Feed for medium-sized larimichthys crocea fries

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of aquaculture, and discloses a large yellow croaker medium fry feed which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 64-107 parts of a carbohydrate protein source; 6-8 parts of a fat source; 1-2 parts of soybean lecithin; 0.6 to 0.8 part of microcrystalline cellulose; 0.2 to 0.4 part of tannin; 1-3 parts of a mineral supplement; 0.4 to 0.6 part of choline chloride; 0.02 to 0.04 part of an antioxidant; and 1-2 parts of a premix. The feed can improve the growth performance, oxidation resistance, immunocompetence, tissue repair and damage resistance of the large yellow croakers in the middle and fry stage.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of aquaculture, in particular to a large yellow croaker seedling feed. Background Art

[0002] As an important marine aquaculture fish species in my country, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has extremely high economic value. Driven by the continuous increase in market demand, the scale of large yellow croaker farming has continued to expand, becoming an important way for many farmers to increase their income. Feed, as a key way for large yellow croaker to obtain nutrition and enhance immunity, plays a vital role in its healthy growth.

[0003] For example, the Chinese patent application with publication number CN116998633A discloses a feed additive for yellow croaker fry, including 0-14.5 parts of quercetin and 85.5-100 parts of microcrystalline cellulose, to improve the growth performance of yellow croaker, enhance antioxidant capacity, alleviate fat deposition and liver damage, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of yellow croaker breeding industry. However, although the above additives have certain effects in improving growth performance, they do not take into account the improvement of yellow croaker's immune ability, which is not conducive to laying a good immune foundation for the subsequent growth stage, and will lead to insufficient immunity of yellow croaker in the seedling stage, making it vulnerable to pathogenic bacteria and affecting growth and survival. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a large yellow croaker seedling feed, which can improve the growth performance, antioxidant ability, immune ability, tissue repair and damage resistance of large yellow croaker in the seedling stage.

[0005] The specific technical solution of the present invention is: a large yellow croaker seedling feed, calculated by weight, comprising: 64-107 portions of carbohydrate and protein sources; 6-8 servings of fat source; 1-2 parts of soy lecithin; Microcrystalline cellulose 0.6-0.8 parts; Tannin 0.2-0.4 parts; 1-3 servings of mineral supplements; Choline chloride 0.4-0.6 parts; Antioxidant 0.02-0.04 parts; Premix 1-2 parts.

[0006] Compared with the juvenile fish stage, the middle-seedling stage is the core period for the rapid growth, improvement of physiological functions, and enhancement of immunity of large yellow croaker, playing a more crucial role in improving the aquaculture yield and quality. As a natural polyphenol, tannin regulates the physiological functions of the host by targeting the regulation of the microbial community. The effect of tannin is closely related to the structure of the microbial community, and different microbial community compositions require matching different tannin addition amounts. In large yellow croaker, the intestinal microbial community in the middle-seedling stage is unique, with a relatively high relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and an increased proportion of obligate anaerobes, forming a stable anaerobic fermentation environment. This microbial community structure can enable tannin to exert the best immunomodulatory effect. However, in the process of in-depth study of the above feed formula, it was found that tannin also brings some negative effects: tannin will bind to proteins to form insoluble complexes, thereby reducing protein utilization rate and digestive enzyme activity, and will also bind to minerals, interfering with mineral absorption; in addition, it will compete with the antioxidant effects of components such as choline chloride and antioxidants, thereby weakening the overall antioxidant effect. Therefore, in addition to finding the optimal addition amount of tannin that can exert beneficial effects, it is also necessary to cooperate with adjusting other components and addition amounts to overcome the above negative effects brought by tannin: increasing protein to make up for the decrease in protein utilization rate caused by tannin, increasing mineral supplements to make up for the decrease in mineral absorption rate caused by tannin, and adjusting the antioxidant system formed by components such as choline chloride and antioxidants to make up for the weakening effect caused by tannin, etc. Finally, the middle-seedling feed for large yellow croaker of the present invention can significantly improve the growth performance, immune ability, and tissue repair and anti-injury ability of large yellow croaker in the middle-seedling stage by reasonably matching tannin and other components.

[0007] Optionally, the sum of the weights of the tannin and microcrystalline cellulose is 1 part, specifically, it can be 0.2 parts of tannin and 0.8 parts of microcrystalline cellulose, or 0.4 parts of tannin and 0.6 parts of microcrystalline cellulose.

[0008] Optionally, the tannin is condensed tannin extracted from plants, specifically condensed tannin extracted from grape seeds.

[0009] Optionally, the carbohydrate-protein source is selected from one or more of fish meal, wheat flour, flour, and corn protein powder.

[0010] The above carbohydrate-protein source contains amino acids, and when used in combination with choline chloride, it can improve the utilization rate of amino acids, thereby improving the growth performance and antioxidant ability of large yellow croaker.

[0011] Optionally, by weight, the carbohydrate-protein source includes 40-60 parts of fish meal, 10-14 parts of wheat flour, 9-23 parts of flour, and 5-10 parts of corn protein powder.

[0012] Optionally, the fat source is selected from one or more of fish oil and soybean oil.

[0013] Optionally, by weight parts, the fat source includes 5-6 parts of fish oil and 1-2 parts of soybean oil.

[0014] Optionally, the antioxidant is ethoxyquinoline.

[0015] Optionally, the mineral supplement is calcium hydrogen phosphate.

[0016] Optionally, by weight parts, the premix includes: 8.0-12.0 parts of VB1; 10.0-10.5 parts of VB2; 20.0-25.0 parts of VB6; 0.04-0.06 parts of VB12; 2.0-2.5 parts of VK3; 40.0-50.0 parts of VE; 4-6 parts of VA; 15.0-25.0 parts of VD3; 78-84 parts of nicotinic acid; 30.0-30.5 parts of D-calcium pantothenate; 0.5-1.5 parts of biotin; 3.0-3.1 parts of folic acid; 69.0-71.0 parts of inositol; 239.0-240.0 parts of cellulose; 7.0-7.2 parts of ferric citrate; 14.0-15.0 parts of ZnSO4·7H2O; 6.0-6.2 parts of MgSO4·H2O; 0.05-0.06 parts of MnSO4·7H2O; 9.3-9.5 parts of CuSO4·5H2O; 2.1-2.3 parts of CoCl2·6H2O; 24.0-26.0 parts of Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O; 0.01-0.02 parts of KIO3; 8.8-9.0 parts of KCl; 0.5-1.5 parts of Na2SeO3; 400.0-450.0 parts of zeolite powder.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: (1) The medium-sized larva feed for large yellow croaker provided by the present invention can improve the growth performance by significantly improving the final average weight, survival rate, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, etc. of the fish body; (2) The medium-sized larva feed for large yellow croaker provided by the present invention can save feed and reduce costs by significantly improving the feed conversion rate, etc.; (3) The medium-sized larva feed for large yellow croaker provided by the present invention can improve the antioxidant capacity of medium-sized larvae of large yellow croaker by significantly improving indexes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase CAT activity; (4) The medium-sized larva feed for large yellow croaker provided by the present invention can improve the tissue repair and anti-injury ability of medium-sized larvae of large yellow croaker by significantly improving indexes such as serum AKP enzyme activity and serum ACP enzyme activity; (5) The medium-sized larva feed for large yellow croaker provided by the present invention can improve the immune ability of medium-sized larvae of large yellow croaker by significantly improving indexes such as serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay index --- IgM and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay index --- IL-1β. Description of the Drawings

[0018] Figure 1 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the average final weight of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 2 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the survival rate of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 3 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the weight gain rate of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 4 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the specific growth rate of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 5 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the feed conversion rate of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 6 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the superoxide dismutase activity of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 7 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the catalase CAT activity of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 8 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the serum AKP enzyme activity of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 9 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the serum ACP enzyme activity of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 10 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay index --- IgM of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea Figure 11 Experimental result graph of the effect of feed on the serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay index --- IL-1β of the growth of medium-sized Larimichthys crocea

[0019] In the graph, different letters as superscripts for the data in the same row indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Detailed implementation manners

[0020] The present invention will be described below through specific embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention and not to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept, the changes and advantages that can be conceived by those skilled in the art are included in the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.

[0021] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms and scientific terms used in the present invention have the same meanings as those commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. The raw materials and equipment used in the present invention are conventional raw materials and equipment in the art and can be obtained from conventional commercial channels without special instructions; the methods used in the present invention are conventional methods in the art without special instructions.

[0022] The parts by weight (mass) used in the following examples, by way of example, the weight unit can be grams, kilograms, etc., or any other common dosage in the art.

[0023] The present invention provides a feed for medium-sized larvae of Pseudosciaena crocea, which comprises, by parts by weight: 64 - 107 parts of carbohydrate protein source; 6 - 8 parts of fat source; 1 - 2 parts of soy lecithin; 0.6 - 0.8 parts of microcrystalline cellulose; 0.2 - 0.4 parts of tannin; 1 - 3 parts of mineral supplement; 0.4 - 0.6 parts of choline chloride; 0.02 - 0.04 parts of antioxidant; 1 - 2 parts of premix.

[0024] In the following examples, the tannin is condensed tannin extracted from plants, specifically condensed tannin extracted from grape seeds.

[0025] In the following examples, the carbohydrate protein source comprises 40 - 60 parts of fish meal, 10 - 14 parts of wheat flour, 9 - 23 parts of flour, and 5 - 10 parts of corn protein powder. The carbohydrate protein source of the present invention is not limited to the combination of the above fish meal, wheat flour, flour, and corn protein powder. In other examples, one of the components or a combination of several components can be used alone.

[0026] In the following examples, the fat source comprises 5 - 6 parts of fish oil and 1 - 2 parts of soybean oil. The fat source of the present invention is not limited to the combination of the above fish oil and soybean oil. In other examples, one of the components or a combination of several components can be used alone.

[0027] In the following examples, the antioxidant used is ethoxyquinoline.

[0028] In the following examples, the mineral supplement used is calcium hydrogen phosphate.

[0029] The preparation process of the above feed for medium-sized larvae of Pseudosciaena crocea is as follows: First, dissolve the soy lecithin and soybean oil in the fish oil according to the formula ratio, and mix evenly to form a liquid additive for standby; pre-crush the other raw materials except soy lecithin, soybean oil, and fish oil and pass through a 60-mesh sieve, accurately weigh according to the formula, and mix each component fully step by step according to the principle of increasing content from low to high. Then, add water and the liquid additive respectively, knead, and mix evenly. Put the mixed material into a screw machine, and prepare pellet feed by the wet method. The particle size specification of the feed is 5.0 mm. After air-drying the prepared pellet feed, store it in a -20 °C refrigerator.

[0030] The following table shows the specific feed formulas of each embodiment and comparative example, in parts by weight.

[0031] Table 1 Feed formula of embodiment and comparative example Each kilogram of premix contains: 10g VB1; 10.25g VB2; 22.5g VB6; 0.05g VB12; 2.275g VK3; 45.0g VE; 5.0g VA; 20.0g VD3; 41.0g niacin; 30.335g D-calcium pantothenate; 1.0g biotin; 3.085g folic acid; 70.02g inositol; 239.485g cellulose; 7.175g ferric citrate; 14.56g ZnSO4·7H2O; 6.095g MgSO4·H2O; 0.055g MnSO4·7H2O; 9.425g CuSO4·5H2O; 2.175g CoCl2·6H2O; 25.0g Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O; 0.015g KIO3; 8.87g KCl; 1.0g Na2SeO3; 425.63g zeolite powder.

[0032] It is understandable that there is a reasonable fluctuation range for the content of each component to meet actual production needs, wherein zeolite powder is used as a filler to ensure a constant total mass per kilogram of premix.

[0033] Feeding experiments were conducted on the feeds of Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2 to detect their effects on the growth performance, feed conversion rate, tissue repair and damage resistance, and immune capacity of large yellow croaker seedlings.

[0034] The experimental process is as follows: select medium-sized yellow croaker seedlings of similar size, distribute them to 24 1m×1m×2m cages with a density of 50 per cage for breeding (three replicates for each treatment), feed them at 05:00 in the morning and 17:00 in the afternoon, and feed them until they are full. The breeding period is 70 days (water temperature: 19°C-28°C, salinity: 25.4‰-29.8‰, dissolved oxygen: 6.1mg / L-7.1mg / L). Conduct patrol inspections, salvage debris, catch dead fish, weigh feed consumption and record them every week. The group fed with the feed of Example 1 is the TA0.2 group, the group fed with the feed of Example 2 is the quercetin TA0.4 group, the group fed with the comparative example 1 is the FM group, and the group fed with the comparative example 2 is the TA0.8 group. After the feeding experiment, stop feeding for 24 hours, and record the final mass, quantity and food intake of the yellow croaker in each cage for calculating the weight gain rate, survival rate, specific growth rate and feed coefficient.

[0035] Statistical and analytical methods: Weight gain rate (WGR) = (final mass - initial mass) / initial mass × 100%; Specific growth rate (SGR) = (ln final mass - ln initial mass) / feeding time × 100%; Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = dry mass of feed ingested / (final total mass + total mass of dead individuals - initial body mass) × 100%; Survival rate (SR) = number of final individuals / number of initial individuals × 100%.

[0036] In the above formulas, the mass unit is g and the body length unit is cm.

[0037] Analysis method: One-way ANOVA was performed on the data using SPSS 22.0, and multiple comparisons were carried out using the Duncan method. The experimental results were expressed as "mean ± standard deviation" (mean ± SD), and the differences were significant when P < 0.05.

[0038] (1) Growth performance As Figures 1-4 shown, compared with Comparative Example 1, the average final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of the juvenile large yellow croaker fed with the feeds of Examples 1-2 were all increased, and there were no significant differences in the survival rate among the groups. Among them, the feed of Example 1 had excellent effects. This indicates that the juvenile large yellow croaker feed provided by the present invention can improve the growth of juvenile large yellow croaker while not affecting the survival rate.

[0039] (2) Feed conversion efficiency As Figure 5 shown, compared with Comparative Example 1, the feed conversion efficiency of the juvenile large yellow croaker of Examples 1-2 was significantly improved. This shows that the juvenile large yellow croaker feed provided by the present invention can save feed, improve efficiency, and reduce costs.

[0040] (3) Antioxidant capacity As Figures 6-7 shown, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in Examples 1-2 were significantly higher than those in Comparative Examples 1 and 2. This indicates that the juvenile large yellow croaker feed provided by the present invention can improve the antioxidant capacity of juvenile large yellow croaker to enhance physical fitness and disease resistance.

[0041] (4) Tissue repair and anti-injury ability As Figures 8-9 shown, compared with Comparative Example 1, the activities of serum AKP (alkaline phosphatase) and ACP (acid phosphatase) in the juvenile large yellow croaker fed with the feeds of Examples 1-2 decreased. This shows that the juvenile large yellow croaker feed provided by the present invention can well meet the nutritional requirements of juvenile large yellow croaker, enabling the fish to have better tissue repair and anti-injury ability, and the fish body does not need to compensatorily increase the activities of AKP and ACP enzymes to cope with potential injuries or maintain basic physiological functions.

[0042] (5) Immune ability As Figure 10 shown, the IgM of the juvenile large yellow croakers fed with the feed in Example 1 and Example 2 is higher than that in Comparative Example 1. IgM is the earliest antibody involved in the immune response in the body of juvenile large yellow croakers and plays a key role in the primary immune response. A high IgM content indicates a strong immune function. As Figure 11 shown, the IL-1β of the juvenile large yellow croakers fed with the feed in Example 1 and Example 2 is higher than that in Comparative Examples 1-2. An increase in the IL-1β level means that the immune cells of the fish body are fully activated and the immune response is in an active state, proving that the feed for juvenile large yellow croakers provided by the present invention can enhance the fish body's ability to recognize and eliminate pathogens.

[0043] By comparing Examples 1-2 and Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that the optimal addition amount of tannin for achieving beneficial effects is 0.2-0.4 parts, which can improve the growth performance, feed conversion rate, tissue repair and anti-injury ability, and immune ability of juvenile large yellow croakers. When the addition amount of tannin is 0.8 parts, it will instead reduce the IL-1β level in the fish body and affect the immunity. In summary, the present invention has found the optimal addition amount of tannin for achieving beneficial effects and has overcome the negative effects brought by tannin by adjusting other components and their addition amounts.

[0044] The raw materials and equipment used in the present invention are, unless otherwise specified, common raw materials and equipment in the art; the methods used in the present invention are, unless otherwise specified, conventional methods in the art.

[0045] The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and do not impose any limitations on the present invention. Any simple modifications, changes, and equivalent transformations made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A feed for medium-sized Larimichthys crocea fries, characterized in that, By weight parts, it includes: 64 - 107 parts of carbohydrate-protein source; 6 - 8 parts of fat source; 1 - 2 parts of soy lecithin; 0.6 - 0.8 parts of microcrystalline cellulose; 0.2 - 0.4 parts of tannin; 1 - 3 parts of mineral supplement; 0.4 - 0.6 parts of choline chloride; 0.02 - 0.04 parts of antioxidant; 1 - 2 parts of premix.

2. The medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sum of the weights of the tannin and microcrystalline cellulose is 1 part.

3. A medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 1, characterized in that The tannin is condensed tannin extracted from plants.

4. The medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carbohydrate-protein source is selected from one or more of fish meal, wheat flour, flour and corn protein powder.

5. A medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 4, characterized in that, By weight parts, the carbohydrate-protein source includes 40 - 60 parts of fish meal, 10 - 14 parts of wheat flour, 9 - 23 parts of flour and 5 - 10 parts of corn protein powder.

6. The medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fat source is selected from one or more of fish oil and soybean oil.

7. The medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 6, characterized in that By weight parts, the fat source includes 5 - 6 parts of fish oil and 1 - 2 parts of soybean oil.

8. The larval feed for large yellow croaker according to claim 1, wherein The antioxidant is ethoxyquin.

9. The medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mineral supplement is calcium hydrogen phosphate.

10. A medium-sized Larimichthys crocea feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, By weight parts, the premix includes: 8.0 - 12.0 parts of VB1; 10.0 - 10.5 parts of VB2; 20.0 - 25.0 parts of VB6; 0.04 - 0.06 parts of VB12; 2.0 - 2.5 parts of VK3; 40.0 - 50.0 parts of VE; 4 - 6 parts of VA; 15.0 - 25.0 parts of VD3; 78 - 84 parts of niacin; 30.0 - 30.5 parts of D-calcium pantothenate; 0.5 - 1.5 parts of biotin; 3.0 - 3.1 parts of folic acid; 69.0 - 71.0 parts of inositol; 239.0 - 240.0 parts of cellulose; 7.0 - 7.2 parts of ferric citrate; 14.0 - 15.0 parts of ZnSO4·7H2O; 6.0 - 6.2 parts of MgSO4·H2O; 0.05 - 0.06 parts of MnSO4·7H2O; 9.3 - 9.5 parts of CuSO4·5H2O; 2.1 - 2.3 parts of CoCl2·6H2O; 24.0 - 26.0 parts of Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O; 0.01 - 0.02 parts of KIO3; 8.8 - 9.0 parts of KCl; 0.5 - 1.5 parts of Na2SeO3; 400.0 - 450.0 parts of zeolite powder.

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