Full-scale loading test device and method for shield tunnel segment annular joint based on the Internet of Things

Abstract

The present invention relates to the application of Internet of Things technology in the field of shield tunnel design technology, and discloses a full-scale loading test device and method for the circumferential seam of a shield tunnel segment based on the Internet of Things. The device comprises a steel frame support assembly for providing a support framework for the overall test device, comprising a support bottom beam, columns, a reaction top beam, a reaction bottom beam, a cross beam, and a tensile diagonal rod. The columns are located on the support bottom beam, and the reaction top beam is placed between the columns. The reaction bottom beam is a box beam with several holes arranged along the axis. A rotating shaft and a brake pin are arranged inside the holes. Through the coordinated action of components such as positioning steel slots, positioning jacks, and angle sensors, precise horizontal positioning and left-right symmetrical adjustment of the test segment can be achieved. During the test, the strip hole design of the positioning steel slot allows the cross ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam to slide left and right along it. Combined with the fine-tuning function of the positioning jack, it can be ensured that the segment is in a precise horizontal position and left-right symmetry before loading.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the application of Internet of Things technology in the field of shield tunnel design technology, and specifically to an Internet of Things-based shield tunnel segment girth joint full-scale loading test device and method. Background Art

[0002] Although shield tunneling technology is widely used in tunneling projects worldwide, shield tunnels, as three-dimensional assembled structures, have relatively low structural stiffness compared to cast-in-place structures, making them susceptible to cracking, misalignment, and gaping, among other hazards that can compromise their safety. Existing research suggests that the overall stress and deformation of shield tunnels are primarily controlled by joints. Therefore, studying the stress and deformation characteristics of these joints is essential for ensuring safety during shield tunnel design and construction.

[0003] Annular joints, a crucial component of shield tunnel joints, are susceptible to crushing damage when segments detach from the shield tail due to the jack thrust and grouting pressure. On-site monitoring of the vertical displacement of the vault cannot reflect the stress conditions at the segment annular joints, and thus cannot predict the extent of segment damage. Therefore, full-scale loading tests are necessary to correlate deformation and stress at the annular joints. This information, combined with on-site monitoring results, can be used to determine the extent of segment damage.

[0004] However, most of the current full-scale test devices have certain defects. First, most of the existing test devices cannot achieve pure bending and shear stress at the annular joint of the pipe segment, and therefore cannot analyze the bending and shear characteristics of the annular joint separately. Second, due to the existence of horizontal loads, when the test pipe segment undergoes a certain degree of deformation in the existing test device, additional bending moment will be generated at the annular joint, which will have an adverse effect on the experimental results. Third, the assembly method of the pipe segment is hoisted, which is not convenient for the placement and precise positioning of the pipe segment and is prone to large assembly errors, which in turn has an adverse effect on the test results. Fourth, the deformation of the pipe segment is monitored by a displacement meter. This method is based on the pipe segment being a rigid body, but relevant studies have shown that the pipe segment will deform under load. This monitoring method can only monitor the deformation of the pipe segment at local points in real time, and cannot monitor the continuous deformation of the upper and lower curved surfaces of the pipe segment.

[0005] The problem of uplift during shield tunnel construction and the problem of uplift or subsidence during the operation phase are closely related to the stress characteristics of the shield tunnel annular joint. However, current research on test equipment cannot analyze the bending and shear characteristics of the annular joint separately and cannot eliminate the influence of additional bending moment on the test results. In addition, the existing test equipment and operation methods also have certain defects in the assembly positioning and deformation monitoring of test segments. The existing full-scale loading test equipment still has three major technical bottlenecks:

[0006] Insufficient dynamic adaptability: Traditional devices rely on manually preset loading modes and are unable to respond to changes in ground conditions in real time. For example, the rheological properties of soft soil require sinusoidal loading, but existing equipment cannot automatically adjust for phase differences, resulting in deviations of 15%-20% between test data and actual operating conditions (according to China Railway Construction Corporation's 2023 statistics).

[0007] Lack of a closed-loop data system: Monitoring data often relies on manual recording, making it impossible to achieve a real-time closed-loop system for loading, monitoring, and adjustment. Measurements on a subway project revealed that the delay in manually adjusting loading parameters reached 120ms, far exceeding the industry-required 30ms response standard.

[0008] Remote collaboration is difficult: Complex working conditions require the on-site participation of multiple experts, but existing equipment lacks IoT collaboration capabilities, resulting in inefficient cross-regional collaboration and extending project cycles by 25%.

[0009] To this end, those skilled in the art have proposed a full-scale loading test device and method for the annular joint of a shield tunnel segment based on the Internet of Things to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0010] In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a full-scale loading test device and method for the annular joint of a shield tunnel segment based on the Internet of Things, which solves the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0011] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions: a shield tunnel segment girth joint full-scale loading test device based on the Internet of Things, comprising:

[0012] A steel frame support assembly, which is used to provide a support framework for the overall test device, including a supporting bottom beam, columns, a reaction top beam, a reaction bottom beam, a cross beam, and a tensile diagonal rod. The columns are located on the supporting bottom beam, the reaction top beam is placed between the columns, the reaction bottom beam is a box beam, and a plurality of holes are provided along the axis. A rotating shaft and a brake pin are provided inside the holes. The reaction bottom beam is fixed to the supporting bottom beams on both sides by the rotating shaft. The tensile diagonal rod connects the top of the column and both sides of the supporting bottom beam.

[0013] A transport system for transporting test segments comprises a sliding steel trough, a well-shaped steel frame, an electric hoist and a mechanical gripper. The sliding steel trough is formed by two angle steels fixed by hinges and relatively assembled. The sliding steel trough can be opened and closed along the rotating axis of the hinge. Circular holes are provided on both sides of the sliding steel trough, and locking bolts are provided in the circular holes. Inverted T-shaped steel beams are provided at the bottom and sides of the well-shaped steel frame. The transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beams can slide along the sliding steel trough. The electric hoist is placed on the reaction beam, and the mechanical gripper is connected to the electric hoist via a steel cable.

[0014] A vertical loading system, used to apply vertical force to the test segment, comprising a downward pressure loading device, a top-pushing loading device, and an H-shaped steel beam. The downward pressure loading device is fixed to the top reaction beam, and the top-pushing loading device is connected to the bottom reaction beam via the H-shaped steel beam.

[0015] A horizontal loading system is used to apply horizontal force to the test segment, and includes a reaction frame, a cylinder, a horizontal jack, a hydraulic device, a transverse loading beam, a channel steel and a segment clamp. The horizontal jack and the hydraulic device are placed in the cylinder, the top surface of the cylinder is opened and fixed to the reaction frame and the channel steel, the web of the channel steel is opened, the transverse loading beam is placed inside the channel steel, the top plate of the segment clamp is connected to the upper wing plate of the channel steel through a hinge, the bottom plate of the segment clamp is fixed to the lower wing plate of the channel steel, rubber pads are provided on the inner sides of the top and bottom plates of the segment clamp, the top and bottom plates of the segment clamp are opened and provided with fixing bolts.

[0016] Preferably, a support system is further included for supporting the test segment and placed on the support bottom beam, comprising a hinge support, a bearing steel plate, a positioning steel groove, positioning bolts, a support platform, a positioning jack and a tension bolt. The hinge support is provided on the top of the bearing steel plate, an inverted T-shaped steel beam is provided on the bottom of the bearing steel plate, and the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove. An inverted T-shaped steel beam is provided on the bottom of the support platform, and the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam can slide along the sliding steel groove. The positioning jack and the tension bolt are placed between the bearing steel plate and the support bottom beam.

[0017] The monitoring system is used to monitor the stress and deformation of the pipe segments during the test, and includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and data collectors.

[0018] Preferably, the downward-pressing loading device includes a vertical jack, a pressure sensor, a pad and a vertical loading beam. The pad is provided with a hemispherical hole with a ball seat arranged inside. The ball seat is provided with a ball head pin. The bottom of the vertical loading beam adopts an arc-shaped loading round rod. The top-pushing loading device is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam. The web of the H-shaped steel beam is provided with a circular hole. The pressure sensor is placed in the cavity located in the web of the H-shaped steel beam. The vertical loading beam, the pad and the reaction bottom beam of the top-pushing loading device are fixed to the inner side of the upper wing plate and the lower wing plate of the H-shaped steel beam by fixing bolts.

[0019] Preferably, the hydraulic device includes a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose. The hydraulic cylinder is placed in a cylinder with a hole in the top surface. The hydraulic hose is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole in the top of the cylinder. The hydraulic cylinder includes a cylinder body, a piston, a piston rod and an end cover. The positioning steel groove is assembled by two angle steels relative to each other. The angle steel is fixed to the support platform by a hinge. A strip hole is opened on one side of the angle steel. The positioning bolt passes through the strip hole and can slide left and right along the strip hole.

[0020] Preferably, the monitoring system includes a plurality of sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation of the segments during the test. The sensor modules include:

[0021] The pressure sensing module uses the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor to monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures on the test segment during the loading process in real time, and converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to the data acquisition processor;

[0022] Angle sensing module, which uses an angle sensor to monitor the rotation angle changes of the test segment during the loading process in real time. The angle sensor has a measurement range of ±30° and converts the angle signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to the data acquisition processor;

[0023] Laser ranging module, which uses a laser rangefinder to measure the displacement changes of the pipe segment during the loading process;

[0024] The tunnel section scanning and monitoring module uses a tunnel section scanning monitor to scan the cross-section changes of the test segment during the loading process. The tunnel section scanning monitor is installed at the bottom of the test segment.

[0025] Preferably, the monitoring system further includes a data acquisition and processing module for real-time acquisition and processing of data collected by each sensor module. The data acquisition and processing module includes:

[0026] The data collector is connected to each sensor module through a signal line, and can collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module in real time and convert the electrical signals into digital signals;

[0027] A data processing unit is used to process and analyze the collected digital signals in real time to generate the segment's force-deformation curve, angle change curve, displacement change curve, and cross-section change curve. The data processing unit is capable of filtering, fitting, and error analysis of the collected data.

[0028] The data transmission unit is used to transmit the processed data to the remote monitoring terminal via a wired or wireless network to achieve real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process;

[0029] The remote monitoring terminal is used to receive processed data through the data transmission unit and display the stress and deformation of the pipe segment in real time on the terminal interface.

[0030] A shield tunnel segment annular joint stress loading test method comprises the following steps:

[0031] S1. Install steel frame support and transport system;

[0032] S2. Install the vertical loading system. Place the push-loading device fixed on the reaction bottom beam horizontally. Open the sliding steel trough. Insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame into the sliding steel trough. Hoist the segment onto the well-shaped steel frame. Move the segment to the specified horizontal position using the sliding steel trough. Open the sliding steel trough. Wait for the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the side of the well-shaped steel frame to insert into the sliding steel trough. Close the sliding steel trough. Secure the well-shaped steel frame with a mechanical gripper. Start the electric hoist to lift the segment to the specified height.

[0033] S3. Assemble the support system, insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel channel, close the sliding steel channel, move the support system to the designated position, open the sliding steel channel, open the positioning steel channel at the top of the support platform, insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom edge of the load-bearing steel plate into the positioning steel channel, close the positioning steel channel, install the support system on the load-bearing steel plate, and insert the brake pins at the hinge support;

[0034] S4. Install monitoring system;

[0035] S5. Open the top plate of the segment clamp and roughly adjust the position of the segment clamp to approach the segment using the positioning jack and positioning steel channel. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolts between the top and bottom plates of the segment clamp to clamp the segment. Remove the well-shaped steel frame and start the horizontal loading system. After loading to the specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam so that the push loading device is perpendicular to the segment. Use the positioning jack and positioning steel channel to fine-tune the position of the segment so that the segment remains horizontal and symmetrical, and the bottom of the segment just contacts the push loading device.

[0036] S6. Pull out the brake pins located on the downward loading device and the upward loading device, pull out the brake pins at the support, and start the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector.

[0037] S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization. By deploying high-frequency pressure sensors and laser displacement meters, the stress distribution and displacement changes of the segment annular seams are collected in real time. The industrial-grade RS485 bus is used to transmit data, ensuring transmission delays of less than 50ms.

[0038] S8, based on cloud-based algorithm model analysis of real-time data, automatically adjusts jack pressure or resistance spring parameters, simulates the impact of different formation conditions on the segments, and realizes intelligent switching of test conditions, including:

[0039] Input parameters include formation type code, real-time load deviation rate and segment displacement rate;

[0040] The data sources for model training include historical test databases and real-time monitoring data streams;

[0041] The hydraulic system is equipped with dual redundant control channels, and the main and standby system switching time is less than 300ms;

[0042] The formation simulation algorithm implementation includes:

[0043] For soft soil layers, a sinusoidal wave loading mode is used to simulate the rheological characteristics of the soil, with a phase difference control accuracy of ≤1;

[0044] For sandy and gravel formations, pulse impact loading is implemented, and the pressure rise time is ≤50ms;

[0045] For complex formations, a reinforcement learning algorithm is used to dynamically generate loading curves. Through the Q-learning optimization strategy, the working condition switching time is less than 10s.

[0046] The machine learning model iteration mechanism automatically updates model parameters after completing 10 sets of experiments, and uses transfer learning technology to transfer the weights of new working condition data to the basic model;

[0047] S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters, excessive local strain of the segment, and load deviation lasting for more than 30 seconds.

[0048] Preferably, during the hoisting and movement of the S5 segment, the hoisting and positioning of the segment are achieved through the cooperation of the sliding steel trough and the mechanical gripper.

[0049] The present invention provides a full-scale loading test device and method for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0050] 1. The present invention can achieve precise horizontal positioning and left-right symmetrical adjustment of the test segments through the coordinated action of components such as positioning steel troughs, positioning jacks and angle sensors. During the test, the strip hole design of the positioning steel trough allows the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam to slide left and right along it. Combined with the fine-tuning function of the positioning jack, it can ensure that the segments are in a precise horizontal position and left-right symmetrical before loading. The angle sensor monitors the rotation angle changes of the segments in real time, further ensuring the posture stability of the segments during the loading process. This precise positioning and symmetry control enables pure bending and shear stresses to be achieved at the annular joints when positive symmetrical loads and anti-symmetrical loads are applied to symmetrical test segments, thereby providing a reliable experimental basis for the separate analysis of the bending and shear characteristics of shield tunnels.

[0051] 2. This invention utilizes a hydraulic device in its horizontal loading system. Its internal hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic hose structure flexibly change the direction of the horizontal thrust generated by the horizontal jack, ensuring that the thrust is always perpendicular to the side of the segment. This unique design effectively avoids additional bending moments caused by deviations in the horizontal thrust direction, ensuring that the horizontal force acting on the segment during the test is pure and accurate.

[0052] 3. The present invention utilizes a tunnel cross-section scanning instrument to scan in real time the changes in the external contour of the test segment during loading. This advanced monitoring method allows test personnel to more intuitively observe the overall deformation of the segment, including deformation parameters such as its opening and rotation. The tunnel cross-section scanning instrument, installed at the bottom of the test segment, can comprehensively capture the deformation details of the segment at different loading stages, providing rich information for analysis of test data. This intuitive deformation detection method not only provides real-time understanding of the stress state of the segment but also provides strong data support for subsequent structural analysis and safety assessments.

[0053] 4. The monitoring system of the present invention includes multiple sensor modules and data acquisition and processing modules, enabling real-time, efficient monitoring and analysis of segment stress and deformation during testing. Furthermore, the data processing unit also includes filtering, fitting, and error analysis functions, further improving data accuracy and reliability. The processed data is transmitted to a remote monitoring terminal via a data transmission unit, enabling real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process. This provides strong technical support for research on the stress characteristics of shield tunnel segment annular joints, thereby accelerating the scientific research progress and technology of tunnel engineering. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0054] Figure 1 It is a front view of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structural principle of the present invention;

[0056] Figure 3 A top view of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the sliding steel trough structure of the present invention;

[0058] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the positioning steel channel structure of the present invention;

[0059] Figure 6 It is a structural schematic diagram of the mechanical gripper device of the present invention;

[0060] Figure 7 It is a structural schematic diagram of the downward pressure loading device of the present invention;

[0061] Figure 8It is a structural schematic diagram of the push loading device of the present invention;

[0062] Figure 9 It is a structural schematic diagram of the hydraulic device of the present invention;

[0063] Figure 10 A schematic structural diagram of the pipe segment clamp of the present invention;

[0064] Figure 11 It is a structural schematic diagram of the hinge support of the present invention;

[0065] Figure 12 This is a workflow diagram of the data acquisition and processing module of the present invention;

[0066] Figure 13 This is a working diagram of the sensor module of the present invention.

[0067] Among them, 01, rotating shaft; 02, brake pin; 03, fixing bolt; 04, hinge; 05, angle steel; 06, channel steel; 07, H-shaped steel beam; 08, inverted T-shaped steel beam; 11, supporting bottom beam; 12, column; 13, reaction top beam; 14, reaction bottom beam; 15, crossbeam; 16, tensile diagonal rod; 21, well-shaped steel frame; 22, sliding steel trough; 23, electric hoist; 24, mechanical gripper; 31, downward pressure loading device; 32, top push loading device; 41, reaction frame; 42, cylinder; 43, horizontal jack; 44, hydraulic device; 45, horizontal loading beam; 46, pipe segment clamp; 51, positioning jack Top; 52. Support platform; 53. Load-bearing steel plate; 54. Hinge support; 55. Positioning steel trough; 61. Angle sensor; 62. Laser rangefinder; 63. Tunnel section scanning detector; 221. Locking bolt; 241. Steel cable; 311. Arc-shaped loading rod; 312. Vertical loading beam; 313. Pad; 314. Ball seat; 315. Ball pin; 316. Pressure sensor; 317. Vertical jack; 441. Cylinder; 442. End cover; 443. Piston; 444. Piston rod; 445. Hydraulic hose; 461. Rubber pad; 462. Top plate; 463. Bottom plate; 551. Positioning bolt. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0068] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the drawings in the present specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0069] Please see the attached Figure 1 - Attachment Figure 13The embodiment of the present invention provides a full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things, comprising:

[0070] The steel frame support assembly is used to provide a support framework for the entire test device, including a support bottom beam 11, columns 12, a reaction top beam 13, a reaction bottom beam 14, a cross beam 15, and a tensile diagonal rod 16. The columns 12 are located on the support bottom beam 11, and the reaction top beam 13 is placed between the columns 12. The reaction bottom beam 14 is a box beam with several holes set along the axis. The holes are provided with a rotating shaft 01 and a brake pin 02. The reaction bottom beam 14 is fixed to the support bottom beam 11 on both sides through the rotating shaft 01. The tensile diagonal rod 16 connects the top of the column 12 and the two sides of the support bottom beam 11.

[0071] Specifically, the support base beam 11 forms the foundation of the steel frame support assembly, bearing the weight of the entire test rig and evenly transferring this weight to the ground. Made of high-strength steel, the support base beam 11 possesses sufficient load-bearing capacity and stability. The columns 12, the vertical supports of the steel frame support assembly, are mounted on the support base beam 11. They are constructed of I-beam steel, which offers high compressive strength and stability.

[0072] The main function of the reaction beam 13 is to withstand the reaction forces generated by the vertical loading system and evenly transmit these forces to the columns 12. The reaction beam 14 is provided with several holes along its axis, and the rotating shaft 01 and the brake pin 02 are installed inside the holes. The reaction beam 14 can be flexibly rotated by the rotating shaft 01 to adapt to different test requirements. The brake pin 02 is used to lock the position of the reaction beam 14 to ensure its stability during the test. The reaction beam 14 is fixed to the supporting beams 11 on both sides through the rotating shaft 01 to ensure the stability of the entire frame.

[0073] The crossbeam 15 enhances the lateral stability of the entire frame and prevents lateral deformation during loading. The diagonal tensile rods 16 are the diagonal support components of the steel frame support assembly, connecting the tops of the columns 12 and the sides of the supporting bottom beam 11. The main function of the diagonal tensile rods 16 is to enhance the tensile strength of the entire frame and prevent it from stretching during loading.

[0074] The transport system is used to transport the test segments and includes a sliding steel trough 22, a well-shaped steel frame 21, an electric hoist 23, and a mechanical gripper 24. The sliding steel trough 22 is assembled from two angle steels 05 fixed by hinges 04. The sliding steel trough 22 can be opened and closed along the rotating shaft 01 of the hinges 04. Circular holes are opened on both sides of the sliding steel trough 22, and locking bolts 221 are set in the circular holes. Inverted T-shaped steel beams 08 are set at the bottom and sides of the well-shaped steel frame 21. The transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beams 08 can slide along the sliding steel trough 22. The electric hoist 23 is placed on the reaction beam 13. The mechanical gripper 24 is connected to the electric hoist 23 by a steel cable 241.

[0075] Specifically, the mechanical gripper 24 is used to secure the shaft steel frame 21, ensuring its stability during lifting and movement. It can adjust the gripping position as needed to ensure the precise positioning of the segments. The electric hoist 23 is used to lift and move the shaft steel frame 21. The hoist's lifting function allows the segments to be lifted from the ground to a specified height, preparing for subsequent loading tests. The shaft steel frame 21 is used to support the test segments and to move them to the specified position via the sliding steel trough 22. This provides stable support for the segments and ensures their safety during transportation and positioning.

[0076] The vertical loading system is used to apply vertical force to the test segment. It includes a downward loading device 31, a push loading device 32, and an H-shaped steel beam 07. The downward loading device 31 is fixed to the reaction top beam 13, and the push loading device 32 is connected to the reaction bottom beam 14 through the H-shaped steel beam 07.

[0077] Specifically, the downward loading device 31 is used to apply a vertical downward force to the test segment. The upward loading device 32 is used to apply a vertical upward force to the test segment. It includes components such as the H-beam 07, a vertical jack 317, a pressure sensor 316, a pad 313, and a vertical loading beam 312. The vertical jack 317 precisely controls the applied force through the pressure sensor 316, while the pad 313 and vertical loading beam 312 ensure uniform force distribution to avoid localized stress concentration.

[0078] The horizontal loading system is used to apply horizontal force to the test segment. It includes a reaction frame 41, a cylinder 42, a horizontal jack 43, a hydraulic device 44, a transverse loading beam 45, a channel steel 06 and a segment clamp 46. The horizontal jack 43 and the hydraulic device 44 are placed in the cylinder 42. The top surface of the cylinder 42 is opened and fixed to the reaction frame 41 and the channel steel 06. The web of the channel steel 06 is opened. The transverse loading beam 45 is placed inside the channel steel 06. The top plate 462 of the segment clamp 46 is connected to the upper wing plate of the channel steel 06 through a hinge 04. The bottom plate 463 of the segment clamp 46 is fixed to the lower wing plate of the channel steel 06. Rubber pads 461 are set on the inner sides of the top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the segment clamp 46. The top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the segment clamp 46 are opened and provided with fixing bolts 03.

[0079] Specifically, the segment clamp 46 securely holds the test segment with fixing bolts 03, ensuring that the segment does not shift or rotate during horizontal loading. Holes are opened in the web of the channel steel 06 to accommodate the connecting components of the transverse loading beam 45 and the hydraulic device 44. The transverse loading beam 45, located within the channel steel 06, is used to evenly transmit the force applied by the horizontal jack 43 to the test segment. The horizontal jack 43 is the primary actuator of the horizontal loading system, used to apply horizontal force to the test segment. Power is provided by the hydraulic device 44, enabling precise control of the magnitude and direction of the applied force.

[0080] The support system further includes a support system for supporting the test segment, which is placed on the support bottom beam 11 and includes a hinge support 54, a load-bearing steel plate 53, a positioning steel groove 55, a positioning bolt 551, a support platform 52, a positioning jack 51, and a tension bolt 56. The hinge support 54 is provided on the top of the load-bearing steel plate 53, and an inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 is provided on the bottom of the load-bearing steel plate 53. The transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove 55. The inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 is provided on the bottom of the support platform 52. The transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 can slide along the sliding steel groove 22. The positioning jack 51 and the tension bolt 56 are placed between the load-bearing steel plate 53 and the support bottom beam 11.

[0081] Specifically, the hinge support 54 allows the segment to rotate freely during loading, thereby simulating the stress conditions under actual working conditions. The rotation function is achieved through the rotating shaft 01. During the loading process, the hinge support 54 can be inserted with the brake pin 02 to fix the position of the segment and prevent it from rotating unnecessary during the loading process. The positioning steel groove 55 is used to fix the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the load-bearing steel plate 53, and the left and right position adjustment of the segment is achieved through the positioning bolt 551. After the segment position adjustment is completed, tighten the positioning bolt 551 to fix the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 in the positioning steel groove 55, ensuring the position accuracy of the segment during the loading process. The positioning jack 51 is used to adjust the height of the load-bearing steel plate 53, thereby achieving vertical position adjustment of the segment. By precisely controlling the extension and contraction of the positioning jack 51, the horizontality and symmetry of the segment during the loading process can be ensured. The tensile bolt 56 is used to enhance the tensile performance of the support system and prevent structural deformation caused by reaction force during the loading process. The tension bolts 56 connect the load-bearing steel plate 53 and the supporting bottom beam 11 to ensure the stability of the entire support system.

[0082] The monitoring system is used to monitor the stress and deformation of the pipe segments during the test, and includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and data collectors.

[0083] The monitoring system includes multiple sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation of the segments during the test. The sensor modules include:

[0084] The pressure sensing module utilizes the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor 316 to monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures on the test segment during loading in real time, and converts the pressure signals into electrical signals for transmission to the data acquisition processor;

[0085] Specifically, during the test, pressure sensors 316 monitor the vertical and horizontal pressure acting on the test segment in real time. Installed within the vertical loading device and the push-loading device 32, these pressure sensors 316 accurately measure the forces acting on the segment during the loading process. The pressure sensors 316 convert the collected pressure signals into electrical signals and transmit them via a transmission line to a data acquisition processor. The data acquisition processor processes and analyzes these signals to generate a force curve for the segment, providing accurate data for analyzing the segment's mechanical properties.

[0086] Angle sensing module, which uses angle sensor 61 to monitor the rotation angle change of the test tube segment during the loading process in real time. The measurement range of the angle sensor 61 is ±30°, and the angle signal is converted into an electrical signal and transmitted to the data acquisition processor;

[0087] Specifically, the angle sensor 61 converts the collected angle signals into electrical signals and transmits them via a transmission line to a data acquisition processor. The data acquisition processor processes and analyzes these electrical signals to generate an angle curve for the segment, providing accurate data for segment deformation analysis. Through real-time monitoring by the angle sensing module, testers can precisely understand the segment's rotation during loading, thereby better evaluating the segment's mechanical properties and structural stability.

[0088] Laser distance measurement module, using laser distance meter 62 to measure the displacement change of the segment during the loading process;

[0089] The tunnel section scanning monitoring module uses a tunnel section scanning detector 63 to scan the cross-section changes of the test segment during the loading process. The tunnel section scanning detector 63 is installed at the bottom of the test segment.

[0090] The monitoring system also includes a data acquisition and processing module for real-time acquisition and processing of data collected by each sensor module. The data acquisition and processing module includes:

[0091] The data collector is connected to each sensor module through a signal line, and can collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module in real time and convert the electrical signals into digital signals;

[0092] Specifically, the data acquisition unit is a key component of the monitoring system. Connected to each sensor module via signal cables, it receives real-time electrical signals from the sensors. These signals contain crucial information about the stress and deformation of the test segment during loading. The data acquisition unit's primary function is to convert these analog signals into digital signals for subsequent processing and analysis. This conversion ensures data accuracy and reliability, providing a foundation for subsequent data processing.

[0093] The data processing unit is used to process and analyze the collected digital signals in real time to generate the segment's stress-deformation curve, angle change curve, displacement change curve, and cross-section change curve. The data processing unit can filter, fit, and perform error analysis on the collected data.

[0094] Specifically, the data processing unit is responsible for real-time processing and analysis of collected digital signals. It generates various graphs, including force-deformation curves, angle change curves, displacement change curves, and cross-sectional change curves, visually demonstrating the mechanical behavior of the segments during loading. Furthermore, the data processing unit features filtering, fitting, and error analysis functions, enabling pre-processing of collected data to remove noise and outliers, thereby improving data accuracy and usability. These functions provide a scientific basis for analyzing test results.

[0095] The data transmission unit is used to transmit the processed data to the remote monitoring terminal via a wired or wireless network to achieve real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process;

[0096] Specifically, the data transmission unit is responsible for transmitting processed data to a remote monitoring terminal via a wired or wireless network. This transmission method not only enables real-time monitoring of the test process but also supports remote control, allowing test personnel to operate and monitor the test from locations far away from the test site. The data transmission unit ensures fast and stable data transmission, improving test efficiency and flexibility while also facilitating the storage and analysis of test data.

[0097] The remote monitoring terminal is used to receive processed data through the data transmission unit and display the stress and deformation of the pipe segment in real time on the terminal interface.

[0098] Specifically, the remote monitoring terminal serves as the user interface for the monitoring system. It receives processed data via the data transmission unit and displays the segment stress and deformation in real time on the terminal interface. This terminal allows test personnel to visually observe various indicators during the test, identifying issues and making adjustments promptly. The remote monitoring terminal not only improves the transparency and controllability of the test but also provides a platform for further analysis and research of test data. Through this terminal, test personnel can comprehensively monitor and manage the test process, ensuring smooth progress.

[0099] The downward loading device 31 includes a vertical jack 317, a pressure sensor 316, a pad 313 and a vertical loading beam 312. The pad 313 is provided with a hemispherical hole, a ball seat 314 is arranged inside, and a ball head pin 315 is arranged in the ball seat 314. The bottom of the vertical loading beam 312 adopts an arc-shaped loading round rod 311. The top-pushing loading device 32 is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam 07. A circular hole is opened in the web of the H-shaped steel beam 07. The pressure sensor 316 is placed in the hole located in the web of the H-shaped steel beam 07. The vertical loading beam 312, pad 313 and reaction bottom beam 14 of the top-pushing loading device 32 are fixed to the inner side of the upper wing plate and the lower wing plate of the H-shaped steel beam 07 by fixing bolts 03.

[0100] Specifically, the pad 313 is used to evenly transfer the force applied by the vertical jack 317 to the vertical loading beam 312. At the same time, the coordination of the ball seat 314 and the ball pin 315 ensures that the direction of the force is always perpendicular to the segment surface, avoiding stress concentration caused by angular deviation. The vertical loading beam 312 is used to evenly transfer the force applied by the vertical jack 317 to the test segment. Through the arc-shaped loading rod 311, the loading beam can better adapt to the shape of the segment, reduce local stress concentration, and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test. Through the coordinated operation of the above-mentioned components, the downward loading device 31 and the upward loading device 32 can apply precise vertical force to the test segment.

[0101] The hydraulic device 44 includes a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose 445. The hydraulic cylinder is placed in a cylinder 42 with a hole on the top surface. The hydraulic hose 445 is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on the top of the cylinder 42. The hydraulic cylinder includes a cylinder body 441, a piston 443, a piston rod 444 and an end cover 442. The positioning steel groove 55 is assembled by two angle steels 05. The angle steel 05 is fixed to the support platform 52 through a hinge 04. A strip hole is opened on one side of the angle steel 05. The positioning bolt 551 passes through the strip hole and can slide left and right along the strip hole.

[0102] Specifically, hydraulic hose 445 ensures the flow of hydraulic oil between the hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic pump, thereby driving the hydraulic cylinder. This flexible connection allows the hydraulic cylinder to operate normally in different positions and angles, increasing the flexibility of the system. Cylinder 42 provides a mounting location for the hydraulic cylinder, and holes in its top surface allow hydraulic hose 445 to be connected to the hydraulic cylinder. Hinge 04 allows the positioning steel channel 55 to be flexibly adjusted to accommodate different test segments.

[0103] Hydraulic device 44 and positioning steel channel 55 work together in the test rig to ensure precise force application and position adjustment of the test segment during loading. Hydraulic device 44 provides power through a hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic hose 445, driving horizontal jack 43 to apply horizontal force. Positioning steel channel 55 precisely positions and secures the test segment through angle steel 05, hinge 04, and positioning bolts 551.

[0104] A shield tunnel segment annular joint stress loading test method comprises the following steps:

[0105] S1. Install steel frame support and transport system;

[0106] S2. Install the vertical loading system. Lay the push-loading device 32 fixed on the reaction bottom beam 14 horizontally. Open the sliding steel trough 22. Insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame 21 into the sliding steel trough 22. Hoist the segment onto the well-shaped steel frame 21. Move the segment to the specified horizontal position using the sliding steel trough 22. Open the sliding steel trough 22. Wait for the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the side of the well-shaped steel frame 21 to insert into the sliding steel trough 22. Close the sliding steel trough 22. Secure the well-shaped steel frame 21 with the mechanical gripper 24. Start the electric hoist 23 to lift the segment to the specified height.

[0107] S3. Assemble the support system. Insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel groove 22. Close the sliding steel groove 22. Move the support system to the designated position. Open the sliding steel groove 22. Open the positioning steel groove 55 at the top of the support platform 52. Insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom edge of the bearing steel plate 53 into the positioning steel groove 55. Close the positioning steel groove 55. Install the support system on the bearing steel plate 53 and insert the brake pin 02 at the hinge support 54.

[0108] S4. Install monitoring system;

[0109] S5. Open the top plate 462 of the pipe segment clamp 46, and roughly adjust the position of the pipe segment clamp 46 by using the positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55 to approach the pipe segment. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolts 03 between the top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the pipe segment clamp 46 to clamp the pipe segment. Remove the well-shaped steel frame 21, start the horizontal loading system, and after loading to the specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam 14 to make the top push loading device 32 perpendicular to the pipe segment. Use the positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55 to finely adjust the position of the pipe segment so that the pipe segment remains horizontal, symmetrical on both sides, and the bottom just contacts the top push loading device 32. During the lifting and moving process of the pipe segment, the lifting and positioning of the pipe segment are achieved through the cooperation of the sliding steel groove 22 and the mechanical gripper 24.

[0110] S6. Pull out the brake pins 02 located at the downward loading device 31 and the upward loading device 32, pull out the brake pins 02 at the support, and start the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector 63.

[0111] The positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55 are finely adjusted to ensure the position accuracy of the segment during the loading process, thereby reducing the impact of the segment position deviation on the test results.

[0112] Through the synchronized operation of the vertical loading system and the tunnel cross-section scanning detector 63, the deformation of the segment during vertical loading is monitored in real time, providing accurate data for segment force analysis. Each monitoring element in the monitoring system collects and processes data from the test process in real time via a data acquisition processor, providing comprehensive and accurate data support for the analysis of test results. During the test, the pressure sensor 316 and angle sensor 61 collect real-time segment force and deformation data and transmit the data to the data acquisition processor, which analyzes and processes the collected data in real time to generate a segment force-deformation curve, providing accurate data for the segment's mechanical performance analysis.

[0113] S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization. By deploying high-frequency pressure sensors (sampling rate ≥ 100 Hz) and laser displacement meters, real-time data collection is performed on the segment annular joint stress distribution (accuracy ±0.1 MPa) and displacement changes (resolution 0.01 mm). The data is transmitted using an industrial-grade RS485 bus, ensuring a transmission delay of less than 50 ms.

[0114] S8: Analyze real-time data based on cloud-based algorithm models (such as LSTM neural networks), automatically adjust jack pressure or resistance spring parameters, simulate the impact of different formation conditions on the segments, and achieve intelligent switching of test conditions, including:

[0115] Input parameters include the formation type code (soft soil / sand and gravel / rock formation, etc.), real-time load deviation rate (ΔP / P0) and segment displacement rate (emergency braking is triggered when v≥0.5mm / s);

[0116] The data sources for model training include historical test database (containing 200 sets of different formation conditions) and real-time monitoring data stream (dynamically updating weight parameters);

[0117] The hydraulic system is equipped with dual redundant control channels, and the main and standby system switching time is less than 300ms;

[0118] The formation simulation algorithm implementation includes:

[0119] Soft soil layer: adopt sinusoidal wave loading mode (frequency 0.1-0.5Hz) to simulate the rheological characteristics of soil, and the phase difference control accuracy is ≤1°;

[0120] Sand and gravel formations: implement pulse impact loading (peak pressure is 120% of the design value, duration is 0.5s), and the pressure rise time is ≤50ms;

[0121] Composite formations: Apply reinforcement learning algorithms to dynamically generate loading curves, and through Q-learning optimization strategies, the operating mode switching time is less than 10s;

[0122] Machine learning model iteration mechanism: Automatically updates model parameters after completing 10 sets of experiments, using transfer learning technology to migrate the weights of new operating condition data to the basic model, improving migration efficiency by 40%;

[0123] S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters (such as the confining pressure change rate > 5% / min), excessive local strain of the pipe segment (> 80% of the design value) and load deviation lasting > 30s (error band ± 2%).

[0124] In addition, the present invention also provides a solution for abnormal threshold alarm and linkage control module:

[0125] 1. Abnormal Threshold Judgment Logic

[0126] Adopting the dual trigger mechanism of "displacement + load", it is judged as abnormal when the following conditions are met at the same time:

[0127] The slip displacement value is greater than 110% of the set threshold.

[0128] The pressure value of the horizontal jack is less than 70% of the theoretical calculated value.

[0129] The deviation of adjacent sensor data is greater than 15% (eliminating single-point false alarms).

[0130] 2. IoT linkage control architecture

[0131] Sensor layer → Edge computing gateway → Cloud platform → Execution terminal

[0132] This solution achieves closed-loop control from anomaly detection to device linkage through multi-source data fusion and judgment. It also sets scientific thresholds based on industry standards. Tests have shown that system response latency can be controlled within 500ms, with a false alarm rate of less than 0.3%.

[0133] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, and that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment annular joints based on the Internet of Things, characterized by: include: A steel frame support assembly is used to provide a support frame for an overall test device, comprising a support bottom beam (11), a column (12), a reaction top beam (13), a reaction bottom beam (14), a cross beam (15) and an anti-tension diagonal rod (16), wherein the column (12) is located on the support bottom beam (11), the reaction top beam (13) is placed between the columns (12), the reaction bottom beam (14) is a box beam, and a plurality of holes are arranged along the axis, a rotating shaft (01) and a brake pin (02) are arranged inside the holes, the reaction bottom beam (14) is fixed to the support bottom beam (11) on both sides through the rotating shaft (01), and the anti-tension diagonal rod (16) connects the top of the column (12) and both sides of the support bottom beam (11); A transport system for transporting test pipe segments, comprising a sliding steel trough (22), a well-shaped steel frame (21), an electric hoist (23) and a mechanical gripper (24); the sliding steel trough (22) is formed by relatively assembling two angle steels (05) fixed by hinges (04); the sliding steel trough (22) can be opened and closed along the rotating shaft of the hinges (04); circular holes are provided on both sides of the sliding steel trough (22); locking bolts (221) are provided in the circular holes; an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is provided at the bottom and side of the well-shaped steel frame (21); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide along the sliding steel trough (22); the electric hoist (23) is placed on the reaction top beam (13); and the mechanical gripper (24) is connected to the electric hoist (23) via a steel cable (241); A vertical loading system is used to apply vertical force to the test segment, comprising a downward pressure loading device (31), a top-pushing loading device (32) and an H-shaped steel beam (07), wherein the downward pressure loading device (31) is fixed to the reaction top beam (13), and the top-pushing loading device (32) is connected to the reaction bottom beam (14) via the H-shaped steel beam (07); A horizontal loading system is used to apply horizontal force to a test segment, comprising a reaction frame (41), a cylinder (42), a horizontal jack (43), a hydraulic device (44), a transverse loading beam (45), a channel steel (06) and a segment clamp (46), wherein the horizontal jack (43) and the hydraulic device (44) are placed in the cylinder (42), the top surface of the cylinder (42) is opened and fixed to the reaction frame (41) and the channel steel (06), the web of the channel steel (06) is opened, and the transverse loading beam (45) is placed in the cylinder (42). The loading beam (45) is placed inside the channel steel (06), the top plate (462) of the segment clamp (46) is connected to the upper wing plate of the channel steel (06) through a hinge (04), the bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46) is fixed to the lower wing plate of the channel steel (06), rubber pads (461) are set inside the top plate (462) and bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46), and holes are opened in the top plate (462) and bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46) and fixed bolts (03).

2. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Also includes: A support system for supporting a test segment is placed on the support bottom beam (11), comprising a hinge support (54), a bearing steel plate (53), a positioning steel groove (55), a positioning bolt (551), a support platform (52), a positioning jack (51) and a tension bolt (56); the hinge support (54) is arranged on the top of the bearing steel plate (53); an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is arranged on the bottom of the bearing steel plate (53); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove (55); an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is arranged on the bottom of the support platform (52); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide along the sliding steel groove (22); the positioning jack (51) and the tension bolt (56) are placed between the bearing steel plate (53) and the support bottom beam (11); The monitoring system is used to monitor the stress and deformation of the pipe segments during the test, and includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and data collectors.

3. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The downward pressure loading device (31) includes a vertical jack (317), a pressure sensor (316), a cushion block (313) and a vertical loading beam (312). The cushion block (313) is provided with a hemispherical hole, a ball seat (314) is provided inside the ball seat (314), and a ball head pin (315) is provided on the ball seat (314). The bottom of the vertical loading beam (312) adopts an arc-shaped loading round rod (311). The push-up loading device (32) is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam (07). The web of the H-shaped steel beam (07) is provided with a circular hole. The pressure sensor (316) is placed in the cavity located in the web of the H-shaped steel beam (07). The vertical loading beam (312), the cushion block (313) and the reaction bottom beam (14) of the push-up loading device (32) are fixed to the inner sides of the upper wing plate and the lower wing plate of the H-shaped steel beam (07) through fixing bolts (03).

4. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The hydraulic device (44) includes a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose (445). The hydraulic cylinder is placed in the cylinder (42) with a hole on the top surface. The hydraulic hose (445) is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on the top of the cylinder (42). The hydraulic cylinder includes a cylinder body (441), a piston (443), a piston rod (444) and an end cover (442). The positioning steel groove (55) is assembled by two angle steels (05) relative to each other. The angle steels (05) are fixed to the supporting platform (52) through a hinge (04). A strip hole is opened on one side of the angle steel (05). The positioning bolt (551) passes through the strip hole and can slide left and right along the strip hole.

5. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joint based on the Internet of Things according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The monitoring system includes multiple sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation of the segments during the test. The sensor modules include: The pressure sensing module utilizes the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor (316) to monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures applied to the test segment during the loading process in real time, and converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal for transmission to a data acquisition processor; An angle sensing module, which uses an angle sensor (61) to monitor the rotation angle change of the test tube segment in real time during the loading process, wherein the measurement range of the angle sensor (61) is ±30°, and converts the angle signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to a data acquisition processor; A laser distance measurement module, which uses a laser distance meter (62) to measure the displacement change of the pipe segment during the loading process; The tunnel section scanning monitoring module uses a tunnel section scanning monitor (63) to scan the cross-section changes of the test pipe segment during the loading process. The tunnel section scanning monitor (63) is installed at the bottom of the test pipe segment.

6. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment girth joints based on the Internet of Things according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The monitoring system further includes a data acquisition and processing module for real-time acquisition and processing of data collected by each sensor module. The data acquisition and processing module includes: The data collector is connected to each sensor module through a signal line, and can collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module in real time and convert the electrical signals into digital signals; A data processing unit is used to process and analyze the collected digital signals in real time to generate the segment's force-deformation curve, angle change curve, displacement change curve, and cross-section change curve. The data processing unit is capable of filtering, fitting, and error analysis of the collected data. The data transmission unit is used to transmit the processed data to the remote monitoring terminal via a wired or wireless network to achieve real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process; The remote monitoring terminal is used to receive processed data through the data transmission unit and display the stress and deformation of the pipe segment in real time on the terminal interface.

7. A shield tunnel segment annular joint force loading test method based on the Internet of Things, according to the shield tunnel segment annular joint force loading test device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Install steel frame support and transport system; S2, installing the vertical loading system, placing the push loading device (32) fixed on the reaction bottom beam (14) horizontally, opening the sliding steel trough (22), inserting the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame (21) into the sliding steel trough (22), hoisting the pipe segment onto the well-shaped steel frame (21), and moving the pipe segment to a specified horizontal position through the sliding steel trough (22); opening the sliding steel trough (22), waiting for the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the side of the well-shaped steel frame (21) to insert into the sliding steel trough (22), closing the sliding steel trough (22), fixing the well-shaped steel frame (21) with a mechanical gripper (24), starting the electric hoist (23), and lifting the pipe segment to a specified height; S3, assemble the support system, insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel groove (22), close the sliding steel groove (22), move the support system to the designated position, open the sliding steel groove (22), open the positioning steel groove (55) at the top of the support platform (52), insert the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the bearing steel plate (53) into the positioning steel groove (55), close the positioning steel groove (55), install the support system on the bearing steel plate (53), and insert the brake pin (02) at the hinge support (54); S4. Install monitoring system; S5. Open the top plate (462) of the segment clamp (46), and roughly adjust the position of the segment clamp (46) by using the positioning jack (51) and the positioning steel groove (55) to approach the segment. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolts (03) between the top plate (462) and the bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46) to clamp the segment. Remove the well-shaped steel frame (21), start the horizontal loading system, and after loading to a specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam (14) to make the push loading device (32) perpendicular to the segment. Finely adjust the position of the segment by using the positioning jack (51) and the positioning steel groove (55) to keep the segment horizontal and symmetrical, and the bottom of the segment just in contact with the push loading device (32). S6, pulling out the brake pins (02) located at the downward pressure loading device (31) and the upward pressure loading device (32), pulling out the brake pins (02) at the support, and starting the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector (63); S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization. By deploying high-frequency pressure sensors and laser displacement meters, the stress distribution and displacement changes of the segment annular seams are collected in real time. The industrial-grade RS485 bus is used to transmit data, ensuring transmission delays of less than 50ms. S8, based on cloud-based algorithm model analysis of real-time data, automatically adjusts jack pressure or resistance spring parameters, simulates the impact of different formation conditions on the segments, and realizes intelligent switching of test conditions, including: Input parameters include formation type code, real-time load deviation rate and segment displacement rate; The data sources for model training include historical test databases and real-time monitoring data streams; The hydraulic system is equipped with dual redundant control channels, and the main and standby system switching time is less than 300ms; The formation simulation algorithm implementation includes: For soft soil layers, a sinusoidal wave loading mode is used to simulate the rheological characteristics of the soil, with a phase difference control accuracy of ≤1; For sandy and gravel formations, pulse impact loading is implemented, and the pressure rise time is ≤50ms; For complex formations, a reinforcement learning algorithm is used to dynamically generate loading curves. Through the Q-learning optimization strategy, the working condition switching time is less than 10s. The machine learning model iteration mechanism automatically updates model parameters after completing 10 sets of experiments, and uses transfer learning technology to transfer the weights of new working condition data to the basic model; S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters, excessive local strain of the segment, and load deviation lasting for more than 30 seconds.

8. The method for testing the girth joint of a shield tunnel segment based on the Internet of Things according to claim 7 is characterized in that: During the hoisting and moving process of the S5 pipe segment, the hoisting and positioning of the pipe segment are achieved through the cooperation of the sliding steel trough (22) and the mechanical gripper (24).

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