Vehicle windshield and method for manufacturing the same, vehicle windshield assembly, and automobile

Abstract

The present application relates to a vehicle windshield, a preparation method thereof, a vehicle windshield assembly and an automobile. The vehicle windshield comprises a vehicle window glass substrate, a metal micro-wall structure network and a polyurethane wear-resistant layer in sequence. The metal micro-wall structure network comprises a metal network and a conductive network stacked on the vehicle window glass substrate in sequence. The metal network is deposited on the vehicle window glass substrate by direct current sputtering deposition, and the conductive network is deposited on the metal network by electrochemical deposition. The metal micro-wall structure network designed by the present application has excellent conductivity and light transmittance, with a sheet resistance of less than 0.6 Ω / sq and a transmittance of more than 85%. Under the premise of not affecting the driving sight, the switching between the main functions of rapid and uniform heating defrosting and demisting and electromagnetic shielding can be realized by controlling the power heating or power conduction, and the technical problem that the traditional vehicle windshield is difficult to achieve high harmony between the defrosting and demisting functions and the glass transmittance and appearance aesthetics is solved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of automobile accessories, in particular to a vehicle windshield, especially to an intelligent vehicle windshield, a preparation method of the vehicle windshield, an automobile adopting the vehicle windshield for heating defrosting and demisting and / or electromagnetic shielding, and a vehicle windshield assembly adopting the vehicle windshield for heating defrosting and demisting and / or electromagnetic shielding. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the rapid growth of the number of automobiles and the development of intelligent driving technology, the vehicle windshield such as the front windshield of a vehicle not only bears the basic visual protection function, but also gradually becomes an important carrier of information interaction and safety protection. In a cold and humid environment, the surface of the windshield is prone to fogging or frosting due to temperature difference, which seriously affects the driver's vision and reduces the safety of driving. Therefore, a fast, efficient and intelligent defrosting and demisting solution has become a key link in the design of current intelligent automobile systems.

[0003] The current mainstream defogging methods mainly include hot air circulation system and power-on heating film. The hot air circulation method relies on the air conditioning system to blow warm air to heat the glass surface, but has problems such as uneven heating, slow response, high energy consumption, and in cold weather, it often causes a large temperature difference between the inside and outside of the glass, which in turn aggravates the formation of fog. On the other hand, the power-on heating film usually uses metal wires or transparent conductive films (such as ITO, AZO, etc.) as heating elements, but the former affects the transparency and appearance of the glass, and the latter has insufficient conductivity, poor flexibility, and complex preparation process and high cost, which is difficult to meet the multiple requirements of modern automobiles for aesthetics, energy efficiency and intelligent compatibility. In addition, with the large application of vehicle wireless communication systems, automatic driving radar systems and high-frequency electronic modules of electric vehicles, vehicles are facing more and more serious electromagnetic interference problems. The traditional glass structure lacks effective shielding function, which easily leads to communication failure, radar signal attenuation and even misjudgment of key systems. SUMMARY

[0004] In order to solve the technical problem that the traditional vehicle windshield is difficult to achieve defrosting and demisting function and high harmony of glass transparency, appearance aesthetics, the present application provides a new type of vehicle windshield and a preparation method thereof. The present application also provides an automobile adopting the vehicle windshield for heating defrosting and demisting and / or electromagnetic shielding, and a vehicle windshield assembly adopting the vehicle windshield for heating defrosting and demisting and / or electromagnetic shielding.

[0005] The vehicle windshield glass comprises a vehicle window glass substrate, a metal micro-wall structure network on the vehicle window glass substrate, and a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering the metal micro-wall structure network on the vehicle window glass substrate.

[0006] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the vehicle windshield glass further comprises a transparent conductive oxide protective layer stacked on the metal micro-wall structure network; by controlling the transparent conductive oxide protective layer to be electrified and conductive, the vehicle windshield glass can also be switched to the electromagnetic shielding main function.

[0007] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the vehicle windshield glass further comprises a transparent conductive oxide protective layer stacked on the metal micro-wall structure network; by controlling the transparent conductive oxide protective layer to be electrified and conductive, the vehicle windshield glass can also be switched to the electromagnetic shielding main function.

[0008] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.

[0009] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.

[0010] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.

[0011] The application also provides a preparation method of the vehicle windshield glass, which comprises the following steps:

[0012] Step one, providing a vehicle window glass substrate;

[0013] Step two, spin coating at least one layer of resin mixed filtrate on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate, and drying and curing the resin mixed filtrate by vacuum drying the vehicle window glass substrate to form a crack template with a network-shaped crack on the corresponding surface of the vehicle window glass substrate;

[0014] Step three, depositing metal one in the network-like cracks on the crack template by direct current sputtering deposition to form a metal network, and depositing metal two on the surface of the metal network by electrochemical deposition to form a conductive network without removing the crack template, and the metal network and the conductive network are stacked in sequence to form a metal micro-wall structure network.

[0015] Step four, removing the crack template.

[0016] Step five, building a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering the metal micro-wall structure network on the vehicle window glass substrate to form the vehicle windshield.

[0017] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the preparation method further comprises: before removing the crack template, depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network; wherein the thickness of the crack template is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal micro-wall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

[0018] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, after removing the crack template, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer is deposited again, at this time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer covers the vehicle window glass substrate, and the metal micro-wall structure network is embedded in the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

[0019] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step one, the vehicle window glass substrate is cleaned: the vehicle window glass substrate is placed in a plasma cleaning machine, oxygen is introduced, the cleaning power is 40 W, and the cleaning time is 10 min.

[0020] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, the resin mixed filtrate is obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint at a concentration volume ratio of 1:1 to 2:3.

[0021] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, after mixing acrylic acid and crack paint, magnetic stirring, ultrasonic treatment, and filtration are performed, and the mixture is stored overnight before being used for spin coating.

[0022] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, the spin coating speed is between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the number of coating layers is between 2 and 7.

[0023] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, the thickness of the crack template is between 20 μm and 40 μm.

[0024] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, the density and thickness of the crack template are controlled by adjusting the spin coating speed and the coating thickness.

[0025] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step two, the control method of the density and thickness of the crack template comprises the following steps: determining the speed of the spin coating according to the target coverage of the crack template; determining the time and number of layers of the spin coating through a target formula according to the speed of the spin coating and the target thickness of the crack template, the target formula being: , wherein, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of layers of the spin coating, h 0 is the thickness of the resin mixed filtrate when it spreads over the entire vehicle window glass substrate in a single drop, k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the speed of the spin coating, t is the time of the spin coating; based on t , N and n the vehicle window glass substrate is spin coated with the resin mixed filtrate.

[0026] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step three, one of the physical vapor deposition methods of vacuum evaporation coating, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, direct current magnetron sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy is used to deposit the metal network on the surface of the crack template.

[0027] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.

[0028] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the material of the conductive network is any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum.

[0029] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, in step four, the vehicle window glass substrate with the metal micro-wall structure network is immersed in a degumming solution and subjected to ultrasonic treatment to remove the crack template.

[0030] The application also provides a vehicle windshield assembly, which comprises a vehicle windshield and an intelligent control system for controlling the vehicle windshield to switch between main functions; the vehicle windshield is any one of the above-mentioned vehicle windshields or is a vehicle windshield prepared by using the preparation method of any one of the above-mentioned vehicle windshields; the intelligent control system is used to switch the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating defrosting and demisting and electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered to heat or conduct electricity.

[0031] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the intelligent control system comprises: a sensing and detecting device, which is used for detecting the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is performed; and is also used for detecting the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield when the electromagnetic shielding main function is performed; and an MCU control unit, which is used for judging whether the temperature is less than a set temperature, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered and heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used for judging whether the transmittance is greater than a set transmittance, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered and conducted until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0032] The application further provides an automobile, which comprises a vehicle windshield and an on-board system for controlling the vehicle windshield to switch between different functions.

[0033] As a further improvement of the above-mentioned scheme, the intelligent control system comprises: a sensing and detecting device, which is used for detecting the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is performed; and is also used for detecting the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield when the electromagnetic shielding main function is performed; and an MCU control unit, which is used for judging whether the temperature is less than a set temperature, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered and heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used for judging whether the transmittance is greater than a set transmittance, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered and conducted until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the application has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] (1) The application provides an intelligent vehicle windshield based on a high-transmittance conductive metal micro-wall network and a preparation method thereof. The micron-level metal micro-wall network structure is prepared by using a crack template lithography combined with an electrochemical vertical localized deposition method, which replaces the traditional metal wire heating or transparent conductive oxide film demisting and deicing mode, effectively solving the problems of low heating efficiency, serious visual obstruction, poor flexibility and high preparation cost. The metal micro-wall structure network designed in the application has excellent conductivity and light transmittance, with a sheet resistance of less than 0.6 Ω / sq and a transmittance of more than 85%. The metal micro-wall structure network can realize rapid and uniform electric heating defrosting and deicing without affecting the driving vision, and solve the technical problem that the traditional vehicle windshield is difficult to realize defrosting and demisting functions and has high harmony between glass transmittance and appearance aesthetics.

[0036] (2) The metal micro-wall network structure can also serve as an electromagnetic shielding layer, shielding electromagnetic interference from the outside of the vehicle and ensuring stable operation of the vehicle-mounted system. The average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the vehicle windshield in the X-band is not less than 40 dB. The surface of the structure is further provided with a protective coating to improve wear resistance and chemical stability, and to adapt to complex climates and long-term use. By integrating an intelligent control system, which can include a sensing and detection device, a voice recognition module, and a Bluetooth communication module, the defogging process can be automatically or remotely controlled, providing convenient operation, rapid response, and good user interaction experience. The overall system has low energy consumption, high aesthetic appeal, and strong functional integration, making it suitable for various intelligent electric vehicles, especially for safety and comfort requirements in future autonomous driving scenarios.

[0037] (3) The vehicle windshield can be used to produce new cars with high harmony between defrosting and defogging functions, glass transparency, and appearance aesthetics. It can also be used to upgrade old cars by replacing the vehicle windshield and upgrading the control system of the old car, so that existing cars can also have defrosting and defogging functions, as well as high harmony between glass transparency and appearance aesthetics. Whether it is a new car or an old car, the technology of the present application can be well applied, thus the present application is easy to popularize and apply, and has high technical transformation value and business prospects.

[0038] (4) The metal micro-wall network structure is heated by electricity to provide defogging and defrosting functions. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists the conduction path to improve current uniformity and enhance the heating defrosting and defogging performance. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer also assists and enhances the "reflective shielding" when the metal micro-wall network structure is conducting electricity. This improves the electromagnetic impedance matching characteristics of the vehicle windshield. When the heating defrosting and defogging main function is turned on, a high voltage / current (such as >5 V) is applied to the metal micro-wall network structure / transparent conductive oxide protective layer to generate Joule heat and provide defogging and defrosting functions (the transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists the conduction path to improve current uniformity and enhance the heating defrosting and defogging performance). When the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on, a low power (such as 0.5 V-1 V) is applied to the metal micro-wall network structure / transparent conductive oxide protective layer to achieve the electromagnetic shielding function of the vehicle windshield (the transparent conductive oxide protective layer assists and enhances the "reflective shielding" to improve the electromagnetic impedance matching characteristics of the structure as a whole). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0039] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the vehicle windshield provided by Embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0040] Figure 2 is a module structure schematic diagram of an intelligent control system used in combination with the vehicle windshield of Embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0041] Figure 3 is a flow chart of the method for preparing the vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0042] Figure 4 is Figure 3 is a flow chart of the method for preparing the vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0043] Figure 5 is Figure 1 is a SEM picture of the metal network and the metal micro-wall structure network.

[0044] Figure 6 is Figure 1 is the test result of the sheet resistance and light transmittance (visible light range) of the vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0045] Figure 7 is Figure 1 is the test curve of the electro-thermal performance of the smart vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0046] Figure 8 is the test result of the electromagnetic shielding performance of the X-band smart vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0047] Figure 9 is a structural schematic diagram of the vehicle windshield provided by embodiment 2 of the present application.

[0048] Figure 10 is Figure 9 is the test result of the electro-thermal performance of the smart vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application.

[0049] Figure 11 is Figure 9 is the test result of the electromagnetic shielding performance of the X-band smart vehicle windshield of embodiment 1 of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0050] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments of the present application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative work fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0051] It should be noted that when a component is referred to as being “mounted on” another component, it can be directly on the other component or there can be a middle component. When a component is referred to as being “disposed on” another component, it can be directly disposed on the other component or there can be a middle component. When a component is referred to as being “fixed on” another component, it can be directly fixed on the other component or there can be a middle component.

[0052] It should be understood that the terms "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer" and the like indicate directions or positions based on the directions or positions shown in the drawings, and are used only for the purpose of facilitating the description of the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present application.

[0053] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The terminology used in the description of the application herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0054] Embodiment 1

[0055] This embodiment will introduce in detail a kind of automobile, the automobile includes automobile main body framework and vehicle windshield component installed on automobile main body framework. Vehicle windshield component includes vehicle windshield (its main constitution is as shown in Figure 1 Intelligent control system (its main constitution is as shown in Figure 2 Vehicle windshield is installed on automobile main body framework, as vehicle windshield is installed on the front of cab of automobile main body framework, is used as the vehicle front windshield of automobile, of course, vehicle windshield can also be installed on the door of automobile main body framework, is used as the vehicle window glass of left and right sides of automobile, can also be installed on the back of automobile main body framework, is used as the vehicle rear windshield of automobile.

[0056] Please continue to refer to Figure 1 Vehicle windshield mainly includes four parts, in the direction from outside to inside of automobile, in sequence: polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1, transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, metal micro-wall structure network 3, vehicle window glass substrate 4. Transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is directly grown on the surface of metal micro-wall structure network 3, and if metal micro-wall structure network 3 is electrified, transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 will also be electrified.Compared with single metal micro-wall structure network 3, the existence of transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can realize electromagnetic shielding function and strengthen heating defrosting and defogging function on the one hand as a protective layer, and on the other hand, therefore, in other embodiments, transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can not be provided.

[0057] The polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 has excellent flexibility and wear resistance, can effectively resist external scratches, gravel impact and mechanical wear during the cleaning process, and prolongs the service life of the overall structure. The metal micro-wall structure network 3 is the core functional layer: core heating, electromagnetic shielding. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can prevent the metal layer, i.e. the metal micro-wall structure network 3, from being directly exposed to the air and oxidized or corroded, and at the same time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 itself has good conductive performance, can participate in current distribution during the metal micro-wall structure network 3 heating process, helps to improve the electrical heating uniformity and heating efficiency of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, and enhances the reflection ability of electromagnetic signals. The material of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can be any one of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide. The vehicle window glass substrate 4 is the base layer, which provides a stable bearing surface for the entire functional layer.

[0058] The metal micro-wall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 are sequentially stacked on the vehicle window glass substrate 4 and are covered by the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1, wherein the metal micro-wall structure network 3 is formed by sequentially stacking the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32 on the vehicle window glass substrate 4. The metal micro-wall structure network 3 can achieve efficient reflection of electromagnetic signals, and at the same time, due to its strong structure conductivity and current density concentration, the heating efficiency is significantly enhanced.

[0059] The metal network 31 can be formed by depositing metal one on the vehicle window glass substrate 4 by direct current sputtering deposition method, and the conductive network 32 can be formed by depositing metal two on the metal network 31 by electrochemical deposition method. Metal one and metal two can use the same raw material, but the deposition methods of metal one and metal two must be different, and metal one must be deposited first, and then metal two is deposited on metal one. The material of the metal network 31 can be any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium, and the material of the conductive network 32 can be any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum. In this embodiment, silver is used as an example to illustrate the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32, because the main purpose of the present application is to obtain a high-conductive intelligent vehicle windshield, it is best to use silver with excellent conductivity as the material of the metal micro-wall structure network 3.

[0060] Here we grow the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 directly on the metal micro-wall structure network 3 surface, and the two are in direct contact, the metal micro-wall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 are directly stacked together into a conductive system. The two can share a pair of electrodes, and cannot be driven independently, and the heating and electromagnetic shielding functions mainly depend on the metal micro-wall structure, and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer mainly plays an auxiliary strengthening role (shielding enhancement, improvement of heating uniformity, etc.). In the heating defogging and deicing mode, the power supply reaches a high voltage / current (such as >5 V), generates Joule heat to raise the temperature, and brings the main function of heating defogging and deicing, and in the electromagnetic shielding main function mode, the power supply is effective (such as 0.5 V-1 V, only forming conduction), low voltage can also work, and does not cause significant temperature change, but is sufficient to reflect / absorb electromagnetic waves.

[0061] Please combine Figure 3 , the preparation method of the vehicle windshield mainly includes the following five steps:

[0062] Step one, provide a vehicle window glass substrate 4;

[0063] Step two, prepare a crack template on the vehicle window glass substrate 4;

[0064] Step three, prepare a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with the help of the crack template;

[0065] Step four, prepare a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal micro-wall structure network 3;

[0066] Step five, remove the crack template;

[0067] Step six, prepare a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1.

[0068] Next, each step will be described in detail.

[0069] Step one, provide a vehicle window glass substrate 4. Since the metal micro-wall structure network 3 needs to be prepared on the vehicle window glass substrate 4, the vehicle window glass substrate 4 needs to be prepared first. Before proceeding with the subsequent process, it is best to clean the vehicle window glass substrate 4. For example, the vehicle window glass substrate 4 can be placed in a plasma cleaning machine, oxygen is introduced, and the cleaning power can be 40 W and the cleaning time can be 10 min.

[0070] Step two, preparing a crack template on the vehicle window glass substrate 4: a crack template with controllable shrinkage stress is coated on the transparent vehicle window glass substrate 4. Specifically, at least one layer of resin mixed filtrate is spin-coated on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4, and the vehicle window glass substrate 4 is vacuum dried to dry and cure the resin mixed filtrate to form a crack template with a network of cracks on the corresponding surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4. For example, 2-7 layers of resin mixed filtrate are spin-coated on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4, and then the resin mixed filtrate is dried and cured in a vacuum drying oven to form a crack template with a network of cracks on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4. In the experimental stage, the crack template is preferably prepared by spin coating to achieve precise control of film thickness and crack density. For large-size or irregularly-shaped vehicle window glass substrates, spraying, doctor blading or other suitable methods for large-area film formation can be used instead.

[0071] The resin mixed filtrate can be obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint in a target ratio (concentration volume ratio: concentration in the same volume). The target ratio is preferably between 1:1 and 2:3. The resin mixed filtrate is coated using spin coating, and the spin coating speed is preferably between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the number of coating layers is preferably between 2 and 7. The importance of the composition of the resin mixed filtrate, the parameters used in spin coating, and the importance of the coating thickness are analyzed in detail. In this application, the filtrate obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint is used as the resin mixed filtrate. Acrylic acid and crack paint are mixed in a certain concentration ratio and then magnetically stirred (for example, the target concentration volume ratio of the mixture can be 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 2:3). Then, it is fully mixed by ultrasonic treatment, filtered in a filter, and sealed and stored overnight. Finally, the resin mixed filtrate is spin-coated on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4. Different spin coating speeds will produce crack templates with different coverage rates, thereby producing corresponding metal micro-wall structure networks 3 with different coverage rates. For example, the spin coating speed can be 600 rpm, 800 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, etc. When adding the resin mixed filtrate, only the surface of the substrate (i.e., the outer surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4) needs to be completely covered. To ensure the crack pattern and crack depth, the number of layers of the filtrate can be optionally increased, for example, 1-6 layers, i.e., the total number of layers of the filtrate is 2-7 layers. Then, the vehicle window glass substrate 4 coated with the resin mixed filtrate is vacuum dried to allow the resin mixed filtrate to spontaneously form a uniform and highly connected crack network, thereby obtaining a crack template with a network of cracks.

[0072] The uniform crack template formed by the above curing will serve as the foundation for the construction of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 in the subsequent step. By adjusting the spin coating speed and coating thickness, the density and thickness of the crack template can be precisely controlled, and the coverage of the cracks can be adjusted in the range of 11% to 30%, which determines the distribution density of the subsequent metal micro-wall structure network 3. The crack width of the crack template can be adjusted by the spin coating speed and can be controlled in the range of 1 μm to 50 μm. The crack passage has high connectivity and uniformity, consistent crack width, and high uniformity without obvious fluctuations. At the same time, there is no residual impurity inside the crack, effectively avoiding the problems of incomplete cracking of the crack template and residual particle impurities in the gap during the drying and curing process, thereby ensuring the cleanliness and integrity of the crack structure. The optimized crack template lays a solid foundation for the subsequent construction of a high-performance metal micro-wall structure network 3 with high connectivity, uniform distribution, and complete structure.

[0073] As can be seen from the above description, different spin coating speeds will produce crack templates with different coverages, so the speed of spin coating can be determined according to the target coverage (desired coverage) of the crack template before spin coating. At the same time, the speed of spin coating has an impact on the thickness of the crack template. In order to ensure that the thickness of the crack template meets the requirements (i.e., reaches the target thickness, which is between 20 μm and 40 μm, and can be set according to the actual situation, and needs to be greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal micro-wall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide), the spin coating time and the number of layers need to be determined according to the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template. Therefore, the present application can control the density and thickness of the crack template by adjusting the spin coating speed and coating thickness.

[0074] Please refer to Figure 4 The method for controlling the density and thickness of the crack template can include the following steps.

[0075] First, the spin coating speed is determined based on the target coverage of the crack template. Under conditions where the resin mixture filtrate concentration is fixed, the spin coating speed has a significant impact on the target coverage of the crack template. As the spin coating speed increases, the coating thickness gradually decreases. During drying, shrinkage stress is not easily relieved through the thickness layer, but is concentrated and propagated laterally within the surface. The greater in-plane tensile stress drives the coating to crack more frequently, resulting in an increased crack density and a high degree of interconnected, densely distributed crack network. In contrast, at lower spin coating speeds, due to the thicker film, the shrinkage stress generated during drying in the thick coating can be relieved along the thickness direction. This makes it difficult for stress to accumulate within the surface to a level sufficient to trigger frequent cracking, thereby reducing the number of cracks. However, it should be noted that if the spin coating speed exceeds 4000 rpm, the coating may be too thin, with the coating thickness below the threshold for crack formation. Although such a thin layer shrinks during drying, the accumulated stress is insufficient to overcome the inherent fracture toughness of the material, thus failing to trigger effective cracking, resulting in discontinuous cracks or no cracks at all. Therefore, the coverage of the crack template can be precisely adjusted by controlling the spin coating speed. Currently, there is no specific formula to explain this process, and the speed of spin coating can only be controlled through experience.

[0076] Secondly, according to the spin coating speed and the target thickness of the crack template, the spin coating time and number of layers are determined by a target formula, which is:

[0077]

[0078] in, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of spin-coated layers, h 0 The thickness of the resin mixed filtrate added once when it covers the entire window glass substrate (can be the initial thickness at t=0), k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the speed of spin coating (the speed of spin coating is generally represented by the rotation speed), t is the spin coating time.

[0079] Then, based on t 、 N and n The resin mixed filtrate is used to perform spin coating on a vehicle window glass substrate.

[0080] parameter k It is related to the viscosity and density of the liquid. Multiple tests can be conducted in advance and the parameters can be obtained by fitting the test data. k The curing process of the crack template should be carried out in a vacuum drying environment with constant temperature and humidity as much as possible to ensure the formation of a uniform crack template. In addition, the curing time and curing temperature should also be adjusted according to the spin coating thickness of the resin mixed filtrate.

[0081] Step three, preparing the metal micro-wall structure network 3 by means of the crack template: depositing metal one in the network-shaped cracks on the crack template by direct current sputtering deposition to form a metal network 31, and without removing the crack template, continuing to deposit metal two on the surface of the metal network 31 by electrochemical deposition to form a conductive network 32, and the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32 are stacked in sequence to form the metal micro-wall structure network 3.

[0082] The crack network is dried, and metal is further deposited by means of magnetron sputtering or electrochemical deposition without removing the crack template, which significantly improves the conductive performance of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. After comprehensively considering the physical and chemical properties of the crack template and the vehicle window glass substrate 4 itself, the scheme adopted for depositing the metal network 31 on the surface of the crack template in the embodiment of the present application is a physical vapor deposition method, which specifically includes one of the following physical vapor deposition methods: vacuum evaporation plating, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, direct current magnetron sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, and the like, to deposit a layer of metal one on the surface of the crack template to form a metal seed layer, i.e., the metal network 31. The thickness of the metal seed layer can be controlled by controlling the distance between the metal source and the crack template, as well as the power, time, and gas flow rate, and the like. The material of the metal network 31 can be selected and optimized according to actual specific requirements, such as silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, titanium, and the like. The present application mainly aims to obtain a high-conductive smart vehicle windshield, and therefore silver with excellent conductivity is used as the material of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 in the preferred embodiment. The metal material is silver, copper, aluminum, or an alloy thereof, and the conductivity and mechanical stability are enhanced by subsequent electrochemical deposition process.

[0083] It should be noted that the crack template does not need to be removed after depositing the metal seed layer on the surface of the crack template. The crack template is insoluble in the electrolyte solution, and can limit the lateral growth of the metal network 31 during the subsequent further electrochemical deposition of metal, so as to greatly increase the thickness of the metal network 31 while basically not increasing the width of the metal network 31, thereby solving the problem of the contradiction between the conductivity and the light transmittance of the metal network 31. That is, the conductivity of the metal network 31 is increased but the light transmittance is basically unchanged.

[0084] After the metal network 31 is formed in the cracks of the crack template, the metal is continuously grown in the cracks and on the basis of the metal network 31 (it can be understood as increasing the thickness of the metal network), so as to improve the conductivity of the metal network 31. The conductive material of the conductive network 32 is also metal, and the conductive network 32 with the same width is formed on the metal network 31 (the metal two is formed into the conductive network 32 on the metal network 31 by sinking into the cracks of the crack template). The material of the conductive network 32 can be gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, platinum. Considering the metal color and conductivity of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 and other related factors, the same metal silver as the metal seed layer can be used as the deposition material of the conductive network 32, so as to greatly improve the photoelectric performance of the metal network 31.

[0085] In this embodiment, considering the deposition accuracy, deposition rate, manufacturing cost, maximum bearing temperature of the vehicle window glass substrate 4, and the quality of the deposited metal and other factors, the electrochemical deposition method is preferably used to continue depositing the metal material on the basis of the metal seed layer / crack template structure. The composition of the electrolyte solution, the content of each component, the deposition current density, and the deposition time need to be controlled during deposition, so as to realize the deposition of the high-quality conductive network 32 on the surface of the metal network 31 at low temperature, greatly improve the conductivity of the metal network 31 without loss of light transmittance, and reduce the manufacturing cost. Large-area preparation can be realized, and finally the metal micro-wall structure network 3 with high photoelectric performance can be obtained.

[0086] Step four, preparing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal micro-wall structure network 3, wherein the thickness of the crack template is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. After the metal is deposited, the transparent conductive oxide film is continuously deposited as a protective layer of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is prepared as much as possible, because compared with a single metal micro-wall structure network 3, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can not only serve as a protective layer, but also realize the electromagnetic shielding function and the strengthening of the defrosting and defogging function.

[0087] In order to further improve the stability of the metal network 31 and the conductive network 32, and avoid oxidation reaction with substances in the air, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is also deposited on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. The transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 itself has a certain conductivity, can participate in current distribution during heating, and is helpful to the uniformity of the electric heating, and can further improve the reflection of the electromagnetic wave signal by the smart vehicle windshield, and improve the electromagnetic shielding efficiency.

[0088] Depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network can employ: depositing a transparent conductive oxide on the surface of the crack template to form a protective layer on the metal micro-wall structure network 3, and the deposition method of the transparent conductive oxide can be one of electrochemical deposition, radio frequency sputtering, atomic layer deposition, pulsed laser deposition, reactive sputtering, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and chemical vapor deposition. Therefore, the method for preparing the above transparent conductive oxide can employ one of electrochemical deposition, radio frequency sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), reactive sputtering, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Depositing a layer of transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / crack template can effectively avoid the influence of air, moisture, and corrosive substances such as acid and alkali on the metal micro-wall structure network 3. The optional transparent conductive oxide material can be: indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), etc., and the specific material can be optimized according to the application requirements. When depositing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, the crack template does not need to be removed, so that the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 only covers the metal micro-wall structure network 3, avoiding the formation of additional coatings in the non-conductive area. This not only effectively enhances the stability of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, but also maximizes the impact on the light transmittance, ensuring excellent photoelectric performance. The metal network 31 presents a regular or irregular polygonal pattern structure to balance the light transmittance, uniform heating, and electromagnetic shielding effect. The metal micro-wall structure network 3 is prepared by the crack template lithography method, and has the characteristics of uniform distribution, good continuity, and controllable pattern size.

[0089] Step five, remove the crack template. Remove the template and optimize the structure to obtain a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with good continuity and controllable pattern, connect the electrode and the intelligent control system to realize the intelligent functions of the vehicle windshield: defrosting and defogging function and electromagnetic shielding function.

[0090] The vehicle windshield glass substrate 4 with the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can be immersed in a solvent solution for ultrasonic treatment to remove the crack template. In some embodiments, the crack template is removed by solvent dissolution combined with ultrasonic vibration. The solvent is selected considering its solubility to the crack template, corrosiveness to the metal, and toxicity and volatility of the solvent itself. Therefore, the solvent can be one of deionized water, ethanol solution, isopropanol solution, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, dimethylformamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, acetone, chloroform, and KOH. In a preferred embodiment, a mixed solution of acetone and KOH is selected as the solvent for removing the crack template. After the crack template is washed away by the above-mentioned solvent, the smart vehicle windshield glass with the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and the metal micro-wall structure network 3 is obtained.

[0091] Step six, preparing the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1: a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 covering the metal micro-wall structure network 3 and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is constructed on the vehicle windshield glass substrate 4. For example, a 100-200 nm thick polyurethane is deposited on the upper surface of the entire glass as a wear-resistant layer of the glass.

[0092] In order to improve the wear resistance and environmental stability of the overall structure of the vehicle windshield glass, a high-transparency, flexible, and scratch-resistant polyurethane (PU) wear-resistant layer is constructed on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. The polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 as the outermost protective interface can effectively prevent external friction, mechanical damage during cleaning, chemical corrosion, and aging degradation, and ensure the service life and optical clarity of the overall smart vehicle windshield glass.

[0093] The polyurethane (PU) wear-resistant layer can be constructed on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 by some methods such as spin coating, blade coating, and spraying. The specific method to be used is determined according to the properties of the actual substrate itself. Here, considering the curved surface and irregular structure of the vehicle windshield glass, we use the spraying method to prepare the polyurethane (PU) wear-resistant layer. According to the type of polyurethane used, the following curing methods can be used: thermal curing (60-120°C baking for 30-60 minutes), UV curing (using a wavelength of 365 nm ultraviolet lamp irradiation, the dose is about 300-500 mJ / cm 2 ), and moisture curing (natural drying and curing in a temperature and humidity environment for 12-24 hours).

[0094] Please refer again to Figure 2The intelligent control system is used for controlling the vehicle windshield 20, and can be an independent system or a subsystem embedded on a vehicle-mounted system of a main body architecture of the automobile. The intelligent control system of the vehicle windshield comprises a power management module 21, an MCU control unit 22, a sensing and detecting device 23, a voice recognition module 24, a Bluetooth communication module 25, an external control terminal (such as a mobile phone App 26 or a vehicle-mounted system 27), an external circuit driver 28 and a regulator 29. The intelligent control system is used for realizing automatic defogging control and wireless communication connection with a vehicle-machine system. The MCU control unit 22 is used for judging whether to start the defogging function according to a temperature sensor signal, the voice recognition module 24 is used for receiving a user instruction to control a heating state, and the Bluetooth communication module 25 is used for linkage with the vehicle-mounted system.

[0095] The vehicle windshield 20 containing the metal micro-wall structure network 3 is the core element, which uses the metal micro-wall structure network 3 with high electrical conductivity to realize the dual functions of defrosting and defogging and electromagnetic shielding. The voice recognition module 24 can recognize and convert the voice instructions into standard digital signals, and send control instructions to the MCU control unit 22 to control the operating state of the subsequent circuit. The user can control the vehicle windshield 20 intelligently by issuing control instructions (such as "start defogging", "turn off heating", "turn on shielding", etc.) through voice. The regulator 29 can allow the user to preset the detection temperature of the sensing detection device 23 or the interval of the electromagnetic shielding strength of the sensing detection device 23, so that the intelligent control system or the vehicle-mounted system has "adjustment freedom". The MCU control unit 22 is the core of the entire intelligent control system, which can receive voice instructions, Bluetooth control commands, receive sensor data, perform logical judgment (such as whether to continue heating, whether to turn on electromagnetic shielding), and can feedback the current state to the terminal through the Bluetooth communication module 25. The Bluetooth communication module 25 serves as a wireless communication interface, which can realize the pairing connection between the entire intelligent control system and the mobile phone App 26 or the vehicle-mounted system 27, and can not only receive remote control commands into the MCU control unit 22 and the regulator 29, but also can real-time return the system running data (temperature, electromagnetic shielding efficiency, operating state, etc.) to the user end, supporting remote monitoring, state feedback, user command sending, etc. The sensing detection device 23 is used to detect the temperature of the vehicle window surface (i.e. the surface of the vehicle windshield 20) and the electromagnetic signal transmittance of the vehicle window interior (i.e. the vehicle windshield 20 itself), and simultaneously transmits the monitored data to the MCU control unit 22 through the signal output port, which is a key module for realizing the closed-loop feedback regulation of the intelligent control system. The external circuit driver 28 is a "driving execution unit" between the MCU control unit 22 and the vehicle windshield 20, which can convert the control signal of the MCU control unit 22 into an electric power output capable of driving the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, which is equivalent to an "amplifier" or "actuator", ensuring stable system working current / voltage and rapid response, and can also serve as a switch to control the opening and closing of electromagnetic shielding by controlling the on / off of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. The power management module 21 mainly drives the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to run under the control of the MCU control unit 22, and provides power for the operation of the MCU control unit 22. Of course, the power management module 21 can only have voltage conversion capability, without the need for its own power storage function, but directly connected to the power supply system of the car, and then converted into the power supply voltage required by each component of the vehicle windshield 20.

[0096] The output end of the power management module 21 is electrically connected to the electrode end of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 and the input end of the MCU control unit 22, respectively. The output end of the external circuit driver 28 is electrically connected to the electrode end of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, and the control output end of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the control input end of the external circuit driver 28. The output end of the voice recognition module 24 is electrically connected to the input end of the MCU control unit 22 and the input end of the regulator 29, respectively. The input end of the regulator 29 is electrically connected to the output end of the Bluetooth communication module 25 and the output end of the voice recognition module 24, and the corresponding output end is electrically connected to the input end of the sensing and detecting device 23. The two input ends of the sensing and detecting device 23 can be electrically connected to the temperature sensing probe and the electromagnetic signal probe, respectively, for collecting data such as temperature change and electromagnetic signal transmittance of the vehicle windshield 20, and the output end of the sensing and detecting device 23 is electrically connected to the input end of the MCU control unit 22. The input end of the Bluetooth communication module 25 is electrically connected to the vehicle-mounted system 27 and the mobile phone App 26 for receiving signals from external terminals, and the output end thereof is electrically connected to the input end of the MCU control unit 22, the mobile phone App 26, the vehicle-mounted system 27 (for feeding back the running data of the vehicle windshield 20 to the user and the vehicle-mounted system 27 in real time) and the regulator 29 of the sensing system, respectively. The input end of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the output end of the Bluetooth communication module 25, the output end of the voice recognition module 24, the output end of the sensing and detecting device 23 and the output end of the power management module 21, respectively. The output end of the MCU control unit 22 is electrically connected to the input end of the external circuit driver 28 and the input end of the Bluetooth communication module 25. The whole system supports closed-loop control (sensing feedback) + multi-channel input (voice + Bluetooth + adjustment) + intelligent logic judgment (processed by MCU).

[0097] In the intelligent control system, after the user gets on the vehicle, finds that the windshield 20 is fogged or iced, or encounters electromagnetic signal interference during high-speed driving, the user can click to start the defogging / electromagnetic shielding button through the vehicle console, i.e., the vehicle system 27 or the remote mobile phone App 26. In addition, the user can also speak out control instructions, such as “start defogging” and “start electromagnetic shielding”, etc. These instructions can be transmitted to the MCU control unit 22 through the voice recognition module 24 / Bluetooth communication module 25. According to the input instructions, the MCU control unit 22 calls the internal control logic to determine whether to start the heating function of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 or whether to turn on the electromagnetic signal shielding function of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2. At the same time, the MCU control unit 22 can obtain real-time feedback from the sensing detection device 23 for dynamic adjustment. Then, after the external circuit driver 28 receives the signal from the MCU control unit 22, it controls the power circuit to turn on or off, realizing the heating current regulation and electromagnetic shielding access control of the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, and finally the vehicle windshield 20 will reach the set temperature / turn on the electromagnetic shielding function. When the vehicle windshield 20 defogging ends or there is no electromagnetic signal interference, the user can turn off the above functions in the same way. If the preset heating temperature cannot meet the defrosting and defogging requirements due to environmental reasons, the user can set the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 surface through the mobile phone App 26, or directly speak out the instruction through the voice recognition module 24, such as “heat to xxx °C”. After the signal is transmitted to the MCU control unit 22 through the voice recognition module 24 / Bluetooth communication module 25, the heating is controlled through the driving of the external circuit driver 28. The sensing detection device 23 measures the surface temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 in real time. If the user set temperature is reached, the signal will be transmitted to the MCU control unit 22, which will give the driving module a command to stop heating, and finally terminate the heating process. The whole system also supports real-time monitoring and feedback of the vehicle windshield 20 state. When the system is working, the related detection heads of the sensing detection device 23 will monitor the temperature change of the vehicle windshield 20 surface and the electromagnetic signal transmission rate of the vehicle windshield 20 in real time. The monitoring results will be uploaded to the MCU control unit 22 in real time through the sensing detection device 23, and finally fed back to the user's mobile phone App 26 or the display screen of the vehicle system 27 through the Bluetooth communication module 25, so that the user can monitor the running state of the vehicle windshield 20 in real time, ensuring real-time response and efficient data exchange. The user can also adjust the monitoring range of the sensing detection device 23 through the vehicle system 27, mobile phone App 26 or voice recognition module 24. The signal can be transmitted to the regulator 29 through the Bluetooth communication 25 / voice recognition module 24, so as to control the monitoring range of the sensing detection device 23.Finally, the system also supports intelligent scene linkage mode, when the user starts the car, the power management module 21 will power the entire intelligent control device, at this time, the sensing detection device 23 will work quickly, detect the temperature of the surface of the vehicle windshield 20 or the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal, if the surface temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 is lower than the set threshold / the transmittance of the electromagnetic signal is higher than the set threshold, at this time, the sensing detection device 23 will feed back the signal to the MCU control unit 22, the MCU control unit 22 will process and analyze the signal, and then transmit it to the external circuit driver 28 to control the opening of the heating / shielding function of the vehicle windshield 20.

[0098] In summary, the present application constructs a high-performance intelligent vehicle windshield system integrating heating, de-fogging, electromagnetic shielding and intelligent control. By using crack template photolithography technology and electrochemical deposition method, a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with high light transmittance and high electrical conductivity is prepared. On this basis, the system integrates voice recognition, Bluetooth communication, temperature sensing and MCU control, and constructs a set of vehicle windshield intelligent de-fogging and electromagnetic shielding system that can realize intelligent judgment, autonomous adjustment and remote control. Compared with the traditional hot air blowing or metal wire heating method, the present system has the advantages of fast response speed, uniform heating, low power consumption and no obstruction of view. At the same time, the metal micro-wall structure network 3 also has electromagnetic shielding function, which effectively suppresses external interference signals and improves the stability and safety of vehicle communication and automatic driving system. The system has good mechanical durability and environmental adaptability in structural design, and is suitable for complex climate and multi-scene use requirements. With its low cost, high compatibility and intelligent control ability, the technology provides an efficient, stable and scalable solution for the new generation of intelligent automobile windshield system.

[0099] The preparation of the vehicle windshield 20 is summarized as follows.

[0100] First, the resin mixed filtrate is spin-coated on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4 after cleaning treatment. In the experimental stage, the crack template is preferably prepared by spin coating to achieve precise control of film thickness and crack density. For large-size or special-shaped vehicle window glass substrates, spraying, doctor blading or other suitable large-area film formation methods can be used, and a highly interconnected and uniform crack template is formed after drying and curing. Subsequently, a metal seed layer is deposited by direct current sputtering, and the metal layer is further thickened by electrochemical deposition. The crack template precisely limits the deposition process, allowing only vertical growth of the metal and avoiding lateral expansion, thereby significantly improving the electrical conductivity while maintaining high light transmittance. After depositing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, the crack template is removed, and finally a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 is prepared on the top of the entire vehicle window glass by doctor blading, which effectively prevents external friction, mechanical damage during cleaning, chemical corrosion and aging degradation, and ensures the service life and optical clarity of the overall intelligent vehicle windshield. The vehicle windshield is composed of four layers (from inside to outside), namely the vehicle window glass substrate 4 (base), the metal micro-wall structure network 3 (core functional layer), the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 (protective layer, functional layer), and the polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1 (protective layer, wear-resistant layer).

[0101] The effectiveness of the above intelligent vehicle windshield is verified by some experimental data and experimental phenomena as follows.

[0102] Figure 5 The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the metal network structure constructed by the crack template lithography and electrochemical deposition technology used in the present application is as follows: Figure 5 (a) is a metal network 31 constructed by crack template lithography combined with metal sputtering process. It is found that by adjusting the crack distribution of the crack template, a metal network 31 with high regularity, uniformity and high connectivity can be obtained on the surface of the vehicle window substrate. This structure allows metal atoms to be deposited in the crack area by direct current magnetron sputtering, forming a preliminary conductive channel. The metal network 31 has a small line width and a large network blank area (which is not covered by metal), and has good light transmittance, providing an excellent conductive path basis for subsequent vertical deposition of metal. Figure 5(b) Metal microwall structure network 3 formed by electrochemical deposition process on the basis of metal network 31 under the condition that the crack template is not removed. The crack template is retained during the electrochemical deposition process, which can effectively inhibit the lateral growth of the metal and limit the growth of the metal in the vertical direction to form a "metal microwall" structure with a micron-level thickness. This structure significantly enhances the thickness of the metal lines while the width of the metal lines remains basically unchanged, thereby improving the overall conductivity and mechanical stability of the network. The microwall structure still retains a high open area and optical transparency, and both excellent conductivity and transparency are achieved, providing a structural basis for the construction of the smart vehicle windshield.

[0103] Figure 6 The optical transmittance and conductivity (sheet resistance) variation trends of the prepared metal microwall structure network 3 under different electrochemical deposition times are shown, including: Figure 6 (a) is a statistical diagram of the sheet resistance of the metal microwall structure network 3 under different electrochemical deposition times. It is observed that as the electrochemical deposition time increases, the metal continuously grows in the vertical direction in the conductive path defined by the crack template, the thickness of the metal lines gradually increases, the conductive cross-sectional area is improved, and the overall conductivity of the network structure is significantly enhanced, which is manifested as a continuous decrease in the sheet resistance (Rs). From 30 s to 110 s of the deposition process, the sheet resistance decreases from the initial 0.6 Ω / sq to 0.08 Ω / sq, indicating that the microwall structure network can significantly improve the conductivity while maintaining continuity. Figure 6 (b) corresponds to the light transmittance curve of the sample in the visible light band (400-800 nm) under different deposition times. In the visible light band (400-800 nm), as the deposition time increases, the light transmittance of the sample remains basically unchanged and consistently maintains a level higher than 87% light transmittance, which is completely due to the vertical localized growth under the limitation of the crack template, and the sample has good optical transparency and is suitable for the preparation requirements of the vehicle windshield.

[0104] Figure 7The thermal response behavior of the vehicle windshield glass constructed by the present application under different voltage driving is shown. As can be seen from the figure, with the increase of the applied voltage, the glass surface temperature rises rapidly, and the overall presents a typical Joule heat response characteristic. When the voltage is 2 V, the surface temperature can reach about 42 °C in tens of seconds; while when a voltage of 10 V is applied, the steady-state temperature can exceed 90 °C, and the heat response speed is also significantly accelerated. The whole heating process shows good controllability and stability. The steady-state temperature platform corresponding to different voltages is uniformly distributed, which shows that the conductive network structure has excellent in-plane current distribution uniformity and thermal expansion consistency. Under all test conditions, there is no abnormal phenomenon such as heat spot concentration and local overheating on the glass surface, which verifies the structural connectivity and thermal uniformity of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. In addition, the figure further verifies that the heating layer constructed by the metal micro-wall structure network 3 in the present application has excellent low-voltage driving capability, and only needs a low voltage of 2-10 V to achieve rapid heating, which provides a solution for low-power defrosting and defogging of vehicles, and meets the actual needs of intelligent automobiles, low-energy systems and other scenes.

[0105] Figure 8 The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the vehicle windshield glass constructed by the present application in the X-band frequency range is shown. It is found that the metal micro-wall structure network 3 prepared by electrochemical deposition shows excellent shielding performance in the entire X-band, and the shielding effectiveness is maintained between 46-30 dB. With the gradual increase of the coverage rate of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness increases, and the highest average electromagnetic shielding effectiveness can reach 41 dB, which has the characteristics of wide frequency band, strong attenuation and high stability. This performance improvement benefits from the more excellent electrical conductivity, higher connectivity and better three-dimensional structure closure effect of the micro-wall structure, which can effectively reflect and absorb the incident electromagnetic waves, thereby significantly reducing the penetration signal strength.

[0106] The vehicle windshield 20 can be used to produce new cars with high coordination of defrosting and demisting function, glass permeability, and appearance aesthetics. The new car includes the vehicle windshield 20 and a vehicle system. The vehicle system is used to realize the heating defrosting and demisting main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered and heated when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and realize the electromagnetic shielding main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be powered and conducted when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on. That is, the vehicle system controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered and heated, or controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be powered and conducted, so that the vehicle windshield 20 switches between the heating defrosting and demisting main function and the electromagnetic shielding main function. Mainly embodied in: (1) the sensing detection device 23 of the vehicle system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and detects the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield 20 when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit 22 of the vehicle system is used to judge whether the temperature is less than the set temperature, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be powered and heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used to judge whether the transmittance is greater than the set transmittance, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be powered and conducted until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0107] The vehicle windshield 20 can also be used to upgrade old cars. By replacing the vehicle windshield of the old car and upgrading the control system of the old car, the existing car can also have the functions of defrosting, defogging, high glass transparency, and beautiful appearance. The old car needs to be installed with a vehicle windshield assembly, which includes the vehicle windshield 20 and an intelligent control system. Replace the vehicle windshield of the old car with the vehicle windshield 20 of the invention, and load the intelligent control system in the vehicle system. The intelligent control system is used to realize the heating defrosting and defogging main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat when the heating defrosting and defogging main function is turned on, and realize the electromagnetic shielding main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to conduct when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on. That is, the intelligent control system is used to switch the vehicle windshield 20 between the heating defrosting and defogging main function and the electromagnetic shielding main function by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat or controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to conduct. Mainly embodied in: (1) the sensing detection device 23 of the intelligent control system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the heating defrosting and defogging main function is turned on, and also detects the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield 20 when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit of the intelligent control system is used to determine whether the temperature is less than the set temperature, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; also used to determine whether the transmittance is greater than the set transmittance, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to maintain conduction until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0108] The invention can be well applied to both new and old cars, so it is easy to popularize and apply, and has high technical transformation value and business prospects. Therefore, according to the above discussion, it can be seen that the invention effectively solves the problems of uneven defrosting, high energy consumption, poor appearance, electromagnetic interference, etc. of the existing windshield, has the advantages of energy saving, high efficiency, transparent structure, and practicality, and is suitable for the large-scale popularization of the intelligent car front market.

[0109] Example 2:

[0110] This embodiment is based on the optimization of Example 1, aiming to further improve the uniformity of the windshield structure's electrothermal response and the continuity of electromagnetic shielding. Unlike the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 in Example 1, which is only partially deposited on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3, in this embodiment, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 adopts a full-coverage structure design, i.e., it is continuously deposited on the entire surface of the vehicle window glass substrate 4, thereby giving the structure more comprehensive and efficient synergistic conductive and shielding enhancement functions (see Figure 9 ).

[0111] In this structure, the full-coverage transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, in addition to serving as a surface protective layer for the metal micro-wall structure network 3, improving its oxidation resistance and chemical stability, its coverage morphology forms an interface structure similar to a "hat-shaped conductive layer", which can achieve lateral potential regulation and current bridging between the metal micro-wall structure network 3, acting as a "voltage equalizing layer" or "bridging conductive path", effectively improving the current distribution between the micro-walls and significantly improving the electrothermal response characteristics and heating uniformity of the entire conductive structure. In addition, the continuous coverage of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 can effectively fill the gap area between the metal micro-wall structure network 3, reducing the "leakage window" formed by electromagnetic waves in the non-conductive area, thereby improving the high-frequency reflection shielding efficiency and enhancing the overall electromagnetic interference suppression capability of the structure. Especially in shielding high-frequency high-power electromagnetic signals, this structure can effectively overcome the "window effect" caused by the conductive gaps in traditional metal mesh structures. The film thickness of the transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is preferably controlled within the range of 100-200 nm, taking into account excellent conductivity and high visible light transmittance, which can achieve multiple function integration without significantly affecting the transparency of the glass.

[0112] Please refer to Figure 9 , the preparation method of the vehicle windshield mainly includes the following five steps:

[0113] Step one, provide a vehicle window glass substrate 4;

[0114] Step two, prepare a crack template on the vehicle window glass substrate 4;

[0115] Step three, prepare a metal micro-wall structure network 3 with the help of the crack template;

[0116] Step four, remove the crack template;

[0117] Step five, prepare a transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 on the metal micro-wall structure network 3;

[0118] Step six, prepare a polyurethane wear-resistant layer 1.

[0119] It should be noted that the experimental steps in Example 2 are basically the same as those in Example 1 except for the adjustment of the order of individual steps. Specifically, the order of steps four and five in Example 1 is interchanged in Example 2, i.e., the crack template is removed first, and then the full-coverage transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 is deposited on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network 3. Therefore, to avoid redundancy, this embodiment will not describe all the steps one by one, and the relevant experimental conditions can be referred to Example 1.

[0120] As follows, the effectiveness of the smart vehicle windshield described above is further verified through some experimental data and experimental phenomena.

[0121] In Figure 10 , the surface temperature of the smart vehicle window glass rapidly increases under a driving voltage of 10.0 V, and the steady-state temperature reaches about 110°C in about 60 s, and gradually cools down after power-off. This indicates that the structure has excellent heating response speed and steady-state temperature maintenance capability. Compared with the temperature rising curve of the smart vehicle window glass in Example 1, the steady-state temperature of the smart vehicle window glass in Example 2 is significantly higher than that in Example 1 under the same voltage, indicating that the overall thermal resistance is smaller and the electric heating conversion efficiency is higher. The introduction of the full-coverage transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 in Example 2 not only participates in the heating process, but also forms a “pressure equalization bridge” between the micro-walls, promoting the uniform distribution of current, so that the heat is more evenly distributed, reducing the local overheating or hot spot effect, making the conductive path more uniform, and the gap area between the micro-wall network can also participate in heating.

[0122] Figure 11 The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness test results of the smart vehicle window glass in Example 2. Compared with Example 1, by introducing the full-coverage transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2, Example 2 achieves a stable shielding effectiveness of more than 47 dB in the X-band (8.2-12 GHz), and the fluctuation is very small in the whole frequency band (the shielding effectiveness is still relatively stable in the high frequency band), the curve is approximately flat, showing excellent wide-band electromagnetic interference suppression capability. This is mainly due to the synergistic enhancement of the filling effect of the full-coverage transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 in the structural gap and the multiple reflection mechanism, effectively overcoming the “window leakage” problem in metal network shielding, ensuring that the glass substrate has stable and efficient electromagnetic shielding capability while maintaining high light transmittance.

[0123] The vehicle windshield 20 can be used to produce a new car with high coordination of defrosting and demisting function, glass permeability, and appearance aesthetics. The new car includes the vehicle windshield 20 and a vehicle system. The vehicle system is used to realize the heating defrosting and demisting main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be heated when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and realize the electromagnetic shielding main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide layer 2 to be conductive when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on. That is, the vehicle system controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be heated or controls the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be conductive, so that the vehicle windshield 20 switches between the heating defrosting and demisting main function and the electromagnetic shielding main function. The main points are: (1) the sensing detection device 23 of the vehicle system detects the temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and detects the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield 20 when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on; (2) the MCU control unit 22 of the vehicle system is used to determine whether the temperature is less than a set temperature, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to be heated until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; and is also used to determine whether the transmittance is greater than a set transmittance, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to be conductive until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0124] The vehicle windshield 20 can also be used to upgrade old cars. By replacing the vehicle windshield of old cars and upgrading the control system of old cars, existing cars can also have defrosting and demisting functions, high harmony of glass transparency and appearance aesthetics. Old cars need to install a vehicle windshield assembly, which includes a vehicle windshield 20 and an intelligent control system. Replace the vehicle windshield of old cars with the vehicle windshield of the invention, and load the intelligent control system in the vehicle system. The intelligent control system is used to realize the heating defrosting and demisting main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and realize the electromagnetic shielding main function of the vehicle windshield 20 by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide layer 2 to conduct when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on. That is, the intelligent control system is used to switch the vehicle windshield 20 between the heating defrosting and demisting main function and the electromagnetic shielding main function by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 to heat, or controlling the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / transparent conductive oxide protective layer 2 to conduct. Mainly embodied in: (1) The temperature of the vehicle windshield 20 is detected by the sensing detection device 23 of the intelligent control system when the heating defrosting and demisting main function is turned on, and the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield 20 is detected when the electromagnetic shielding main function is turned on; (2) The MCU control unit of the intelligent control system is used to determine whether the temperature is less than the set temperature, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network to heat until the temperature is not less than the set temperature; also used to determine whether the transmittance is greater than the set transmittance, and if so, control the metal micro-wall structure network 3 / translucent conductive oxide protective layer to maintain conduction until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

[0125] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined in any way. To make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described, but as long as the combinations of the technical features do not exist, they should be considered as the scope of the description.

[0126] The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present application, and the description is more specific and detailed, but it should not be understood as a limitation on the scope of the patent. It should be noted that for ordinary skilled persons in the art, without departing from the concept of the present application, some modifications and improvements can be made, which are within the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the patent of the present application should be subject to the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing a vehicle windshield, characterized by, It comprises the following steps: Step one, providing a vehicle window glass substrate; Step two, spin coating at least one layer of resin mixed filtrate on the surface of the vehicle window glass substrate, vacuum drying the vehicle window glass substrate to dry and cure the resin mixed filtrate, to form a crack template with network cracks on the corresponding surface of the vehicle window glass substrate; The method for controlling the density and thickness of the crack template comprises: determining the speed of spin coating according to the target coverage of the crack template; determining the time and number of layers of spin coating through a target formula according to the speed of spin coating and the target thickness of the crack template: , wherein, H is the target thickness of the crack template, N is the number of layers of spin coating, h 0 is the thickness of the resin mixed filtrate when it is spread over the entire vehicle window glass substrate in a single drop, k is the spin coating coefficient, n is the speed of spin coating, t is the time of spin coating; based on t , N and n spin coating the vehicle window glass substrate with the resin mixed filtrate; Step three, depositing a metal network in the network cracks on the crack template by direct current sputtering deposition, and continuing to deposit a conductive network on the surface of the metal network by electrochemical deposition without removing the crack template, the metal network and the conductive network being stacked in sequence to form a metal micro-wall structure network; Step four, removing the crack template; Step five, building a polyurethane wear-resistant layer covering the metal micro-wall structure network on the vehicle window glass substrate to form the vehicle windshield.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein The preparation method further comprises: before removing the crack template, depositing a transparent conductive oxide protective layer on the surface of the metal micro-wall structure network; wherein the thickness of the crack template is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the metal micro-wall structure network and the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein The preparation method further comprises: after removing the crack template, re-depositing the transparent conductive oxide protective layer, at this time, the transparent conductive oxide protective layer covers the vehicle window glass substrate, and the metal micro-wall structure network is embedded in the transparent conductive oxide protective layer.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein In step one, the vehicle window glass substrate is cleaned: the vehicle window glass substrate is placed in a plasma cleaning machine, oxygen is introduced, the cleaning power is 40 W, and the cleaning time is 10 min.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein In step two, the resin mixed filtrate is obtained by mixing acrylic acid and crack paint at a concentration volume ratio of 1:1 to 2:

3.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein In step two, after mixing acrylic acid and crack paint, magnetic stirring, ultrasonic treatment, and filtration are performed, and the mixture is stored overnight before spin coating.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein In step two, the spin coating speed is between 600 rpm and 4000 rpm, and the coating layer number is between 2 and 7.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein In step two, the thickness of the crack template is between 20 μm and 40 μm.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein In step two, the density and thickness of the crack template are controlled by adjusting the spin coating speed and coating thickness.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein In step three, the metal network is deposited on the surface of the crack template by one of the physical vapor deposition methods of vacuum evaporation coating, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, direct current magnetron sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein The material of the metal network is any one of silver, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, nickel, aluminum, and titanium.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein The material of the conductive network is any one of gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, and platinum.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein In step four, the vehicle window glass substrate with the metal micro-wall structure network is immersed in a degumming solution and subjected to ultrasonic treatment to remove the crack template.

14. A vehicle windshield assembly, comprising: a vehicle windshield; an intelligent control system for controlling the vehicle windshield to switch functions; The vehicle windshield is prepared by the method for preparing a vehicle windshield according to any one of claims 1 to 13; the intelligent control system is used for switching the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating defrosting and demisting and electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating or powered on for conducting.

15. The vehicle windshield assembly of claim 14, wherein, The intelligent control system comprises: a sensing and detecting device used for detecting the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the main function of heating defrosting and demisting is performed, and detecting the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is performed; an MCU control unit used for judging whether the temperature is less than a set temperature, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating until the temperature is not less than the set temperature, and used for judging whether the transmittance is greater than a set transmittance, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to maintain being powered on for conducting until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

16. An automobile comprising: a vehicle windshield; an on-board system used for controlling the vehicle windshield to switch functions; The vehicle windshield is prepared by the method for preparing a vehicle windshield according to any one of claims 1 to 13, and the on-board system is used for switching the vehicle windshield between the main functions of heating defrosting and demisting and electromagnetic shielding by controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating or powered on for conducting.

17. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein The on-board system comprises: a sensing and detecting device used for detecting the temperature of the vehicle windshield when the main function of heating defrosting and demisting is performed, and detecting the transmittance of electromagnetic signals to the vehicle windshield when the main function of electromagnetic shielding is performed; an MCU control unit used for judging whether the temperature is less than a set temperature, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to be powered on for heating until the temperature is not less than the set temperature, and used for judging whether the transmittance is greater than a set transmittance, and if yes, controlling the metal micro-wall structure network to maintain being powered on for conducting until the transmittance is not greater than the set transmittance.

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