System and method for quality verification of mixture

Abstract

A sensing system for a mixture includes: a sensing region containing a mixture; and a sensor, the sensor being in the sensing region. The sensor includes a laminate structure including an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and a conductive trace. The sensor includes a first sensing region configured to operate as a transmit electrode or a receive electrode and a second sensing region. The first sensing region and the sensing region are arranged along the sensing region such that the mixture directly contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region. When an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode. The system includes a communication component that communicates an electrical parameter signal based on the sensor signal.

Description

Background Art

[0001] Many products require mixtures during manufacturing, such as paints, adhesives, resins, etc. for commercial or industrial use. Many mixtures include different materials that may settle or separate over time. Users of the mixtures may not easily recognize that the composition is no longer consistent. Summary of the Invention

[0002] A sensing system for a mixture includes: a sensing zone that contains the mixture; and a sensor within the sensing zone. The sensor includes a laminated structure that includes an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces. The sensor includes a first sensing region and a second sensing region, and the first sensing region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode. The first sensing region and the second sensing region are arranged along the sensing zone such that the mixture directly contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region. When an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode. The system includes communication components that convey an electrical parameter signal based on the sensor signal.

[0003] Systems and methods that include such sensors allow for direct contact between these sensors and fluids flowing through a dispenser because the sensors herein are cost-effective to manufacture and disposable after use. The systems and methods herein also allow for collecting multiple sensor signals across a fluid flow, thereby providing real-time information about the materials entering and leaving a mixing zone. The systems and methods herein also allow for bubble detection and removal. The systems and methods herein allow the dispensing system and its operator to change operating parameters during operation to address problems (either when the problems are occurring or potentially before they occur), such that less material is wasted and the dispensing can be more accurate.

[0004] The foregoing summary of the disclosure is not intended to describe every disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the disclosure. The following description more specifically illustrates exemplary embodiments. Throughout this application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which may be used in various combinations. In each case, the recited lists are only used as representative groups and should not be construed as exclusive lists. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should not be limited to the specific exemplary structures described herein, but should extend at least to the structures described by the language of the claims and the equivalents of those structures. Any element positively recited herein as an alternative may be expressly included in or excluded from the claims, as needed, in any combination. Although various theories and possible mechanisms may have been discussed herein, in no case should such discussions be used to limit the subject matter that may be protected by the claims. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0005] Figures 1A to 1C Illustrates a system for dispensing atomized fluid that can benefit from the systems and methods herein.

[0006] Figure 2 Illustrates an exploded view of a spray gun in which the embodiments described herein can be implemented.

[0007] Figures 3A to 3D Illustrates a material measurement flow sensor according to an embodiment herein.

[0008] Figure 4A and Figure 4B Illustrates a material measurement flow sensor in use according to an embodiment herein.

[0009] Figures 5A to 5D Illustrates an example implementation of a dispensing system equipped with a sensor system according to an embodiment herein.

[0010] Figures 6A to 6C Illustrates a sensor configuration for bubble detection according to an embodiment herein.

[0011] Figures 7A to 7C Illustrates a sensor configuration according to an embodiment herein.

[0012] Figures 8A to 8C Illustrates an electrical schematic for a sensing system according to an embodiment herein.

[0013] Figures 9A to 9B Illustrates a sensor configuration according to an embodiment herein.

[0014] Figure 10 Illustrates a method for quality control of a material dispensing system according to an embodiment herein.

[0015] Figure 11 Illustrates a quality control system according to an embodiment herein.

[0016] Figure 12 Illustrates a method for receiving real-time sensor signals according to an embodiment herein.

[0017] Figures 13A to 13C Illustrates a conductivity measurement system in an example network architecture.

[0018] Figures 14A to 14D Illustrates a control system for an electrical parameter sensor according to an embodiment herein.

[0019] Figures 15 to 18 Illustrates an example computing device that can be used in the embodiments herein. Detailed Description

[0020] The present disclosure relates to systems and methods including sensors for in-situ determination of properties of fluids. The present disclosure also relates to data sets received from such sensors and methods of using the data to analyze the fluid properties. Using the systems and methods described herein, the use conditions of a mixture (e.g., changing pressure, temperature, mixing ratio, etc.) can be adjusted before or during operation, or the compositional consistency (e.g., remixing, exhaust gas, etc.) can be improved.

[0021] Many industrial processes use mixtures, such as, for example, liquid adhesives, liquid food ingredients, liquid coolants, or liquid reaction products. Certain properties of such liquids change over time: dispersions or emulsions can separate, oils can become less viscous as the temperature rises, and coolants can age and have a lower heat capacity than initially. The performance of the products used can be affected. For example, paint may have soft curing (or no curing at all), may be brittle, cracked, undergo delamination, or have poor adhesion. If the paint mixture is inconsistent before application, corrective action may take a significant amount of time, and energy-intensive sanding and surface preparation may be required before a second attempt at a spray painting operation. Solving these problems requires detailed chemical knowledge, time, and ruling out other causes. For many operations, troubleshooting takes time that cannot be saved.

[0022] A co-pending international application IB2021 / 056362, filed on July 14, 2021, discloses a property sensor for determining property values of a liquid, the property sensor including two PCB boards that define a channel through which the liquid flows. Although this allows for direct contact between the sensor and the fluid, there is a need for a cost-effective sensor that can provide more background information about material mixing. The embodiments herein provide systems and methods for effectively and accurately measuring material information for mixture quality control.

[0023] Sensors and sensor systems for measuring electrical properties of fluids are described herein. Broadly speaking, the sensors herein operate by using a provided current or voltage through an emitting electrode that generates an electric field. When the fluid flows between the emitting electrode and the receiving electrode, current is conducted to the receiving electrode. As used herein, the term "sensor" can refer to both a physical sensor that provides a sensor signal indicative of the conducted current and a "sensor system" that includes a processor that calculates the electrical properties of the fluid based on the sensor signal.

[0024] The term "electrical property" is intended to broadly refer to any electrical property of a fluid that can be derived based on sensor impedance measurements. For ease of understanding the embodiments, impedance measurements are used as an example herein. However, it is explicitly contemplated that other electrical properties can be calculated and are relevant to the embodiments herein. For example, conductivity measurements or dielectric constants can also be determined from impedance measurement results. As shown herein, conductivity or dielectric constants can be relevant for determining the relevant functionality of a distribution system or the quality of a fluid flowing therein.

[0025] As used herein, the term "real-time" refers to data being processed within a few milliseconds such that it is effectively immediately available for feedback. Although some delay due to processing is inevitable, "real-time" is intended to encompass systems and methods where data can be collected or input and the user can then interact with that data without significant delay. For example, a user can input data into a system and then that data is input and is essentially immediately available for viewing or editing.

[0026] As described herein, sensors are described as measuring the "electrical properties" of a "fluid". The term "fluid" is intended to be broadly interpreted and is intended to encompass liquids with low viscosity, liquids with high viscosity, semi-solid materials, suspensions, molten materials, or other flowable materials.

[0027] As used herein, electrical parameters can be detected by an electrode pair. A fluid can flow between or past the electrode pair. When a voltage or current is applied, the emitting electrode can generate an electric field, while the receiving electrode receives a current or voltage. The sensed electrical parameter can be conductivity, relative permittivity, or impedance. The terms relative permittivity and dielectric constant are used interchangeably herein.

[0028] Sensors are described herein as having one or more "holes" within a "printed circuit board". These terms are intended to be broadly interpreted. For example, a hole can extend completely through the thickness of the sensor along part or the entire length of the sensor. The hole can have a bevel along part or all of its perimeter. The hole can be elongated, such as a slot, or can be shaped, such as a circular or oval hole. The hole can have one or more corners or edges, or can have a curvature along part or all of its perimeter. As used herein, "printed circuit board" refers to a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers. The printed circuit board (PCB) herein can include any number of terminals and conductors that allow a voltage to be applied to the emitting electrode and allow a current to be emitted from the receiving electrode. Alternatively, the PCB can also be configured to allow a current to be applied and a voltage to be emitted. The PCB can be manufactured using traditional PCB manufacturing techniques or additive manufacturing techniques. As used herein, the PCB is intended to cover any number of layers, with or without edge connectors. Any suitable conductive metal can be used to form the conductive layer. Any suitable insulating material can be used to form the insulating layer.

[0029] The property sensors described herein can be used to sense the properties of a fluid produced by a mixing process. These property sensors can also be used to sense the properties of input fluids used in a mixing process or in an industrial manufacturing process. Advantageously, separate property sensors for the respective input fluids are placed exactly in front of the mixer. Data from these property sensors that measure the input fluids can be processed together with data from property sensors that measure the mixed fluid, for example, in an integrated material property monitoring system. For example, in the case where a fluid composition is mixed from three input fluids, before mixing, the properties of each of the three fluids can be determined using three property sensors located at the respective outlets of three containers that hold the three input fluids. This can assist in quality control and reduce waste that might otherwise occur due to one of the input fluids being outside the specification of its properties.

[0030] The sensors described herein can determine various properties of a fluid, such as, for example, the mixing ratio of a two-component adhesive or the curing state or aging state of a curable composition.

[0031] As used herein, the term "curing" is intended to broadly cover the change of a material from a first state to a second state. For example, some liquids cure into solids. Some mixtures may undergo crosslinking. Some mixtures may undergo prepolymerization. Some mixtures may undergo transformation. The number of properties that were previously changed to establish a calibration data set representing a calibration impedance response measured at different property values determines the number of properties that can later be determined by the property sensor. A pre-stored calibration data set representing a calibration impedance response measured at one or more sensing frequencies and at different property values of the properties of the fluid forms or represents a multi-dimensional data domain specific to that fluid. This data domain allows a property value extractor to determine the value of the properties of the fluid from the actually measured response impedance.

[0032] Fluids have many properties: for example, viscosity, density, color, content of volatile components, water content, chemical composition, boiling point, and aging state, curing state in the case of a curable fluid composition, or mixing ratio in the case of a fluid that is a mixture.

[0033] In addition, certain properties of certain fluids change over time and / or with other parameters, such that the response impedance in the property sensors described herein also changes over time and / or with other parameters. The values of these properties can be derived via the sensors and systems described herein. Additionally, changes over time include changes in properties between different production batches of the fluid. Thus, the property sensors described herein can be used to detect differences in a certain property (e.g., chemical composition) of a suitable fluid between a later production batch and an earlier production batch of the fluid.

[0034] According to the present disclosure, the "properties" of a fluid are not particularly limited. For example, as described in the embodiments herein, one property of interest is the mixing ratio of two or more components of the fluid. In some of these embodiments, the fluid is a two-component adhesive, and the property of the fluid is the mixing ratio of the components. In other embodiments, the property of interest is the degree of curing or the curing state. In some of these embodiments, the fluid is a curable composition, and the property of the fluid is the degree of curing of the composition.

[0035] In other embodiments, the property of interest is the degree of aging or the aging state. In some of these embodiments, the fluid is an aging fluid, i.e., a fluid in which certain properties change over time once the aging fluid is produced. The property sensor can determine the change in the response impedance of the same fluid after a certain aging compared to the response impedance recorded for the aging fluid before aging and at certain times after aging. The property sensor can thereby determine the degree of aging or the aging state of the fluid.

[0036] The properties of a fluid can take different values. For example, the property "dynamic viscosity" of the fluid "water" can take values such as 1.30 mPa·s or 0.31 mPa·s. Such values are referred to herein as property values. Some properties may not be related only to numerical property values. The property "degree of curing" can have property values such as, for example, "uncured", "partially cured", or "fully cured". The property "curing state" can have property values such as, for example, "uncured" or "fully cured". The fluid according to the present disclosure can be a viscous fluid. Irrespective of its viscosity, the fluid can be a flowing fluid. The fluid can be a continuously flowing fluid.

[0037] "Fluid" or "fluid mixture" is used herein broadly to refer to a composition comprising two or more components. The components can all be liquids, or they can be particulates in a liquid, etc. Generally, "fluid" or "fluid mixture" refers to a flowable substance. The systems and methods herein can be used for a range of fluid applications, including but not limited to: paints, resins for adhesives or other purposes, field-curing gaskets, adhesives or other coating materials, dental impression materials, void fillers, sealants, engineering fluids, thermal interface materials, precursor materials for any of these, or emulsions or any material that can lose stability over time.

[0038] Figures 1A to 1C Illustrated is a system for dispensing an atomized fluid that can benefit from the systems and methods herein. Figure 1AIllustrates a paint spraying operation 100, where a paint gun 114 atomizes paint from a paint cup 110 using air from an air source 112. However, while a paint spraying operation is illustrated, the container 110 can provide other materials for dispensing. Figure 1B Illustrates another configuration of a paint gun 130 that receives two materials and provides an atomized mixture. The paint gun 130 can be coupled to Figure 1C the illustrated system 150. The system 150 can include a pumping system for one or two components 132, and / or a pressurized air source.

[0039] Figure 2 Illustrates an exploded view of a paint gun in which the embodiments described herein can be implemented. The paint gun 200 includes a container 202 that houses the fluid to be dispensed, etc. However, while the container 202 coupled to the nozzle using fasteners 204 is illustrated, it is expressly contemplated that a larger container can supply fluid to the paint gun 200, for example, using a pump. For example, when the trigger 208 is pulled, the paint gun can be actuated.

[0040] Figures 3A to 3D Illustrates a material measurement flow sensor according to an embodiment herein. Figure 3A Illustrates a PCB material measurement flow sensor 300. As Figure 3A illustrated, the sensing system 300 includes a PCB board 302 that has one or more ground portions 330 and TX contacts 440. The TX contacts provide a transmit signal to each transmit electrode 310. Four RX contacts (not shown) located on the back of the PCB receive an indication of the sensed impedance for each electrode pair. The potential of each receive electrode 320 is individually electronically regulated to ground potential. In some embodiments, the regulator action on each receive electrode is interpreted as an impedance signal for each electrode pair. In the illustrated embodiment, four separate measurement channels can each provide information through its own TX contact 340 and RX contacts (not shown).

[0041] In the illustrated embodiment, the sensing system 300 has four electrode pairs, where each of the four transmit electrodes 310 is paired with one of the four receive electrodes 320. However, it is expressly contemplated that there can be more or fewer electrode pairs depending on the available area on the PCB board and the sensing requirements.

[0042] Each of these electrode pairs is decoupled from adjacent electrode pairs, thereby receiving four separate conductivity measurements, where one conductivity measurement is received from each of the electrode pairs 310, 320. In some embodiments, the sensing system 300 is placed perpendicular to the flow of the material such that the first sensing region 352 receives a first portion of the material flow, the second sensing region 354 receives a second portion of the material flow, the third sensing region 356 receives a third portion of the material flow, and the fourth sensing region 358 receives a fourth portion of the material flow. Thus, the system 300 can generate four different signals simultaneously with respect to a single material flow, thereby providing a picture that better reflects whether the mixing ratio (or other measurement parameter) is consistent across the sensing region.

[0043] Compared to previous sensing systems, conductivity measurements require both a positive and a negative electrode, which would require two PCBs per electrode pair. In contrast, the system 300 allows for four measurements to be made simultaneously with a single PCB. It also provides a larger surface area for the material flow with a shorter sensor distance.

[0044] Figure 3A An embodiment is illustrated where each electrode pair is part of slots 352, 354, 356, 358. However, it is also conceivable that instead of being enclosed on both sides, the sensing region could include a pair of electrodes in a "comb-like" structure on a protrusion or within a hole. However, from a structural point of view, especially for viscous fluids, it is preferred that both ends are enclosed.

[0045] As further described herein, the electrodes 310, 320 can be formed by metallizing the inner surfaces of the carriers 352, 354, 356, 358 using, for example, copper. This metallization process can connect the electrode 320 to the electrode 410. Thus, a decoupling or disconnecting step is required. This can be done by disconnecting the connection, for example, by drilling at positions 350A and 350B as illustrated in the figure, by punching out a perforated component, milling, punching, etching, laser cutting, or another suitable method.

[0046] The systems and methods herein can be used for a variety of dispensed materials. The PCB typically has a maximum operating temperature of less than 170 °C, which limits the temperature of the materials that can be dispensed through the sensor system 300. The materials can have a range of viscosities, for example up to about 10 5Pa s. A higher viscosity may result in insufficient dispensing pressure to force the material through slots 352 to 358 without damaging the sensor. However, the width of slots 352 to 358 can be increased to accommodate materials with higher viscosities. However, the sensing system 300 may be less sensitive. Similarly, for materials with particulates (such as suspensions), the particle size must be smaller than the width of slots 352 to 358. Additionally, the systems herein may be limited to solvents that do not cause corrosion or otherwise damage the PCB 302 or electrodes 310, 320.

[0047] Figure 3B Another embodiment of sensing system 360 is illustrated, which includes a built-in temperature sensor 370. The temperature sensor 370 is located within a slot having a connection point 372 for a ground signal and a connection point 374 for a temperature signal. The ground signal connection point 372 is connected to a ground signal communicator 382. The temperature signal communication point 374 is connected to a temperature signal communicator 376. Similar to Figure 3A the embodiment of, there are also four impedance or conductivity sensor slots 380, each slot connected to the ground signal 382. However, it should be noted that in Figure 3B the embodiment of, there are two different slot spacings. A first spacing 362 exists between the first and second slots 380 and between the third and fourth slots 380, while a second spacing 364 exists between the second and third slots 380. The increased spacing 364 can provide improved shielding against interference between the electromagnetic fields generated by each pair of electrodes.

[0048] Many mixing processes rely at least in part on temperature, and material properties such as viscosity vary with temperature. Temperature sensors inserted from an external point are typically fragile and need to be in the middle of the flow of the material being tested. In Figure 3B the embodiment of, the temperature sensor is sealed within a housing that keeps the temperature sensor isolated from the material. The sealing layer can be, for example, a layer of varnish that allows for improved thermal contact relative to other housing materials. As illustrated, the temperature sensor is connected via contacts 382 on an edge connector.

[0049] Figures 3A to 3B An embodiment is illustrated in which slots 352 to 358, 370, and 380 are shaped like ovals, having a generally straight body and rounded ends. However, other configurations can be employed. For example, electrodes 310, 320 can be bent or otherwise shaped to accommodate the available volume of the dispensing system.

[0050] Although Figures 3A to 3CAn embodiment is illustrated in which each of the slots 352 to 358 includes a single electrode terminal. However, it is expressly contemplated that in some embodiments, one or more of the slots 352 to 358 may accommodate multiple electrode terminals, e.g., having one or more terminals along the length of one or more of the slots 352 to 358. Having a third or fourth terminal may allow for more accurate measurement of electrical parameters. Instead of a circuit configuration including an ohmmeter that measures resistance, there are alternative ammeters and voltmeters. A voltmeter measures the voltage across a circuit, while an ammeter measures the current flowing through a circuit. Impedance (e.g., resistance) can be derived from the measured voltage and current. Such an arrangement can result in a more accurate measurement of the electrical parameters within the fluid flowing through the slots 352 to 358.

[0051] Figures 3C to 3D An example of a housing for a sensor according to some embodiments herein is illustrated. In some embodiments, a sensor (such as sensor 300 or 360) can be directly received by a material dispensing system. However, it is also contemplated that in some embodiments, the housing 390 can directly receive the sensor 396. The housing 390 includes a receiving slot 392 for receiving the sensor, as illustrated by the configuration 394.

[0052] In some embodiments, the housing 390 is built into the dispensing system such that the sensor 396 is received by the dispensing system. In some embodiments, the dispensing system receives the housing 390 in which the sensor 396 has already been installed. In some embodiments, the sensor 396 can be sealed into the housing 390 such that the dispensing system receives the housing 390.

[0053] Using the systems and methods described herein, multiple parameters related to the quality of a mixture can be monitored before or during use of the mixture. Monitoring the mixture quality can refer to any one of consistency, texture, composition, or other relevant quality indicators. The sensor systems and methods of use herein can provide an indication of mixing ratio, curing (e.g., open time, cure rate, temperature change), and can provide in-situ process indications such as aging, bubble detection, or concentration, inter-batch variation, raw material quality, and phase separation. Using the sensor systems herein, quality issues (mixing ratio imbalance, phase separation, etc.) can be automatically detected and an indication for correcting the quality issue can be provided such that correction can be made in-situ.

[0054] Early detection of quality issues can help reduce the correction time and thus will reduce the operating time, correction supply costs, and correction operation time and costs. The sensors described herein can be implemented in many parts of the dispensing operation (at intake, during mixing or after mixing, within the dispenser, within the container, etc.).

[0055] The sensors described herein are capable of communicating with a computerized control system that can provide an alternating current (AC) voltage to generate the electric fields required to measure conductivity, impedance, or permittivity using a suitable sensing system, such as the sensing systems described herein. In some embodiments, the control system may also provide a current. Although various examples of the present disclosure are described with respect to the use of AC, it should be understood that in other examples, direct current (DC) may be used to implement the techniques of the present disclosure.

[0056] When performing an actual measurement of the quality control parameters of a mixture, the measured impedance response (MIR) can be recorded in the control system, with each measured impedance response (MIR) being measured at certain measurement sensing frequencies (MSF).

[0057] To derive, for example, the value of the mixing ratio from the measured impedance response at the measurement sensing frequency, the software running on the control system identifies those triples within a set of calibration impedance response triples that have the closest calibration response impedance to the measured impedance response and the closest calibration sensing frequency to the measured sensing frequency. This identification and potential interpolation can be easily performed by using a parameterized multi-dimensional polynomial that models multiple triples of multiple data sets, i.e., (CMR, CSF, CIR). The software derives the value of the (heretofore unknown) mixing ratio in the actual measurement from these calibration data.

[0058] The same sensing frequencies used for calibration will generally also be used for measurement. However, a mixing ratio may occur in a measurement where the calibration impedance response was not determined during calibration. Thus, there may not be an exact match between the sensing frequency and the response impedance among the triples in the calibration data set. In such cases, interpolation between two appropriately chosen calibration triples that contain two calibration impedance responses close to the measured response impedance yields an interpolated calibration mixing ratio, which can then be considered the mixing ratio in the measurement. The interpolation is performed by the software on the control system 220 using a parameterized multi-dimensional polynomial.

[0059] The results of the interpolation and derivation are the values of the mixing ratios of components A and B as the mixture passes through the PCB sensor during measurement.

[0060] In this embodiment, the calibrated impedance response is measured according to two parameters, namely the sensing frequency and the mixing ratio. In other embodiments, the dependence of the impedance response on other parameters may be considered, such as, for example, the dependence on the temperature of the binder in the sensing zone. Then, the data set of the calibrated impedance response will be a quadruple of values, such as (CMR, CSF, CIR, temperature), and the pre-stored set of calibrated impedance responses will be a set of quadruples forming a four-dimensional data domain that is specific to the mixture. Considering other parameters may make the data set a quintuple of values or a higher-order tuple of values, such that the data set of the calibrated impedance response is a multi-dimensional data domain and can be represented by a differently parameterized multi-dimensional polynomial.

[0061] The control system may record the value of the mixing ratio with a timestamp to ensure quality. The mixing ratio derived during the actual measurement may be continuously checked against the desired mixing ratio. If the deviation of the mixing ratio derived during the actual measurement from the desired mixing ratio is greater than acceptable, the control system appropriately changes the flow rate of any of the components to adjust the measured mixing ratio towards the desired mixing ratio.

[0062] The method of forming a sensor system (such as those exemplified herein) may be similar to the method described in PCT / US22 / 52343 (e.g., Figure 5 and the associated description), which application is incorporated herein by reference.

[0063] Figures 5A to 5B Illustrated is a flow sensor for measuring materials in use according to an embodiment herein. As illustrated in two images, a sensor according to an embodiment herein may be placed in direct contact with the material or fluid, thereby providing a conductivity measurement based on that direct contact. This provides a more accurate measurement of the mixing ratio than other methods that do not allow direct contact between the sensor and the material. However, as Figure 5A and Figure 5B illustrate, the sensor is coated with the material after use. It is beneficial to be able to discard the sensor after use in scenarios where the material of interest is corrosive, highly viscous, or curable.

[0064] Figures 6A to 6C Illustrated is a sensor configuration that may be particularly useful for detecting the aggregation of bubbles or droplets of a second phase formed prior to phase separation.

[0065] Figure 6AAn inclination sensor is illustrated that may be particularly useful for detecting bubbles or droplets in a mixture. The sensor includes four electrode pairs in four slots 1302, 1304, 1306, and 1308 of different sizes. Slot 1302 is wider than slot 1304, slot 1304 is wider than slot 1306, and slot 1306 is wider than slot 1308. Slots 1302 to 1308 are illustrated in an arrangement from thickest to thinnest; however, other arrangements are clearly contemplated as possible. Similarly, while four coplanar electrode pairs are illustrated, all coplanar electrode pairs are substantially the same distance from the connection end of the sensor (e.g., the portion connected to the signal reader). Edge connector 1314 is shown as an example; however, other suitable connections are possible.

[0066] Slots 1302 to 1308 are designed to both detect bubbles or droplets and provide an indication of size. Generally, a consistent mixture without bubbles or droplets provides an insulating effect and maintains a consistent conductivity across all electrode pairs. When a droplet reaches the width of one of the slots, the droplet will connect the two sides of the electrodes, resulting in a detectable change in conductivity.

[0067] Figure 6A The illustrated design is shown with a linearly increasing slot width, e.g., 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm. The linear increase in diameter corresponds to a cubic increase in the volumetric flow rate through the holes. Such a configuration provides a good understanding of how quickly phase separation will occur and / or how stable the mixture is. For example, if there is more than an hour until phase separation, it may still be possible to dispense the mixture without taking corrective action.

[0068] However, it is clearly contemplated that some embodiments may require smaller or larger slot sizes. For example, the thinnest slot may be as thin as 100 μm, or thinner than 150 μm, or thinner than 200 μm, or thinner than 300 μm, or thinner than 400 μm. One or more slots may be thinner than 500 μm. One or more slots may be thinner than 1 mm. For other applications, such as a stir bar for larger measurement operations, such as inspecting the mixture quality in a 50 - gallon drum.

[0069] In addition to changes in width, the slots may also change in length to accommodate a particular application. For example, when inspecting the shelf life of a larger container, the entire sensor may need to be much longer (e.g., up to or exceeding 1 meter in length). In such cases, the holes must be larger, both to increase the signal strength and to allow significant flow through. The length can be increased to increase the signal strength, balanced with the selected width to allow flow through without sacrificing signal strength. For example, for a sensor with a length in meters, the size could be 10 cm long and 1 cm wide.

[0070] For example, when a droplet (or bubble) reaches a diameter as wide as or wider than the slot 1308 (the narrowest slot), it connects two electrodes within the slot 1308, thereby generating a conductivity spike only for the electrode pair 1308, because until the diameter of the droplet (or bubble) grows to a width as wide as or wider than the slot 1306, it does not connect the two sides of the slot 1306. Once the bubble (or droplet) passes through the slot 1308, the conductivity returns to the baseline of the mixture. The conductivity spike frequency changes according to the number of droplets (bubbles) in the mixture.

[0071] The sensor 1300 also includes a temperature sensor 1310, which is illustrated as running along the electrode pairs 1302 to 1308. It is explicitly contemplated that the temperature sensor 1310 can be positioned in another suitable location. Additionally, it is contemplated that for some embodiments, such as for mixtures that do not significantly change viscosity within the operating temperature range, the temperature sensor 1310 is not required.

[0072] The sensor 1300 is also illustrated as having a length 1312 that separates the edge connector 1314 from the electrode pairs 1302 to 1308. However, if the sensor 1300 is used as an in-line flow sensor, such as installed in a conduit as illustrated in FIGS. Figure 7A 6D to 6D, the length 1312 may not be necessary.

[0073] Figure 6B and Figure 6C A sensor connected to a wire lead 1340 is illustrated, showing how the length 1312 provides additional separation from the electrode pairs 1302 to 1308 when used in a container 1350.

[0074] So far, embodiments of sensors formed by PCBs have been described herein, which are designed to receive fluid flow through holes therein. However, it is explicitly contemplated that the sensors herein can adopt other shapes and configurations.

[0075] Figures 7A to 7C A channel sensor configuration according to an embodiment herein is illustrated. Instead of placing the sensor at an angle relative to the flow, Figures 7A to 7C an embodiment is illustrated in which the sensing region can be placed along the fluid flow. A plurality of rigid or flexible sensing regions 1410 are coupled to an edge connector 1420. However, although an edge connector is shown, it is explicitly contemplated that other connection mechanisms may be suitable. For example, the sensing regions can be rigid or flexible PCBs. Each sensing region 1410 is electrically isolated from adjacent ones, as illustrated by the reference numeral 1412 in the drawings. The sensing regions 1410 can be formed into a tube (cylindrical, oval, or other polygonal shape) such that fluid flows through each sensing region.

[0076] The channel sensor 1400 includes an edge connector 1420 that can provide the sensed electrical parameter signals to a signal reader. The edge connector 1416 can have a shielding layer 1414. The wiring 1416 between the edge connector 1420 and each sensing region can also be shielded.

[0077] Figures 7B to 7C A cross-sectional view of the channel sensor 1400 is illustrated. Figure 7B A view of the sensor 1400 is illustrated such that the material flow will enter or exit the page. Figure 7C A cross-sectional view along the length of the sensor 1400 is illustrated as indicated by line 1450. Relative to Figure 7C the fluid flow is indicated by arrow 1440. Figure 7B It can also be considered as a cross-section taken along line 1460 of Figure 14C . As Figure 7B illustrated, the connection 1418 can exist between the surface and the edge connector through the shielding layer.

[0078] Tomography techniques can be used to detect the properties of fluids flowing through the volume formed by the channel sensor 1400. For example, any of the sensing regions 1410 in the sensing area can be used as a ground for a specific measurement. The sensors described in FIGS. 1 to 6 are limited in terms of the number of holes that can be machined into a PCB board. Additionally, the hole size is limited by the processing capabilities. The smaller the width of the aperture, the higher the signal strength. However, the smaller width makes it difficult for viscous materials to flow through.

[0079] In contrast, the sensor illustrated in FIG. 7 can support a larger number of sensing regions 1410. Figures 7A to 7C Eight sensing regions are illustrated, however, it is explicitly contemplated that more sensing regions are possible. For example, there can be up to 10, or 12, or 16, or 20 sensing regions. Using a larger surface of the PCB, each sensing region provides a strong signal.

[0080] Similar to the sensors described with respect to FIGS. 1 to 6, the sensors herein allow for signal measurement, analysis, and active or passive alteration of the system in real-time or substantially real-time.

[0081] Channel sensors (such as the channel sensors described herein) allow for direct contact between the sensing region and the material flowing through. Conductivity and dielectric constant (which can be converted to impedance, for example) can be directly measured.

[0082] The sensitivity of the channel sensor depends on the diameter of the sensor, such as diameter 1442. In some embodiments, there are multiple channels 1400 instead of a single channel 1400 along the fluid flow. For example, the multiple channels can be coplanar such that the fluid flows through each channel simultaneously.

[0083] Figures 8A to 8C Illustrates an electrical schematic for a sensor according to an embodiment herein. Figure 8A Illustrates a conventional schematic, while Figures 8B to 8C Illustrates an alternative electrical schematic that can be used in the embodiments herein.

[0084] Measurement system 1500 includes an example sensor 1502 that generates four sensor signals. It is explicitly contemplated that the systems herein can include more or fewer than four signal sources. Each signal is received using a first cable 1502 and transmitted to a signal reader 1510. The signal reader can include a transimpedance amplifier for each of the signal sources. The amplified signals are then communicated to a 4-channel AD converter 1520, which requires a converter for each of the four signals. A transmitter 1524 provides a voltage 1526 or a voltage command to be applied to the transmit electrodes on the sensor 1510. In some embodiments, the transmitter 1524 can provide a current instead of a voltage such that the receive electrodes receive a voltage.

[0085] In Figure 8B , the signal reader 1540 includes a multiplexer 1545 that allows selective receipt of sensor signals from a sensor 1532 via a cable 1534. An embodiment is illustrated where a single multiplexer 490 switches between each pair of electrodes such that only one transimpedance amplifier is required within the reader 1540. However, it is explicitly contemplated that the multiplexer can allow the reader 1540 to receive more than four signals and interface with, for example, multiple sensors 1532. Additionally, since the signals can be communicated to the AD converter 1550 via a signal cable 1542, the physical hardware complexity is reduced. Only a single-channel AD converter 1550 that receives a single cable 1542 is required to convert the received signals. A voltage 1556 is transmitted by a transmitter 1552. The multiplexer 1545 is controlled by a switch interface 1554.

[0086] Figure 8C Illustrates an electrical schematic 1560 of a channel sensor. In Figure 8CIn the illustrated embodiments, four sensing regions 1562 form channels through which material can flow. Each allows signals to be received using cables 1564. As illustrated, signal ready 1570 has a multiplexer that can switch each of the electrodes 162 between being used as a ground, a transmitting electrode, or a receiving electrode. In some embodiments, the multiplexer 1575 can switch the electrodes 1562 such that different electrodes 1652 are used as receiving electrodes or ground during a measurement operation. Switching which electrode is used as a receiving electrode or ground can provide a more complete picture of the fluid passing through the channel sensor. The multiplexer 1575 can be controlled by a switch selector 1584.

[0087] Reader 1570 uses cable 1572 to transmit signals to an AD converter 1580. Voltage or current 1588 is transmitted by transmitter 1586.

[0088] Figures 8A to 8C Embodiments are illustrated where there are four electrodes. However, it is explicitly contemplated that more or fewer channels may be present in a given sensing system.

[0089] Figures 9A to 9B Embodiments of a tomographic sensor are illustrated. While stacked flat PCB sensors can increase sensitivity, it should be noted that tomographic configurations can also have different levels of sensitivity.

[0090] Figure 9A An alternative channel sensor arrangement with two flow channels 1752 is illustrated. Sensor 1750 can include a flexible or rigid PCB or a different support structure. A center electrode 1754 is placed between the flow channels 1752, and multiple receiving electrodes 1756 are placed in the inner surface of the sensing channels 1752. The sensing surface can cover some or all of the inner circumference of the flow channels 1752. In some embodiments, the center electrode 1752 can provide a transmitting function and / or a grounding function such that all sensing regions 1756 can be used as receiving electrodes. However, it is explicitly contemplated that in some embodiments, one or more of the sensing regions 1756 can be used as a transmitting electrode or a grounding electrode.

[0091] Figure 9B An arrangement of a channel sensor with multiple flow channels 1762 is illustrated. Each flow channel 1762 can be similar to Figures 8A to 8CThose illustrated are constructed such that sensing regions 1764, 1766 are angled relative to the sensor housing 1760. Sensing region 1764 may be along the fluid flow or angled relative to the fluid flow direction. Sensor 1760 includes a support structure, which may be a rigid or flexible PCB, or another suitable support structure. Flow channels 1762 each include a plurality of sensing regions 1764, 1766. As illustrated, many sensing regions 1765 can be used as receiving electrodes, while other sensing regions 1766 can be switched between being transmitting electrodes or receiving electrodes. In some embodiments, each sensing region 1764 is capable of being used as a transmitting electrode, a receiving electrode, or a ground electrode. In some embodiments, a subset of the sensing regions (e.g., only region 1766) is configured to be used as more than one receiving electrode.

[0092] While Figures 9A to 9B an embodiment is illustrated in which the flow channels include 8 sensing regions arranged in a circular pattern, it is expressly contemplated that there may be more or fewer sensing regions. For example, there may be only two sensing regions, or three sensing regions, or four sensing regions, or five sensing regions, or six sensing regions, or seven sensing regions, or there may be more than nine sensing regions, or more than ten sensing regions, or more than twelve sensing regions, or more than 16 sensing regions, or more than 20 sensing regions.

[0093] Additionally, while Figure 9B only four sensing channels 1762 are illustrated, it is expressly contemplated that there may be more or fewer sensing channels. Since the sensitivity of the sensing channels 1762 is inversely proportional to the diameter, it is contemplated that more sensing channels 1762 with a smaller diameter will increase the sensitivity of the sensor 1760. For example, there may be six or more channels 1762, or there may be eight or more channels 1762, or ten or more channels 1762, or ten or more channels 1762, or more than 12 channels 1762, or more than 16 channels 1762.

[0094] The laminate structure consists of at least one non-conductive or insulating layer. In embodiments in which electronic devices are integrated onto the surface of a standard component (e.g., a molded material, a composite material, etc.). In such embodiments, the non-conductive layer may be formed of Durolastic material. A suitable Durolastic material may include FR-4 epoxy resin. However, other suitable materials may also be used. In some embodiments, the non-conductive layer may be formed of polyamide, polycarbonate, polypropylene, phenolic material, ABS, or another suitable material. According to the embodiments herein, the non-conductive layer can be modified to receive solder. According to the embodiments herein, the non-conductive layer must be able to be modified (e.g., by metallization or another suitable process) to receive conductive material.

[0095] As described herein, the laminated structure can be formed from a variety of suitable materials. In some embodiments, additive or subtractive manufacturing techniques are used to form the laminated structure. Such "printed" materials can allow the embodiments herein to be implemented in a variety of additional configurations.

[0096] In some embodiments, classical additive manufacturing techniques (e.g., fused filament fabrication, SLA, IJ) can be used to form the laminated structure. Non-conductive materials for such embodiments can include SLA / SLS materials, which can be, for example, UV curable. Sintered materials such as PA or ceramics can also be used. Fused filament fabrication materials such as ABS or another suitable material can also be used.

[0097] According to embodiments herein, conductive materials for the laminated structure can include a substrate material with a surface finish. The substrate material can be, for example, copper. The surface finish material can include nickel or gold. Liquid inks can be used, and the liquid inks can contain silver or graphite materials. In some embodiments, nanomaterials such as graphene- or carbon nanotube-based conductive inks or sprays can be used. For example, silver chloride can be used. In some embodiments, carbon ink can be used alone or as a supplement to conductive silver ink. Carbon ink can provide lubricity, protection of the silver surface, and prevention of silver migration. Some conductive inks can include, for example: AgNW, AgNP, AuNP, CuNW, CuNP, PdNP, or mixtures thereof.

[0098] Dielectric inks can be used in some embodiments herein to print dielectric layers, conformal coatings, and / or encapsulations. Non-conductive dielectric inks can insulate multi-layer circuits to allow circuit crossing and multi-layer applications. Dielectric inks provide flexibility, moisture resistance, and improved strength.

[0099] According to some embodiments herein, resistive inks can be used. Resistive inks can be based on blends of silver, carbon, and non-conductive pigments to adjust the resistance levels of printed resistors, potentiometers, and heating elements.

[0100] In some embodiments herein, 3D electronic printing techniques such as piezo / valve jetting, aerosol-based jetting, multi-nozzle inkjet, 3D dispensing, print / laser ablation, pneumatic spraying, and / or US spraying are used.

[0101] Using 3D printing techniques, the sensors described in the embodiments herein can be directly formed on the surface in contact with the fluid, for example, into catheters, dispensers, mixing units, containers, etc. A wider range of functional elements (such as flexibility) is possible. Depositing electrical functional inks on the substrate produces active or passive devices.

[0102] For example, the conduit may be formed with a conductive pattern that permits measurement of electrical parameters. The conduit may include a plurality of sensing regions along its length to track electrical parameters as fluid passes through each sensing region.

[0103] Figure 10 Illustrated is a method for detecting and correcting quality issues in a mixture according to embodiments herein. Method 2000 may be implemented using a sensor system (such as those described herein), combinations thereof, or other suitable sensors.

[0104] In block 2010, inconsistencies in the mixture are directed. The inconsistencies may be entrained air, mixing ratio drift, inconsistent mixing (droplet formation, precipitation, emulsion stratification), or another inconsistency from normal flow. Detection may be accomplished by detecting spikes in the sensed electrical parameters by one or more electrode pairs on a PCB sensor, as illustrated in block 2002. Detection may also be achieved by detecting a change in the sensed value measured between a first electrode pair and a second electrode pair of the sensor system, as illustrated in block 2004. Other detection methods 2008 described herein may be used. Detection may occur as the mixture flows through or past the electrode pairs.

[0105] In some embodiments, the electrical parameter sensor may be a disposable sensor that is discarded after use. The sensor may include one or more pairs of electrodes in a coplanar arrangement such that the dispensed material flows through different electrode pairs. The sensor may also or alternatively include a plurality of sensing regions arranged in a line such that the material flow is parallel or substantially parallel to the sensing regions. Multiple electrode pairs including electrodes with different sides may assist in detecting bubbles or droplets of different sizes as they flow through the sensing regions.

[0106] In block 2020, the detected inconsistencies are corrected. Correction may include further mixing 2022 the mixture, for example to ensure a consistent concentration, correcting the detected mixing ratio drift, reducing the risk of phase separation, and / or stabilizing the dispersion or emulsion. Correction may also include degassing 2024 the mixture to remove detected bubbles or entrained air introduced during the remixing step. Degassing may be accomplished using, for example, a vacuum or by purging a portion of the mixture containing entrained air. Other suitable correction measures 2028 (such as correcting the mixture composition), such as purging, may also be used.

[0107] In some embodiments, detected bubbles may be mitigated without purging, for example by sending a signal to a motor controlling fluid flow to increase speed and dispense an amount of material required to replace the air volume occupied by the bubbles. In some embodiments, if no bubbles are present, the applied pressure may be increased or the volumetric flow rate may be increased to provide a similar volume of material.

[0108] In block 2040, the consistency of the mixture can be confirmed before the mixture is dispensed in block 2030. For example, using the sensors described herein, the consistency of the mixture can be confirmed by stabilizing the conductivity spikes (e.g., reducing the severity and / or number) or by confirming that the conductivity difference across the electrode pair has narrowed to an acceptable level. If the consistency is not confirmed, the process can return to block 2020 so that further corrections can be made, or a new correction strategy can be selected.

[0109] Figure 11 Illustrated is a quality control system in accordance with embodiments herein. Quality control system 2150 can be used to identify and correct detected inconsistencies in a mixture. Quality control system 2150 can be implemented in a static environment (e.g., implemented as a dipstick or other analytical tool for the contained fluid) or in a dynamic environment (e.g., in a fluid flow conduit) where the fluid moves across an electrode pair in a PCB.

[0110] Some systems or methods herein may benefit from using relative thresholds rather than absolute thresholds. A reference level may be important for making measurements with more accurate relative thresholds. For example, if a conductivity measurement drops below a factor proportional to the reference level (e.g., drops to 50% of the reference level), an inconsistency may be determined, e.g., a concentration gradient indicating poor mixing, droplets indicating phase separation, or entrained air. Relative thresholds can help reduce material waste during accidental purges or reduce the time wasted attempting to correct inconsistencies that may not be present or may not be at a level requiring correction.

[0111] Inconsistency detection system 2150 can be implemented by a suitable computing device in communication with sensing system 2130. Sensing system 2130 can include one or more electrode pairs 2132 in direct contact with the material flow. Electrode pairs 2132 can be positioned such that the fluid flows between them or contacts their surfaces. Electrode pairs 2132 can be part of a printed circuit board, e.g., formed in holes machined or built into the printed circuit board. The holes can be closed at both ends or open at one end, e.g., in a comb-like structure. Electrode pairs 2132 can be printed onto the PCB. The printed electrode pairs 2132 can be arranged in a comb-like structure. Sensing system 2130 can also include a temperature sensor 2134. In some embodiments, temperature sensor 2134 can be shielded from direct contact with the material flow. Sensing system 2132 can include other features 2138.

[0112] Sensor signals from the sensing system 2130 are received by the quality control system 2150 using the active signal retriever 2152. The active signal retriever 2152 can receive signals from the sensing system 2130 periodically or continuously during operation. The received sensor signals can be impedance signals, conductivity signals, dielectric constant signals, or a combination thereof. In embodiments where conductivity values are used to detect inconsistencies, the conductivity signal generator 2154 can convert the received signals into conductivity values. The signal values and / or conductivity values can be provided to the data repository, for example, using the signal communicator 2156. A similar process can be performed for applications where different electrical parameters are preferred for analysis purposes.

[0113] The historical signal retriever 2158 can communicate with the data repository to retrieve previously captured signal values. The historical signal values of interest can include signal values retrieved from the same batch of material or material mixture within a recent time period. For example, values retrieved within the previous few seconds or minutes may be important. In some embodiments, the signal values may drift over a longer time period due to temperature changes, material aging, mixture ratio fluctuations, etc. However, inconsistencies can be detected as a rapid change in conductivity or a difference between conductivity measurements in the sensing system. In some embodiments, the threshold generator 2160 periodically or continuously generates relative thresholds based on the historical signals. The relative threshold can be an absolute value, for example, specifying an increase or decrease of X% over time Y indicates an inconsistency. The threshold change value can be larger if the conductivity values have fluctuated more significantly, and smaller if the conductivity values have not fluctuated significantly.

[0114] The signal analyzer 2162 compares the received signal or the calculated conductivity with the threshold, and if a deviation outside the allowed threshold is detected, the command generator 2164 generates a command and communicates the command to the device 2180 using the command communicator 2166.

[0115] In some embodiments, the device 2180 can include a display component, and the generated command can be an update to a graphical user interface presented on the display component indicating the detected inconsistency. In some embodiments, the device 2180 can include a feedback component (such as audio, visual, or tactile feedback) that indicates to the controller the detection of bubbles. The device 2180 can also be a correction mechanism, and the command generator 2164 can generate a command to perform a correction mechanism selected based on the detected inconsistency, for example, a purge valve, remix command, degassing command, etc.

[0116] The system 2150 can include other features 2168.

[0117] In some embodiments, the threshold generator includes a machine learning model to predict future conductivity time series data based on historical data. The prediction may include a so-called confidence interval. Training can be done in advance on a reference data set without detected quality control issues or with quantified quality control issues. Then, the signal analyzer 2162 compares the received signal to determine whether the received signal falls within or outside the confidence interval.

[0118] In some embodiments, the threshold generator generates predictions of conductivity values at regular intervals (e.g., 10 ms, 100 ms, etc.), where the confidence bands are based on historical signals retrieved by the historical signal retriever. If the measured actual value drops below the lower confidence band or rises above the upper confidence band, the signal analyzer detects an inconsistency. If the conductivity measurement is within the confidence band, the signal analyzer 2162 provides an output that no inconsistency has been detected or that no inconsistency requiring correction has been detected. The command generator 2164 may provide an indication that the GUI of the device 2180 does not need to be updated.

[0119] Due to the noise present in the data, relative thresholds are an important part of the air detection system. The statistical concept of confidence bands explains this: if the data has more noise, the confidence bands are further away from the current value and the inconsistency detection algorithm will not produce false detections due to noisy data, where a simple thresholding approach might be affected in such cases.

[0120] While conductivity is discussed herein as the value of interest, it is explicitly contemplated that other material parameters such as current flow, relative permittivity (er), or impedance may alternatively or also be used in the detection algorithm.

[0121] Measuring conductivity can provide valuable information about the quality of the mixture. For example, as described herein and in the example section of PCT / US2022 / 52343, conductivity measurements can be used to determine consistency issues due to batch-to-batch variations, entrained air, droplet formation, aging, concentration gradients, dispersion separation, or emulsion separation.

[0122] Figure 12 Illustrated is a method for quality control of a material dispensing system according to an embodiment herein. The method 2200 can be used with the dispenser or other suitable sensing systems described herein.

[0123] In block 2210, one or more components to be dispensed are provided to the sensing area. The sensing area can be a material dispenser, a transfer line to the material dispenser, or before other delivery mechanisms or vessels within a nozzle, atomizer, or fluid system. For example, the material dispenser can dispense liquid 2212, particles 2214 in suspension or other form. The material can also be a mixture of materials 2216, such as an emulsion or another mixture of A and B components. The emulsion must be dispensed as a stable emulsion, and the reactive A:B components should be provided in the desired mixing ratio. Other components 2218 can also be provided to the sensing area prior to dispensing.

[0124] In block 2220, the mixture passes through the sensing system, for example, before being dispensed, stored, or removed from storage. Passing through the sensing system may require passing through a portion of the sensing body such that the material (e.g., the mixture or component) directly contacts the sensor. The direct contact between the material and the electrode pair ensures accurate measurement. By sensing

[0125] In block 2230, conductivity measurement results are received from the sensing system. The sensing system can have multiple sensors, such as multiple electrode pairs, which detect the electrical parameters of the material when a sufficient voltage passes through them. Based on the sensed parameter values, many conditions of the material can be determined. For a mixture, the mixing ratio can be determined. For a curable material, the curing progress can be detected. Aging and differences between batches of materials can also be detected. Instability indicators (such as entrained air, impending phase separation, etc.) can also be detectable. The sensor measurements can be made continuously, for example, receiving a signal per second, or more frequently. The measurements can also be made in parallel, for example, from each of the multiple electrode pairs or the sensing area. In some embodiments, the electrode pairs or the sensing area can be coplanar with each other. The sensed electrical parameters can include conductivity 2232, impedance 2234, or dielectric constant 2236, or another suitable parameter.

[0126] In block 2240, feedback is provided based on the electrical parameter measurement results. The feedback can include a characterization of the material, as shown in block 2252. For example, the mixing ratio can be detected, and the entrained air or single-component fluid pockets, aging indicators, or other parameters of interest can be calculated and provided. Predictions can also be provided, as shown in block 2254. For example, based on the trend of previous conductivity sensor readings, it may be possible to predict the future behavior of the material being measured. Other characterization information 2258 can also be provided. For example, a trend in conductivity readings in one direction can indicate that the mixing ratio is moving towards the edge of the acceptable range, and thus the mixing rate should be changed, or an increase in instability is tending towards phase separation. Similarly, the conductivity readings can indicate that the curable component is curing.

[0127] Feedback may also indicate that a corrective action is needed. For example, an emulsion or dispersion that has undergone separation may need to be stabilized 2242 (e.g., remixing, heating, etc.). Feedback may also indicate that purification of one or more components or the mixture is needed, as shown in block 2244. In embodiments where the material has a corrosive effect or cures over time, predictive feedback may provide an indication that a sensor needs to be replaced, as shown in block 2246. Other predictive information may also be provided, as shown in block 2238, which may trigger other actions, as shown in block 2248.

[0128] In some embodiments, as shown herein, providing feedback may also include providing conductivity readings, material characterizations, or predictions, or other useful information, such as material source, lot number, material name, dispense temperature, dispense pressure, material concentration, mixing ratio, or any other information, to a customer, a controller of the dispenser.

[0129] Figures 13A to 13C A conductivity measurement system in a system network according to an embodiment herein is illustrated.

[0130] In Figure 13A the example shown, some items are similar to those shown in the previous figures. Figure 13A Specifically shown is that the conductivity sensing system 2310 may be located at the remote server location 2302. Thus, the computing device 2320 accesses those systems through the remote server location 2302. The user 2350 may also use the computing device 2320 to access the user interface 2322. For example, the user 2350 may interact with an application on the user interface 2322 of their smartphone 2320 or laptop computer 2320 or other computing device 2320 to receive information from the dispensing system or the quality control system.

[0131] Figure 13A It is shown that some elements of the systems described herein should also be envisioned as being located at the remote server location 2302, while other elements are not located at that remote server location. By way of example, the data repositories 2330, 2340, or 2360 may be located at a location separate from the location 2302 and accessed through the remote server at the location 2302. Regardless of where they are located, they may be directly accessed by the computing device 2320 through a network (wide area network or local area network), hosted as a service at a remote site, provided as a service, or accessed by a connection service residing at a remote location. Additionally, the data may be stored substantially anywhere and may be intermittently accessed by interested parties or forwarded to interested parties. For example, physical carriers may be used instead of electromagnetic wave carriers, or in addition to electromagnetic wave carriers. This may allow the user 2350 to interact with the system 2310 through their computing device 2360 to initiate a seal inspection process.

[0132] It will also be noted that elements of the systems described herein, or portions thereof, may be disposed on a variety of different devices. Some of these devices include servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, embedded computers, industrial controllers, tablet computers, or other mobile devices such as palmtop computers, cellular phones, smartphones, multimedia players, personal digital assistants, and the like.

[0133] The conductivity measurement system can be any suitable system configured to use the systems and methods herein to collect conductivity measurements, perform analysis, and provide the analysis to a receiving device, storage device, or graphical user interface generator. The Figure 16 operation of such systems is described in PCT / US22 / 52343 and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0134] System 2310 receives conductivity measurements from one or more sensors 2370. Each sensor may include one or more pairs of electrodes on a PBC. In some embodiments, the electrodes may be coplanar and similarly spaced from one end of the PCB, or may be coplanar and along the length of the PCB. The sensors may be formed by metallization or another process. The sensors 2370 are decoupled from each other such that independent conductivity signals are received from each sensor. Each sensor 2370 may include a positive and negative electrode that are decoupled from each other.

[0135] The conductivity measurement system 2310 may receive the sensor signal as a conductivity signal or a dielectric constant signal or an impedance signal. In embodiments where the received signal is an impedance signal, the conductivity value may be calculated based on the impedance signal. Similarly, the dielectric constant may be calculated based on the received impedance signal. Based on the received sensor signal, calculations and / or predictions may be made as described herein. The blend ratio may be calculated based on calibration data stored in the data repository 2360, which may indicate conductivity data from pure components and / or known mixtures of components. As described above, the sensors may be placed at both the inlet and outlet of the sensing zone, and thus, system 2310 may receive sensor signals from all sensors associated with the material dispensing system. In some embodiments, system 2310 may be configured to correct for the time delay between sensor signal capture and analysis. In other embodiments, correction may not be required where trend information is particularly relevant.

[0136] The present disclosure describes systems and methods that utilize machine learning algorithms. Machine learning models may be preferred because they can better handle noisy data, make predictions about future signal trends, and adjust before a significant change in blend quality occurs. The systems and methods described herein can calculate blend ratios in real time. By using machine learning techniques, blend ratios can be predicted in advance. This allows for faster adjustment, thereby keeping the blend ratio closer to the target value for more time. For some current dispensers, many materials are entrained in the static mixer such that when a change in blend ratio is detected, the materials already in the mixer will continue to have an incorrect blend ratio for at least the adhesive value of the mixer, so identifying blend ratio problems earlier can save materials and potential purging.

[0137] Similarly, as described herein, machine learning models can receive information from multiple systems, such as multiple sensors within a dispensing system, including conductivity sensors, temperature sensors, motor speed signals, material information, etc. In some embodiments, multiple machine learning models are used simultaneously, with each machine learning model being used by a separate system such that the models for each system can learn and improve the overall model. However, it is expressly contemplated that non-machine learning models may also be used.

[0138] The sensing system herein is described as having the functionality of sending communicable information to and receiving communicable information from other devices. This can be accomplished through application programming interfaces such that, for example, system 2310 can receive and communicate with a pump controller, a line pressure sensor, a movement controller for a portion of the dispensing system, a temperature sensor, a heating element, a data repository having information about either the material being dispensed or the mixture being produced, etc.

[0139] In embodiments using machine learning models, the data repository may also include an analyzer that learns the usage behavior of a particular dispensing system in order to improve operations and predictions. Similarly, the frequency and pattern of dispensing can provide information about curing and improve the blending model. For example, usage data such as dispense frequency, purge frequency, dispense pattern, replacement of sensors, etc. can be collected and used to train the model to more accurately predict trends and provide corrective actions.

[0140] Similarly, as described herein, display 2360 can display a GUI created by generator 2320 that is periodically updated using information collected by system 2310 and / or any one of data repositories 2330 to 2360. The information can be updated passively or an alert or notification can be provided upon update. For example, current status information can be presented and an alert (visual, audio, or tactile) can be provided if the blend ratio drifts into an unacceptable range. Additionally or alternatively, a notification can be provided when a device command is generated or when operator intervention is required.

[0141] In some embodiments, the signal encoder and the regressor can operate locally, for example, using a computer processing device associated with the material dispensing system. Alternatively, the encoder or the regressor or both can be deployed in a cloud-based storage system.

[0142] The output of the encoder can be directly used to apply pressure changes on the cartridges associated with one or more components to ensure that the mixture meets a predefined mixing ratio. For example, if the mixed material contains too much of part A, the pressure on the cartridge containing part A is decreased, and the pressure on the cartridge containing part B is increased.

[0143] The regressor can then take the encoded signal and produce a mixing ratio signal. The regressor can be a machine learning-based algorithm that can be trained in any suitable manner.

[0144] The first training option is a separate training option where the encoder-decoder model is trained on a set of signals for part A, part B, and various parts of different mixtures. The machine learning regressor is then trained in a second step on the encoded signals and the corresponding mixing ratios.

[0145] The second training option is an alternating training option where a batch of signals is used for one training step in the encoder-decoder and then for one training step in the encoder-machine learning regressor part. The training steps include a forward pass of the data in the batch, the calculation of gradients, and the application of the gradients to optimize the weights in the model.

[0146] The third training option is a combined training option where the encoder-decoder pair and the triple of the machine learning models are optimized simultaneously. This means that the batch is forwarded through the encoder, and the obtained representation is forwarded through the decoder and the machine learning regressor. Then, the gradients calculated using the two outputs are applied in a weighted combination in the backward pass.

[0147] Alternating or combined training can provide the following benefits: learning the representation of the signals in a way that has a positive effect on the performance of the regressor, which can lead to lower errors when estimating the mixing ratio. Learning the representation of the signals for various materials and mixing ratios also allows the model to be used for materials of the same chemical family that have not been seen before.

[0148] Unlike systems that use only a single signal from the mixed material, this novel approach allows for adaptation to between-batch variations in the raw materials, where for the same mixing ratio, a variation in one of the parts can result in a change in the mixed signal. It is also able to track the mixing of new materials of the same family by learning to fuse the signals of the two parts into a mixed signal.

[0149] Process data traces collected from sensor systems to provide additional information as described herein. For example, sensors may provide signals that can be processed to indicate a need for corrective action.

[0150] As described herein, in some embodiments, the sensor includes four electrode pairs. A time series of conductivity can be analyzed from four sensor capacitors to determine when a corrective action has been successful, e.g., when remixing has been completed, when phase separation has been reversed, or when the mixture has reached stability again.

[0151] For example, mixing (or remixing) may take time to reach a steady state. For example, when a mixing operation is initiated, backpressure and different viscosities of the components can result in poor initial mixing and a gradual stabilization. The same variance can be used to track stability and indicate when the dispenser can dispense the material onto a workpiece or into a receiving container. The trend of the variance can be analyzed against a threshold. The threshold is specific to each material. However, instead of determining a threshold, an augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test can be used to test the stationarity of the signal. The advantage of doing so is that manual thresholds typically need to be adjusted for new batches, but the ADF test can adapt.

[0152] The sensors described herein can also be used to detect non-uniformities. The four electrode pairs should also record similar readings. Due to manufacturing tolerances, some constant offset is possible, but during a stable mixing process, the variations in these four signals should be synchronous.

[0153] Once each signal has stabilized, the four sensors should have a high covariance. A negative covariance indicates persistent anti-correlated behavior and represents spatial non-uniformity.

[0154] Similarly, a single component of the mixture may also be non-uniform, e.g., because it has settled in the barrel or has been under-mixed during the manufacturing process. The augmented Dickey-Fuller test can again be used to confirm stability over a longer period. The relevant time period will be determined by the time it takes to empty the container.

[0155] Architecture 2300 illustrates an embodiment of a specific implementation of the electrical parameter sensing system 2310. For example, architecture 2300 can provide computing, software, data access, and storage services that do not require the end user to know the physical location or configuration of the system delivering these services. In various embodiments, a remote server can deliver these services over a wide area network (such as the Internet) using an appropriate protocol. For example, a remote server can deliver applications over a wide area network, and they can be accessed via a web browser or any other computing component. Figures 1 to Figure 12The software or components shown or described, and the corresponding data, may be stored on a server at a remote location. Computing resources in a remote server environment may be consolidated at a remote data center location, or they may be distributed. The remote server infrastructure may deliver services through a shared data center, even though they appear as a single access point for users. Thus, the components and functions described herein may be provided from a remote server at a remote location using a remote server architecture. Alternatively, they may be provided by a conventional server directly installed on a client device, or otherwise provided.

[0156] Figure 13B An example system architecture is illustrated. In Figure 13B an embodiment, the system is connected by wires such that it is not a wireless or open distribution solution. Wired communication may also be preferred in embodiments where a wireless connection would have a slower transfer rate or would potentially be unreliable. However, as discussed with respect to Figure 13A it is envisioned that a wireless system is also possible.

[0157] The electrical parameter sensor 2380 may capture electrical parameter signals from, for example, one or more of the PCB sensors described herein and provide the sensor signal to the signal converter 2382, where signal conversion occurs if needed. However, in some embodiments, it is explicitly envisioned that the sensor 2380 may directly provide the sensor signal to the processor 2384. The signal converter 2382 may, for example, convert impedance to conductivity, convert an analog signal to a digital signal, or may indeed perform another suitable conversion.

[0158] The processor 2384 receives the electrical parameter indication and generates an electrical parameter value output, which may be provided to one or more devices 2386. The devices 2386 may include a computing device with a display, a smart phone with a display, a laptop computer with a display, or another device, such as a storage medium that stores the sensor signal for future reference. The processor 2384 may also query one or more data repositories 2388 in order to generate additional indications. For example, the data repository 2388 may include past conductivity sensor signals, conductivity sensor signal thresholds, commands to adjust dispensing parameters based on the conductivity signal thresholds, etc. The processor 2384 may take action accordingly.

[0159] According to an embodiment herein, the system may also have a pressure sensor 2390 that generates a pressure signal indicating the pressure detected at a point within the dispensing system. If needed, the signal converter 2392 may convert the pressure signal from one form to another, from amperes to voltage, analog to digital, etc.

[0160] The processor 2384 or another suitable processor may generate a pressure output that may be provided to one or more devices 2386. The processor 2384 may continuously receive signals from the pressure sensor 2390 and the conductivity sensor 2380 throughout the process and may also be capable of continuously generating an output to provide substantially real-time information about the dispensing system. The processor 2384 may include one or more suitable machine learning techniques, may query a look-up table, or may perform another suitable data analysis technique on the received conductivity signal or pressure signal.

[0161] The processor 2384 may communicate wirelessly with the sensors 2380, 2390, communicate with these sensors using a wired connection, or communicate through any other suitable network. The processor 2384 may receive signals as encrypted signals, may provide outputs as encrypted outputs, or may operate without a proper encryption protocol.

[0162] Any number of suitable communication routes are envisioned, such as directly from the sensor 2390 to the processor 2384, from the sensor 2380 through the signal converter 2382, and directly to the data repository 2388, where the communication route may be retrieved by the processor 2384. Similarly, information acquisition requests from the device 2386 may be sent directly to the conductivity sensors 2380, 2390, sent to the data repository 2388, or sent to the processor 2384.

[0163] In some embodiments, an MQTT broker is used to allow, for example, the device 2386 to subscribe to a subset of data from, for example, the sensor 2390 or the processor 2384.

[0164] In some embodiments, the processor 2384 also communicates with the data repository 2388 such that the conductivity and pressure signals are also stored for later analysis. - For example, a dataset including conductivity and pressure signals over time may be used to train a machine learning algorithm or may be used for troubleshooting purposes. For example, a machine learning algorithm may be able to detect patterns in the dataset, such as mixing ratio deviations and the need for purification, and provide an indication of how to detect when a mixing ratio deviation occurs and / or a threshold to avoid the deviation from becoming severe.

[0165] Figure 13B A single processor receiving information from a single set of sensors for dispensing operations is illustrated. However, it is explicitly envisioned that a production environment may have multiple dispensers operating with multiple conductivity sensors and pressure sensors that continuously provide status information. Thus, it is expected that multiple users may want to view information about multiple production lines simultaneously. Figure 13C A configuration of a system that may be able to provide such functionality is illustrated.

[0166] Figure 13C Illustrates a signal analysis system that communicates with multiple devices using a cloud-based network. As Figure 13C illustrated, the signal analysis system 2400 can communicate with a local analysis system 2440, for example, with respect to Figure 13B as described. The signal analysis system 2400 can receive multiple sensor signal data 2410 from multiple dispensing operations such as a pilot line 2404, any operating line 2402, and / or a laboratory setup 2406. As with respect to Figure 13B described, the sensor signal 2400 can be a digital signal, an analog signal, a conductivity measurement signal, a pressure signal, or other signal information. For example, a low inventory detection signal, a valve switch indication, or any other detectable indication from any of the systems 2402 to 2406.

[0167] The signal analysis system 2400 can analyze the received sensor signal information 2400, for example, using any suitable analysis tools such as a look-up table, a comparison threshold, and / or a machine learning algorithm to detect parameter trend information, which can indicate a problem or an action to be taken, such as purification, adjustment of the mixing ratio, etc.

[0168] The signal analysis 2400 can provide an output tag 2420 to multiple suitable devices 2450. The signal analysis system 2400 can provide output information 2120 continuously or in response to a request for 2434 information. Our request 2430 can be a one-time request for current status information or a request to receive continuous updates to continue.

[0169] Figures 14A to 14D Illustrates a sensing system according to an embodiment herein. The current sensing setup includes components from different manufacturers, and data preparation and processing are done using separate computing devices. However, there is a desire for a robust and compact system that quickly processes data with limited downtime or startup time so that quality problems in materials are detected quickly.

[0170] In some embodiments herein, a sensor (e.g., an "intelligent sensor") includes signal preparation and processing within a single housing. Such intelligent sensors include processing components, e.g., a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor, or other processing circuitry. In some embodiments, the sensor also includes one or more standardized interfaces for docking with other systems (e.g., a fieldbus system, a sensor network, an input / output link, etc.). In some embodiments herein, sensor signal processing is done without an external computer. The sensing systems herein provide decentralization, increased reliability, reduced cost, increased flexibility, and simplification.

[0171] In some embodiments, the sensor systems herein include a concentrator that integrates electronic components in a single housing. In some embodiments, all electronic components are on one PCB. In some embodiments, an analog front end with signal conversion (e.g., an AD converter, a DA converter, or both) is connected to a microcontroller that performs signal conversion, processing, and provides an output signal. The sensing systems herein may also incorporate operating circuits, including power supply, I / O protection circuits, signal conditioning, reset management, and / or debug circuits and interfaces. In some embodiments herein, the concentrator includes user interface components, such as LED signaling, UART, USB, wireless interfaces (e.g., WiFi, cellular network), dot matrix or alphanumeric displays, industrial bus systems, and / or tactile interface components, such as buttons, switches, touchscreens, etc.

[0172] The systems herein may include user-accessible data, such as signal values, pass / fail (e.g., "yes" or "no", "go" or "stop", etc.). The systems herein may provide quality or quantity indications. The systems herein may provide a data stream with time- and / or frequency-related data for storage and / or further processing. The systems herein may include algorithms and / or calibrations required for data manipulation.

[0173] Figure 14A A schematic diagram of a sensing system according to an embodiment herein is illustrated. The sensing system 2500 may be used with sensors as described, for example, in embodiments herein, or with another suitable sensor. A sensor signal reader 2502 is connected to the sensor, such as an edge connector of a PCB board that includes one or more electrode pairs. In some embodiments, there is a transimpedance amplifier to convert current measurements to voltage. A concentrator 2510 receives the sensor signal, processes the sensor signal, and provides an output. An I / O device 2506 and / or another wired or wireless communication protocol 2508 may be used to provide the output. A power supply 2512 may provide power to the concentrator 2510. Although a wired power supply 2512 is illustrated, it may be possible to provide power wirelessly, or the concentrator 2510 may be integrated into a material distribution system from which the concentrator draws power.

[0174] Figure 14B An example interface 2520 of the concentrator is illustrated, which may receive sensor signals using one or more sensor signal receiving ports 2524. In some embodiments, other data or inputs may be received through another receiver 2522.

[0175] Figure 14CAnother interface 2530 is illustrated, which may receive the coupling of an input / output device. Power may be provided, for example, using port 2434. Data may be communicated from the concentrator using computer link 2436.

[0176] Figure 14D A component diagram of a sensing system 2540 according to an embodiment herein is illustrated. One or more sensors 2542 provide sensor signals received by one or more receivers 2544 coupled to or included in a housing 2570. In some embodiments, system 2540 includes an analog front end, which may include a filter 2548 and / or an analog multiplexer 2546. There may be a converter, e.g., a DA converter or a DC converter 2549. The concentrator 2550 may include a non-volatile memory 2552, a flash memory 2554, or another suitable information storage device. A temperature sensor 2556 may be incorporated into the concentrator 2350 or receive a temperature signal from a temperature sensor. The concentrator 2550 may include a clock 2558. The concentrator 2562 may also include reset functionality 2562.

[0177] The sensor analyzer 2570 may include calibration data and / or functionality 2572. The real-time operating system 2573 may manage the functionality. The sensor analyzer 2570 may include a Fourier transformer 2576. The sensor analyzer 2570 may include a waveform generator 2576. The sensor analyzer may include other applications 2575 that provide other functionality, such as detecting material properties, such as mixing ratio, material aging, curing progress, etc. The sensor analyzer 2570 may also include an identifier 2574 that identifies the sensor type.

[0178] The concentrator 2550 may include a power management system 2560, which includes or accesses a power supply 2566. The power quality 2568 may be monitored. The energy consumption 2569 may be tracked. The conversion input and output ranges 2564 may be stored. A symmetric voltage 2567 may be used.

[0179] Figure 15 An dispensing system according to an embodiment herein is illustrated. Many dispensing operations are performed with a portable handheld system. Incorrect material quality or machine settings may result in dispensing errors or adhesive failures. For example, an incorrect mixing ratio or an incorrect pressure setting may produce an unacceptable product. There is a need for a handheld dispensing system that can provide real-time sensing and feedback to the user. Figure 15Described is an example of a system that can receive and process sensor signals without a separate computing device. Many embodiments of sensors that can be used with a dispenser are described herein. Systems for measuring pressure in a dispensing system are described herein. System 2600 also includes a dispenser 2610. Dispenser 2610 is illustrated as an adhesive dispenser 2610, however other dispensers may also benefit from the systems described herein. Dispenser 2610 includes an in-line sensor 2630 that senses an electrical property of the dispensed material. A pressure sensor 2640 is incorporated into dispenser 2610 and monitors the pressure within the dispenser.

[0180] Dispenser 2610 also includes a signal processing system 2620. A signal receiver receives the sensed parameter signals from sensor 2630. A processing unit (which may include any suitable processor or processing circuitry) processes the sensed signals. A memory may store calibration signals, historical signals, etc. A display 2650 may present the processed information to a user, such as received from signal processing system 2620 using a communication module. Display 2650 may be integrated into dispenser 2610 or into another display visible to the dispenser operator (such as a mobile computer, a work site display, etc.). However, while display 2650 is illustrated as communicating the processed information to the operator, it is expressly contemplated that in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the output from signal processing system 2620 may be presented as audio or tactile feedback.

[0181] Based on the sensed signals, signal processing system 2620 may also effect a change in dispensing parameters. For example, a mixing ratio that deviates from a specified mixing ratio may be sensed. Signal processing system 2620 may adjust the mixing ratio by changing the pump speed of one of the components based on the sensed mixing ratio drift. Signal processing system 2620 may directly or indirectly control the pump speed such that an instruction to change the pump speed is sent to a pump controller. Signal processing system 2620 may also communicate the mixing ratio drift, for example, via display 2650. In some embodiments, signal processing system 2620 may only communicate detected material problems (such as mixing ratio, aging, curing, pressure, etc.) and the operator may need to take steps to manually resolve the problem. However, it is expressly contemplated that in some embodiments, dispenser parameters are automatically adjusted in real time based on signals from sensors 2630, 2640.

[0182] Information regarding expected process parameters (such as mixing ratio, dispensing pressure) can be detected in any suitable manner. In some embodiments, the dispenser receives the expected process parameters from an NFC tag, an RFID tag, or other information storage system on the material to be dispensed.

[0183] Figures 16 to 18Illustrates an example device that can be used in the embodiments shown in the previous figures. Figure 16 Illustrates an example mobile device that can be used in the embodiments shown in the previous figures. Figure 16 Is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary example of a handheld or mobile computing device that can be used as, for example, a worker device or a supervisor / safety officer device, in which the present system (or a part thereof) can be deployed. For example, the mobile device can be deployed in the operator's compartment of a computing device for generating, processing, or displaying data.

[0184] Figure 16 Provides a general block diagram of the components of a mobile cellular device 2716 that can run some of the components shown and described herein. The mobile cellular device 2716 interacts with these components, or runs some components and interacts with some components. In the device 2716, a communication link 2713 is provided that allows the handheld device to communicate with other computing devices and, in some embodiments, provides a channel for automatically receiving information (such as by scanning). Examples of the communication link 2713 include protocols that allow communication via one or more communication protocols, such as wireless services for providing cellular access to a network, and protocols for providing a local wireless connection to a network.

[0185] In other examples, the application can be received on a removable Secure Digital (SD) card connected to the interface 2715. The interface 2715 and the communication link 2713 communicate along a bus 2719 with a processor 2717 (which can also embody a processor), which is also connected to a memory 2721 and input / output (I / O) components 2723, as well as a clock 2725 and a location system 2727.

[0186] In one embodiment, I / O components 2723 are provided to facilitate input operations and output operations, and the device 2716 can include input components such as buttons, touch sensors, optical sensors, microphones, touchscreens, proximity sensors, accelerometers, orientation sensors, and output components (such as display devices, speakers, and / or printer ports). Other I / O components 2723 can also be used.

[0187] The clock 2725 illustratively includes a real-time clock component that outputs the time and date. The clock can also provide a timing function for the processor 2717.

[0188] Illustratively, the location system 2727 includes components that output the current geographical location of the device 2716. The location system can include, for example, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a LORAN system, a dead reckoning system, a cellular triangulation system, or other location systems. The location system can also include, for example, mapping software or navigation software that generates a desired map, navigation route, and other geographical functions.

[0189] The memory 2721 stores an operating system 2729, network settings 2731, applications 2733, application configuration settings 2735, a data repository 2737, a communication driver 2739, and communication configuration settings 2741. The memory 2721 can include all types of tangible volatile and non - volatile computer - readable memory devices. The memory can also include computer - storage media (described below). The memory 2721 stores computer - readable instructions that, when executed by the processor 2717, cause the processor to perform computer - implemented steps or functions in accordance with the instructions. The processor 2717 can also be activated by other components to facilitate its functionality. It should be explicitly contemplated that while the physical memory repository 2721 is illustrated as part of the device, cloud - computing options are available where some of the data and / or processing are done using remote services.

[0190] Figure 17 It is shown that the device can also be a smart phone 2871. The smart phone 2871 has a touch - sensitive display 2873 that displays icons or tiles or other user - input mechanisms 2875. The mechanism 2875 can be used by a user to run applications, make phone calls, perform data - transfer operations, etc. Generally, the smart phone 2871 is built on a mobile operating system and provides higher - level computing capabilities and connectivity than non - smart phones. Note that other forms of devices are possible.

[0191] However, although Figure 17 an embodiment is illustrated in which the device 2800 is a smart phone 2871, it should be explicitly contemplated that a display can be presented on another computing device.

[0192] Figure 18 is an example of a computing environment in which elements or portions thereof (e.g.) of the systems and methods described herein can be deployed. Referring to Figure 13A , an example system for implementing some embodiments includes a general - purpose computing device in the form of a computer 2910. The components of the computer 2910 can include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 2920 (which can include a processor), a system memory 2930, and a system bus 2921 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 2920. The system bus 2921 can be any of a variety of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller using any of a variety of bus architectures, a peripheral bus, and a local bus. The memory and programs described in relation to the systems and methods herein can be deployed in Figure 13A the corresponding portions of.

[0193] The computer 2910 typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer 2910 and includes both volatile / non-volatile media and removable / non-removable media. By way of example and not limitation, computer-readable media may include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media is different from a modulated data signal or carrier wave and does not include a modulated data signal or carrier wave. Computer storage media includes hardware storage media that includes volatile / non-volatile and removable / non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storing information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technologies, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage devices, magnetic tape cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media that can be used to store the desired information and can be accessed by the computer 2910. Communication media can embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a transmission mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal.

[0194] The system memory 2930 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM) 2931 and random access memory (RAM) 2932. A basic input / output system 2933 (BIOS), which contains basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 2910 (such as during startup), is typically stored in the ROM 2931. The RAM 2932 typically contains data and / or program modules that are immediately accessible to and / or currently being operated on by the processing unit 2920. By way of example and not limitation, FIG. 26 illustrates an operating system 2934, application programs 2935, other program modules 2936, and program data 2937.

[0195] The computer 2910 may also include other removable / non-removable and volatile / non-volatile computer storage media. By way of example only, Figure 18 illustrated is a hard disk drive 2941 that reads from or writes to non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media, non-volatile disk 2952, an optical disk drive 2955, and non-volatile optical disk 2956. The hard disk drive 2941 is typically connected to the system bus 2921 through a non-removable memory interface, such as interface 2940, and the optical disk drive 2955 is typically connected to the system bus 2921 through a removable memory interface, such as interface 2950.

[0196] Alternatively or additionally, the functionality described herein may be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components. By way of example, and not limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (e.g., ASICs), application specific standard products (e.g., ASSPs), systems on a chip (SOCs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and the like.

[0197] The drivers discussed above and Figure 16 the illustrated provide storage means for computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer 2910. In Figure 18 it, for example, hard disk drive 2941 is shown storing operating system 2944, application programs 2945, other program modules 2946, and program data 2947. Note that these components may be the same as or different from operating system 2934, application programs 2935, other program modules 2936, and program data 2937.

[0198] A user can enter commands and information into computer 2910 through input devices such as keyboard 2962, microphone 2963, and pointing device 2961 (such as a mouse, trackball, or touchpad). Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, or scanner, among others. These input devices and other input devices are typically connected to processing unit 2920 through a user input interface 2960 coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces and bus structures. Visual display 2991 or other type of display device is also connected to system bus 2921 via an interface such as video interface 2990. In addition to a monitor, a computer may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 2997 and printer 2996, which may be connected through output peripheral interface 2995.

[0199] Computer 2910 operates in a networked environment using a logical connection to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer 2980, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN).

[0200] When used in a LAN networking environment, computer 2910 is connected to LAN 2971 through a network interface or adapter 2970. When used in a WAN networking environment, computer 2910 typically includes a modem 2972 or other means for establishing communications over WAN 2973, such as the Internet. In a networked environment, program modules may be stored in a remote memory storage device. Figure 18 Illustrated, for example, is that remote application 2985 may reside on remote computer 2980.

[0201] In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The illustrated embodiments are not intended to be an exhaustive listing of all embodiments in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

[0202] All numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in this specification and the claims are to be understood in all instances as being modified by the term "about" unless otherwise indicated. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

[0203] As used in the specification and the appended claims, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" encompass embodiments having plural referents. As used in the specification and the appended claims, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the term "or" is generally employed in its sense including "and / or".

[0204] If spatial relative terms are used herein, including but not limited to "proximal", "distal", "lower", "upper", "below", "beneath", "above", and "on top of", they are used for convenience in describing the spatial relationship of one or more elements relative to another element. Such spatial relative terms encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the specific orientation depicted in the figures and described herein. For example, if the object depicted in the figures is flipped or inverted, a part previously described as below or beneath other elements would then be above or on top of those other elements.

[0205] As used herein, for example when an element, component, or layer is described as forming a "conformal interface" with another element, component, or layer, or being "on", "connected to", "coupled to", "stacked on", or "in contact with" another element, component, or layer, it can be directly on, directly connected to, directly coupled to, directly stacked on, or directly in contact with it, or for example intervening elements, components, or layers can be on, connected to, coupled to, or in contact with a particular element, component, or layer. For example, when an element, component, or layer is, for example, referred to as being "directly on" another element, "directly connected to" another element, "directly coupled to" another element, or "directly in contact with" another element, there are no intervening elements, components, or layers. The techniques of the present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of computer devices (such as servers, laptop computers, desktop computers, notebook computers, tablet computers, handheld computers, and smartphones, etc.). Any component, module, or unit is described to emphasize the functional aspect and does not necessarily need to be implemented by different hardware units. The techniques described herein can also be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Any feature described as a module, unit, or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or can be independently implemented as discrete but cooperating logic devices. In some cases, various features can be implemented as an integrated circuit device (such as an integrated circuit chip or chipset). Additionally, although the present specification describes a variety of different modules throughout, many of which perform unique functions, all the functions of all the modules can be combined into a single module, or even split into additional modules. The modules described herein are merely exemplary and are described for the purpose of being more easily understood.

[0206] If implemented in software, the techniques can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable medium including instructions that, when executed in a processor, perform one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable medium can include a tangible computer-readable storage medium and can form part of a computer program product that can include packaging materials. The computer-readable storage medium can include random access memory (RAM), such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, and magnetic or optical data storage media, etc. The computer-readable storage medium can also include non-volatile storage devices, such as hard disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVDs), Blu-ray discs, holographic data storage media, or other non-volatile storage devices.

[0207] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to any one of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for a particular implementation of the techniques described herein. Additionally, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within a dedicated software module or a hardware module configured to perform the techniques of the present disclosure. Even when implemented in software, the techniques may use hardware (such as a processor) for executing the software and a memory for storing the software. In any such case, the computers described herein may define a particular machine capable of performing the particular functions described herein. Additionally, the techniques may be implemented entirely in one or more circuits or logic elements (which may also be regarded as processors).

[0208] A sensing system for a mixture includes: a sensing zone that contains the mixture; and a sensor within the sensing zone. The sensor includes a laminate structure that includes an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces. The sensor includes a first sensing region and a second sensing region, the first sensing region being configured to operate as either a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode. The first sensing region and the second sensing region are disposed along the sensing zone such that the mixture directly contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region. When an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode. The system includes communication components that convey an electrical parameter signal based on the sensor signal.

[0209] The system may be implemented such that the sensing zone includes a conduit configured to allow the fluid to pass through, the conduit including the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

[0210] The system may be implemented such that the conduit includes a housing that receives the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

[0211] The system may be implemented such that the sensor includes a third sensing region configured to operate as a ground.

[0212] The system may be implemented such that the mixture simultaneously contacts the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

[0213] The system may be implemented such that the sensor includes a third sensing region.

[0214] The system may be implemented such that the sensor includes a fourth sensing region.

[0215] The system may be implemented such that the system includes a signal reader, and the signal reader includes a multiplexer.

[0216] The system according to claim 8, wherein when the signal reader is configured as a transmitting electrode in the first sensing region, it is capable of reading a first sensor signal from the second sensing region and a second signal from the first sensing region.

[0217] The system can be implemented such that the sensing system detects a difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal, and based on the difference, indicates instability in the mixture.

[0218] The system can be implemented such that the instability indicates precipitation, emulsion stratification, entrained air, droplet formation, or inconsistent mixing in the mixture.

[0219] The system can be implemented such that the controller generates an inconsistency correction plan based on the instability.

[0220] The system can be implemented such that the inconsistency correction plan includes mixing, degassing, purification, or heating.

[0221] The system can be implemented such that the controller is configured to continue receiving sensor signals from the second sensing region and the third sensing region during the inconsistency correction plan.

[0222] The system can be implemented such that in order to detect the instability, the controller is configured to detect the difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal in-situ, compare the difference with an acceptable threshold difference, and generate an instability indication if the difference exceeds the threshold difference.

[0223] The system can be implemented such that based on detecting that the difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal has decreased below the threshold difference, an indication that the instability has been resolved is generated.

[0224] The system can be implemented such that the sensing region includes a mixing chamber that receives a first component stream and a second component stream.

[0225] The system can be implemented such that the sensing region is located within a dispenser configured to dispense the mixture.

[0226] The system can be implemented such that the electrical parameter is impedance, conductivity, or dielectric constant.

[0227] The system can be implemented such that the electrical parameter indicates a mixing ratio.

[0228] The system can be implemented such that the electrical parameter is an indication of fluid aging.

[0229] The system can be implemented such that the electrical parameter indicates the curing progress.

[0230] The system can be implemented such that the emission electrode is parallel to the direction of the fluid flow.

[0231] The system can be implemented such that the sensor includes a temperature sensor.

[0232] A dispensing system includes: a mixing unit that receives a first fluid stream and a second fluid stream and produces a mixture; and a sensor that is located within the fluid flow stream of the dispensing system. The sensor includes a laminated structure that includes an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces. The sensor also includes a first sensing region and a second sensing region, the first sensing region being configured to operate as either an emission electrode or a receiving electrode. The first sensing region and the second sensing region are arranged along the sensing region such that the mixture directly contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region. When an electric field is provided at the emission electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode. The sensor generates a sensor signal indicative of the mixture. The system includes: a dispenser configured to dispense the mixture; and a communication component that conveys the sensor signal.

[0233] The system can be implemented such that the system includes a conduit configured to allow the fluid to pass through, the conduit including the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

[0234] The system can be implemented such that the conduit includes a housing that receives the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

[0235] The system can be implemented such that the sensor includes a third sensing region configured to operate as a ground.

[0236] The system can be implemented such that the mixture contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region simultaneously.

[0237] The system can be implemented such that the sensor includes a third sensing region.

[0238] The system can be implemented such that the sensor includes a fourth sensing region.

[0239] The system can be implemented such that the system includes a signal reader, and the signal reader includes a multiplexer.

[0240] The system can be implemented such that the signal reader is capable of reading a first sensor signal from the second sensing region and a second signal from the first sensing region when the first sensing region is configured as an emission electrode.

[0241] The system can be implemented such that the sensor is downstream of the mixing unit.

[0242] The system can be implemented such that the sensor is positioned upstream of the mixing unit and downstream of the first fluid source.

[0243] The system can be implemented such that the sensor is upstream of the mixing unit.

[0244] The system can be implemented such that the sensor is the first sensor positioned downstream of the mixer, and the dispensing system includes a second sensor positioned upstream of the mixer.

[0245] The system can include an analyzer that receives the sensor signal and provides an indication.

[0246] The system can be implemented such that the indication includes the aging of the first fluid.

[0247] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer determines the indication by comparing the sensor signal with a stored sensor signal.

[0248] The system can be implemented such that the indication includes an indication of the curing progress of the mixture.

[0249] The system can be implemented such that the indication includes a mixing ratio.

[0250] The system can include an analyzer that receives a first sensor signal from the first sensor, a second sensor signal from the second sensor, and a third sensor signal from the third sensor.

[0251] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer provides a mixing ratio indication based on the received sensor signals.

[0252] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer provides a batch quality indication based on the received sensor signals.

[0253] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer provides an aging indication based on the received sensor signals.

[0254] The system can be implemented such that the indication includes the mixing quality across the cross-section of the fluid flow.

[0255] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer determines the indication by applying a prediction model to the sensor signal.

[0256] The system can be implemented such that a control signal is generated based on the indication to purify the fluid flow.

[0257] The system can be implemented such that a control signal is provided to a motor in response to the sensor signal to adjust the motor speed of the motor.

[0258] The system can be implemented such that a purification indication is communicated to the device in response to the sensor signal.

[0259] The system further includes a display component that receives the sensed signal and provides a visual indication of the sensed signal.

[0260] The system can be implemented such that the visual indication is a mixed quality indication.

[0261] The system can be implemented such that the communication component provides the sensed signal to a data repository.

[0262] The system can include a temperature sensor.

[0263] The system can be implemented such that the temperature sensor is isolated from the fluid flow.

[0264] The system can be implemented such that the laminate structure includes four layers.

[0265] The system can include an analyzer that receives the sensor signal and provides a mixture indication to the device.

[0266] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer generates the mixture indication based on the sensor signal.

[0267] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer converts the sensor signal into the mixture indication.

[0268] The system can be implemented such that the sensing area includes a conduit, and the laminate structure is printed on the inner surface of the conduit.

[0269] A signal analysis system for multiple dispensing systems includes: a first dispensing system having a first sensor that detects a first sensor signal from a first sensor within the first dispensing system, the first sensor including a first sensor sensing area configured to directly contact a first fluid flowing through the first dispensing system, and the first sensor including a first tomographic sensor; and a second dispensing system having a second sensor that detects a second sensor signal from a second sensor within the second dispensing system, the second sensor including a second sensor sensing area configured to directly contact a second fluid flowing through the second dispensing system, and the second sensor including a second tomographic sensor. The system further includes an analyzer that receives the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal and generates a first sensor output and a second sensor output. The signal analysis system provides the first sensor output to a first device and provides the second sensor output to a second device.

[0270] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor signal is received and a first output is provided in situ.

[0271] The system can be implemented such that the sensor signal is received using a wireless protocol.

[0272] The system can be implemented such that the output is communicated to the first device using a wireless protocol.

[0273] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor includes a laminate structure that includes an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces.

[0274] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor includes a first PCB sensor.

[0275] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor includes a first sensor second sensing region, and a first sensor first region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode.

[0276] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor includes a first sensor third sensing region, and the first sensor third region is configured to operate as a receiving electrode.

[0277] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor signal includes: a first signal from the first sensor second region, the first signal being generated when the first sensor first region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode; and a second signal from the first sensor third region, the second signal being generated when the first sensor first region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode.

[0278] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor includes a first sensor fourth sensing region.

[0279] The system can be implemented such that the analyzer includes a multiplexer.

[0280] The system can be implemented such that the first sensor output includes a subset of data obtained from the first sensor signal, and the second device requests the subset of data.

[0281] The system can be implemented such that the system includes an MQTT broker that facilitates the communication of the first sensor output based on the request of the second device.

[0282] An electrical property sensing system includes a sensor configured to directly contact a fluid. The sensor includes a laminated structure including an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces. The sensor also includes a plurality of sensing regions including a first sensing region configured to operate as a transmitting electrode, a second sensing region configured to operate as a first receiving electrode, and a third sensing region configured to operate as a second receiving electrode. When an electric field is generated at the transmitting electrode, a first signal is generated by the first receiving electrode and a second signal is generated by the second receiving electrode. The system includes communication components configured to: receive the first signal and the second signal; generate a signal analysis based on the first signal and the second signal; and generate a feedback signal based on the first signal and the second signal, the feedback signal being generated in real time.

[0283] The sensing system may include a housing configured to receive the sensor and configured to interact with the sensing region.

[0284] The sensing system may be implemented such that the sensing region includes a static fluid.

[0285] The sensing system may be implemented such that the sensing region receives a fluid flow.

[0286] The sensing system may be implemented such that the first sensing region is substantially parallel to the direction of the flow.

[0287] The sensing system may be implemented such that the sensor is a first sensor and the sensing system further includes a second sensor.

[0288] The sensing system may be implemented such that the laminated structure includes a printed circuit board.

[0289] The sensing system may be implemented such that the fluid flows through a conduit and the conduit includes the laminated structure.

[0290] The sensing system may be implemented such that the laminated structure is printed on an inner surface of the conduit.

[0291] The sensing system may be implemented such that the laminated structure is flexible.

[0292] The sensing system may be implemented such that the feedback signal includes a mixing ratio, a purification signal, a detected bubble, or an unstable mixture.

[0293] The sensing system may be implemented such that the electrical parameter is conductivity, impedance, or permittivity.

[0294] The sensing system can be implemented such that the sensor further includes a second receiving electrode and a third receiving electrode, and the first receiving electrode, the second receiving electrode, the third receiving electrode, and the first transmitting electrode form part of a conduit through which the fluid flows.

[0295] The sensing system can include a signal reader configured to receive the sensed electrical parameter.

[0296] The sensing system can be implemented such that the signal reader includes a multiplexer.

[0297] The sensing system can be implemented such that the multiplexer is configured to switch the signal reader from a first configuration to a second configuration. In the first configuration, a first set of sensor signals is received from a first plurality of receiving electrodes. In the second configuration, a second set of signals is received from a second plurality of receiving electrodes. The first set of sensing regions includes the first receiving electrode and excludes the second receiving electrode, and the second set of sensing regions includes the second receiving electrode and excludes the first receiving electrode.

[0298] The sensing system can be implemented such that the sensing system is incorporated into a dispenser that has a pressure sensor, and the sensing system further includes a processing circuit and a memory configured to: receive a pressure signal; receive the electrical parameter value; and determine a required setting change for the dispenser based on the pressure signal and the electrical parameter value.

[0299] The sensing system can be implemented such that the communication component conveys the setting change to a user of the dispenser.

[0300] The sensing system can be implemented such that the communication component generates a command for changing the setting.

[0301] A method of detecting an inconsistency in a fluid includes using a signal reader to receive a sensed electrical parameter from a sensor in direct contact with the fluid. The sensor includes: a laminate structure including an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces; a first sensing region and a second sensing region, the first sensing region configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode. The sensor includes the first sensing region and the second sensing region, the first sensing region and the second sensing region being arranged along the sensing region such that the mixture is in direct contact with both the first sensing region and the second sensing region, and wherein when an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode. The method includes: using a signal analyzer to detect an inconsistency in the fluid based on the sensed electrical parameter; generating a correction indication for the inconsistency; and using a communication component to convey the correction indication.

[0302] The method can be implemented such that the conveyance includes: transmitting the correction indication to a device having a display, such that the correction indication is presented on the display.

[0303] The method can be implemented such that the device includes the signal reader and the signal analyzer.

[0304] The method can be implemented such that the device includes a multiplexer.

[0305] The method can be implemented such that the sensor includes a second receiving electrode, the transmitting electrode, the receiving electrode, and the second receiving electrode are electrically coupled to an edge connector, and the signal reader receives the edge connector.

[0306] The method can be implemented such that the second receiving electrode, the transmitting electrode, and the receiving electrode are substantially along the fluid flow, such that the fluid flow contacts the surface of the laminated structure during flow.

[0307] The method can be implemented such that the receiving, detecting, and generating steps are performed in real time.

[0308] The method can be implemented such that the inconsistency includes: curing amount, mixing ratio, entrained air, or mixing instability.

[0309] The method can be implemented such that the correction indication includes: dispensing parameter change or purification indication.

[0310] The method can be implemented such that the correction indication includes a command for the dispenser to automatically implement the correction indication.

[0311] The method can be implemented such that the sensor uses somatosensory technology to sense the value of the electrical parameter.

[0312] The method can be implemented such that the sensor uses surface sensing technology to sense the electrical parameter.

[0313] The method can be implemented such that the sensor uses tomographic sensing technology to sense the electrical parameter.

[0314] The method can be implemented such that the laminated structure is flexible.

[0315] The method can be implemented such that the laminated structure includes more receiving electrodes than transmitting electrodes.

[0316] The method can be implemented such that the laminated structure includes holes, and the holes include the transmitting electrode and the receiving electrode.

[0317] The method can be implemented such that the sensed electrical parameter includes impedance, conductivity, or permittivity.

[0318] The method can be implemented such that the fluid is an adhesive.

Claims

1. A sensing system for a mixture, the sensing system comprising: A sensing zone that contains the mixture; A sensor within the sensing zone, the sensor comprising: A laminate structure that includes an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces; a first sensing region and a second sensing region, wherein the first sensing region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode; Wherein the first sensing region and the sensing zone are arranged along the sensing zone, Such that the mixture directly contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region; and wherein when an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode; and A communication component that conveys an electrical parameter signal based on the sensor signal.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensing zone includes a conduit configured to allow the fluid to pass through, and wherein the conduit includes the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the conduit includes a housing that receives the first sensing region and the second sensing region.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the sensor includes a third sensing region configured to operate as a ground.

5. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mixture contacts both the first sensing region and the second sensing region simultaneously.

6. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the sensor includes a third sensing region.

7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensor includes a fourth sensing region.

8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the system includes a signal reader, and wherein the signal reader includes a multiplexer.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the signal reader is capable of reading a first sensor signal from the second sensing region and a second signal from the first sensing region when the first sensing region is configured as a transmitting electrode.

10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the sensing system detects a difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal and indicates instability in the mixture based on the difference.

11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the instability indicates precipitation, emulsion stratification, entrained air, droplet formation, or inconsistent mixing in the mixture.

12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the controller generates an inconsistency correction plan based on the instability.

13. The system according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein to detect the instability, the controller is configured to in-situ detect the difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal, compare the difference with an acceptable threshold difference, and generate an instability indication if the difference exceeds the threshold difference.

14. The system according to claim 13, and wherein an indication that the instability has been resolved is generated based on detecting that the difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal has been reduced below the threshold difference.

15. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the electrical parameter is impedance, conductivity, or permittivity.

16. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the electrical parameter indicates a mixing ratio, fluid aging, or curing progress.

17. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the transmitting electrode is parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

18. A signal analysis system for a plurality of dispensing systems, the system comprising: a first dispensing system having a first sensor that detects a first sensor signal from a first sensor within the first dispensing system, wherein the first sensor includes a first sensor sensing region configured to directly contact a first fluid flowing through the first dispensing system, and wherein the first sensor includes a first tomographic sensor; a second dispensing system having a second sensor that detects a second sensor signal from a second sensor within the second dispensing system, wherein the second sensor includes a second sensor sensing region configured to directly contact a second fluid flowing through the second dispensing system, and wherein the second sensor includes a second tomographic sensor; an analyzer that receives the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal and generates a first sensor output and a second sensor output; and wherein the signal analysis system provides the first sensor output to a first device and the second sensor output to a second device.

19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the first sensor signal is received and the first output is provided in-situ.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the sensor signal is received using a wireless protocol.

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein the first sensor includes a laminated structure including an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces.

22. The system according to any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the first sensor includes a first sensor second sensing region, wherein the first sensor first region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode.

23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the first sensor includes a first sensor third sensing region, wherein the first sensor third region is configured to operate as a receiving electrode.

24. The system according to claim 23, wherein the first sensor signal includes: a first signal from the first sensor second region, the first signal being generated when the first sensor first region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode; and A second signal from a third region of the first sensor, the second signal being generated when the first region of the first sensor is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein the first sensor includes a fourth sensing region of the first sensor.

26. The system according to any one of claims 18 to 25, wherein the first sensor output includes a subset of data obtained from the first sensor signal, and wherein the second device requests the subset of data.

27. The system according to claim 26, wherein the system includes an MQTT broker that facilitates the communication of the first sensor output based on the request of the second device.

28. A method for detecting an inconsistency in a fluid, the method comprising: Receiving, using a signal reader, sensed electrical parameters from a sensor that is in direct contact with the fluid, and wherein the sensor includes: A laminated structure including an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and conductive traces; A first sensing region and a second sensing region, wherein the first sensing region is configured to operate as a transmitting electrode or a receiving electrode; Wherein the first sensing region and the sensing region are arranged along the sensing area, Such that the mixture is in direct contact with both the first sensing region and the second sensing region; and wherein when an electric field is provided at the transmitting electrode, a sensor signal is generated at the receiving electrode; and Using a signal analyzer to detect an inconsistency in the fluid based on the sensed electrical parameters; Generating a correction indication for the inconsistency; and Communicating the correction indication using a communication component.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the sensor includes a second receiving electrode, wherein the transmitting electrode, the receiving electrode, and the second receiving electrode are electrically coupled to an edge connector, and wherein the signal reader receives the edge connector.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the second receiving electrode, the transmitting electrode, and the receiving electrode are substantially along the fluid flow such that the fluid flow contacts the surface of the laminated structure during flow.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the receiving, detecting, and generating steps are performed in real time.

32. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 31, wherein the inconsistency includes: Curing amount, mixing ratio, entrained air, or mixing instability.

33. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein the correction indication includes a command that causes a dispenser to automatically implement the correction indication.

34. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 33, wherein the sensor uses surface sensing technology to sense the electrical parameters.

35. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 34, wherein the sensor uses tomographic sensing technology to sense the electrical parameters.

36. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 35, wherein the laminated structure is flexible.

37. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 36, wherein the laminated structure includes more receiving electrodes than emitting electrodes.

38. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 37, wherein the laminated structure includes holes, and wherein the holes include the emitting electrodes and the receiving electrodes.

39. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 38, wherein the sensed electrical parameter includes impedance, conductivity or permittivity.

40. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 39, wherein the fluid is an adhesive.

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