Auricularia auricula chaff composite microbial fertilizer as well as preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of solid waste treatment and fertilizers. The preparation method comprises the following steps: pre-fermenting chicken manure, uniformly mixing the black fungus chaff and the pre-fermented chicken manure according to a volume ratio of (6-8): (2-4), piling and fermenting to prepare the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer. Experimental results show that the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer provided by the invention is uniformly mixed with soil, and remarkable improvement effects, including optimization of the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, adjustment of the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, increase of biological diversity of soil flora and the like, are generated on the soil; when the improved soil is used for planting plants, the crop yield can be remarkably increased. The invention provides a new strategy for recycling of agricultural wastes, soil improvement and plant growth promotion, and has a wide application prospect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of solid waste treatment and fertilizer, and in particular to a black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] The raw materials for edible fungi cultivation primarily consist of various agricultural, forestry, and animal husbandry wastes and forest resources, of which straw, cottonseed hulls, sawdust, livestock manure, rice husks, wheat bran, and rice bran account for approximately 98%-99%; along with a small amount of mineral supplementary materials (approximately 1%-2%), such as lime and gypsum. During their growth, edible fungi secrete extracellular enzymes, such as cellulases, hemicellulases, and ligninases, which break down the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the cultivation medium into small molecules for absorption and utilization. However, edible fungi cannot fully decompose and utilize all the cultivation materials during their growth. The remaining cultivation materials after the fruiting bodies are harvested are called fungus residue or chaff.

[0003] If mushroom residue is not promptly and harmlessly treated, it will accumulate and rot, causing environmental pollution. Currently, several methods have been investigated to transform mushroom residue into useful products, such as compost production, animal feed, biofuel, and activated carbon. However, due to economic and technical limitations, most mushroom residue is used for composting, with only a small portion being used for other products. There is an urgent need for environmentally friendly and effective mushroom residue treatment to eliminate the significant harm it poses to nearby edible fungi industries and ensure their sustainable development. Currently, researchers are exploring effective methods for the rational utilization of mushroom residue, with research focusing on the following areas: First, mushroom residue can be used as fertilizer for crops. Natural fermentation is the core method, whereby the residue is directly spread on the field. This can improve soil permeability, enhance physical and chemical properties, enhance crop quality, and increase yield. Second, mushroom residue can be used as a culture medium. After fermentation, the fermentation products can be mixed with other inorganic substances and used in vegetable or flower cultivation, reducing production costs, increasing yield, and improving quality. Furthermore, the edible fungus residue can be used as fuel. The edible fungus residue after the mushrooms are grown can be dried and stored, and can be used as sterilization fuel during the production of fungus strains and clinker cultivation.

[0004] Composting is currently one of the most effective solutions to solid waste accumulation. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the composting environment, so studying the community structure and dynamic changes of microorganisms within this environment is crucial for converting solid waste into compost. Microorganisms exotherm at suitable temperatures, leading to high-temperature fermentation. This humifies organic matter, gradually stabilizing it and rendering pathogenic microorganisms harmless during the fermentation process, ultimately completing the metabolic cycle of composting. This cycle can rapidly process accumulated solid waste, leading to its widespread adoption and application.

[0005] Microbial fertilizers play a crucial role in addressing farmland soil pollution, declining fertility, microecological imbalances, reduced cultivated area, declining crop yields, and food security. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and improper irrigation practices have led to soil compaction, a sharp decline in organic matter content, heavy metal contamination, and a disruption of the soil's ecological balance. Microbial fertilizers can not only increase crop yields and incomes, while also improving crop quality, but also repair soil contamination and enhance fertility, making them crucial in sustainable agricultural development strategies. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to provide a black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer and its preparation method and application, in order to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art. The black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer provided by the present invention is mixed with soil, significantly improving soil conditions and increasing crop yields. The present invention provides a new strategy for the reuse of agricultural waste, soil improvement and plant growth promotion, and has broad application prospects.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:

[0008] The invention provides a black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer, comprising black fungus chaff and chicken manure;

[0009] The volume ratio of the black fungus husk to the chicken manure is (6-8):(2-4);

[0010] The black fungus chaff is the waste left after the black fungus cultivation substrate is cultivated and harvested;

[0011] Furthermore, the black fungus cultivation matrix comprises, by mass fraction, 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum and 1% lime, with the remainder being water.

[0012] Furthermore, the volume ratio of the black fungus chaff to the chicken manure is 8:2.

[0013] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer, comprising the following steps:

[0014] Take fresh chicken manure, pre-ferment it, and crush it to obtain chicken manure;

[0015] The black fungus chaff is crushed, mixed with the chicken manure, and piled for fermentation to obtain the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer.

[0016] Furthermore, the pre-fermentation comprises the following steps:

[0017] The fresh chicken manure is piled for 3-5 days in an environment with a temperature of 50-60° C., a humidity of 50%-60%, and a pH of 6.5-8.

[0018] Furthermore, the pile building and fermentation comprises the steps of constructing a pile body, covering the top with a breathable membrane, turning the pile and adding water.

[0019] Furthermore, the height of the pile is 1.5-2m and the width is 2-2.5m; the initial humidity of the pile is 60%; and the total duration of the pile construction and fermentation is 30 days;

[0020] During the 7-21 days after the pile is built and fermented, turn the pile over every 3 days; after 21 days of fermentation, turn the pile over every 7 days.

[0021] The present invention also provides an application of the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer in promoting plant growth and / or improving soil.

[0022] The present invention also provides a method for promoting plant growth, comprising the steps of mixing the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer with soil and planting plants.

[0023] Furthermore, the volume ratio of the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer to the soil is 4:6;

[0024] The plant is corn.

[0025] The present invention discloses the following technical effects:

[0026] The present invention prepares a black fungus dregs composite microbial fertilizer by pre-fermenting chicken manure, mixing black fungus dregs with the pre-fermented chicken manure in a volume ratio of (6-8): (2-4), and then building a fermentation pile. The present invention has the following advantages:

[0027] (1) The present invention can realize efficient recycling of resources: waste can be converted, and two agricultural wastes, black fungus chaff and chicken manure, can be converted into compound organic fertilizer, thereby reducing environmental pollution, solving the problem of waste accumulation, and improving resource utilization by more than 60%.

[0028] (2) The present invention has a significant effect on soil improvement: it is beneficial for repairing soil structure. During the composting process, the cellulose content decreased and the activity of lignocellulase increased. After the bacterial manure was returned to the field, A3 showed the best results in various indicators. Compared with CK, the cellulose content was degraded by 98.93%, the hemicellulose content increased by 62.24%, and the lignin content increased by 14.53%. The cellulase activity increased by 17.00%, the hemicellulase activity increased by 11.82%, and the lignin peroxidase activity increased by 8.30%. The TN, TP, and TK contents decreased by 24.15%, 64.98%, and 6.62%, respectively.

[0029] (3) The present invention can inhibit pathogens and compete with beneficial bacteria through high-temperature fermentation, thereby reducing the abundance of pathogenic fungi and reducing the risk of soil-borne diseases. The diversity of bacterial and fungal microorganisms is increased, the number of beneficial bacteria Sphingomonas and Gemmatimonas increases, and the number of pathogenic bacteria Cladosporium and Fusarium decreases, and the diversity of microbial bacteria and fungi is significantly increased.

[0030] (4) The present invention can increase crop yield, and the 100-grain weight, single plant yield, single root weight, dry matter mass and number of fibrous roots at maturity are increased by 62.45%, 42.10%, 40.74%, 48.00% and 62.11% respectively.

[0031] (5) The present invention is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture: it can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, improve the potential for ecological restoration, and provide new ideas for the restoration of degraded land.

[0032] In conclusion, the present invention provides a new strategy for the reuse of agricultural waste, soil improvement and promotion of plant growth, and has broad application prospects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0034] Figure 1 The technical roadmap and abstract of the present invention are attached;

[0035] Figure 2 This is a statistical chart of growth indicators of corn planted with black fungus bran fertilizer returned to the field; where a is the weight of 100 corn kernels after returning the black fungus bran (chicken manure); b is the weight of a single corn plant after returning the black fungus bran (chicken manure); c is the yield of a single corn plant after returning the black fungus bran (chicken manure); d is the dry matter weight of corn after returning the black fungus bran (chicken manure); e is the number of corn silk roots after returning the black fungus bran (chicken manure); different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences;

[0036] Figure 3 This is a statistical chart of growth indicators of corn planted with black fungus bran fertilizer returned to the field; where a is the weight of 100 kernels of corn with black fungus bran (cow dung); b is the weight of a single corn plant with black fungus bran (cow dung); c is the yield of a single corn plant with black fungus bran (cow dung); d is the dry matter weight of corn with black fungus bran (cow dung); e is the number of corn silk roots with black fungus bran (cow dung); different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences;

[0037] Figure 4The figure is a statistical diagram of soil pH changes during the growth period; JF is black fungus bran (chicken manure), NF is black fungus bran (cow manure), and CK is the control group;

[0038] Figure 5 The statistical diagram of the changes in soil lignocellulose content under different treatments; a is cellulose; b is hemicellulose; c is lignin; JF is black fungus chaff (chicken manure), NF is black fungus chaff (cow manure), and CK is the control group;

[0039] Figure 6 The statistical diagram of the changes in soil lignocellulase activity under different treatments; a is cellulase; b is hemicellulase; c is lignin peroxidase; JF is black fungus chaff (chicken manure), NF is black fungus chaff (cow manure), and CK is the control group;

[0040] Figure 7 The following is a statistical chart showing the changes in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium in soils under different treatments; a is total nitrogen (TN); b is total phosphorus (TP); c is total potassium (TK); JF is black fungus chaff (chicken manure), NF is black fungus chaff (cow manure), and CK is the control group;

[0041] Figure 8 Figure 2 is the OTU characteristic result diagram under different treatments; a is chicken manure bacteria; b is cow manure bacteria; c is chicken manure fungi; d is cow manure fungi;

[0042] Figure 9 The Alpha diversity statistics of soil microbial communities under different treatments are shown in Figure 1. a is the bacteria Chao1 in bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure); b is the bacteria Chao1 in bacterial fertilizer (cow manure); c is the fungus Chao1 in bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure); d is the fungus Chao1 in bacterial fertilizer (cow manure); e is the bacteria Shannon in bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure); f is the bacteria Shannon in bacterial fertilizer (cow manure); g is the fungus Shannon in bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure); h is the fungus Shannon in bacterial fertilizer (cow manure);

[0043] Figure 10 The statistical diagram of Beta diversity of soil bacterial community after returning bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure) to the field; a is Beta diversity in the seedling stage; b is Beta diversity in the jointing stage; c is Beta diversity in the tasseling stage; d is Beta diversity in the flowering and silking stage; e is Beta diversity in the mature stage;

[0044] Figure 11 The statistical diagram of Beta diversity of soil bacterial communities after the return of bacterial fertilizer (cow dung) to the field; a is the Beta diversity at the seedling stage; b is the Beta diversity at the jointing stage; c is the Beta diversity at the tasseling stage; d is the Beta diversity at the flowering and silking stage; e is the Beta diversity at the maturity stage;

[0045] Figure 12 This is a statistical diagram of the Beta diversity of soil fungal communities after the return of microbial fertilizer (chicken manure) to the field; a is the Beta diversity at the seedling stage; b is the Beta diversity at the jointing stage; c is the Beta diversity at the tasseling stage; d is the Beta diversity at the flowering and silking stage; e is the Beta diversity at the maturity stage;

[0046] Figure 13 This is a statistical chart of the Beta diversity of soil fungal communities after the return of microbial fertilizer (cow dung) to the field; among them, a is the Beta diversity at the seedling stage; b is the Beta diversity at the jointing stage; c is the Beta diversity at the tasseling stage; d is the Beta diversity at the flowering and silking stage; and e is the Beta diversity at the maturity stage. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as limiting the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0048] It should be understood that the terms described herein are intended only to describe particular embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for numerical ranges herein, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. The intermediate value within any stated value or stated range, and each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded within the scope.

[0049] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated document, the contents of this specification shall prevail.

[0050] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments described herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description of the invention. The description and examples are intended to be exemplary only.

[0051] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0052] The pile fermentation of the present invention is carried out according to the following steps:

[0053] (1) The pile size is 1.5-2m in height and 2-2.5m in width; the top is covered with a breathable film to reduce water evaporation and rainwater erosion.

[0054] (2) The initial humidity should be maintained at 60% (the material will form a ball when held in the hand and will fall apart when released). To replenish water, spray water when turning the pile, and avoid direct watering.

[0055] (3) Measure the temperature twice a day (9:00 and 16:00) using an alcohol thermometer inserted 20 cm from the center of the pile.

[0056] (4) The frequency of turning the pile is: once every 3 days during the high temperature period (7-21 days), and once every 7 days in the late period (after 21 days). Spray water during turning to adjust the temperature and humidity.

[0057] The black fungus residue (agaric fungus residue) of the invention is waste after black fungus is cultivated and harvested on a black fungus cultivation substrate. The black fungus cultivation substrate contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, 1% lime and the balance is water in terms of mass fraction.

[0058] The technical roadmap of the present invention is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the present invention prepares a black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer by pre-fermenting chicken manure, mixing black fungus husk with the pre-fermented chicken manure in a volume ratio of (6-8): (2-4), and then building a fermentation pile. Experimental results show that mixing the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer provided by the present invention with soil has a significant improvement effect on the soil, including optimizing the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content, regulating the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content, and increasing the biodiversity of the soil flora. The improved soil can be used for plant cultivation, which can significantly increase crop yields.

[0059] Example 1 Black fungus chaff: chicken manure = 8:2

[0060] A black fungus fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer, comprising the following components by volume:

[0061] 800 parts of black fungus chaff and 200 parts of chicken manure.

[0062] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0063] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0064] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0065] Chicken manure is prepared by the following method:

[0066] (1) Pretreatment of chicken manure: The chicken manure is crushed; the particle size of the crushed chicken manure is 10-100 mesh.

[0067] (2) Fresh chicken manure was pre-fermented (piled for 4 days, temperature 55°C, humidity 55%, pH 7.5), and the content of heavy metals (copper, chromium) in the decomposed chicken manure was tested (Cu≤100mg / kg, Cr≤150mg / kg).

[0068] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0069] The above-mentioned 800 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 200 parts of chicken manure, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and potted corn was planted.

[0070] Example 2 Black fungus chaff: chicken manure = 7:3

[0071] A black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by volume:

[0072] 700 parts of black fungus chaff and 300 parts of chicken manure.

[0073] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0074] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0075] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0076] Chicken manure is prepared by the following method:

[0077] (1) Pretreatment of chicken manure: The chicken manure is crushed; the particle size of the crushed chicken manure is 10-100 mesh.

[0078] (2) Fresh chicken manure was pre-fermented (piled for 5 days, temperature 50°C, humidity 60%, pH 8), and the decomposed chicken manure was tested for heavy metal (copper, chromium) content (Cu ≤ 100 mg / kg, Cr ≤ 150 mg / kg).

[0079] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0080] The above 700 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 300 parts of chicken manure, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and potted corn was planted.

[0081] Example 3 Black fungus chaff: chicken manure = 6:4

[0082] A black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by volume:

[0083] 600 parts of black fungus chaff and 400 parts of chicken manure.

[0084] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0085] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0086] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0087] Chicken manure is prepared by the following method:

[0088] (1) Pretreatment of chicken manure: The chicken manure is crushed; the particle size of the crushed chicken manure is 10-100 mesh.

[0089] (2) Fresh chicken manure was pre-fermented (piled for 3 days at 60°C, 50% humidity, and pH 6.5), and the decomposed chicken manure was tested for heavy metal (copper, chromium) content (Cu≤100mg / kg, Cr≤150mg / kg).

[0090] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0091] The above 600 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 400 parts of chicken manure, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and potted corn was planted.

[0092] Comparative Example 1: Black fungus chaff: cow dung = 8:2

[0093] A black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by volume:

[0094] 800 parts of black fungus chaff and 200 parts of cow dung.

[0095] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0096] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0097] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0098] Cow dung is prepared by the following method:

[0099] The cow dung is crushed; the particle size of the crushed cow dung is 10-100 meshes.

[0100] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0101] The above-mentioned 800 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 200 parts of cow dung, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and potted corn was planted.

[0102] Comparative Example 2: Black fungus chaff: cow dung = 7:3

[0103] A black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by volume:

[0104] 700 parts of black fungus chaff and 300 parts of cow dung.

[0105] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0106] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0107] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0108] Cow dung is prepared by the following method:

[0109] The cow dung is crushed; the particle size of the crushed cow dung is 10-100 meshes.

[0110] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0111] The above 700 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 300 parts of cow dung, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and potted corn was planted.

[0112] Comparative Example 3: Black fungus chaff: cow dung = 6:4

[0113] A black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by volume:

[0114] 600 parts of black fungus chaff and 400 parts of cow dung.

[0115] The black fungus chaff is prepared by the following method:

[0116] (1) Pretreatment of wood ear residue: crush the wood ear residue to a particle size of less than 5 cm and remove impurities such as plastic.

[0117] (2) The black fungus husk formula contains 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime.

[0118] Cow dung is prepared by the following method:

[0119] The cow dung is crushed; the particle size of the crushed cow dung is 10-100 meshes.

[0120] The black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer of the present embodiment is prepared by the following method:

[0121] The 600 parts of black fungus residue were evenly mixed with 400 parts of cow dung, and fermented in a pile for 30 days to obtain a black fungus residue composite microbial fertilizer. The prepared fertilizer was mixed with soil in ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2, and 10:0, and then potted corn was planted.

[0122] Effect Verification Example 1

[0123] The potted corn and corn soil planted using the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were tested respectively. In this effect verification example, each treatment is expressed in the form of "6:4 (2:8)", the number ratio outside the brackets is the volume ratio of black fungus chaff to chicken manure or cow dung, and the number ratio in the brackets is the mixing ratio of the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer to the soil.

[0124] 1. Corn growth indicators

[0125] Detect the growth indicators of corn, including: 100-grain weight, yield per plant, weight per plant, above-ground dry matter weight and number of fibrous roots.

[0126] The results are as follows Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown in the experimental results, different ratios of microbial fertilizer (chicken manure and cow manure) had significant effects on 100-kernel weight, yield per plant, single root weight, aboveground dry matter weight, and number of fibrous roots of corn. Among the seven treatments with microbial fertilizer (chicken manure), the 6:4 (2:8) ratio performed better in terms of aboveground dry matter weight (0.95 kg) and yield per plant (180.61 g). The 7:3 (4:6) ratio performed better in terms of multiple indicators, including aboveground dry matter weight (1.05 kg), yield per plant (181.15 g), single plant weight (43.24 g), 100-kernel weight (27.09 g), and number of fibrous roots (21.80 roots).

[0127] Among the seven treatments with added bacterial fertilizer (cow dung), the aboveground dry matter weight (0.35 kg), yield per plant (57.09 g), single root weight (12.36 g), and number of fibrous roots (11.4 roots) of the 6:4 (2:8) treatment were much lower than those of the CK treatment; the 100-grain weight (18.09 g) of the 6:4 (6:4) treatment had no significant difference from that of the CK treatment; the aboveground dry matter weight (0.32 kg) of the 7:3 (8:2) treatment was much lower than that of the CK treatment, and the 100-grain weight (18.11 g) had no significant difference from that of the CK treatment. The yield per plant (43.72 g) of the 7:3 (2:8) treatment was much lower than that of the CK treatment, and the weight per plant (18.52 g) and the number of fibrous roots (11.67 roots) were not significantly different from those of the CK treatment; the dry matter weight (0.40 kg), yield per plant (65.37 g), weight per plant (17.39 g) and the number of fibrous roots (11.33 roots) of the 8:2 (5:5) treatment were all lower than those of the CK treatment; the 100-grain weight (17.87 g) of the 8:2 (10:0) treatment was not significantly different from that of the CK treatment.

[0128] By analyzing corn growth indicators (100-kernel weight, yield per plant, plant weight, aboveground dry matter weight, and number of fibrous roots), we selected the following microbial fertilizers: chicken manure with a ratio of 6:4 (denoted as A1), 6:4 (2:8) (denoted as C1); 7:3 (denoted as A2), 7:3 (4:6) (denoted as C2); 8:2 (denoted as A3), and 8:2 (4:6) (denoted as C3). The microbial fertilizers: cow manure with a ratio of 6:4 (denoted as B1), 6:4 (4:6) (denoted as D1); 7:3 (denoted as B2), 7:3 (4:6) (denoted as D2); 8:2 (denoted as B3), and 8:2 (4:6) (denoted as D3).

[0129] 2. pH changes

[0130] The soil pH value at different planting periods was tested. The results were as follows: Figure 4As shown in the figure, soil pH initially decreased and then increased during corn growth. During the jointing stage, soil pH dropped sharply before gradually recovering. Soil treated with microbial fertilizer (chicken manure) maintained a pH between 6.96 and 7.00 during maturity, slightly lower than that of the CK treatment. The pH of soil treated with microbial fertilizer (cow manure) was lower than that of the CK treatment. This result indicates that the application of microbial fertilizer can improve soil pH, shifting the soil pH toward neutrality.

[0131] 3. Changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content

[0132] like Figure 5 As shown in Figure a, the cellulose content of the black fungus fertilizer (chicken manure) showed an overall downward trend, with the C1 treatment decreasing by 10.90 mg / g, the C2 treatment decreasing by 28.91 mg / g, and the C3 treatment decreasing by 34.334 mg / g. The cellulose content of the bacterial fertilizer (cow manure) showed an overall downward trend, with the D1 treatment decreasing by 25.462 mg / g, the D2 treatment decreasing by 12.064 mg / g, and the D3 treatment decreasing by 14.21 mg / g. The cellulose content of the CK treatment also showed a downward trend, decreasing by 5.225 mg / g.

[0133] like Figure 5 As shown in Figure b, the hemicellulose content of the black fungus fertilizer (chicken manure) C1 treatment showed an overall downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the C1 treatment decreasing by 19.794 mg / g. The hemicellulose content of the C2 treatment showed a downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the C2 treatment decreasing by 20.033 mg / g. The C3 treatment showed a downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the C3 treatment decreasing by 11.96 mg / g. The hemicellulose content of the bacterial fertilizer (cow dung) D1 treatment showed an overall downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the D1 treatment decreasing by 2.885 mg / g. The D2 treatment showed an overall downward trend, with the hemicellulose content decreasing by 13.201 mg / g. The D3 treatment showed an upward and then downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the bacterial fertilizer (cow dung) D3 treatment increasing by 8.641 (mg / g). The CK treatment showed an overall downward trend, with the hemicellulose content of the CK treatment decreasing by 2.975 (mg / g).

[0134] like Figure 5As shown in Figure c, the lignin content of the black fungus fertilizer (chicken manure) C1 treatment showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend, and the lignin content of the C1 treatment decreased by 30.083 mg / g during the growth period. The lignin content of the C2 treatment showed a continuous decrease trend, and the lignin content of the C2 treatment decreased by 45.319 mg / g during the growth period. The lignin content of the C3 treatment showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend, and the lignin content of the C3 treatment decreased by 16.586 mg / g during the growth period. The lignin content of the fungus fertilizer (cow dung) D1 treatment showed a decrease-then-increase trend, and the lignin content of the D1 treatment decreased by 4.662 mg / g during the growth period. The D2 treatment showed an increase-then-decrease trend, and the lignin content decreased by 4.377 mg / g. The fungus fertilizer (cow dung) D3 treatment showed an increase-then-decrease trend, and the lignin content decreased by 6.234 mg / g.

[0135] 4. Changes in cellulase, hemicellulase, and lignin peroxidase activities

[0136] like Figure 6 As shown in (a), the cellulase activity in treatment C1 showed an upward trend, increasing by 21.651 nmol / min / g, among which the cellulase activity was the highest at the tasseling stage, which was 178.9936 nmol / min / g; the cellulase activity in treatment C2 showed an upward trend, increasing by 6.959 nmol / min / g, among which the activity was the highest at the tasseling stage, which was 287.7164 nmol / min / g; the cellulase activity in treatment C3 showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again, increasing by 0.256 nmol / min / g, among which the activity was the highest at the tasseling stage, which was 250.3749 nmol / min / g. Cellulase activity in the D1 treatment increased, reaching its highest activity at 332.599052 nmol / min / g during the tasseling phase. The D2 treatment showed a decreasing trend, decreasing by 50.964 nmol / min / g, with its highest activity at 291.000 nmol / min / g during the tasseling phase. The D3 treatment showed an increasing trend, increasing by 111.781 nmol / min / g, with its highest activity at 294.285 nmol / min / g during the flowering phase. The CK treatment also showed an increasing trend, increasing by 1.095 nmol / min / g, with its highest activity at 155.9875 nmol / min / g during the tasseling phase.

[0137] like Figure 6As shown in (b), hemicellulase activities in treatments C1, C2, and C3 all showed an upward trend, increasing by 37.447, 185.073, and 117.90 nmol / min / g, respectively. Treatment C1 had the highest activity at the tasseling stage, reaching 1149.4097 nmol / min / g; treatments C2 and C3 had the highest activity at the flowering stage, reaching 1217.183 and 1231.520 nmol / min / g, respectively. Treatments D1 and D2 showed a downward trend, decreasing by 448.347 and 2.607 nmol / min / g, respectively. Treatment D1 had the highest activity at the seedling stage, reaching 890.046 nmol / min / g, while treatment D2 had the highest activity at the flowering stage, reaching 685.423 nmol / min / g. Treatment D3 showed an upward trend, increasing by 345.383 nmol / min / g. The CK treatment showed an upward trend, increasing by 16.9434 nmol / min / g, and the highest activity was 1129.860 nmol / min / g during the flowering stage.

[0138] like Figure 6 As shown in Figure c, the lignin peroxidase activities of treatments C1, C2, and C3 all showed a downward trend, decreasing by 1.67, 5.00, and 0.83 U / g, respectively. The activities of treatments C1, C2, and C3 were the highest at the jointing stage, at 15.833, 19.167, and 11.667 U / g, respectively. Treatment D1 showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend, decreasing by 1.667 U / g, with the highest activity at the flowering stage, at 15 U / g; treatment D2 showed a downward trend, decreasing by 5.833 U / g, with the highest activity at the seedling stage, at 12.5 U / g; treatment D3 showed an upward trend, increasing by 0.833 U / g, with the highest activity at the flowering stage, at 15 U / g. Treatment CK showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend, decreasing by 2.5 U / g, with the highest activity at the jointing stage, at 17.5 U / g ( Figure 6 (c)

[0139] The results showed that there were significant differences in enzyme activity among different treatments.

[0140] 5. Changes in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) content

[0141] like Figure 7 As shown in a, during the growth of black fungus husks (chicken manure) returned to the field, soil TN gradually decreased, and increased during the maturity period. The TN content of soil C3 during the maturity period was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The TN content of C1 treatment decreased the most, by 48.31%. There was no significant difference in the growth period of other treatments. Figure 7As shown in b and c, during the growth process of black fungus chaff (chicken manure) returned to the field, soil TP and TK showed a downward trend. During the flowering period, the soil TP of C3 was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the TP of C3 decreased the most, by 65%. During the entire corn growth stage, the soil TK of C3 was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the TK of C1 decreased the most, by 9.9%.

[0142] like Figure 7 As shown in a, during the growth of black fungus chaff (cow dung) returned to the field, the TN content in the soil decreased, with a decrease of 5.34 g / kg in D1, 2.16 g / kg in D2, and 0.46 g / kg in D3. Figure 7 As shown in Figure b, the soil TP content showed an upward trend in the D1 treatment, increasing by 0.59 g / kg; and a downward trend in the D2 and D3 treatments, decreasing by 0.16 g / kg and 0.04 g / kg respectively. Figure 7 As shown in (c), the TK content in soil showed an upward trend in treatments D1, D2, and D3, increasing by 0.04 g / kg, 0.42 g / kg, and 0.51 g / kg, respectively.

[0143] The results showed that different fermentation treatments had significant effects on the accumulation characteristics of TN, TP and TK.

[0144] 6.OTU Analysis

[0145] like Figure 8 As shown in (a), during the growth of black fungus husks (chicken manure) returned to the field, the bacterial C1 treatment had a total of 82 OTU characteristics, the C2 treatment had a total of 82 OTU characteristics, the C3 treatment had a total of 245 OTU characteristics, and the CK growth period had a total of 301 OTU characteristics. During the growth process, the bacterial C1 treatment had the most OTU characteristics during the flowering and silking stage, with 2051, and the least during the seedling stage, with 714; the C2 treatment had the most OTU characteristics during the flowering and silking stage, with 2281, and the least during the seedling stage, with 653; the C3 treatment had the most OTU characteristics during the tasseling stage, with 2351, and the least during the seedling stage, with 1400; the CK treatment had the most OTU characteristics during the jointing stage, with 1789, and the least during the seedling stage, with 1319.

[0146] like Figure 8 As shown in (b), during the growth of black fungus treated with cow dung residue, the D1 treatment shared 249 OTU signatures, the D2 treatment shared 194 OTU signatures, and the D3 treatment shared 242 OTU signatures. During the CK growth period, there were 301 OTU signatures. The D1 treatment had the most OTU signatures during the seedling stage, with 2,395; the D1 treatment had the fewest OTU signatures during the mature stage, with 1,656.

[0147] like Figure 8As shown in (c), the C1 treatment had 34 OTU signatures, the C2 treatment had 34 OTU signatures, the C3 treatment had 70 OTU signatures, and the CK treatment had 41 OTU signatures. Among the fungi, the C1 treatment had the most OTU signatures at the seedling stage, at 3964, and the least at the flowering and silking stage, at 821. The C2 treatment had the most OTU signatures at the jointing stage, at 4493, and the least at the seedling stage, at 541. The C3 treatment had the most OTU signatures at the flowering and silking stage, at 2772, and the least at the tasseling stage, at 1095. The CK treatment had the most OTU signatures at the seedling stage, at 2117, and the least at the mature stage, at 969.

[0148] like Figure 8 As shown in (d), the fungal D1 treatment had a total of 64 OTU features, the D2 treatment had a total of 44 OTU features, and the D3 treatment had a total of 53 OTU features. The D1 treatment had the most OTU features at the jointing stage, with 1896, while the D3 treatment had the least OTU features at the seedling stage, with 1095.

[0149] 7. Impact of Alpha Diversity on Microbial Bacterial and Fungal Communities

[0150] In Alpha diversity, Coverage ≥ 99.9%, indicating that all microbial sequences in the samples were detected. During the growth process, the bacterial richness of the C3 treatment was higher than that of the other treatments, and the richness of the C3 treatment was the highest during the tasseling period ( Figure 9 (a); The bacterial richness of the D3 treatment was higher than that of the other treatments, and the bacterial richness of the D3 treatment was the highest at the jointing stage ( Figure 9 (b) The fungal richness of treatment C1 was higher than that of other treatments, and the fungal richness of treatment C1 was the highest at the jointing stage ( Figure 9 The fungal richness in the CK treatment was higher than that in the D1, D2, and D3 treatments ( Figure 9 (d)

[0151] The bacterial community diversity index in the process of returning black fungus residue to the field was 6.744-9.491 in the C1 treatment, 5.122-9.420 in the C2 treatment, and 8.221-9.552 in the C3 treatment. Figure 9 e); D1 treatment was 8.973-9.626; D2 treatment was 9.089-9.550; D3 treatment was 9.058-9.663; CK treatment was 6.970-9.273 ( Figure 9 (f) Fungal community diversity index in the process of returning black fungus residue to the field, C1 treatment ranged from 4.811 to 8.583; C2 treatment ranged from 1.964 to 9.160; C3 treatment ranged from 5.170 to 9.022 ( Figure 9 g); D1 treatment was 5.006-7.100; D2 treatment was 4.993-6.867; D3 treatment was 4.093-6.807; CK treatment was 5.893-7.583 ( Figure 9h).

[0152] 8. Impact of Beta Diversity on Microbial Bacterial and Fungal Communities

[0153] In the soil bacterial community structure after the black fungus fertilizer (chicken manure) was returned to the field during the growth process, at the seedling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 72.18% and 19.90% of the differences between the four treatments, respectively. At the jointing stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 50.30% and 33.05% of the differences between the four treatments, respectively. The bacterial community structures of the C1 and C3 treatments were closer, indicating that their bacterial community structures were more similar. At the tasseling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 51.54% and 35.69% of the differences between the four treatments, respectively. At the flowering and silking stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 64.71% and 12.28% of the differences between the four treatments, respectively. At the mature stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 44.13% and 19.60% of the differences between the four treatments, respectively. The bacterial communities of the four treatments were obviously separated, and the bacterial community structures of the C1 and C2 treatments were closer, indicating that their bacterial community structures were more similar ( Figure 10 (ae).

[0154] In the soil bacterial community structure after returning black fungus fertilizer (cow dung) to the field, at the seedling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 90.61% and 4.50% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the jointing stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 74.80% and 10.80% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the tasseling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 70.15% and 15.85% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the flowering and silking stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 61.23% and 21.11% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the maturity stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 48.57% and 27.01% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. Figure 11 (ae).

[0155] In the soil fungal community structure after returning black fungus fertilizer (chicken manure) to the field, at the seedling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 80.70% and 9.08% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the jointing stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 58.57% and 16.22% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the tasseling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 46.01% and 25.80% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the flowering and silking stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 65.08% and 18.50% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the maturity stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 49.41% and 22.86% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively, and the fungal communities of the four treatments were significantly separated ( Figure 12 (ae).

[0156] In the soil fungal community structure after returning black fungus fertilizer (cow dung) to the field, at the seedling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 63.57% and 24.45% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the jointing stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 36.66% and 23.30% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the tasseling stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 46.32% and 26.57% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the flowering and silking stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 55.88% and 23.47% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. At the maturity stage, the first principal coordinate and the second principal coordinate explained 38.09% and 23.30% of the differences among the four treatments, respectively. The fungal communities of the four treatments were significantly separated ( Figure 13 The bacterial community structures of treatments C1 and C2 were closer, indicating that their bacterial community structures were more similar.

[0157] The bacterial community structures of treatments C3 and CK were closer, indicating that their bacterial community structures were more similar. The fungal community structures of treatments D1 and D3 were similar, and the bacterial community structures were more similar.

[0158] In summary, the present invention draws the following conclusions by exploring the physical and chemical properties, corn growth and microbial flora changes of black fungus husks, chicken manure and cow dung after composting and returning to the field:

[0159] Through the corn growth indicators: 100-grain weight, single plant yield, single root weight, above-ground dry matter weight and number of fibrous roots, the results showed that the growth effect was better when the ratio of bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure) to soil was C1:6:4 (2:8), C2:7:3 (4:6), and C3:8:2 (4:6), and the growth effect was better when the ratio of bacterial fertilizer (cow dung) to soil was D1:6:4 (4:6), D2:7:3 (4:6), and D3:8:2 (4:6). Among them, the growth effect of adding bacterial fertilizer (chicken manure) was better than that of adding bacterial fertilizer (cow dung).

[0160] There were significant differences in lignocellulose degradation among the different treatments. Cellulose content was best degraded in treatment C3, followed by C2 and D1; hemicellulose content was best degraded in treatment C2, followed by C1 and C3; and lignin content was best degraded in treatment C2, followed by C1 and C3.

[0161] There were significant differences in enzyme activity among the different treatments. Cellulase increased most in treatment D3, followed by C1 and C2; hemicellulase increased most in treatment D3, followed by C2 and C3; and lignin peroxidase increased most in treatment D3, followed by C2 and C3.

[0162] Different fermentation treatments had significant effects on the accumulation characteristics of TN, TP, and TK. During the maize maturity period, soil TN content was highest in treatment D1, followed by C3 and C2; TP content was highest in treatment D1, followed by C2 and C3; TK content was highest in treatment C3, followed by D1 and D2.

[0163] The bacterial and fungal diversity in the C3 treatment was higher than in the other treatments, while the fungal diversity in the D2 and D3 treatments was lower than that in the CK treatment. The Chao1 and Shannon indices for bacteria and fungi in the C3 treatment were the highest. Significant differences in soil bacterial and fungal diversity were observed, with increases in richness and diversity observed in both the chicken manure and cow manure treatments, with the chicken manure treatment showing a more significant increase.

[0164] The results showed that the various indicators of C3, C2 and D3 treatments were better than those of other treatments after returning to the field, among which C3 treatment had the best effect.

[0165] The embodiments described above are merely descriptions of preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by persons skilled in the art should fall within the scope of protection defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A black fungus fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer, characterized in that, Including black fungus chaff and chicken manure; The volume ratio of the black fungus husk to the chicken manure is (6-8):(2-4); The black fungus chaff is waste from the black fungus cultivation substrate after the black fungus is cultivated and harvested.

2. the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, Calculated by mass fraction, the black fungus cultivation matrix comprises: 80% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% gypsum and 1% lime, and the balance is water.

3. black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, The volume ratio of the black fungus chaff to the chicken manure is 8:

2.

4. A method for preparing a composite microbial fertilizer made from black fungus husks as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Take fresh chicken manure, pre-ferment it, and crush it to obtain chicken manure; The black fungus chaff is crushed, mixed with the chicken manure, and piled for fermentation to obtain the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer.

5. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein The pre-fermentation comprises: The fresh chicken manure is piled for 3-5 days in an environment with a temperature of 50-60° C., a humidity of 50%-60%, and a pH of 6.5-8.

6. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein The pile building and fermentation process comprises the steps of building a pile body, covering the top with a breathable film, turning the pile and adding water.

7. The preparation method according to claim 6, wherein The height of the pile is 1.5-2m and the width is 2-2.5m; the initial humidity of the pile is 60%; the total duration of the pile construction and fermentation is 30 days; During the 7-21 days after the pile is built and fermented, turn the pile over every 3 days; after 21 days of fermentation, turn the pile over every 7 days.

8. An application of the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer as described in any one of claims 1 to 3 in promoting plant growth and / or improving soil.

9. A method for promoting plant growth, characterized in that: The method comprises the steps of mixing the black fungus husk composite microbial fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 3 with soil and planting plants.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein The volume ratio of the black fungus chaff composite microbial fertilizer to the soil is 4:6; The plant is corn.

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