Electrocatalyst with ordered spatial distribution and stable active sites as well as preparation method and application of electrocatalyst
By constructing a Ru-O-Ce bridging structure on a conductive carbon rod, the problem of unstable distribution of Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites in an alkaline environment was solved, stable separation of active sites and efficient catalysis were achieved, and the performance of water electrolysis and fuel cells was improved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202510880037.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-17
AI Technical Summary
When existing Ru-based materials are used as HER/HOR bifunctional electrocatalysts in alkaline environments, the spatial distribution of Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites is difficult to control and unstable, resulting in active site loss and performance degradation.
By anchoring Ce single atoms and Ru clusters on defect-rich conductive carbon rods, a Ru-O-Ce bridging structure is constructed to achieve spatially stable separation of Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites, forming strong Ce-O-Ru bonds, making Ru(n+) and Ru(0) the optimal adsorption sites for hydrogen and hydroxyl, respectively.
It significantly improves the interfacial water transfer rate, improves the efficiency of water electrolysis and fuel cell systems, and enhances the stability and catalytic activity of the Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites, thereby improving the overall performance of the catalyst.
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Figure CN120797024A_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of water electrolysis and fuel cell, in particular to an electrocatalyst with ordered spatial distribution and stable active sites and a preparation method and application thereof. BACKGROUND
[0002] With the intensification of global energy crisis and the increasing severity of environmental pollution, developing sustainable and environmentally friendly energy has become a top priority. Hydrogen energy, with its high energy density and non-polluting emission characteristics, is considered one of the most promising future energy sources. Electrochemical water splitting, as an efficient and clean way of hydrogen production, has been widely recognized as an important part of future sustainable energy. However, the slow kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a key half-reaction of electrochemical water splitting severely limits the overall reaction efficiency. In addition, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) process, as the core of fuel cell technology, also faces key challenges such as slow reaction kinetics. Given that alkaline water electrolysis and fuel cells are more cost-effective than acidic water electrolysis and fuel cells, it is crucial to develop a bifunctional electrocatalyst that can effectively catalyze both HER and HOR in an alkaline environment. Such an electrocatalyst not only improves energy conversion efficiency but also reduces equipment costs.
[0003] Currently, Ru-based materials as HER / HOR bifunctional electrocatalysts have a significant cost advantage (about 1 / 2 the price of Pt). The electrocatalytic efficiency of Ru clusters depends directly on their surface valence states, and one of the key challenges is the difficulty of coexistence of high-valence Ru(n+) and metal Ru(0) sites during hydrogen energy conversion. Under alkaline high-potential conditions, Ru is prone to over-oxidation to form soluble RuO42-; while under low-potential conditions, Ru is prone to over-reduction, leading to the disappearance of high-valence Ru(n+) active sites. These situations can lead to loss of active sites and performance decay. Although the metal-metal oxide heterojunction strategy is an effective way to obtain Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active site integration, how to precisely control the spatial distribution of Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites and ensure their stability remains a challenge. SUMMARY
[0004] The present application aims to solve the problems in the background art by providing an electrocatalyst with ordered spatial distribution and stable active sites and a preparation method and application thereof.
[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides the following technical solutions:
[0006] The preparation method of the electrocatalyst with ordered spatial distribution and stable active sites comprises the following steps:
[0007] Step one, preparation of the defect-rich conductive carbon rod, specifically comprising the following steps:
[0008] Step (1), N,N-dimethylformamide is added into a 100 mL round-bottom flask, followed by adding terephthalic acid, zinc nitrate hexahydrate and indium nitrate hexahydrate in sequence, and ultrasonic treatment for 5-30 min to form a uniform solution A;
[0009] Step (2), solution A is heated in an oil bath at 50-150°C for 1 hour to form a white precipitate, the precipitate is separated by centrifugation, and the precipitate is washed with deionized water for multiple times, and then the washed precipitate is placed in a drying oven at 60°C for drying treatment to form a white powder substance B;
[0010] Step (3), the obtained white powder substance B is heat-treated for 1-4 hours, and cooled at room temperature to obtain a black powder substance C;
[0011] Step (4), the black powder substance C is etched with 3 mol / L HNO3 solution at room temperature, and after etching is completed, the black powder substance C is washed with deionized water for multiple times and dried in vacuum overnight, and a defect-rich conductive carbon rod is collected; -1
[0012] Step two, synthesis of the Ru-O-Ce bridging structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst, specifically comprising the following steps:
[0013] Step (1), Ru metal salt and cerium nitrate hexahydrate are added into a round-bottom flask containing deionized water, and ultrasonic treatment is performed for 5-30 min to uniformly disperse them. Then, the defect-rich conductive carbon rod is added, and ultrasonic treatment is performed again for 5-30 min to form a uniformly dispersed solution D;
[0014] Step (2), solution D is heated in an oil bath at 100°C until the solvent is completely evaporated, leaving a black powder E;
[0015] Step (3), the obtained black powder E is placed in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere, and annealing treatment is performed at a temperature of 400-600°C, and the cooled product is the Ru-O-Ce bridging structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst, and the multiple active sites are orderly and stably distributed in space.
[0016] Further, in step one, the concentration of terephthalic acid in the N,N-dimethylformamide solution is 2-6 mg / mL; -1 ; the concentration of zinc nitrate hexahydrate in the N,N-dimethylformamide solution is 4-10 mg / mL; -1 ; and the concentration of indium nitrate hexahydrate in the N,N-dimethylformamide solution is 5-20 mg / mL; -1 .
[0017] Furthermore, in step 2, the concentration of the defect-rich conductive carbon rod in deionized water is 1 to 20 mg / mL. -1 The concentration of the Ru metal salt in deionized water is 1 to 10 mg mL -1 The concentration of the cerium nitrate hexahydrate in deionized water is 1 to 10 mg mL -1 .
[0018] Furthermore, in step 2, the hydrogen content in the hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere is 1% to 10%, and the argon content is 90% to 99%.
[0019] Furthermore, in step 2, the Ru metal salt is one or more of ruthenium chloride, ruthenium carbonyl, ruthenium nitrate, and ruthenium acetylacetonate.
[0020] The second aspect of the present invention provides an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites prepared by the above method.
[0021] The third aspect of the present invention provides an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites for use in the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode of water electrolysis and the hydrogen oxidation reaction at the anode of a hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell.
[0022] The beneficial effect of the present invention is that the present invention cleverly anchors Ce single atoms and Ru clusters on defect-rich and oxygen-functionalized conductive carbon rods, and successfully synthesizes a new type of Ru-O-Ce bridging structure-induced electrocatalyst with coexistence of multiple Ru active sites. Specifically, the electrocatalyst constructs a strong Ce-O-Ru bond between the Ru cluster and the Ce single atom with the help of bridging oxygen atoms, achieving spatially stable separation of different ruthenium valence states within the Ru cluster: the position close to the Ce-O-Ru bond is the high-valence state Ru(n+), while the position away from the bond is the zero-valence state Ru(0). This unique design makes the Ru(n+) and Ru(0) sites the optimal adsorption sites for hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH), respectively. In addition, its unique Ru(0)-Ru(n+) combination also significantly improves the interfacial water transfer rate, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of the entire water electrolysis and fuel cell system, bringing new breakthroughs and opportunities for the development of the hydrogen energy field. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] Figure 1 is a scanning electron microscope image (SEM) of the defect-rich conductive carbon rod in Example 1 of the present invention;
[0024] Figure 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites in Example 1 of the present invention;
[0025] Figure 3is the spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-HAADF-STEM) image of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application, which analyzes the distribution of Ru clusters and Ce single atoms;
[0026] Figure 4 is the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET) of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application, which analyzes the specific surface area of the electrocatalyst;
[0027] Figure 5 is the Raman spectrum of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application;
[0028] Figure 6 is the Barder charge graph of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application;
[0029] Figure 7 is the alkaline hydrogen evolution curve of the water electrolysis cathode of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application and the commercial platinum / carbon electrocatalyst;
[0030] Figure 8 is the alkaline hydrogen evolution chronoamperometric curve of the water electrolysis cathode of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application;
[0031] Figure 9 is the alkaline hydrogen evolution curve of the anode of the hydrogen-oxygen exchange membrane fuel cell of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application and the commercial platinum / carbon electrocatalyst;
[0032] Figure 10 is the alkaline hydrogen evolution chronoamperometric curve of the anode of the hydrogen-oxygen exchange membrane fuel cell of the spatially distributed ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in Example 1 of the present application and the commercial platinum / carbon electrocatalyst. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor fall within the scope of protection of the present application.
[0034] Example 1:
[0035] (1) Preparation of a defect-rich conductive carbon rod
[0036] N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added to a 100 mL round-bottom flask, followed by the addition of terephthalic acid (30 mg), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (60 mg) and indium nitrate hexahydrate (82 mg), and ultrasonication for 15 min was performed to form a homogeneous solution A. Subsequently, solution A was heated in an oil bath at 130°C for 1 hour to form a white precipitate, which was separated by centrifugation, washed several times, and dried at 60°C to form a white powder substance B. The obtained white powder substance B was then heat-treated for 3 hours and cooled at room temperature to obtain a black powder substance C, which was then treated with 3 mol L -1 The black powdered substance C was etched with HNO3 solution, washed with deionized water several times and dried in vacuum overnight to obtain defect-rich conductive carbon rods;
[0037] (2) Synthesis of electrocatalysts with multiple Ru active sites induced by Ru-O-Ce bridging structure
[0038] Ruthenium chloride (22 mg) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (22 mg) were added to a round-bottom flask filled with deionized water (20 mL) and sonicated for 15 minutes to achieve a uniform dispersion. A defect-rich conductive carbon rod (100 mg) was then added and sonicated again for 15 minutes to form a uniformly dispersed solution D. Solution D was then heated in an oil bath at 100°C until the solvent completely evaporated, leaving a black powder E. Finally, the resulting black powder E was annealed at 500°C in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere (10% H2 / 90% Ar). The product was cooled to yield an electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites induced by a Ru-O-Ce bridging structure. The multiple Ru active sites were spatially ordered and stable. This spatially ordered and stable electrocatalyst exhibited 94 times and 17 times the activity of commercial Pt / C in alkaline hydrogen evolution (HRE) at the cathode of water electrolysis and alkaline HOR (HOR) at the anode of a hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell, respectively.
[0039] like Figure 1 As shown, the SEM results show that the product obtained in step (1) is a defect-rich conductive carbon rod with a diameter of about 1 μm;
[0040] like Figure 2 As shown, the SEM results showed that the product obtained in step (2) retained a rod-like morphology with a diameter of approximately 1 μm;
[0041] like Figure 3 As shown, the AC-HAADF-STEM results show that the product obtained in step (2) is a coexistence morphology of Ru clusters and Ce single atoms;
[0042] like Figure 4 As shown in the figure, the BET results show that the specific surface area of the product obtained in step (2) is 1499.6m 2 g -1 ;
[0043] As shown in Figure 5 , Raman results show that the Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active sites of the product obtained in step (2) can stably coexist in the entire hydrogen energy conversion range. Further analysis of the Raman shift shows that the Ru(n+) site is the best adsorption site for hydrogen, with a Raman shift of 1960 cm -1 ; while the Ru(0) site is the best adsorption site for hydroxyl, with a Raman shift of 715 cm -1 . In addition, the stable H2O peak appearing at 3410 cm -1 indicates that the unique Ru(0)-Ru(n+) combination significantly improves the interface water transport rate, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of the entire water electrolysis and fuel cell system;
[0044] As shown in Figure 6 , the Barder charge shows that the Ru(n+)-Ru(0) active site of the product obtained in step (2) has an ordered spatial distribution, with high-valence Ru(n+) near the Ce-O-Ru bond and zero-valence Ru(0) away from the bond;
[0045] As shown in Figure 7 , the alkaline HER activity of the alkaline water electrolysis cathode of the prepared spatially ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst is better than that of commercial platinum / carbon;
[0046] As shown in Figure 8 , the spatially ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst prepared has excellent large current stability in the alkaline HER of the water electrolysis cathode;
[0047] As shown in Figure 9 , the alkaline HOR activity of the prepared spatially ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst in the anode of the hydroxyl exchange membrane fuel cell is better than that of commercial platinum / carbon;
[0048] As shown in Figure 10 , the stability of the spatially ordered and active site stable electrocatalyst prepared in the alkaline HOR of the anode of the hydroxyl exchange membrane fuel cell is better than that of commercial platinum / carbon.
[0049] Example Two:
[0050] (1) Preparation of defect-rich conductive carbon rod
[0051] N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was added into a 100 mL round bottom flask, followed by the addition of terephthalic acid (40 mg), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (100 mg), and indium nitrate hexahydrate (200 mg) in sequence, and a uniform solution A was formed by ultrasonic treatment for 10 min. Subsequently, solution A was heated in an oil bath at 100 °C for 1 h to form a white precipitate, which was separated by centrifugation, washed multiple times, and dried at 60 °C to form a white powder material B. The obtained white powder material B was further heat treated for 2 h, cooled to room temperature to obtain a black powder material C, and etched with a 3 mol L-1 HNO3 solution at room temperature. After etching was completed, the black powder material C was washed with deionized water multiple times and dried in vacuum overnight, and a defect-rich conductive carbon rod was collected. -1 HNO3 solution at room temperature. After etching was completed, the black powder material C was washed with deionized water multiple times and dried in vacuum overnight, and a defect-rich conductive carbon rod was collected.
[0052] (2) Synthesis of an electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites coexisting induced by Ru-O-Ce bridging structure
[0053] A round bottom flask containing deionized water (20 mL) was added with ruthenium chloride (50 mg) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (32 mg), and a uniform dispersion was obtained by ultrasonic treatment for 20 min. Then, a defect-rich conductive carbon rod (80 mg) was added, and a uniform dispersion solution D was obtained by ultrasonic treatment for another 20 min. Subsequently, solution D was heated in an oil bath at 100 °C until the solvent was completely evaporated, leaving a black powder E. Finally, the obtained black powder E was annealed in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere (5% H2 / 95% Ar) at a temperature of 500 °C, and the product was cooled to obtain an electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites coexisting induced by Ru-O-Ce bridging structure, which has ordered and stable spatial distribution of multiple active sites.
[0054] Example Three:
[0055] (1) Preparation of a defect-rich conductive carbon rod
[0056] N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added into a 100 mL round bottom flask, followed by the addition of terephthalic acid (25 mg), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (60 mg), and indium nitrate hexahydrate (82 mg) in sequence, and a uniform solution A was formed by ultrasonic treatment for 10 min. Subsequently, solution A was heated in an oil bath at 120 °C for 1 h to form a white precipitate, which was separated by centrifugation, washed multiple times, and dried at 60 °C to form a white powder material B. The obtained white powder material B was further heat treated for 4 h, cooled to room temperature to obtain a black powder material C, and etched with a 3 mol L-1 HNO3 solution at room temperature. After etching was completed, the black powder material C was washed with deionized water multiple times and dried in vacuum overnight, and a defect-rich conductive carbon rod was collected. -1 HNO3 solution at room temperature. After etching was completed, the black powder material C was washed with deionized water multiple times and dried in vacuum overnight, and a defect-rich conductive carbon rod was collected.
[0057] (2) Synthesis of the Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst
[0058] In a round bottom flask containing deionized water (40 mL), add ruthenium chloride (48 mg) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (48 mg) and sonicate for 10 min to make them uniformly dispersed. Then add the defect-rich conductive carbon rod (200 mg) and sonicate again for 10 min to form a uniformly dispersed solution D. Subsequently, heat solution D in an oil bath at 100 °C until the solvent is completely evaporated, leaving black powder E. Finally, place the obtained black powder E in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere (5% H2 / 95% Ar) and anneal at a temperature of 500 °C, and cool the product to obtain the Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst, which has multiple active sites with ordered and stable spatial distribution.
[0059] Example Four:
[0060] (1) Preparation of the defect-rich conductive carbon rod
[0061] Add N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) to a 100 mL round bottom flask, then add terephthalic acid (40 mg), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (70 mg), and indium nitrate hexahydrate (100 mg) in sequence, and sonicate for 25 min to form a uniformly dispersed solution A. Subsequently, heat solution A in an oil bath at 80 °C for 1 hour to form a white precipitate, separate the precipitate by centrifugation, wash multiple times, and dry the precipitate at 60 °C to form white powder material B. Further heat treat the obtained white powder material B for 3 hours, cool at room temperature to obtain black powder material C, and etch black powder material C with 3 mol L -1 HNO3 solution at room temperature, wash multiple times with deionized water after etching is complete, and dry in a vacuum overnight to collect the defect-rich conductive carbon rod;
[0062] (2) Synthesis of the Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst
[0063] In a round bottom flask containing deionized water (10 mL), add ruthenium chloride (15 mg) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (15 mg) and sonicate for 15 min to make them uniformly dispersed. Then add the defect-rich conductive carbon rod (150 mg) and sonicate again for 15 min to form a uniformly dispersed solution D. Subsequently, heat solution D in an oil bath at 100 °C until the solvent is completely evaporated, leaving black powder E. Finally, place the obtained black powder E in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere (10% H2 / 90% Ar) and anneal at a temperature of 600 °C, and cool the product to obtain the Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced coexistence of multiple Ru active sites of the electrocatalyst, which has multiple active sites with ordered and stable spatial distribution.
[0064] Example Five:
[0065] (1) Preparation of defect-rich conductive carbon rods
[0066] N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added into a 100 mL round bottom flask, followed by the addition of terephthalic acid (30 mg), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (60 mg) and indium nitrate hexahydrate (82 mg) in sequence, and a uniform solution A was formed by ultrasonic treatment for 15 min. Then, solution A was heated in an oil bath at 130 °C for 1 h to form a white precipitate, which was separated by centrifugation, washed repeatedly and dried at 60 °C to form a white powder substance B. The obtained white powder substance B was then heat-treated for 3 h, cooled at room temperature to obtain a black powder substance C, and etched with 3 mol L -1 HNO3 solution, washed with deionized water repeatedly and dried in vacuum overnight after etching, to obtain defect-rich conductive carbon rods;
[0067] (2) Synthesis of Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites coexisting
[0068] Ruthenium acetylacetonate (22 mg) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (22 mg) were added into a round bottom flask containing deionized water (20 mL) and ultrasonically treated for 15 min to form a uniform dispersion. Then, defect-rich conductive carbon rods (100 mg) were added and ultrasonically treated for another 15 min to form a uniform dispersion solution D. Subsequently, solution D was heated in an oil bath at 100 °C until the solvent was completely evaporated, leaving a black powder E. Finally, the obtained black powder E was annealed at 400 °C in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere (10% H2 / 90% Ar), and the product was cooled to obtain a Ru-O-Ce bridge structure induced electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites coexisting, which has ordered and stable spatial distribution of multiple active sites.
[0069] It is apparent to those skilled in the art that the present application is not limited to the details of the foregoing exemplary embodiments, and this application can be implemented in other particular forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the present application. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the present application should be defined by the appended claims rather than the above description, and it is intended to encompass all changes falling within the meaning and range of equivalents of the claims. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the claims to which the reference signs are directed.
Claims
1. A method for preparing an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites, characterized in that: The steps include: Step 1: preparing defect-rich conductive carbon rods, specifically comprising the following steps: Step (1), adding N,N-dimethylformamide into a 100 mL round-bottom flask, followed by sequentially adding terephthalic acid, zinc nitrate hexahydrate and indium nitrate hexahydrate, and ultrasonically treating for 5 to 30 minutes to form a uniform solution A; Step (2), heating solution A in an oil bath at 50-150° C. for 1 hour to form a white precipitate, separating the precipitate by centrifugation, and washing the precipitate multiple times with deionized water. Subsequently, drying the washed precipitate in a drying oven at 60° C. to form a white powder substance B; Step (3), heat-treating the obtained white powder substance B for 1 to 4 hours, and cooling at room temperature to obtain a black powder substance C; Step (4), at room temperature, use 3 mol L -1 The black powdered substance C was etched with HNO3 solution, washed with deionized water several times and dried in vacuum overnight to obtain defect-rich conductive carbon rods; Step 2: Synthesizing an electrocatalyst with multiple Ru active sites coexisting induced by a Ru-O-Ce bridging structure, specifically comprising the following steps: Step (1) Add metal salt and cerium nitrate hexahydrate to a round-bottom flask filled with deionized water and ultrasonicate for 5 to 30 minutes to uniformly disperse them. Then add the defect-rich conductive carbon rod and ultrasonicate again for 5 to 30 minutes to form a uniformly dispersed solution D. Step (2), heating solution D in an oil bath at 100° C. until the solvent is completely evaporated, leaving a black powder E; In step (3), the obtained black powder E is placed in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere and annealed at a temperature of 400-600° C. The cooled product is an electrocatalyst in which multiple Ru active sites coexist induced by a Ru-O-Ce bridging structure, and the spatial distribution of the multiple active sites is orderly and stable.
2. The method for preparing an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, the concentration of terephthalic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide solution is 2-6 mg / mL -1 The concentration of zinc nitrate hexahydrate in N, N-dimethylformamide solution is 4 to 10 mg mL -1 The concentration of indium nitrate hexahydrate in N, N-dimethylformamide solution is 5 to 20 mg mL -1 .
3. The method for preparing an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, the concentration of the defect-rich conductive carbon rod in deionized water is 1 to 20 mg mL -1 The concentration of the Ru metal salt in deionized water is 1 to 10 mg mL -1 The concentration of the cerium nitrate hexahydrate in deionized water is 1 to 10 mg mL -1 .
4. The method for preparing an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, the hydrogen content in the hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere is 1% to 10%, and the argon content is 90% to 99%.
5. The method for preparing an electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, the Ru metal salt is one or more of ruthenium chloride, ruthenium carbonyl, ruthenium nitrate, and ruthenium acetylacetonate.
6. An electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites prepared according to any one of the preparation methods of claims 1 to 5.
7. The electrocatalyst with orderly spatial distribution and stable active sites as claimed in claim 6 is used for hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode of water electrolysis and hydrogen oxidation reaction at the anode of hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell.