement result is correct. If the selected basis vector is different from the basis vector used by the first communicating party when encoding the photon, then the measurement result may not be correct. The result of the above photon measurement can be a bit value, that is, one photon corresponds to one bit value.

[0059] In S104, the first communicating party discloses the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy.

[0060] The first communicating party publishes the basis vector used to encode each photon in the aforementioned photon sequence. The first communicating party also publishes the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy.

[0061] As an example, before S102, the first communicating party generates a random bit string, then selects a basis vector based on the bit string, and encodes the photons sequentially to obtain a photon sequence. The random bit string can be 01010010, where 0 can represent the selection of a computational basis and 1 can represent the selection of a Hadamard basis. Assume that the BB84 protocol is used for encoding. The basis vector published in S104 can be the basis vector selected based on the random bit string. The bit string published by the first communicating party can be a part of the random bit string; for example, if the positions recorded in the encoding strategy are 5, 6, 7, and 8, then the published bit string could be 0010. It is understood that the above example is only for illustration; in actual execution, the number of bits can be more.

[0062] In S105, the second communicating party calculates the bit error rate based on the bit string published by the first communicating party and the first measurement result.

[0063] It is understood that the bit string published by the first communicating party is the correct measurement value of the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, that is, the bit string composed of the bit values ​​obtained when measuring the photon using the same basis vector as when encoding the photon. Furthermore, the number of different bit values ​​between the first measurement result and the bit string published by the first communicating party can be counted, and then the ratio between this number and the total number of bits in the bit string published by the first communicating party can be calculated to obtain the bit error rate.

[0064] In S106, when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the second communicating party measures the photons that have not been measured using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party, and obtains a second measurement result.

[0065] In some embodiments, if the bit error rate is greater than a preset threshold, photons that have not been measured are removed, and no quantum key is generated in this instance.

[0066] In S107, the first and second communicating parties generate a quantum key.

[0067] Here, the first communicating party generates a quantum key using an undisclosed bit string, specifically using the bit value corresponding to the photon that the second communicating party did not measure in the first measurement. Furthermore, the bit value corresponding to the photon that the second communicating party did not measure in the first measurement is precisely the value of the second measurement result. The second communicating party then uses the value of the second measurement result to generate the quantum key.

[0068] In some embodiments, the above-mentioned generation of a quantum key based on the second measurement result may be achieved by processing the second measurement result using error correction code technology and privacy amplification technology to generate the quantum key.

[0069] In some embodiments, the above-described S103 and S104 may further include the second communicating party informing the first communicating party through a classical channel that the first measurement has been completed and the photons that have not been measured have been saved; then, the second communicating party obtains the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence published by the first communicating party and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy through a classical channel.

[0070] In some embodiments, prior to S102, the process may further include a second communicating party negotiating with a first communicating party via a classical channel to determine an encoding strategy, wherein the encoding strategy includes the correspondence between the polarization state of a photon and its bit value. It is understood that S101 may involve the first and second communicating parties negotiating via a classical channel to determine a coding strategy and an encoding strategy, wherein the coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement, and the encoding strategy includes the correspondence between the polarization state of the photon and its bit value.

[0071] In some embodiments, the encoding strategy may include encoding photons of four polarization states into four classical bit values. That is, the encoding strategy in this embodiment may be determined through classical channel negotiation between the first and second communicating parties, and the encoding strategy may differ from the BB84 protocol. As an example, the four polarization states of the photons may correspond to 00, 01, 10, and 11, respectively.

[0072] In related technologies, according to the BB84 protocol, the two communicating parties discard information in the basis inconsistency part, that is, discard about 50% of the information. As a result, after the first communicating party sends a photon sequence, only about half of the information can be used to generate the key. However, in the embodiment of this disclosure, less information needs to be discarded, that is, more information can be used to generate the key. Therefore, the first communicating party can generate more keys by sending a photon sequence, which increases the number of keys generated per unit time and improves the key generation rate.

[0073] Furthermore, by improving the existing BB84 protocol, for example by encoding photons of four polarization states into four classical bit values, more information can be retained, thereby further improving the coding rate.

[0074] Figure 2 A flowchart of a quantum key generation method according to an embodiment of this disclosure is shown, such as... Figure 2 As shown, the quantum key generation method provided in this embodiment includes steps S201-S210.

[0075] In S201, the first and second communicating parties negotiate through a classical channel to determine the coding strategy and the encoding strategy. The coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement, and the encoding strategy includes the correspondence between the polarization state of the photon and the bit value.

[0076] In S202, the first communicating party generates a string of random bits;

[0077] In S203, the first communicator selects a basis vector based on a random bit string and encodes the photons sequentially.

[0078] In S204, the first communicating party sends the encoded photon sequence to the second communicating party;

[0079] In S205, the second communicating party randomly selects a basis vector to measure the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured.

[0080] In S206, the second communicating party informs the first communicating party through a classical channel that the first measurement has been completed and the photons that were not measured have been saved;

[0081] In S207, the first communicating party discloses the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy;

[0082] In S208, the second communicating party calculates the bit error rate based on the bit string published by the first communicating party and the first measurement result;

[0083] In S209, when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the second communicating party measures the unmeasured photons using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party, and obtains a second measurement result.

[0084] In S210, the first and second communicating parties generate a quantum key.

[0085] Figure 3 This disclosure illustrates a quantum key generation method in an embodiment, which is performed by a second communicating party, such as... Figure 3 As shown, the quantum key generation method provided in this embodiment includes steps S301-S305.

[0086] In S301, a coding strategy is determined through negotiation with the first communicating party via a classical channel. The coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0087] In S302, the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party is received, the basis vector is randomly selected to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, the first measurement result is obtained, and the photons that have not been measured are saved.

[0088] In S303, after the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy, the bit error rate is calculated based on the bit string and the first measurement result.

[0089] In S304, when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the photons that have not been measured are measured using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party, and a second measurement result is obtained.

[0090] In S305, a quantum key is generated based on the second measurement result.

[0091] Figure 4 This disclosure illustrates a quantum key generation method in an embodiment, which is performed by a first communicating party, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the quantum key generation method provided in this embodiment includes steps S401-S406.

[0092] In S401, a coding strategy is determined through negotiation with the second communication party via a classical channel. The coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0093] In S402, a random bit string is generated;

[0094] In S403, photons are encoded sequentially by selecting basis vectors based on random bit strings;

[0095] In S404, the encoded photon sequence is sent to the second communication party so that the second communication party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured.

[0096] In S405, after the second communicating party completes the first measurement and saves the photons that have not been measured, it publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, so that the second communicating party can calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the photons that have not been measured are measured using the basis vector published by the first communicating party to obtain the second measurement result, and a quantum key is generated based on the second measurement result.

[0097] In S406, a quantum key is generated based on the bit string corresponding to the photon at a position not recorded in the coding strategy.

[0098] like Figure 5 As shown, the quantum key distribution system provided in this disclosure adds a strategy module. In the encoding strategy section, flexible encoding rules can be set; for example, four polarization-state photons can be encoded into four classical bits, while in the existing BB84 scheme, four polarization-state photons are only encoded into two classical bits. In the code generation strategy section, it is used to negotiate which photons are not stored and are directly measured, serving as a basis for bit error rate judgment or eavesdropping judgment. It also determines which photons are used for storage and then measured to form a quantum key. This disclosure, based on a single-photon signal source / detector, quantum bit encoding / decoding, and data processing system, introduces a quantum memory device. Utilizing the on-demand reading characteristic of quantum memory, the stored quantum states are measured with a delay, avoiding the discarding of data with different basis selections, thereby retaining more key generation information and improving the code generation rate.

[0099] In this embodiment, the measurement basis vector is published after both communicating parties have finished transmitting and receiving the quantum state. According to the quantum no-cloning theorem and the uncertainty principle, any eavesdropping on the network will interfere with the quantum state. Therefore, Alice and Bob will discover the presence of the eavesdropper in the subsequent data processing bit error rate estimation. This embodiment does not reduce the security of the quantum key generation process.

[0100] The encoding and coding strategies employed in the embodiments of this disclosure significantly improve the quantum key generation rate.

[0101] It should be noted that, Figure 5 The quantum key distribution system is only an example; in other embodiments, Alice and Bob's devices can be the same, for example... Figure 6 The device shown.

[0102] In related technologies, according to the BB84 protocol, each photon randomly selects a modulation basis vector, and the receiver also uses random basis vectors for measurement. The encoding and decoding of each quantum state are performed in real time.

[0103] In existing QKD systems, because the measurement of an unknown quantum state may change the quantum state, the two communicating parties compare the prepared basis and the measured basis vectors through a classical channel, retaining the information of the consistent part of the basis vectors and discarding the information of the inconsistent part of the basis vectors, that is, discarding about 50% of the information, resulting in a low code generation rate of the QKD system.

[0104] like Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the embodiments of this disclosure differ from existing solutions in the following ways:

[0105] A new strategy module has been added: In the encoding strategy section, flexible encoding rules can be set. For example, four polarization-state photons can be encoded into four classical bits, while the existing BB84 scheme only encodes four polarization-state photons into two classical bits. In the code generation strategy section, it is used to negotiate which photons are not stored and are directly measured, serving as a basis for bit error rate assessment or eavesdropping detection. It also determines which photons are used for storage and then measured to form a quantum key.

[0106] The newly added quantum memory in this embodiment can store quantum states. After both communicating parties confirm the completion of quantum state transmission and reception, the measurement basis vector is published for quantum state decoding. This patent improves the key generation rate by delaying measurement, allowing all information carried by single photons to form a key.

[0107] Optimized data processing flow: After using the quantum memory in the embodiments of this disclosure, there is no need for basis operations, which improves the quantum key generation rate without reducing security.

[0108] In the above Figure 5 and Figure 6 Based on this, the quantum key generation method provided in the embodiments of this disclosure can be as follows: Figure 7 As shown, it includes S701-S710.

[0109] In S701, Alice negotiates the encoding and coding strategies with Bob, and the communication process requires authentication.

[0110] In S702, Alice generates a string of random bits;

[0111] In S703, Alice modulates the corresponding quantum state based on the encoding strategy of S701 and the random number of S702, and selects the appropriate basis vectors, and sends it to Bob;

[0112] In S704, Bob processes photons according to the coding strategy of S701. For photons with bit error rate estimation, he randomly selects basis vectors for measurement and then calculates the bit string by combining the coding strategy. For coded photons, he uses a quantum memory to store the photon state.

[0113] In S705, Alice and Bob confirm that the quantum state has been transmitted and received using a classical channel;

[0114] In S706, Alice estimates the bit string corresponding to a photon by publishing the basis vector and bit error rate through a classical channel;

[0115] In S707, Bob compares the bit error rate estimate of the photon with the bit string published by Alice to calculate the bit error rate. If the bit error rate is within an acceptable threshold, the next step is continued; otherwise, it indicates that an adversary is eavesdropping, and the key distribution process ends.

[0116] In S708, it is determined whether the bit error rate exceeds a preset threshold;

[0117] If the value exceeds the preset threshold, the process ends.

[0118] If the value is not greater than the preset threshold, S709 is executed. In S709, Bob uses the basis vectors published by Alice as the measurement basis vectors to measure the stored quantum state and obtain the measurement result.

[0119] In S710, Alice and Bob obtain the original key; Alice and Bob perform error correction, privacy amplification, and other operations on the original key to obtain the final allocated key.

[0120] In some embodiments, the specific process of generating the quantum key described above can be as follows: Figure 8 As shown.

[0121] This disclosure addresses the low key generation rate of quantum keys using the BB84 protocol in existing systems by adding a strategy module. In the encoding strategy section, flexible encoding rules can be set; for example, four polarized photons can be encoded into four classical bits, while in the existing BB84 scheme, four polarized photons are only encoded into two classical bits. In the key generation strategy section, it negotiates which photons are not stored and are directly measured, serving as a basis for bit error rate assessment or eavesdropping detection. It also determines which photons are used for storage and measurement to form the quantum key. This disclosure, based on the single-photon signal source / detector, quantum bit encoding / decoding, and data processing system, introduces a quantum memory device. Utilizing the on-demand reading characteristic of quantum memories, the stored quantum states are measured with a delay, avoiding the discarding of data with different basis selections, thereby retaining more key generation information and improving the key generation rate.

[0122] In embodiments of this disclosure, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0123] In this disclosure, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, or B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0124] Furthermore, although the steps of the method in this disclosure are described in a specific order in the accompanying drawings, this does not require or imply that the steps must be performed in that specific order, or that all the steps shown must be performed to achieve the desired result.

[0125] In some embodiments, certain steps may be omitted, multiple steps may be combined into one step for execution, and / or one step may be broken down into multiple steps for execution.

[0126] Based on the same inventive concept, this disclosure also provides a quantum key generation device, such as... Figure 9 As shown, the quantum key generation device includes a first negotiation module 901, a photon receiving and processing module 902, a bit error rate calculation module 903, a photon measurement module 904, and a first generation module 905.

[0127] The first negotiation module 901 is used to negotiate with the first communication party through a classical channel to determine the coding strategy, which records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0128] The photon receiving and processing module 902 is used to receive the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly select the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtain the first measurement result, and save the photons that have not been measured.

[0129] The bit error rate calculation module 903 is used to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result after the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy.

[0130] The photon measurement module 904 is used to measure the photons that have not been measured by using the basis vectors published by the first communication party when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, and to obtain a second measurement result.

[0131] The first generation module 905 is used to generate a quantum key based on the second measurement result.

[0132] In some embodiments, the quantum key generation device further includes a notification module and an information publication module.

[0133] The notification module is used to receive the photon sequence sent by the first communication party, randomly select the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtain the first measurement result, and save the photons that have not been measured. Then, it informs the first communication party through the classical channel that the first measurement has been completed and the photons that have not been measured have been saved.

[0134] The information publishing module is used to obtain the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence published by the first communicating party and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy through the classical channel.

[0135] In some embodiments, the quantum key generation device further includes a third negotiation module.

[0136] The third negotiation module is used to negotiate with the first communication party through a classical channel before receiving the photon sequence sent by the first communication party to determine the encoding strategy. The encoding strategy includes the correspondence between the polarization state of the photon and the bit value.

[0137] In some embodiments, the encoding strategy includes encoding photons of four polarization states into four classical bit values.

[0138] In some embodiments, the bit error rate calculation module 903 is further configured to remove photons that have not been measured when the bit error rate is greater than a preset threshold.

[0139] Based on the same inventive concept, this disclosure also provides a quantum key generation device, such as... Figure 10As shown, the quantum key generation device includes a second negotiation module 1001, a random number generation module 1002, a photon encoding module 1003, a photon transmission module 1004, an information publication module 1005, and a second generation module 1006.

[0140] The second negotiation module 1001 is used to negotiate with the second communication party through the classical channel to determine the coding strategy, which records the position of the photon in the first measurement.

[0141] The random number generation module 1002 is used to generate a random bit string;

[0142] The photon encoding module 1003 is used to encode photons sequentially by selecting a basis vector based on a random bit string;

[0143] The photon transmitting module 1004 is used to transmit the encoded photon sequence to the second communication party so that the second communication party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured.

[0144] The information publishing module 1005 is used to publish the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy after the second communication party completes the first measurement and has saved the photons that have not been measured. This allows the second communication party to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the second communication party can measure the photons that have not been measured using the basis vector published by the first communication party to obtain the second measurement result and generate a quantum key based on the second measurement result.

[0145] The second generation module 1006 is used to generate a quantum key based on the bit string corresponding to the photon position not recorded in the coding strategy.

[0146] The concepts of "first" and "second" mentioned in this disclosure are used only to distinguish different devices, modules or units, and are not used to define the order of functions performed by these devices, modules or units or their interdependencies.

[0147] Regarding the quantum key generation device in the above embodiments, the specific manner in which each module performs its operation has been described in detail in the embodiments related to the quantum key generation method, and will not be elaborated here.

[0148] It should be noted that although several modules or units of the device used for action execution are mentioned in the detailed description above, this division is not mandatory.

[0149] In fact, according to embodiments of this disclosure, the features and functions of two or more modules or units described above can be embodied in one module or unit. Conversely, the features and functions of one module or unit described above can be further divided and embodied by multiple modules or units.

[0150] Some of the block diagrams shown in the accompanying drawings are functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically or logically independent entities. These functional entities can be implemented in software, in one or more hardware modules or integrated circuits, or in different network and / or processor devices and / or microcontroller devices.

[0151] The following reference Figure 11 The present disclosure describes the electronic device provided in the embodiments thereof. Figure 11 The electronic device 1100 shown is merely an example and should not impose any limitation on the functionality and scope of use of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0152] Figure 11 This diagram illustrates the architecture of an electronic device 1100 provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 11 As shown, the electronic device 1100 includes, but is not limited to, at least one processor 1110 and at least one memory 1120.

[0153] Memory 1120 is used to store instructions.

[0154] In some embodiments, memory 1120 may include a readable medium in the form of volatile storage cells, such as random access memory (RAM) 11201 and / or cache memory 11202, and may further include read-only memory (ROM) 11203.

[0155] In some embodiments, the memory 1120 may also include a program / utility 11204 having a set (at least one) of program modules 11205, such program modules 11205 including but not limited to: an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data, each or some combination of these examples may include an implementation of a network environment.

[0156] In some embodiments, memory 1120 may store an operating system. This operating system may be a real-time operating system (RTX), such as Linux, UNIX, Windows, or OS X.

[0157] In some embodiments, the memory 1120 may also store data.

[0158] As an example, processor 1110 can read data stored in memory 1120, which may be stored at the same memory address as the instruction, or the data may be stored at a different memory address than the instruction.

[0159] Processor 1110 is configured to invoke instructions stored in memory 1120 to implement the steps described in the "Exemplary Methods" section above, according to various exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. For example, processor 1110 can execute the steps of the above-described quantum key generation method embodiments.

[0160] It should be noted that the processor 1110 described above can be a general-purpose processor or a special-purpose processor. The processor 1110 may include one or more processing cores, and the processor 1110 executes various functional applications and data processing by running instructions.

[0161] In some embodiments, processor 1110 may include a central processing unit (CPU) and / or a baseband processor.

[0162] In some embodiments, the processor 1110 may determine an instruction based on the priority identifier and / or function category information carried in each control instruction.

[0163] In this disclosure, the processor 1110 and the memory 1120 can be configured separately or integrated together.

[0164] As an example, the processor 1110 and memory 1120 can be integrated on a single board or a system on chip (SOC).

[0165] like Figure 11 As shown, electronic device 1100 is embodied in the form of a general-purpose computing device. Electronic device 1100 may also include bus 1130.

[0166] Bus 1130 can represent one or more of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, peripheral bus, graphics acceleration port, processor, or a local bus using any of the various bus structures.

[0167] Electronic device 1100 can also communicate with one or more external devices 1140 (e.g., keyboard, pointing device, Bluetooth device, etc.), and with one or more devices that enable a user to interact with electronic device 1100, and / or with any device that enables electronic device 1100 to communicate with one or more other computing devices (e.g., router, modem, etc.). Such communication can be performed through input / output (I / O) interface 1150.

[0168] Furthermore, the electronic device 1100 can also communicate with one or more networks (such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and / or public networks, such as the Internet) via the network adapter 1160.

[0169] like Figure 11 As shown, network adapter 1160 communicates with other modules of electronic device 1100 via bus 1130.

[0170] It should be understood that, although not shown in the figure, other hardware and / or software modules may be used in conjunction with electronic device 1100, including but not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data backup storage systems.

[0171] It is understood that the structures illustrated in the embodiments of this disclosure do not constitute a specific limitation on the electronic device 1100. In other embodiments of this disclosure, the electronic device 1100 may include... Figure 11 This may involve more or fewer components, or combining certain components, or splitting certain components, or different component arrangements. Figure 11 The components shown can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

[0172] This disclosure also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implement the quantum key generation method described in the above method embodiments.

[0173] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the computer-readable storage medium is a computer instruction that can be sent, propagated, or transmitted for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0174] As an example, a computer-readable storage medium is a non-volatile storage medium.

[0175] In some embodiments, more specific examples of computer-readable storage media in this disclosure may include, but are not limited to: electrical connections having one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, USB flash drives, portable hard drives, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[0176] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the computer-readable storage medium may include data signals propagated in baseband or as part of a carrier wave, wherein computer instructions (readable program code) are carried.

[0177] The transmitted data signal can take many forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0178] In some examples, computational instructions contained on a computer-readable storage medium may be transmitted using any suitable medium, including but not limited to wireless, wired, optical fiber, RF, etc., or any suitable combination thereof.

[0179] This disclosure also provides a computer program product that stores instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to implement the quantum key generation method described in the above method embodiments.

[0180] The aforementioned instructions can be program code. In practice, the program code can be written using any combination of one or more programming languages.

[0181] Programming languages ​​include object-oriented programming languages—such as Java and C++—as well as conventional procedural programming languages—such as the "C" language or similar programming languages.

[0182] The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computing device, partially on the user's computing device, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computing device and partially on a remote computing device, or entirely on a remote computing device or server.

[0183] In cases involving remote computing devices, the remote computing devices can be connected to user computing devices via any type of network, including local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs), or they can be connected to external computing devices (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider).

[0184] This disclosure also provides a chip, including at least one processor and an interface;

[0185] An interface is used to provide program instructions or data to at least one processor;

[0186] At least one processor is used to execute program instructions to implement the quantum key generation method described in the above method embodiments.

[0187] In some embodiments, the chip may further include a memory for storing program instructions and data, the memory being located within or outside the processor.

[0188] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps of the above embodiments can be specifically implemented in the following forms: a completely hardware implementation, a completely software implementation (including firmware, microcode, etc.), or a combination of hardware and software implementations, which can be collectively referred to as "circuit", "module" or "system".

[0189] Other embodiments of this disclosure will readily occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein.

[0190] This disclosure is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this disclosure that follow the general principles of this disclosure and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein. The description and examples are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of this disclosure are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A quantum key generation method, characterized in that, The method is performed by the second communicating party, and the method includes: A coding strategy is determined through negotiation with the first communicating party via a classical channel. The coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement. Receive the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly select the basis vector to measure the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, obtain the first measurement result, and save the photons that have not been measured; After the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy, the bit error rate is calculated based on the bit string and the first measurement result. When the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the photons that have not been measured are measured using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party to obtain a second measurement result. A quantum key is generated based on the second measurement result.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, After receiving the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly selecting a basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtaining a first measurement result, and saving the photons that were not measured, the method further includes: The first communicating party is informed via a classical channel that the first measurement has been completed and the photons that were not measured have been saved. The measurement basis vector of the photon sequence published by the first communicating party and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy are obtained through a classical channel.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before receiving the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, the method further includes: The encoding strategy is determined through negotiation with the first communicating party via a classical channel. The encoding strategy includes the correspondence between the polarization state of photons and the bit value.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The encoding strategy involves encoding photons of four polarization states into four classical bit values.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: If the bit error rate is greater than a preset threshold, the photons that were not measured are removed.

6. A quantum key generation method, characterized in that, The method is performed by the first communicating party, and the method includes: The coding strategy is determined through negotiation with the second communication party via a classical channel. The coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement. Generate a random bit string; Based on the random bit string, a basis vector is selected, and photons are encoded sequentially. The encoded photon sequence is sent to the second communication party so that the second communication party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects the basis vector to measure the photon at the position recorded in the coding strategy, obtains the first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured. After the second communication party completes the first measurement and saves the photons that have not been measured, it publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy, so that the second communication party can calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the unmeasured photons are measured using the basis vector published by the first communication party to obtain the second measurement result, and a quantum key is generated based on the second measurement result. A quantum key is generated based on the bit string corresponding to the photon whose position is not recorded in the coding strategy.

7. A quantum key generation device, characterized in that, The device, located at the second communication point, includes: The first negotiation module is used to negotiate with the first communication party through a classical channel to determine the coding strategy, wherein the coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement. The photon receiving and processing module is used to receive the photon sequence sent by the first communicating party, randomly select the basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtain the first measurement result, and save the photons that have not been measured. The bit error rate calculation module is used to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result after the first communicating party publishes the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy. The photon measurement module is used to measure the unmeasured photons using the basis vectors published by the first communicating party when the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, and to obtain a second measurement result. The first generation module is used to generate a quantum key based on the second measurement result.

8. A quantum key generation device, characterized in that, Located at the first communication party, the device includes: The second negotiation module is used to negotiate with the second communication party through a classical channel to determine the coding strategy, wherein the coding strategy records the position of the photon in the first measurement. The random number generation module is used to generate a random bit string; A photon encoding module is used to select a basis vector based on the random bit string and encode the photons sequentially. A photon transmission module is used to send the encoded photon sequence to the second communication party, so that the second communication party receives the photon sequence, randomly selects a basis vector to measure the photons at the positions recorded in the coding strategy, obtains a first measurement result, and saves the photons that have not been measured. The information publishing module is used to publish the measurement basis vector of the photon sequence and the bit string corresponding to the position of the photon recorded in the coding strategy after the second communication party completes the first measurement and saves the photons that have not been measured. This allows the second communication party to calculate the bit error rate based on the bit string and the first measurement result. If the bit error rate is less than or equal to a preset threshold, the unmeasured photons are measured using the basis vector published by the first communication party to obtain a second measurement result. A quantum key is then generated based on the second measurement result. The second generation module is used to generate a quantum key based on the bit string corresponding to the photon position not recorded in the coding strategy.

9. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: Memory, used to store instructions; A processor is configured to invoke instructions stored in the memory to implement the quantum key generation method as described in any one of claims 1-6.

10. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions thereon, characterized in that, When the computer instructions are executed by the processor, they implement the quantum key generation method according to any one of claims 1-6.

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