River and lake health evaluation method

Abstract

The invention discloses a river and lake health evaluation method, and the method employs a river and lake health evaluation system which comprises a data collection system. Comprising the following steps: collecting ecological health data of rivers and lakes by using a data collection system; the ecological health data of the rivers and lakes obtained in the first step are used for calculation to obtain ecological good conditions and functional good conditions, evaluation indexes of the ecological good conditions comprise hydrological integrity, chemical integrity, morphological structure integrity and biological integrity, and evaluation indexes of the functional good conditions comprise social service function sustainability; and integrating the ecological good condition and the functional good condition, and calculating to obtain a river and lake health condition score. According to the river and lake health evaluation method, key indexes in two core fields of good ecological health and good function are comprehensively covered, comprehensive evaluation of river and lake health is conveniently realized, and the obtained evaluation result is closer to the actual situation and is comprehensive.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the health of rivers and lakes, belonging to the technical field of river and lake health governance. Background Art

[0002] Water is a controlling factor in the ecological environment. As the carrier of water resources, the health status of rivers and lakes is directly related to the effectiveness of ecological civilization construction. Since 2010, the water conservancy departments and the national level in China have successively issued a series of policy documents aiming to construct and improve the river and lake health assessment system and ensure the health and sustainable development of river and lake ecosystems. From the "Request for Instructions on Carrying out the Health Assessment of Important Rivers and Lakes across the Country" to the "Guidelines for the Health Assessment of Rivers and Lakes (Trial)", and then to the "Action Plan for the Revival of the Mother River (2022 - 2025)", these policies not only clarify the importance of river and lake health assessment, but also put forward specific implementation paths and goals.

[0003] As a key link in the earth's water cycle, rivers carry irreplaceable ecological, environmental and social service functions. However, with the intensification of human activities, river ecosystems are facing severe challenges, and their ecological functions, environmental functions and social service functions are declining day by day. Therefore, studying and managing the health of river and lake ecosystems has become an important issue in the field of ecological environment and global sustainable development.

[0004] In order to accurately grasp the health status of rivers and lakes, analyze and solve problems in a timely manner, China has actively promoted the river and lake health assessment work and improved the level of water conservancy informatization with the help of new generation information technology. However, the information systems in the current water environment field still have problems such as single function and data islands, and it is difficult to meet the needs of managers for multi-source data integration, complex data visualization, analysis of internal data connections and intelligent decision support.

[0005] Therefore, a new method for evaluating the health of rivers and lakes is needed to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Object of the Invention: Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a method for evaluating the health of rivers and lakes.

[0007] A method for evaluating the health of rivers and lakes, using a river and lake health assessment system, including a data acquisition system, comprising the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Use the data acquisition system to collect river and lake ecological health data;

[0009] Step 2: Calculate the ecological good condition and functional good condition using the river and lake ecological health data obtained in Step 1. The evaluation indicators of the ecological good condition include hydrological integrity, chemical integrity, morphological structure integrity and biological integrity, and the evaluation indicator of the functional good condition includes the sustainability of social service functions;

[0010] Step 3: Based on the above-mentioned good ecological conditions and good functional conditions, calculate the score of the health status of the river and lake.

[0011] Furthermore, the scoring of the good ecological conditions in Step 2 is expressed by the following formula:

[0012] RES i = HDS i × HDW + WQS i × WQW + PHS i × PHW + AFS i × AFW

[0013] In the formula, RESi represents the score of the good ecological conditions of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; HDSi represents the score of the hydrological integrity sub-criterion layer of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; HDW represents the weight of the hydrological integrity sub-criterion layer; WQSi represents the score of the chemical integrity sub-criterion layer of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; WQW represents the weight of the chemical integrity sub-criterion layer; PHSi represents the score of the morphological structure integrity sub-criterion layer of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; PHW represents the weight of the morphological structure integrity sub-criterion layer; AFSi represents the score of the biological integrity sub-criterion layer of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; AFW represents the weight of the biological integrity sub-criterion layer.

[0014] Furthermore, the score of the health status of the river and lake in Step 3 is expressed by the following formula:

[0015]

[0016] RHS i = RES i × REW + RSS i × RSW

[0017] In the formula, RHS represents the score of the health status of the river and lake; RHSi represents the score of the health status of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; Wi represents the river length of the i-th evaluated river section, the water surface area of the i-th evaluated lake area or the water storage capacity of the i-th evaluated reservoir area; Rs represents the number of evaluated river sections, evaluated lake areas or evaluated reservoir areas;

[0018] RESi represents the score of the good ecological conditions of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; REW represents the weight of the good ecological conditions; RSSi represents the score of the good functional conditions of the i-th evaluated river section, evaluated lake area or evaluated reservoir area; RSW represents the weight of the good functional conditions.

[0019] Furthermore, the method for determining the weights of each evaluation index in Step 2 and Step 3 includes the following steps:

[0020] Step 21: Determine the evaluation indicators related to the health assessment of rivers and lakes;

[0021] Step 22: Use the analytic hierarchy process to determine the subjective weights of the evaluation indicators: First, use the 1-9 ratio scale method to conduct pairwise comparisons to establish a judgment matrix; Second, through matrix operations, calculate the maximum eigenvalue and eigenvector, and conduct a consistency test: If the average random consistency ratio CR < 0.1, then the test is passed, and the eigenvalue is the subjective weight Pj of the evaluation indicator;

[0022] Step 23: Use the entropy weight method to determine the objective weights of the evaluation indicators: First, construct the evaluation indicator matrix A=(x ij ) m×n , then calculate the index characteristic ratio r ij , then according to the index characteristic ratio r ij calculate the information entropy Sj of the jth evaluation indicator j , and finally calculate the objective weight v j of the evaluation indicator;

[0023] Step 23: Couple the subjective weights and objective weights of the evaluation indicators to obtain the comprehensive weight.

[0024] Construct an index system for the health assessment of rivers and lakes according to the water system characteristics of the basin and region, and comprehensively use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy weight method to assign scores to each indicator in a subjective and objective combination. The AHP method is based on expert experience and professional knowledge to subjectively judge the relative importance of indicators; while the entropy weight method objectively reflects the weights of each indicator in the evaluation system based on the degree of variation of the data itself. Then, further calculate and analyze the sub-criteria layer and the criteria layer step by step according to the hierarchical structure, which not only considers the interaction and influence among the indicators at each level, but also ensures the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the evaluation results. Finally, the health score and the level of the river and lake are obtained, realizing a comprehensive assessment of the health status of the river and lake.

[0025] Furthermore, the average random consistency ratio CR in Step 22 is expressed by the following formula:

[0026] C R = C1 / R1

[0027] C1=(λ max -n) / (n - 1)

[0028] In the formula: C R is the average random consistency ratio; λ maxλ is the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix; C1 and R1 are the random consistency indicators; the values of R1 for matrices of order 1 to 9 are 0, 0, 0.58, 0.9, 1.12, 1.24, 1.34, 1.41, and 1.45 respectively.

[0029] Furthermore, the objective weight v of the evaluation index in step 23 j is calculated by the following formula:

[0030]

[0031] In the formula, r ij is the characteristic ratio of the evaluation index matrix, S j is the information entropy of the j-th evaluation index; v j is the objective weight of the j-th evaluation index; b ij is the data value of the j-th index under the i-th project, m is the number of projects, and n is the number of indicators.

[0032] Furthermore, in step 24, the multiplicative normalization method is used to couple and calculate the subjective weight and objective weight of the evaluation index to obtain the comprehensive weight, which is expressed by the following formula:

[0033]

[0034] In the formula: a j is the comprehensive weight; v j is the objective weight of the evaluation index, P j is the subjective weight of the evaluation index, and n is the total number of evaluation indexes.

[0035] Furthermore, the hydrological integrity described in step 2 includes the water resource development and utilization rate, the degree of variation of the inflow into the lake, and the satisfaction degree of the lowest ecological water level; the chemical integrity includes the quality of water, the compliance status of the drinking water source water quality, the comprehensive nutrition state index, the sediment pollution status, and the compliance rate of the water function area; the morphological and structural integrity includes the lake connectivity index, the shrinkage ratio of the lake area, the lake shore stability, the vegetation coverage of the lake shore zone, the rationality of the sewage outlet layout, and the degree of artificial interference in the lake shore zone; the biological integrity includes the density of phytoplankton, the biological loss index of zooplankton, the coverage of macrophytes, the biological integrity index of macrozoobenthos, and the fish retention index; the sustainability of social service functions includes public satisfaction, flood control indicators, and water supply indicators.

[0036] Furthermore, the water resource development and utilization rate is expressed by the following formula:

[0037]

[0038] In the formula, WURI represents the utilization rate of surface water resources; WS represents the surface water supply volume of the river and lake basin; WR represents the surface water resources volume of the river and lake basin;

[0039] The variation degree of the inflow into the lake is expressed by the following formula:

[0040]

[0041] In the formula, FLI represents the variation degree of the inflow into the lake; rm represents the measured monthly runoff of the m-th month of all rivers flowing into the lake; Rm represents the natural monthly runoff of the m-th month of all rivers flowing into the lake; represents the annual average value of the natural monthly runoff of all rivers flowing into the lake; rn represents the measured monthly runoff of the n-th river flowing into the lake; Rn represents the natural monthly runoff of the n-th river flowing into the lake; N represents the number of all rivers flowing into the lake; m represents the serial number of the month within the evaluation year;

[0042] The compliance status of the drinking water source area water quality is expressed by the following formula:

[0043]

[0044] In the formula, SWR represents the compliance ratio of centralized drinking water sources; WDB represents the water supply volume meeting the drinking water source area water quality standard in the evaluation year; WSP represents the total water supply volume of centralized drinking water sources in the evaluation year;

[0045] The comprehensive trophic state index is expressed by the following formula:

[0046]

[0047] In the formula, TLI represents the comprehensive trophic state index, represents the correlation coefficient between the f-th parameter and the reference parameter chlorophyll; p represents the number of evaluation parameters; TLI(f) represents the trophic state index of the f-th parameter, q represents the number of evaluation items;

[0048] The lake connectivity index is expressed by the following formula:

[0049]

[0050] In the formula, CIS represents the score of the lake connectivity index; Ns represents the number of main rivers around the lake; CISn represents the score of the connectivity of the n-th river around the lake in the evaluation year; Qn represents the measured water volume flowing out of or into the lake of the n-th river in the evaluation year;

[0051] The shrinkage ratio of the lake area of the connected lakes is expressed by the following formula:

[0052]

[0053] In the formula, ASI represents the shrinking ratio of the lake area; AC represents the lake water surface area in the evaluation year; AR represents the lake water surface area in the historical reference year.

[0054] The stability of the lake shore is expressed by the following formula:

[0055]

[0056] In the formula, BKSS represents the score assignment of the river-lake (reservoir) shore stability index; SAS represents the score of the bank slope inclination angle; SCS represents the score of the bank slope vegetation coverage; SHS represents the score of the bank slope height; SMS represents the score of the substrate category; STS represents the score of the scouring intensity at the toe of the slope.

[0057] The turbidity can be obtained through actual monitoring, and the SD index is obtained through secondary calculation:

[0058] SD = 7.13219081905172 × turbidity (-0.944241423422239) .

[0059] Beneficial effects: The river-lake health assessment method of the present invention comprehensively covers the key indicators in the two core fields of good ecological health and good function, facilitating the comprehensive assessment of river-lake health, and the obtained assessment results are more in line with the actual situation and comprehensive. Description of the Drawings

[0060] Figure 1 It is a schematic flow chart of the river-lake health assessment method of the present invention. Detailed Embodiments

[0061] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in conjunction with the drawings to more clearly and completely elaborate the technical solutions of the present invention.

[0062] Please refer to Figure 1 As shown, the river-lake health assessment method of the present invention adopts a river-lake health assessment system, including a data acquisition system.

[0063] 1. River-lake ecological health data acquisition system

[0064] Figure 1 It is the overall structure of the river-lake ecological health data acquisition system. In this process, the perception layer, as the cornerstone of data acquisition, integrates device collectors that support multiple protocols such as MQTT, OPC, Modbus, and TCP, and realizes the flexible access of multiple-protocol devices at the edge end and data acquisition through driver management, driver attribute management, tag attribute management, template management, tag management, driver configuration, and tag configuration. These collectors widely cover monitoring stations, data recorders, and various sensors (such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and optoelectronic sensors), etc.

[0065] These sensors include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors and optoelectronic sensors, which can precisely monitor the physical (water level, water intake, flow velocity, flow rate, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, river and lake area, bank slope inclination, vegetation coverage, sewage outlet location, etc.) and chemical (pH, chlorophyll a, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, transparency, permanganate value, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, algal density, etc.) parameters of rivers and lakes, comprehensively covering multiple dimensions such as hydrology, water quality, sediment, morphological structure, biological integrity and social service functions. Among them, hydrological, water quality and some biological (such as algal density) data are mainly obtained through real-time dynamic monitoring systems;

[0066] For water level, rainfall and flow rate, a fully automatic hydrological monitoring system is adopted. Based on K-band planar radar technology, it measures the water level and rainfall of water bodies in a non-contact manner, and calculates and outputs real-time cross-section flow rate and cumulative flow rate according to the built-in algorithm.

[0067] The water intake is measured by a vortex flowmeter. Based on the theories of Karman and Strouhal about the generation of vortices and the relationship between vortices and flow rate, it measures the water flow rate of water bodies. When water passes through the flowmeter, the separation frequency F of its vortices is proportional to the water flow velocity V. The number of vortices is detected by the sensing head, and then the water flow velocity is deduced, and the water intake flow rate is calculated through the pipe diameter.

[0068] The temperature is monitored by a waterproof temperature transmitter. It uses a temperature sensor with high accuracy and stable performance. After strict and precise temperature and nonlinear compensation, signal amplification, and V / I conversion, it measures and displays the water temperature. The shell adopts the production process of liquid level sensors, and the waterproof level reaches IP68.

[0069] For wind speed and wind direction, an ultrasonic wind speed and wind direction sensor is used. It measures the time or frequency (Doppler transformation) difference at the receiving end by using the transmitted acoustic pulses to calculate the wind speed and wind direction. The measured wind speed and wind direction values are converted into electrical signals, which can be directly transmitted to the recording equipment for processing.

[0070] For water quality, a pre-integrated integrated small outdoor station house is adopted, including a water sampling system, a pretreatment and water distribution system, an analytical instrument system, an auxiliary system, a security system, a control and data service system, an AI intelligent analysis system, an integrated station house, etc. All-index automatic monitors such as pH, chlorophyll a, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, transparency, permanganate value, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, algal density, etc. are installed in the station house, and the data is collected in real time and screened and transmitted to the platform system based on information technology and big data intelligent algorithms.

[0071] The algal density is monitored by an online cyanobacteria detector. It adopts the fluorescence method principle. According to the fluorescence characteristics of the specific pigment phycocyanin in cyanobacteria in water bodies, the fluorescence intensity released by excitation with high-energy LEDs is used to calculate the content of cyanobacteria, and thus the algal density is obtained.

[0072] pH value, which measures the hydrogen ion concentration in the water sample through a pH electrode (usually a combination of a glass electrode and a reference electrode). The potential difference generated by the electrode has a logarithmic relationship with the hydrogen ion activity in the solution. The pH value can be calculated by measuring this potential difference.

[0073] Chlorophyll a, using the fluorescence method, that is, exciting the chlorophyll a molecule to emit fluorescence and then measuring the fluorescence intensity to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll a.

[0074] Ammonia nitrogen, using the ion selective electrode method or the colorimetric method. The ion selective electrode method measures its concentration by using the selective response of the electrode to ammonium ions; the colorimetric method is to make ammonia nitrogen react with a specific reagent through a chemical reaction to form a colored compound, and then measure its absorbance to estimate the concentration. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen, using the colorimetric method after digestion. The sample is first subjected to digestion treatment (such as potassium persulfate oxidation) to convert organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen into inorganic phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen, and then its concentration is measured by the colorimetric method, based on the chemical reaction to generate a colored compound and measuring its absorbance. Transparency, measured by an optical method, using a photoelectric transparency meter. The light source emits light, and the intensity of the transmitted light is measured after passing through the water sample, so as to estimate the transparency of the water sample. Permanganate value, using the potassium permanganate oxidation method, that is, oxidizing the organic matter in the water sample and then measuring the amount of potassium permanganate consumed to estimate the COD_Mn value. Dissolved oxygen, using the electrochemical method, that is, using a dissolved oxygen electrode (such as a membrane electrode) to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water sample. The reaction layer on the electrode reacts with the dissolved oxygen in the water sample to generate a current proportional to the dissolved oxygen concentration, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen can be estimated by measuring this current. Conductivity, using a conductivity sensor, and estimating the conductivity by measuring the resistance when current passes through the water sample. Turbidity, using the scattered light method or the transmitted light method. The scattered light method uses the light source to emit light to irradiate the water sample and measures the intensity of the scattered light to estimate the turbidity; the transmitted light method estimates the turbidity by measuring the intensity of the transmitted light after the light passes through the water sample.

[0075] For benthic substrates, morphological structures and other biological monitoring, regular field sampling is combined with technical means such as satellite remote sensing and UAV hyperspectral imaging; benthic sediment sampling mainly adopts three methods: manual, mechanical and sampler.

[0076] Manual sampling is often carried out in shallow waters (water depth not exceeding 20 meters) by inserting a shovel obliquely into the sediment, rotating and stirring, and then collecting; for deep waters (water depth exceeding 20 meters), the sampler is often lowered to the bottom by a rope for collection. Mechanized sampling mainly involves using a mechanical grass board to lower a scraper to the soil surface and bring it out. Samplers mainly include conical samplers, drill samplers, hanging hammer samplers, spade samplers, mussel samplers, drag samplers, columnar samplers, etc., which are often made of stainless steel corrosion-resistant materials and are used to collect samples according to different geological conditions and depths. The sampling methods mainly include surface layer, columnar, fixed-point, and methods combined with hydrological surveys. Surface layer sampling is suitable for small-scale basic surveys and is used to collect surface sediment samples by a drag sampler or a surface layer sampler when the ship is sailing at a low speed; columnar sampling uses a columnar sampler to collect columnar samples at a certain depth below the seabed and is suitable for situations where the vertical distribution characteristics of the sediment need to be understood; fixed-point sampling is carried out at specific points according to the characteristics of the river channel and the distribution of pollution sources to ensure the representativeness of the samples; combined with hydrological surveys, when sampling river sediment, it can be combined with the bed load and suspended load surveys of the hydrological section of the hydrological station to improve the sampling efficiency. The process of sediment pollution detection mainly includes formulating a detection plan, compiling a sampling plan, collecting sediment samples, transporting and storing the samples, and detecting and analyzing. Formulating a detection plan is to formulate an implementation plan for sediment detection according to the characteristics of the river channel and the detection purpose, and clarify the detection content, methods, and sampling points; compiling a sampling plan is to determine the sampling time, frequency, and points according to the sediment sampling plan to ensure the representativeness of the samples; collecting sediment samples is to collect sediment samples according to the sampling plan, paying attention to the preservation and identification of the samples during the sampling process to avoid sample contamination; transporting and storing the samples is to seal the collected sediment samples in time and transport them to the laboratory to ensure that the samples are not contaminated during transportation; finally, detection and analysis are carried out by sending the samples to a qualified laboratory for analysis and detection, and the detection items include conventional pollutant indicators such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nutrients. The detection methods include chemical analysis methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as ecological toxicity evaluation methods such as biological toxicity tests.

[0077] The principles of satellite remote sensing monitoring of the morphological structure of rivers and lakes (river and lake area, bank slope inclination, vegetation coverage, location of sewage outlets, etc.) mainly include spectral characteristics and feature extraction, spatial resolution and detail capture, and remote sensing image processing and analysis. Spectral characteristics and feature extraction: Different ground objects (such as water bodies, soil, vegetation, sewage outlets, etc.) exhibit different spectral characteristics on satellite remote sensing images. These characteristics are the basis for distinguishing and identifying different ground objects. Satellite remote sensing obtains the electromagnetic wave information reflected or emitted by the earth's surface through multi-spectral sensors. The intensity changes of this information in different bands reflect the characteristics of ground objects. Spatial resolution and detail capture: The spatial resolution of satellite remote sensing images determines the degree of surface details that can be captured. High-resolution images can more clearly display details such as river and lake boundaries, bank slope morphology, vegetation distribution, and sewage outlet distribution. Remote sensing image processing and analysis: Use remote sensing image processing software to preprocess the acquired images (such as radiometric correction, geometric correction, etc.) to improve the accuracy and usability of the images. Through image analysis techniques (such as classification, segmentation, edge detection, etc.), feature information such as river and lake area, bank slope inclination, vegetation coverage, and sewage outlet distribution is extracted from the preprocessed images. The specific monitoring process includes data acquisition, preprocessing, river and lake area extraction, bank slope inclination monitoring, vegetation coverage monitoring, sewage outlet distribution, and verification and evaluation of monitoring results. Data acquisition: Select appropriate satellites and sensors, and determine the time, frequency, and coverage of data acquisition according to monitoring requirements. Commonly used satellites include the Landsat series, Sentinel series, etc., which provide multi-spectral and high-resolution image data. Preprocessing is to perform radiometric correction on the acquired remote sensing images to eliminate the influence of factors such as the atmosphere and solar altitude angle on the image quality. Through geometric correction, ensure that the geographical coordinates in the image are consistent with the actual situation. Image enhancement processing is also required to improve the visual effect of the image and the accuracy of feature extraction. River and lake area extraction: Use water body indices (such as NDWI, MNDWI, etc.) to calculate the distribution of water bodies in the image. Through methods such as threshold segmentation, distinguish water bodies from other ground objects and extract the information of river and lake water surface area. Bank slope inclination monitoring uses stereo image pairs or radar interferometry (InSAR) technology to obtain surface elevation information. By analyzing the changes in elevation data, calculate the inclination of the bank slope, and use geographic information system (GIS) software for processing and analysis. Vegetation coverage monitoring uses vegetation indices (such as NDVI) to calculate the vegetation coverage in the image. By setting appropriate thresholds or classification algorithms, distinguish vegetation from other ground objects and extract the vegetation coverage information. Sewage outlet distribution: By comparing historical images and current images, identify the location and quantity of sewage outlets, and conduct comprehensive analysis in combination with other data (such as administrative division maps, pollution source census data, etc.). Result verification and evaluation: Compare the remote sensing monitoring results with field survey data, historical data, or other reliable data sources for verification, and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring results.If a large error is found, it is necessary to go back and check each link in the data processing and analysis process, and make necessary corrections and improvements.

[0078] Biological monitoring mainly includes zooplankton surveys, macrophyte surveys, macroinvertebrate surveys, and fish surveys, etc. For zooplankton surveys, water samples are first collected at different depths or by mixing surface and bottom layers using a water sampler. Usually, the collected volume is about 1 L. Then the water sample is poured into a wide-mouth bottle, and an appropriate amount of fixative (such as Lugol's solution) is added for fixation. The fixed water sample is left standing in a sediment concentrator for a certain period (such as 48 hours) to allow zooplankton to settle and concentrate to a certain volume (such as 30 ml). Finally, a counting frame and cover glass are used to count the zooplankton in the concentrated solution under a microscope. Usually, multiple fields of view are selected for statistics and the average value is calculated. For macrophyte surveys, sampling points are set at different areas of lakes or rivers, and aquatic plant samples are collected using a waterweed clamp or dragger. The collected aquatic plants are classified, and parameters such as their height and fresh weight are measured respectively, and the biomass (fresh weight or dry weight) of macrophytes per unit area is calculated. For macroinvertebrate surveys, representative sampling points are selected at different areas of rivers or lakes, and bottom sediment samples are collected using a net-clamping mud sampler or a modified Petersen grab. The collected bottom sediment samples are screened through a sampling sieve to remove larger impurities and pick out macroinvertebrates. The selected macroinvertebrates are classified and fixed with fixatives such as ethanol to prevent them from spoiling. Based on the collected sample data, the biomass (quantity or weight) of macroinvertebrates per unit area is calculated. Fish surveys mainly adopt traditional fishing methods, non-invasive survey methods, and sonar detection. For traditional fishing methods, tools such as fishing nets are used for fishing operations in lakes or rivers, and the caught fish are recorded with relevant information; for non-invasive survey methods, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology is used to collect water samples and extract fish DNA in them for species identification and diversity analysis; for sonar detection, sonar detection equipment is used to scan and detect the underwater environment to understand the distribution and quantity of fish.

[0079] Social service function factors (public satisfaction, flood control project compliance rate, water supply project assurance rate, etc.) are comprehensively evaluated through public surveys and social statistical data. Public satisfaction is mainly investigated through questionnaire surveys (paper, online), telephone surveys, face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions, and social media analysis, etc. For the investigation of the flood control project compliance rate, first, information such as urban flood control planning maps and flood control circle design maps is collected through on-site field surveys and measurements, etc. The closure and compliance of each flood control circle are verified one by one, key elements and important parameters are recorded, and professional evaluations are carried out according to the results of on-site investigations and inspection reviews to determine whether the flood control project meets the design requirements and standards. For the investigation of the water supply project assurance rate, relevant data such as the water source situation, water supply volume, and water demand volume of the water supply project are collected, the water supply situation of the water supply project in different years and seasons is analyzed, and the water supply assurance rate is calculated. On-site investigations of the water supply project are carried out to monitor the real-time water supply volume and water demand volume of the water supply project to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data.

[0080] The camera captures the visual information of rivers and lakes in real time, such as the area of rivers and lakes, the slope of the bank, the vegetation coverage, the location of the sewage outlet, etc. The principles of satellite remote sensing monitoring mainly include spectral characteristics and feature extraction, spatial resolution and detail capture, and remote sensing image processing and analysis, etc.

[0081] Spectral characteristics and feature extraction, different ground objects (such as water bodies, soil, vegetation, sewage outlets, etc.) show different spectral characteristics on satellite remote sensing images. These characteristics are the basis for distinguishing and identifying different ground objects. Satellite remote sensing obtains the electromagnetic wave information reflected or emitted by the earth's surface through multi-spectral sensors. The intensity changes of this information in different bands reflect the characteristics of the ground objects;

[0082] Spatial resolution and detail capture, the spatial resolution of satellite remote sensing images determines the degree of surface details that can be captured. High-resolution images can more clearly display details such as the boundaries of rivers and lakes, the morphology of the bank slopes, the distribution of vegetation, and the distribution of sewage outlets;

[0083] Remote sensing image processing and analysis, using remote sensing image processing software to preprocess the acquired images (such as radiometric correction, geometric correction, etc.) to improve the accuracy and usability of the images. Through image analysis techniques (such as classification, segmentation, edge detection, etc.), characteristic information such as the area of rivers and lakes, the slope of the bank, the vegetation coverage, and the distribution of sewage outlets is extracted from the preprocessed images.

[0084] Its monitoring specific process includes data acquisition, preprocessing, extraction of river and lake areas, monitoring of bank slope inclination, monitoring of vegetation coverage, distribution of sewage outfalls, and verification and evaluation of monitoring results, etc. For data acquisition, appropriate satellites and sensors are selected, and the time, frequency, and coverage range of data acquisition are determined according to monitoring requirements. Commonly used satellites include the Landsat series, Sentinel series, etc., which provide multi-spectral and high-resolution image data; preprocessing is to perform radiometric correction on the acquired remote sensing images to eliminate the influence of factors such as the atmosphere and solar altitude angle on the image quality. Through geometric correction, it is ensured that the geographical coordinates in the image are consistent with the actual situation, and image enhancement processing is also required to improve the visual effect of the image and the accuracy of feature extraction; for the extraction of river and lake areas, water body indices (such as NDWI, MNDWI, etc.) are used to calculate the distribution of water bodies in the image. Through methods such as threshold segmentation, water bodies are distinguished from other ground objects, and the information of the water surface area of rivers and lakes is extracted; for the monitoring of bank slope inclination, stereo image pairs or radar interferometry (InSAR) technology are used to obtain surface elevation information. By analyzing the changes in elevation data, the inclination of the bank slope is calculated, and processing and analysis are carried out with the help of geographic information system (GIS) software; for the monitoring of vegetation coverage, vegetation indices (such as NDVI) are used to calculate the vegetation coverage in the image. By setting appropriate thresholds or classification algorithms, vegetation is distinguished from other ground objects, and the vegetation coverage information is extracted; for the distribution of sewage outfalls, by comparing historical images and current images, the positions and quantities of sewage outfalls are identified, and comprehensive analysis is carried out in combination with other data (such as administrative division maps, pollution source census data, etc.); for the verification and evaluation of results, the remote sensing monitoring results are compared and verified with field survey data, historical data, or other reliable data sources to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring results. If large errors are found, it is necessary to return to check each link in the data processing and analysis process and make necessary corrections and improvements.

[0085] As a key hub, the sensor gateway aggregates data from various sensors and securely transmits it to the data processing center - the river and lake health monitoring and display system.

[0086] The application layer, as the core interface for data processing and user interaction, integrates functions such as data storage, management, analysis, and visualization. Here, the input data includes

[0087] physical (water level, water intake, flow velocity, flow rate, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, river and lake area, bank slope inclination, vegetation coverage, sewage outfall location, etc.) and

[0088] chemical (pH, chlorophyll a, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, transparency, permanganate value, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, algal density, etc.) indicators,

[0089] It can be collected and accessed in two ways: system integration and manual entry. When integrating the system, data is obtained in real time from the health data collection system. When entering manually, data is entered directly through the new button on the system interface.

[0090] The collected data undergoes in-depth processing and analysis by the monitoring and display system, and is transformed into an evaluation report on the health status of rivers and lakes. Finally, it is visually displayed on the health management diagnosis platform for real-time monitoring and decision support.

[0091] The software for diagnosing the health management of lake ecosystems interacts with the cloud platform database through the GETHTTP method and uses JAVA scripts for hybrid programming, achieving comprehensive data collection, processing, analysis, and visualization of water environment monitoring, enabling users to remotely grasp the dynamics of the water environment.

[0092] The specific processing and analysis methods of the present invention:

[0093] A1. Utilization rate of water resources development

[0094] Calculate the utilization rate of surface water resources development in the evaluation year. When the evaluation interval exceeds 3 years, the average value of the utilization rate of surface water resources development in the past 3 years can be adopted.

[0095]

[0096] In the formula: WURI: Utilization rate of surface water resources development, %; WS: Surface water supply volume of rivers, lakes (reservoirs) basin, 10,000 m3; WR: Surface water resources volume of rivers, lakes (reservoirs) basin, 10,000 m3.

[0097] The scoring criteria for the utilization rate of water resources development are shown in Table 1. The north includes 6 first-level water resources regions: Songhua River region, Liaohe River region, Haihe River region, Yellow River region, Huaihe River region, and Northwest River regions. The south includes 4 first-level water resources regions: Yangtze River region, Southeast River regions, Pearl River region, and Southwest River regions.

[0098] Table 1 - Scoring criteria table for the utilization rate of water resources development

[0099]

[0100] A2. Degree of variation of inflow into the lake

[0101] The degree of variation of inflow into the lake statistically calculates the average deviation degree of the measured monthly runoff into the lake along the lake and the natural monthly runoff, and is calculated according to formulas (4) - (7).

[0102]

[0103] In the formula: FLI: Degree of variation of inflow into the lake; rm: Measured monthly runoff of the m-th month of all rivers flowing into the lake, m3 / s; Rm: Natural monthly runoff of the m-th month of all rivers flowing into the lake, m3 / s; Annual average value of natural monthly runoff of all inflowing rivers, m3 / s; rn: Measured monthly runoff of the nth inflowing river, m3 / s; Rn: Natural monthly runoff of the nth inflowing river, m3 / s; N: Number of all inflowing rivers; m: Serial number of months within the evaluation year.

[0104] Table 2 - Scoring Criteria for Variation Degree of Inflow Process

[0105] Degree of variation of flow process ≤0.05 0.1 0.3 1.5 3.5 ≥5 Score assignment 100 75 50 25 10 0

[0106] A3. Degree of Satisfaction with the Lowest Ecological Water Level

[0107] The lowest ecological water level of the lake should preferably be the limit value determined in the planning or management documents, or be determined by methods such as the natural water level data method, the lake morphology method, the minimum biological space requirement method, etc. The scoring criteria for the degree of satisfaction with the lowest ecological water level are shown in Table 3.

[0108] Table 3 - Scoring Criteria for Degree of Satisfaction with the Lowest Ecological Water Level

[0109] Degree of satisfaction of the lowest ecological water level Score assignment Daily average water levels within a year are all higher than the lowest ecological water level 100 Daily average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level, but the 3-day moving average water level is not lower than the lowest ecological water level 75 The 3-day moving average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level, but the 7-day moving average water level is not lower than the lowest ecological water level 50 The 7-day moving average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level 30 The 14-day moving average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level 20 The 30-day moving average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level 10 The 60-day moving average water level is lower than the lowest ecological water level 0

[0110] B1. Degree of Water Quality Goodness or Badness

[0111] Score according to the proportion of water quality categories in rivers, lakes (reservoirs). The proportion of water quality categories should be evaluated in accordance with SL395. Among them, for rivers, it is counted according to the river length; for lakes, it is counted according to the lake water surface area; for reservoirs, it is counted according to the water storage capacity. The scoring criteria are shown in Table 4.

[0112] Table 4 - Scoring Criteria for Degree of Water Quality Goodness or Badness

[0113]

[0114] B2. Water Quality Compliance Status of Drinking Water Source Areas

[0115] Calculate the centralized drinking water source area water quality compliance ratio according to formula (9). The scoring criteria for the index are shown in Table 5.

[0116]

[0117] In the formula: SWR: Centralized drinking water source area compliance ratio, %; WDB: Water supply volume meeting the drinking water source area water quality standard in the evaluation year, 10,000 m3; WSP: Total water supply volume of the centralized drinking water source area in the evaluation year, 10,000 m3.

[0118] Table 5 - Scoring Criteria for Water Quality Compliance Status of Drinking Water Source Areas

[0119]

[0120] B3. Nutritional Status

[0121] The trophic state index of lakes (reservoirs) should be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of the Technical Regulations for Surface Water Quality Assessment (SL395-2007). Determining the comprehensive trophic state index TLI of lakes (reservoirs) based on the trophic state index value of lakes (reservoirs) is a currently common method for evaluating the trophic state of lakes or slow-flowing rivers, which not only helps to understand the eutrophic state of lakes but also predicts their future evolution trends. The expression of the comprehensive trophic state index evaluation method is as follows:

[0122]

[0123] In the formula, TLI represents the comprehensive trophic state index, represents the correlation coefficient between the f-th parameter and the reference parameter chlorophyll; p represents the number of evaluation parameters; TLI(f) is the trophic state index of the f-th parameter, and q represents the number of evaluation items;

[0124] Table 6 - Weights of Comprehensive Trophic State Index

[0125]

[0126] Note: r ij Derived from the calculation results of the survey data of 26 major lakes in China.

[0127] TLI(TP) = 10 × (9.436 + 1.624ln[TP])

[0128] TLI(TN) = 10 × (5.543 + 1.694ln[TN])

[0129] TLI(Chla) = 10 × (2.5 + 1.086ln[Chla])

[0130] TLI(SD) = 10 × (5.118 - 1.941ln[SD])

[0131] TLI(COD Mn ) = 10 × (0.109 + 2.661ln[COD Mn )

[0132] In the formula: the unit of transparency SD is m, the unit of chlorophyll Chla is ng / L, and the units of other indicators are all mg / L.

[0133] For trophic state scoring, the scoring criteria are shown in Table 7.

[0134] Table 7 - Scoring Criteria for Lake (Reservoir) Trophic State

[0135]

[0136] B4. Sediment Pollution Status

[0137] The sediment pollution index, which is the percentage of the concentration of each pollutant in the sediment to the corresponding standard value, is used for evaluation. When assigning scores to the sediment pollution index, the multiple value of the pollutant with the highest exceeded concentration is selected. The scoring criteria are shown in Table 12. The standard values of pollutant concentrations refer to GB 15618.

[0138] Table 8 - Scoring Criteria for Sediment Pollution Status

[0139] Sediment pollution index <1 1 2 3 5 >5 Score assignment 100 80 60 40 20 0

[0140] B5. Reach compliance rate of water function zones

[0141] The evaluation is carried out by using the percentage of the number of water function zones reaching the standard to the number of water function zones evaluated. The water quality compliance rate is evaluated according to all factors. The evaluation criteria and methods follow the relevant provisions of SL395. The score assignment of the reach compliance rate of water function zones is calculated according to formula (10).

[0142] WFZS = WFZR × 100 (10)

[0143] In the formula: WEZS: Score assignment of the reach compliance rate index of water function zones; WEZR: Reach compliance rate of water function zones.

[0144] C1. Lake connectivity index

[0145] It is evaluated according to the water flow smoothness between the main inflowing and outflowing rivers around the lake and the lake, and is calculated according to formula (11).

[0146]

[0147] In the formula: CIS: Score assignment of the lake connectivity index; Ns: Number of main rivers around the lake, in pieces; CISn: Score assignment of the connectivity of the nth river around the lake in the evaluation year; Qn: Measured inflow (outflow) water volume of the nth river into (from) the lake in the evaluation year, in 10,000 m³ / a.

[0148] When determining the connectivity of the rivers around the lake, the smoothness status should be determined respectively according to the sluice and dam construction and regulation conditions of the main rivers around the lake (counted by the number of months of interruption and blockage. For the situation where not all days in a natural month are in the blocked state, the blocked days can be converted into months for statistics) and the ratio of the annual inflow (outflow) water volume of the main rivers around the lake to the average annual measured runoff of the inflowing (outflowing) rivers, and the worst status among them is taken to determine the score assignment of the connectivity of each river around the lake. The score assignment criteria for the connectivity of each river around the lake are shown in Table 9.

[0149] Table 9 - Score Assignment Criteria for the Connectivity of Rivers around the Lake

[0150]

[0151] C2. Proportion of lake area shrinkage

[0152] It is expressed by the ratio of the shrinkage area of the lake water surface in the evaluation year to the lake water surface area in the historical reference year, and is calculated according to formula (12). The historical reference year should preferably be a year in the 1950s with a similar hydrological frequency to the evaluation year. The scoring criteria are shown in Table 10.

[0153]

[0154] In the formula: ASI: shrinkage ratio of lake area, %; AC: lake water surface area in the evaluation year, km2; AR: lake water surface area in the historical reference year, km2.

[0155] Table 10 - Scoring Criteria Table for Shrinkage Ratio of Lake Area

[0156] Shrinkage ratio of lake area / % ≤5 10 20 30 ≥40 Score assignment 100 60 30 10 0

[0157] C3. Lake Shore Stability

[0158] It is evaluated according to the erosion situation that has occurred or may potentially occur on the river-lake (reservoir) shore, and is calculated according to formula (14).

[0159]

[0160] In the formula: BKSS: scoring of the river-lake (reservoir) shore stability index; SAS: score of the bank slope inclination angle; SCS: score of the bank slope vegetation coverage; SHS: score of the bank slope height; SMS: score of the substrate category; STS: score of the toe scouring intensity.

[0161] The scoring criteria for the evaluation elements of the river-lake (reservoir) shore stability are shown in Table 11.

[0162] Table 11 - Scoring Criteria Table for Evaluation Elements of River-Lake (Reservoir) Shore Stability

[0163]

[0164] C4. Vegetation Coverage of the Lake Shore Zone

[0165] Evaluate the ratio of the vertical projection area of natural and artificial vegetation in the lake (reservoir) shore zone to the area of the lake (reservoir) shore zone. Focus on evaluating the coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs in the landward range of the lake (reservoir) shore zone. The evaluation of the vegetation coverage of the lake (reservoir) shore zone can adopt the reference point comparison scoring method or the direct judgment scoring method.

[0166] The reference point comparison scoring method shall comply with the following regulations:

[0167] a) Determine the reference values of the tree, shrub and herb vegetation coverage in the evaluated river-lake (reservoir) shore zone according to the reference point survey data in the ecological sub-region where it is located. The selection of reference points shall comply with the provisions of Appendix A.

[0168] b) The variation status of the coverage of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation is calculated according to Formulas (15) to (17).

[0169]

[0170] In the formulas: TVCI: percentage change in the coverage of the arbor layer vegetation, %; TVCR: coverage of the arbor layer vegetation at the reference point in the ecological zone where it is located, %; TVC: coverage of the arbor layer vegetation, %; SVCI: percentage change in the coverage of the shrub layer vegetation, %; SVCR: coverage of the shrub layer vegetation at the reference point in the ecological zone where it is located, %; SVC: coverage of the shrub layer vegetation, %; HVCI: percentage change in the coverage of the herbaceous layer vegetation, %; HVCR: coverage of the herbaceous layer vegetation at the reference point in the ecological zone where it is located, %; HVC: coverage of the herbaceous layer vegetation, %.

[0171] c) Score the coverage of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation according to Table 12. Calculate the respective score values for the variation status of the coverage of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, and calculate the score value of the vegetation coverage index of the river-lake (reservoir) shore zone according to Formula (18).

[0172]

[0173] In the formulas: RVSS: score of the vegetation coverage of the river-lake (reservoir) shore zone; TCS: score of the coverage of the arbor layer vegetation; SCS: score of the coverage of the shrub layer vegetation; HCS: score of the coverage of the herbaceous layer vegetation;

[0174] Table 12 - Score Standard Table for Vegetation Coverage of River-Lake (Reservoir) Shore Zone (Scoring Method by Comparing with Reference Points)

[0175]

[0176]

[0177] Direct judgment scoring method. Score according to the total coverage of natural and artificial vegetation in the river-lake (reservoir) shore zone obtained from the investigation, and the scoring standard is shown in Table 13.

[0178] Table 13 - Score Standard Table for Vegetation Coverage of River-Lake (Reservoir) Shore Zone (Direct Judgment Scoring Method)

[0179] Vegetation coverage of river-lake (reservoir) shore zone / % Description Score assignment >75 Extremely severe coverage 75～100 40～75 Severe coverage 50～75 10～40 Moderately severe coverage 25～50 0～10 Sparse vegetation 0～25 0 No vegetation 0

[0180] C5. Reasonableness of the layout of sewage outlets

[0181] Evaluate the reasonableness of the layout of sewage outlets entering the river-lake (reservoir), including the compliance of sewage outlets entering the river-lake (reservoir) and the scale of their mixing zones. The scoring standard is shown in Table 14. Determine the final score based on the worst situation among them.

[0182] Table 14 - Scoring Criteria for the Rationality of Pollutant Discharge Outlet Layout

[0183]

[0184]

[0185] C6. Degree of Artificial Interference in the Lakeshore Zone

[0186] Investigate whether there is the "four disorders" situation listed in Table 15 along the lake (reservoir) shoreline. For the investigation area without the "four disorders" situation, the score is 100 points; for each item that appears, the corresponding score is deducted until it is completely deducted. The scoring criteria are shown in Table 21.

[0187] Table 15 - Scoring Criteria for the Degree of Artificial Interference in the Lake (Reservoir) Shore Zone

[0188]

[0189] D1. Phytoplankton Density

[0190] The following methods are selected for the evaluation of the phytoplankton density index according to the actual situation:

[0191] a) Reference Point Multiplication Method. Based on the monitoring data of the historical reference period before the major changes in the water quality and morphology of the lake (reservoir), it is advisable to use the monitoring data in the 1980s or earlier. Divide the annual phytoplankton density by this historical base point to calculate its multiple. The scoring criteria for phytoplankton density are shown in Table 16.

[0192] Table 16 - Scoring Criteria for Phytoplankton Density in the Lake (Reservoir) Floating Zone (Reference Point Multiplication Method)

[0193] Density multiple of phytoplankton ≤1 3 10 50 100 ≥150 Score assignment 100 80 60 40 20 0

[0194] b) Direct Judgment Scoring Method. When there is no reference point, the scoring criteria for phytoplankton density are shown in Table 17.

[0195] Table 17 - Scoring Criteria for Phytoplankton Density in the Lake (Reservoir) Floating Zone (Direct Judgment Scoring Method)

[0196] Density of phytoplankton / (10,000 cells / L) ≤40 100 200 500 1000 2500 ≥5000 Score assignment 100 75 60 40 30 10 0

[0197] D2. Zooplankton Biological Loss Index

[0198] The zooplankton biological loss index is calculated according to formula (19), and the scoring criteria are shown in Table 18.

[0199]

[0200] Where: ZOEI: Zooplankton Biological Loss Index, %; ZO: The number of zooplankton species obtained from the assessment of the lake (excluding alien species), species; ZE: The number of zooplankton species in the lake evaluated in the 1980s or earlier, species.

[0201] Table 18 - Scoring Criteria for Zooplankton Biological Loss Index

[0202] Biological loss index of zooplankton / % 0 15 25 40 50 75 100 Score assignment 100 80 60 40 30 10 0

[0203] D3. Coverage of Macrophytes

[0204] The coverage of macrophytes evaluates the total coverage of non - alien species among the four types of plants, namely emergent plants, phytoplankton, submerged plants, and floating plants, in the lake - facing waters of the lake shore zone. The following methods can be selected according to the actual situation:

[0205] a) Reference Point Comparison Scoring Method. Select lakes with similar lake types, unaffected or slightly affected by human activities in the same ecological region or lake geographical region, or choose a historical period before the major changes in lake morphology and water quality of the evaluated lake as the reference point to determine the evaluation criteria for the coverage of macrophytes in the evaluated lake; divide the coverage of macrophytes in the evaluation year by the reference point standard to calculate its percentage, and the scoring criteria are shown in Table 19.

[0206] Table 19 - Scoring Criteria for Macrophyte Coverage (Reference Point Comparison Scoring Method)

[0207]

[0208]

[0209] b) Direct Judgment Scoring Method. The scoring criteria for the coverage of macrophytes in the lake are shown in Table 20.

[0210] Table 20 - Scoring Criteria for Macrophyte Coverage (Direct Judgment Scoring Method)

[0211] Coverage of large aquatic plants / % >75 40～75 10～40 0～10 0 Description Extremely severe coverage Severe coverage Moderate coverage Sparse vegetation No such vegetation Score assignment 75～100 50～75 25～50 0～25 0

[0212] D4. Biological Integrity Index of Benthic Invertebrates

[0213] The Biological Integrity Index of Benthic Invertebrates (BIBI) is evaluated by comparing the benthic invertebrate conditions at the reference point and the damaged point. The calculation process of BIBI should comply with the provisions of Appendix B.

[0214] Select evaluation parameters based on alternative parameters, calculate the monitoring value of the BIBI index for the benthic animal survey data of the evaluated river, lake (reservoir) according to the scoring method of the evaluation parameter scores, and calculate the BIBI index score according to the best expected value of the BIBI in the water ecological zone where the river, lake (reservoir) is located according to formula (20).

[0215]

[0216] In the formula: BIBIS: Score of the biological integrity index of macroinvertebrates in the evaluated river, lake (reservoir); BIBIO: Monitoring value of the biological integrity index of macroinvertebrates in the evaluated river, lake (reservoir); BIBIE: Best expected value of the biological integrity index of macroinvertebrates in the water ecological zone where the evaluated river, lake (reservoir) is located.

[0217] D5. Fish retention index

[0218] Evaluate the difference between the current fish species number and the fish species number at the historical reference point, calculate according to formula (21), and the scoring standard is shown in Table 21. For the evaluation area where historical fish monitoring data cannot be obtained, the method of expert consultation can be used to determine. The investigated fish species number does not include alien species.

[0219]

[0220] In the formula: FOEI: Fish retention index, %; FO: Number of fish species obtained from the investigation of the evaluated river, lake (reservoir) (excluding alien species), species; FE: Number of fish species in the evaluated river, lake (reservoir) in the 1980s or earlier, species.

[0221] Table 21 - Scoring standard table for fish retention index

[0222] Retention index of fish / % 100 85 75 60 50 25 0 Score assignment 100 80 60 40 30 10 0

[0223] E1. Public satisfaction

[0224] Evaluate the public's satisfaction with the environment, water quality and quantity, and water-related landscapes of the river, lake (reservoir), etc. Use the public survey method for evaluation, and the survey form is shown in Appendix C. Its score is the average of the scores given by the public participating in the survey within the evaluated basin (area).

[0225] E2. Flood control index

[0226] Evaluate the flood control compliance of river and lake levees and river (lake)-side gate buildings. For rivers, the flood control index statistics calculate the proportion of the levee length reaching the flood control standard in the total levee length according to formula (22); for lakes, the proportion of the gate buildings around the lake meeting the design standard should also be evaluated according to formula (23). When there is no relevant planning for the flood control compliance standard, it can be determined with reference to GB 50201. The flood control index scoring standard for rivers and lakes is shown in Table 22.

[0227]

[0228] In the formula: FDRI: Reach standard rate of river flood control project, %; RDA: Levee length of the river reaching the flood control standard, m; RD: Total length of the river levee, m; FDLI: Reach standard rate of lake flood control project, %; LDA: Levee length of the lake reaching the flood control standard, m; LD: Total length of the lake levee, m; GWA: Width of the up-to-standard sluice gates around the lake, m; DW: Total width of the sluice gates around the lake.

[0229] Table 22 - Scoring standard table for river and lake flood control indicators

[0230]

[0231] E3. Water supply indicator

[0232] Adopt the comprehensive water supply guarantee rate for evaluation. Taking the actual average daily water supply volume as the weight, count the water supply guarantee rates of all water supply projects in the Donghu (reservoir), and calculate according to formula (24). The scoring standard is shown in Table 23.

[0233]

[0234] In the formula: WSI: Comprehensive water supply guarantee rate, %; WDn: Actual average daily water supply volume of the nth water supply project in the evaluation year, m3 / d; Pn: Water supply guarantee rate of the nth water supply project in the evaluation year, %; Nb: Number of water supply projects to be evaluated, unit.

[0235] Table 23 - Scoring standard table for water supply indicators

[0236]

[0237]

[0238] The output data (calculation results) of the present invention: When assigning scores to the evaluation index values according to the scoring standard table, the linear interpolation method is adopted.

[0239] The river and lake health assessment adopts the hierarchical index scoring method, with step-by-step weighting and comprehensive calculation of scores. The scoring weights of the target layer, criterion layer and sub-criterion layer shall comply with the provisions of Table 24.

[0240] Table 24 - Scoring weight table for the target layer and criterion layer of river and lake health assessment

[0241]

[0242] The scoring requirements for the assessment section or the health status of the evaluated lake (reservoir) area are as follows:

[0243] a) The assigned score of the evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area shall be calculated according to the representative value of the evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area by the evaluation methods and criteria specified in this standard.

[0244] b) According to the weights of the evaluation indicators within the sub-criterion layer, calculate the assigned score of the sub-criterion layer of the evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area. The weights of the evaluation indicators within the sub-criterion layer can be determined according to the actual situation. The weights of the basic indicators shall be higher than those of the alternative indicators and self-selected indicators. For the chemical integrity sub-criterion layer and the biological integrity sub-criterion layer, the assigned score of the sub-criterion layer can be determined by the minimum score method.

[0245] c) The assigned score of the good ecological status of the evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area is calculated according to formula (25).

[0246] RES i =HDS i ×HDW+WQS i ×WQW+PHS i ×PHW+AFS i ×AFW (25)

[0247] Where: RESi: The assigned score of the good ecological status of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; HDSi: The assigned score of the hydrological integrity sub-criterion layer of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; HDW: The weight of the hydrological integrity sub-criterion layer; WQSi: The assigned score of the chemical integrity sub-criterion layer of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; WQW: The weight of the chemical integrity sub-criterion layer; PHSi: The assigned score of the morphological structure integrity sub-criterion layer of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; PHW: The weight of the morphological structure integrity sub-criterion layer; AFSi: The assigned score of the biological integrity sub-criterion layer of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; AFW: The weight of the biological integrity sub-criterion layer.

[0248] d) The assigned score of the river and lake health of the evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area is calculated according to formula (26):

[0249] RHS i =RES i ×REW+RSS i ×RSW(26)

[0250] Where: RHSi: The assigned score of the health status of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; RESi: The assigned score of the good ecological status of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; REW: The weight of the good ecological status; RSSi: The assigned score of the good functional status of the ith evaluation reach or evaluation lake (reservoir) area; RSW: The weight of the good functional status.

[0251] For rivers, lakes and reservoirs, the river length, lake water surface area and reservoir storage capacity are used as weights respectively, and the river and lake health assigned score is calculated according to formula (27):

[0252]

[0253] In the formula: RHS: Score of the health status of rivers and lakes; RHSi: Score of the health status of the i-th evaluated river section or evaluated lake (reservoir) area; Wi: River length of the i-th evaluated river section, km, or water surface area of the i-th evaluated lake area, km2; or water storage capacity of the i-th evaluated reservoir area, 10,000 m3; Rs: Number of evaluated river sections, or number of evaluated lake (reservoir) areas.

[0254] Collect and monitor data on water supply, runoff, water level, nutrient concentration, sediment quality, compliance rate of functional areas, connectivity index, bank slope stability, plant coverage, planktonic animals and plants, aquatic animals and plants, fish retention index, public satisfaction, flood control ability, water supply guarantee, etc. through video stream data, satellite image data, measured water body data, and survey and statistical data. Prepare for the subsequent comprehensive assessment of the health status of river and lake ecosystems and social service functions.

[0255] 2. River and Lake Health Assessment System

[0256] The system comprehensively covers a number of key indicators in two core fields of good ecological health and good function quantity, specifically including "hydrological integrity", "chemical integrity", "morphological and structural integrity", "biological integrity", and "sustainability of social service functions", etc., to ensure the comprehensiveness and in-depth analysis of monitoring data.

[0257] Specific indicators are as follows:

[0258] Hydrological integrity (water resource development and utilization rate, degree of variation of inflow into the lake, satisfaction degree of the lowest ecological water level), chemical integrity (quality of water quality, compliance status of drinking water source water quality, trophic state, sediment pollution status, compliance rate of water function areas), morphological and structural integrity (lake connectivity index, proportion of lake area shrinkage, lake bank stability, vegetation coverage of the lake bank zone, rationality of the layout of sewage outfalls, degree of artificial interference in the lake bank zone), biological integrity (density of phytoplankton, biological loss index of zooplankton, coverage of large aquatic plants, biological integrity index of macrozoobenthos, fish retention index), sustainability of social service functions (public satisfaction, flood control indicators, water supply indicators), etc. As long as the value of a single indicator is lower than 60 points, an alarm will be issued. The alarm form and specific content show the specific indicator where the alarm occurs and the indicator value that generates the alarm.

[0259] Build an evaluation index system for the health of rivers and lakes according to the water system characteristics of river basins and regions, and comprehensively use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the entropy weight method to assign scores to each index in a subjective and objective combination. The AHP method is based on expert experience and professional knowledge to subjectively judge the relative importance of indicators; while the entropy weight method objectively reflects the weights of each indicator in the evaluation system based on the degree of variation of the data itself. Then, further calculate and analyze the sub-criteria layer and the criteria layer step by step according to the hierarchical structure, which not only considers the interaction and influence among the indicators at each level, but also ensures the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the evaluation results. Finally, the health score and the level of the rivers and lakes are obtained, realizing a comprehensive evaluation of the health status of the rivers and lakes.

[0260] Specific introduction of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the entropy weight method:

[0261] To build an evaluation system for the health of rivers and lakes, based on the selected indicators, first determine the weights of each evaluation indicator. To strengthen the rationality and accuracy of weight determination, the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to determine the subjective weight, then the entropy weight method is used to determine the objective weight, and finally the subjective weight and the objective weight are coupled to obtain the comprehensive weight.

[0262] (1) Determine the subjective weight by the Analytic Hierarchy Process

[0263] To determine the subjective weight, first, considering the hydrology, water quality, ecology, and service functions in combination with the natural environment of Lihu Lake, determine the index hierarchy and the index system, and then use the 1-9 scale method to make mutual judgment and comparison to establish a judgment matrix. Through matrix operation, calculate the maximum eigenvalue and the eigenvector, and conduct a consistency test. If CR < 0.1, the test is passed, and the eigenvalue is the objective weight Pj of the evaluation indicator. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0264] C1 = (λ max - n) / (n - 1)

[0265] C R = C1 / R1

[0266] In the formula: λ max is the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix; C1 and R1 are random consistency indicators; C R is the average random consistency ratio; the values of R1 for matrices of order 1-9 are 0, 0, 0.58, 0.9, 1.12, 1.24, 1.34, 1.41, 1.45 respectively.

[0267] (2) Determine the objective weight by the entropy weight method

[0268] To determine the objective weight, first, it is necessary to construct an evaluation index matrix A = (x ij ) m×n , and then calculate the index characteristic ratio r ij, and then according to the characteristic ratio r ij Calculate the information entropy S of the j-th index j , and finally calculate the corresponding index weight V j , the formula is as follows:

[0269]

[0270] In the formula, r ij is the characteristic ratio of the evaluation index matrix, and S j is the information entropy of the j-th evaluation index; v j is the objective weight of the j-th evaluation index; b ij is the data value of the j-th index under the i-th project, m is the number of projects, and n is the number of indicators.

[0271] (3) Determine the comprehensive weight by AHP-entropy weight method

[0272] After determining the subjective weight and objective weight of the evaluation index, the multiplier normalization method is used to calculate the comprehensive weight, and the calculation formula is:

[0273]

[0274] In the formula: a j is the comprehensive weight determined by the AHP-entropy weight method; v j is the objective weight of the evaluation index, and P j is the subjective weight of the evaluation index.

Claims

1. A method for evaluating the health of rivers and lakes, characterized in that: Adopting a river and lake health assessment system, including a data collection system; The following steps are involved: Step 1: Collect river and lake ecological health data using the data collection system; Step 2: Calculate the good ecological status and good functional status using the river and lake ecological health data obtained in step 1. The evaluation indicators of the good ecological status include hydrological integrity, chemical integrity, morphological structure integrity and biological integrity. The evaluation indicators of the good functional status include the sustainability of social service functions. Step 3: Based on the good ecological condition and good functional condition, calculate the health status score of the river and lake.

2. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 1, characterized in that: The score of the good ecological condition described in step 2 is expressed by the following formula: RES i =HDS i ×HDW+WQS i ×WQW+PHS i ×PHW+AFS i ×AFW Where, RESi represents the ecological status score of the i-th assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; HDSi represents the hydrological integrity sub-criteria layer score of the i-th assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; HDW represents the hydrological integrity sub-criteria layer weight; WQSi represents the sub-criteria layer score of the chemical integrity of the i-th assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; WQW represents the chemical integrity subcriteria layer weight; PHSi represents the sub-criteria layer score of the morphological structure integrity of the i-th assessed river section, assessed lake area or assessed reservoir area; PHW represents the sub-criteria layer weight of morphological structural integrity; AFSi represents the sub-criteria score of biological integrity of the i-th assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; AFW represents the sub-criteria layer weight of biological integrity.

3. The method for evaluating river and lake health as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The river and lake health score in step 3 is expressed by the following formula: RHS i =RES i ×REW+RSS i ×RSW In the formula, RHS represents the health score of rivers and lakes; RHSi represents the health score of the i-th assessed river section, assessed lake area or assessed reservoir area; Wi represents the river length of the i-th assessed river section, the water surface area of ​​the i-th assessed lake area or the water storage capacity of the i-th assessed reservoir area; Rs represents the number of assessed river sections, assessed lake areas or assessed reservoir areas; RESi represents the score assigned to the good ecological condition of the ith assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; REW represents the weight of the good ecological condition; RSSi represents the score assigned to the good functional condition of the ith assessed river section, lake area or reservoir area; RSW represents the weight of the good functional condition.

4. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for determining the weight of each evaluation index in step 2 and step 3 includes the following steps: Step 21, determine the evaluation indicators related to river and lake health assessment; Step 22, using the analytic hierarchy process to determine the subjective weight of the evaluation index: first, using the 1-9 ratio scaling method to perform mutual judgment comparison to establish a judgment matrix; second, through matrix operations, calculate the maximum eigenvalue and eigenvector, and perform consistency test: if the average random consistency ratio CR is less than 0.1, the test is passed, and the eigenvalue is the subjective weight Pj of the evaluation index; Step 23: Determine the objective weight of the evaluation index using the entropy weight method: First, construct the evaluation index matrix A = (x ij ) m×n , and then calculate the indicator characteristic ratio r ij , and then according to the indicator characteristic ratio r ij Calculate the information entropy S of the jth evaluation index j , and finally calculate the objective weight v of the evaluation index j ; Step 23: Couple the subjective weight and objective weight of the evaluation index to obtain a comprehensive weight.

5. The method for evaluating river and lake health as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: The average random consistency ratio CR in step 22 is expressed by the following formula: C R =C1 / R1 C1=(λ max -n) / (n-1) Where: C R is the average random consistency ratio; max is the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix; C1 and R1 are random consistency indices; the values ​​of R1 in matrices of order 1 to 9 are 0, 0, 0.58, 0.9, 1.12, 1.24, 1.34, 1.41 and 1.45 respectively.

6. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 4, characterized in that: The objective weight v of the evaluation index in step 23 j Calculated by the following formula: In the formula, r ij is the characteristic ratio of the evaluation index matrix, S j is the information entropy of the jth evaluation index; v j is the objective weight of the jth evaluation index; b ij is the data value of the jth indicator under the ith project, m is the number of projects, and n is the number of indicators.

7. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step 24, the multiplier normalization method is used to couple the subjective weight and the objective weight of the evaluation index to calculate the comprehensive weight, which is expressed by the following formula: Where: a j is the comprehensive weight; v j is the objective weight of the evaluation index, P j is the subjective weight of the evaluation index, and n is the total number of evaluation indicators.

8. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrological integrity mentioned in step 2 includes the rate of water resource development and utilization, the degree of variation in inflow into the lake, and the degree to which the minimum ecological water level is met; the chemical integrity includes the quality of water, the compliance status of drinking water sources with water quality standards, the comprehensive nutrient status index, the sediment pollution status, and the compliance rate of water functional areas; the morphological and structural integrity includes the lake connectivity index, the proportion of lake area shrinkage, lakeshore stability, lakeshore vegetation coverage, the rationality of sewage outlet layout, and the degree of artificial interference in the lakeshore; the biological integrity includes phytoplankton density, zooplankton biological loss index, large aquatic plant coverage, large benthic invertebrate biological integrity index, and fish retention index; the sustainability of social service functions includes public satisfaction, flood control indicators, and water supply indicators.

9. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 8, characterized in that: The water resources development and utilization rate is expressed by the following formula: In the formula, WURI represents the development and utilization rate of surface water resources; WS represents the surface water supply of river and lake basins; WR represents the surface water resources of river and lake basins; The degree of variation of the inflow into the lake is expressed by the following formula: Where, FLI represents the degree of variation of the flow into the lake; rm represents the measured monthly runoff of all rivers entering the lake in the mth month; Rm represents the natural monthly runoff of all rivers entering the lake in the mth month; represents the annual average of the natural monthly runoff of all rivers entering the lake; rn represents the measured monthly runoff of the nth river entering the lake; Rn represents the natural monthly runoff of the nth river entering the lake; N represents the number of all rivers entering the lake; m represents the serial number of the month in the evaluation year; The water quality compliance of the drinking water source is expressed by the following formula: In the formula, SWR represents the proportion of centralized drinking water sources that meet the standards; WDB represents the water supply that meets the water quality standards of drinking water sources in the assessment year; WSP represents the total water supply of centralized drinking water sources in the assessment year; The comprehensive nutritional status index is expressed by the following formula: In the formula, TLI represents the comprehensive nutritional status index, represents the correlation coefficient between the fth parameter and the benchmark parameter chlorophyll; p represents the number of evaluation parameters; TLI(f) is the nutritional status index of the fth parameter, and q represents the number of evaluation items; The lake connectivity index is expressed by the following formula: In the formula, CIS represents the lake connectivity index score; Ns represents the number of major rivers around the lake; CISn represents the connectivity score of the nth river around the lake in the assessment year; Qn represents the measured water outflow or inflow of the nth river in the assessment year; The shrinkage ratio of the lake-to-lake area is expressed by the following formula: Where ASI represents the shrinkage ratio of lake area; AC represents the lake surface area in the assessment year; AR represents the lake surface area in the historical reference year; The lakeshore stability is expressed by the following formula: Wherein, BKSS represents the river / lake (reservoir) bank stability index score; SAS represents the bank slope inclination score; SCS represents the bank slope vegetation coverage score; SHS represents the bank slope height score; SMS represents the matrix category score; and STS represents the slope foot scour intensity score.

10. The method for evaluating river and lake health according to claim 8, characterized in that: Turbidity can be obtained through actual monitoring, and the SD index is obtained through secondary calculation: SD = 7.13219081905172 × turbidity (-0.944241423422239) .

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