High-temperature aging production process management and control method and system based on IOT and MES cooperation

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-temperature aging production process management and control method and system based on IOT and MES cooperation. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out initialization parameter setting on the high-temperature aging room; placing the products on a baking cabinet by an operator, and putting the products on a shelf in an MES system; the MES system sends the binding information to an IOT platform; the IOT platform detects the starting state of the power port and pushes a baking machine starting event to the MES system; the MES system records the starting time of machine baking; the IOT platform collects the temperature of the high-temperature aging room and the power-on duration of the power port, and pushes the temperature and the power-on duration to the MES system in real time; when the machine baking duration reaches a set value, a machine baking completion event is pushed to an MES system; the MES system records the baking completion time and stops timing; an operator pulls up the power plug and pushes out the baking machine cabinet; the IOT platform detects that the power port is not in an enabled state, and pushes a baking ending event to the MES system; the MES system executes outbound operation; and the IOT platform performs unbinding operation after receiving the outbound event. According to the invention, comprehensive monitoring and automatic management of the baking machine flow are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of system integration and process optimization of intelligent manufacturing technology, and in particular to a high-temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES. Background Art

[0002] In the traditional high-temperature aging process, the PLC control system of the high-temperature aging room is often used for simple parameter settings and prompts, lacking effective records and comprehensive digital management of the baking products and operator behaviors. This not only makes it difficult to meet the needs of modern production for efficient and precise control, but may also lead to increased uncertainty in the production process, affecting product quality and production efficiency. With the development of Internet of Things technology and intelligent manufacturing, how to apply these advanced technologies to the high-temperature aging production process and realize the digitalization and automation management of the production process has become a problem that needs to be solved urgently. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to address the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a high-temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES, so as to optimize the production management process of the high-temperature aging room through integrated and digital means, realize the baking operation, process recording and exception handling of batch products, and realize the automation of entry and exit of the baking process, abandon the traditional manual intervention mode, ensure the accurate matching of the exit time and the actual baking time, and effectively avoid the errors and delays caused by manual operation as well as the problem of missing stations.

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.

[0005] The present invention first discloses a high temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES, the method comprising the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Initialize the parameters of the high-temperature aging room, including setting the temperature and setting the baking time;

[0007] Step 2: The operator places the product on the baking cabinet and puts the product on the shelf in the MES system using a barcode scanner or manual entry. The operator enters the baking cabinet number and the power port number in the MES system and performs the binding operation. The MES system sends the binding information to the IOT platform. The IOT platform receives the binding information and stores it.

[0008] Step 3: The operator pushes the baking cabinet into the high-temperature aging room and plugs in the power plug; the IOT platform detects the power port is enabled and pushes the baking start event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking start time and starts timing;

[0009] Step 4: The IOT platform continuously collects the temperature of the high-temperature aging room and the power-on time of the power port, and pushes them to the MES system in real time; the MES system updates the baking time based on the received data;

[0010] Step 5: When the baking time reaches the set value, the IOT platform pushes the baking completion event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking completion time and stops the timing; the operator unplugs the power plug and pushes out the baking cabinet; the IOT platform detects that the power port is not enabled and pushes the baking end event to the MES system; the MES system executes the outbound operation and sends the outbound event to the IOT platform; the IOT platform performs the unbinding operation after receiving the outbound event message.

[0011] The present invention further includes the following preferred embodiments:

[0012] The baking cabinet adopts a standardized carrier design, has a unique number and is equipped with a power plug, which is used to load products in batches and connect to the power port of the high-temperature aging room to ensure the connection with the power port of the baking room. At the same time, the products to be baked have a unique asset ID to facilitate scanning, identification and tracking by the MES system.

[0013] The high-temperature aging room includes a PLC control system for executing the baking operation of the product, realizing precise control of the temperature and baking time, and setting multiple power ports.

[0014] The IOT platform collects the equipment status, power port status, baking time and aging room temperature of the high-temperature aging room through the edge gateway, performs data processing, pushes event data to the MES system, and performs exception processing.

[0015] The MES system develops corresponding software function modules to realize product shelving, baking cabinet and power port binding and sending binding information to IOT, IOT event data reception and processing, baking time update, and abnormal outbound functions.

[0016] The types of interaction events between the MES and the IOT platform include binding events, unbinding events, baking start events, baking completion events, baking end events, baking time update events, normal outbound events and abnormal outbound events.

[0017] The abnormal exit includes the situation where the machine exits prematurely without reaching the preset baking time. The MES system triggers an abnormal exit event and notifies the event information to the IOT platform in real time. The IOT platform performs corresponding processing and records detailed information, and conducts systematic statistics and analysis on the abnormal exit events.

[0018] The present invention also discloses a high temperature aging production process control system based on IOT and MES collaboration using the above-mentioned high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration, including:

[0019] On-site baking cabinet is a carrier for the products to be baked;

[0020] High temperature aging room, providing a stable high temperature environment to perform aging treatment;

[0021] IOT platform, used for real-time data collection and data processing, providing data support for the MES system;

[0022] The MES system integrates IOT platform data to achieve comprehensive recording, monitoring and optimization of the production process.

[0023] Accordingly, the present application also discloses a terminal, including a processor and a storage medium;

[0024] The storage medium is used to store instructions;

[0025] The processor is used to operate according to the instructions to execute the steps of the aforementioned high-temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES.

[0026] Correspondingly, the present application also discloses a computer-readable storage medium on which a computer program is stored. When the program is executed by a processor, the steps of the aforementioned high-temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES are implemented.

[0027] The beneficial effect of the present invention is that, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a high-temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES, and constructs a closed-loop digital management system by integrating the production site, operators, high-temperature aging room, IOT, and MES system. By adopting automated means and through comprehensive digital records, comprehensive monitoring and automated management of the baking process are achieved, which not only ensures the accuracy and traceability of process data, but also significantly improves production efficiency and stability. The transparency and traceability of the production process are enhanced, providing strong support for quality control. At the same time, it effectively reduces the burden of manual recording and monitoring, reduces labor costs, and gives the production process higher flexibility, so that it can more flexibly respond to various actual production needs, and overall optimizes production efficiency and product quality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the high-temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES.

[0029] Figure 2 This is the state machine diagram of the baking machine transaction of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 3 This is an IOT and MES event interaction diagram of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clear, the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0032] The embodiments described in this application are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the spirit of the present invention, other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are all within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0033] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention proposes a high temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES, see Figure 1 , integrating field equipment (baking cabinet, high-temperature aging room), operators, IOT platform and MES system in the system architecture, and realizing comprehensive control of high-temperature aging production process through close cooperation among all participating objects. Define multiple states of baking affairs, including waiting for baking, baking, baking completion and baking end, and manage the baking process in a refined manner through the state machine model. Determine the types and contents of interactive events between MES and IOT platform, including binding events, unbinding events, baking start events, baking completion events, baking end events, baking duration update events, normal outbound events and abnormal outbound events, to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of information transmission. An event state machine model is established inside the IOT platform, which automatically adjusts the state of baking affairs and triggers corresponding events according to the received MES information and collected data. According to the received IOT events, the MES system executes the corresponding processing logic, including recording the baking duration, recording the temperature, and executing inbound and outbound operations, realizing real-time monitoring and automatic management of the baking process. In response to various abnormal scenario processing requirements that arise in actual production, including abnormal outbound processing, processing of the baking time after power failure recovery, processing of error binding, and processing of incorrect power port insertion, corresponding solutions are provided to ensure the correctness of production process execution.

[0034] The on-site baking cabinet is the carrier for the products to be baked; the operators perform on-site operations and related operations through the MES system; the high-temperature aging room provides a stable high-temperature environment and performs aging treatment; the IOT platform is responsible for real-time data collection and data processing, providing data support for the MES system; the MES system integrates IOT platform data to achieve comprehensive recording, monitoring and optimization of the production process.

[0035] The baking cabinet adopts a standardized carrier design, has a unique number and is equipped with a power plug, which is used to load products in batches and connect to the power port of the high-temperature aging room to ensure the connection with the power port of the baking room. At the same time, the products to be baked have a unique asset ID, such as a QR code or RFID tag, which is convenient for the MES system to scan, identify and track.

[0036] The high-temperature aging room includes a PLC control system, which is used to perform product baking operations, achieve precise control of temperature and baking time, and set multiple power ports to meet the needs of batch baking. Operators put products on the shelves in the MES system by scanning with a barcode gun or manually entering the code, perform the binding operation of the baking cabinet and the power port, and actually operate the baking cabinet to enter and exit the high-temperature aging room.

[0037] IOT and MES have event processing capabilities, and IOT and MES interact through event data using network communication technology.

[0038] The IOT platform collects the equipment status, power port status, baking time and temperature of the high-temperature aging room through the edge gateway, performs data processing, pushes event data to the MES system, and performs exception processing. The IOT platform is also used to receive MES binding information.

[0039] The MES system develops corresponding software function modules to realize product shelving, baking cabinet and power port binding and sending binding information to IOT, IOT event data reception and processing, baking time update, and abnormal outbound functions.

[0040] Furthermore, the MES includes an exception handling mechanism, which allows the flexibility of the production process to be ensured by executing abnormal exit operations when the baking time does not meet the set requirements.

[0041] Furthermore, the IOT platform has the functions of power outage identification and power outage recovery timing processing to cope with the interruption of baking time caused by power outages in the high-temperature aging room, ensuring the continuity and accuracy of the baking time.

[0042] The operator uses a barcode scanner or manual input to operate in the MES system to put the baking machine products on the shelves and bind the baking cabinet to the power port. The operator's operation process includes: placing the product on the baking cabinet, putting the product on the shelves and binding it in the MES system, pushing the baking cabinet into the high-temperature aging room and plugging it into the power port, unplugging the power plug after the baking is completed, and pushing the baking cabinet out of the high-temperature aging room.

[0043] Figure 2 This is the transaction state machine model described in the present invention. Figure 3 This is the IOT and MES event interaction process described in the present invention.

[0044] The present invention defines the specific information of the event as follows:

[0045] 1) Binding event: including event code, baking transaction ID, timestamp, device code, vehicle code, and power port number bound to the vehicle.

[0046] 2) Unbinding event: including event code, baking transaction ID, and timestamp.

[0047] 3) Toasting start event: including event code, toasting transaction ID, timestamp, data ID, device type, device code, carrier code, power port number, toasting time setting value, actual toasting time value, temperature setting value, actual temperature value, voltage (optional, selected according to specific products)

[0048] 4) Bake-up completion event: including event code, bake-up transaction ID, timestamp, and data ID.

[0049] 5) Bake-off duration update event: includes event code, bake-off transaction ID, timestamp, data ID, and bake-off duration.

[0050] 6) Normal outbound events: including event code, baking transaction ID, and timestamp.

[0051] 7) Abnormal outbound event: including event code, baking transaction ID, timestamp, and abnormal outbound reason.

[0052] The specific implementation steps of the present invention are:

[0053] Step 1: Initialize the parameters of the high-temperature aging room: including setting the temperature and setting the baking time.

[0054] Step 2: Product shelving and binding: The operator places the product on the baking cabinet and uses a barcode scanner or manual entry to put the product on the shelf in the MES system; enter the baking cabinet number and power port number in the MES system, perform the binding operation, and the MES system sends the binding information to the IOT platform; the IOT platform receives the binding information and stores it.

[0055] Step 3: Start baking: The operator pushes the baking cabinet into the high-temperature aging room and plugs in the power plug; the IOT platform detects that the power port is enabled and pushes the "baking start" event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking start time and starts timing (optional operation, the baking duration is subject to the IOT push).

[0056] Step 4: Baking process: The IOT platform continuously collects the temperature of the high-temperature aging room and the power-on time of the power port, and pushes them to the MES system in real time; the MES system updates the baking time based on the received data.

[0057] Step 5: Baking completion and exit: When the baking time reaches the set value, the IOT platform pushes the "baking completion" event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking completion time and stops the timing (optional operation); the operator unplugs the power plug and pushes out the baking cabinet; the IOT platform detects that the power port is not enabled and pushes the "baking end" event to the MES system; the MES system executes the exit operation and sends the "exit event" to the IOT platform; the IOT platform performs the unbinding operation after receiving the "exit event" message.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a series of solutions to potential problems in actual production environments, including:

[0059] Unconventional outbound processing: In actual production scenarios, for special situations where the preset baking time is not reached and the outbound needs to be exited in advance, the MES system provides an "abnormal outbound" function, which supports manual authorization intervention processes. Once an abnormal outbound event is triggered, the MES system notifies the IOT platform of the event information in real time, and the IOT platform performs corresponding processing and records detailed information. After that, the abnormal outbound events are systematically counted and analyzed to support the continuous optimization of the production process and decision support.

[0060] 2) Incorrect binding: In the actual production environment, in order to solve the problem that the operator mistakenly binds the baking cabinet to the power port of the aging room, the MES system provides an "unbinding" function. This function allows the operator to perform the unbinding operation in the MES system interface and notify the IOT platform of the unbinding event in real time. After receiving the unbinding instruction, the IOT platform will automatically execute the unbinding process to ensure the correct unbinding state of the power port and the baking cabinet, thereby preventing the "port occupied" error caused by the unbound port in subsequent use, and improving the accuracy and efficiency of production operations.

[0061] 3) Misplugging of power port: In actual production scenarios, the IOT platform provides a "power port misplugging detection" function to address the problem of the power plug of the baking cabinet not matching the preset binding port. All power ports are continuously monitored. Once a port is detected to be in an activated state but lacks a corresponding binding record, it is determined to be a port misplugging event. Subsequently, the system automatically triggers the DingTalk or SMS alarm mechanism to immediately notify the on-site operator to check and adjust the port connection to ensure the smoothness and safety of the production process. In addition, the system supports the subsequent detailed recording of misplugging events by responsible managers, covering event timestamps and operator information, to facilitate the effective implementation of subsequent data analysis, process optimization, and personnel performance evaluation.

[0062] 4) Processing of baking time after power failure recovery: In the actual production environment, for the scenario where the high-temperature aging room encounters power failure and power is restored, since the power-on time data of the power port depends on volatile storage media, the baking time is reset to the initial state (data is 0) when it is restarted after power failure. Since the IOT platform collects data in real time and pushes it directly to the MES system, this situation will cause discontinuity and distortion of the baking time data in the MES. To this end, the IOT platform provides a "power failure recovery detection" mechanism. This mechanism automatically determines a power failure event by monitoring the baking time of a specific power port, which suddenly changes from a non-zero value to zero (based on the last valid record before the power failure) under an abnormal termination process (i.e., the baking end event is not triggered). Subsequently, the IOT platform does not directly push the real-time collected data to the MES, but adopts strategic calculation, that is, the recorded baking time is used as a benchmark, superimposed with the current collected time, and the accurate time value is generated and then transmitted to the MES, thereby ensuring the continuity and accuracy of the baking time data. In addition, the IOT platform also records power outage events to support subsequent data analysis and production process optimization.

[0063] The beneficial effect of the present invention is that, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a high-temperature aging production process control method and system based on the collaboration of IOT and MES, and constructs a closed-loop digital management system by integrating the production site, operators, high-temperature aging room, IOT, and MES system. By adopting automated means and through comprehensive digital records, comprehensive monitoring and automated management of the baking process are achieved, which not only ensures the accuracy and traceability of process data, but also significantly improves production efficiency and stability. The transparency and traceability of the production process are enhanced, providing strong support for quality control. At the same time, it effectively reduces the burden of manual recording and monitoring, reduces labor costs, and gives the production process higher flexibility, so that it can more flexibly respond to various actual production needs, and overall optimizes production efficiency and product quality.

[0064] The present invention may be a system, method and / or computer program product. The present invention also discloses a high temperature aging production process control system based on IOT and MES collaboration based on the above-mentioned high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration, including:

[0065] On-site baking cabinet is a carrier for the products to be baked;

[0066] High temperature aging room, providing a stable high temperature environment to perform aging treatment;

[0067] IOT platform, used for real-time data collection and data processing, providing data support for the MES system;

[0068] The MES system integrates IOT platform data to achieve comprehensive recording, monitoring and optimization of the production process.

[0069] Based on the spirit of the present invention, those skilled in the art can easily think of a computer program product based on the aforementioned high-temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES. The computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium, which carries computer-readable program instructions for enabling the processor to implement various aspects of the present disclosure. That is, the present application also includes a terminal, including a processor and a storage medium; the storage medium is used to store instructions; the processor is used to operate according to the instructions to execute the steps of the aforementioned high-temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES.

[0070] Computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can keep and store the instructions used by the instruction execution device. Computer readable storage medium can be, for example, - but not limited to - electrical storage device, magnetic storage device, optical storage device, electromagnetic storage device, semiconductor storage device or any suitable combination of the above. More specific examples (non-exhaustive list) of computer readable storage medium include: portable computer disk, hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, mechanical encoding device, for example, punch card or groove protrusion structure with instructions stored thereon and any suitable combination of the above. Computer readable storage medium used here is not interpreted as instantaneous signal itself, such as radio wave or other free propagating electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic wave propagated by waveguide or other transmission medium (for example, light pulse by optical fiber cable) or electrical signal transmitted by wire.

[0071] The computer-readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded from a computer-readable storage medium to each computing / processing device, or downloaded to an external computer or external storage device via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and / or a wireless network. The network can include copper transmission cables, optical fiber transmissions, wireless transmissions, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. The network adapter card or network interface in each computing / processing device receives the computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer-readable program instructions for storage in the computer-readable storage medium in each computing / processing device.

[0072] The computer program instructions for performing the operation of the present disclosure may be assembly instructions, instruction set architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-related instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, or source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages-such as Smalltalk, C++, etc., and conventional procedural programming languages-such as "C" language or similar programming languages. Computer-readable program instructions may be executed completely on a user's computer, partially on a user's computer, as an independent software package, partially on a user's computer, partially on a remote computer, or completely on a remote computer or server. In the case of a remote computer, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer via any type of network-including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., using an Internet service provider to connect via the Internet). In some embodiments, an electronic circuit, such as a programmable logic circuit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or a programmable logic array (PLA) may be personalized by utilizing the state information of a computer-readable program instruction, and the electronic circuit may execute a computer-readable program instruction, thereby realizing various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0073] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, ordinary technicians in the relevant field should understand that the specific implementation methods of the present invention can still be modified or replaced by equivalents, and any modifications or equivalent replacements that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Initialize the parameters of the high-temperature aging room, including setting the temperature and setting the baking time; Step 2: The operator places the product on the baking cabinet and puts the product on the shelf in the MES system using a barcode scanner or manual entry. The operator enters the baking cabinet number and the power port number in the MES system and performs the binding operation. The MES system sends the binding information to the IOT platform. The IOT platform receives the binding information and stores it. Step 3: The operator pushes the baking cabinet into the high-temperature aging room and plugs in the power plug; the IOT platform detects the power port is enabled and pushes the baking start event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking start time and starts timing; Step 4: The IOT platform continuously collects the temperature of the high-temperature aging room and the power-on time of the power port, and pushes them to the MES system in real time; the MES system updates the baking time based on the received data; Step 5: When the baking time reaches the set value, the IOT platform pushes the baking completion event to the MES system; the MES system records the baking completion time and stops the timing; the operator unplugs the power plug and pushes out the baking cabinet; the IOT platform detects that the power port is not enabled and pushes the baking end event to the MES system; the MES system executes the outbound operation and sends the outbound event to the IOT platform; the IOT platform performs the unbinding operation after receiving the outbound event message.

2. The high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The baking cabinet adopts a standardized carrier design, has a unique number and is equipped with a power plug, which is used to load products in batches and connect to the power port of the high-temperature aging room to ensure the connection with the power port of the baking room. At the same time, the products to be baked have a unique asset ID to facilitate scanning, identification and tracking by the MES system.

3. The high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The high-temperature aging room includes a PLC control system for executing the baking operation of the product, realizing precise control of the temperature and baking time, and setting multiple power ports.

4. The high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The IOT platform collects the equipment status, power port status, baking time and aging room temperature of the high-temperature aging room through the edge gateway, performs data processing, pushes event data to the MES system, and performs exception processing.

5. The high temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The MES system develops corresponding software function modules to realize product shelving, baking cabinet and power port binding and sending binding information to IOT, IOT event data reception and processing, baking time update, and abnormal outbound functions.

6. The high temperature aging production process control system based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The types of interaction events between the MES and the IOT platform include binding events, unbinding events, baking start events, baking completion events, baking end events, baking time update events, normal outbound events and abnormal outbound events.

7. The high temperature aging production process control system based on IOT and MES collaboration according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The abnormal exit includes the situation where the machine exits prematurely without reaching the preset baking time. The MES system triggers an abnormal exit event and notifies the event information to the IOT platform in real time. The IOT platform performs corresponding processing and records detailed information, and conducts systematic statistics and analysis on the abnormal exit events.

8. A high temperature aging production process control system based on IOT and MES collaboration according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: include: On-site baking cabinet is a carrier for the products to be baked; High temperature aging room, providing a stable high temperature environment to perform aging treatment; IOT platform, used for real-time data collection and data processing, providing data support for the MES system; The MES system integrates IOT platform data to achieve comprehensive recording, monitoring and optimization of the production process.

9. A terminal comprising a processor and a storage medium; characterized in that: The storage medium is used to store instructions; The processor is used to operate according to the instructions to execute the steps of the high-temperature aging production process control method based on IOT and MES collaboration according to any one of claims 1-7.

10. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that: When the program is executed by a processor, the steps of the high-temperature aging production process control method based on the collaboration of IOT and MES as described in any one of claims 1-7 are implemented.

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