Three-dimensional phase diagram-based direct writing line morphology regulation method and device, equipment and medium

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of based on three-dimensional phase diagram straight writing line topography regulation and control method, device, equipment and medium, it is related to printing technical field, comprising: by obtaining the rheological test result of different viscosity ink, printing process parameters and line form characterization data, apparent viscosity and boundary parameter are obtained by integration and power law fitting, construct with normalized height, normalized velocity, apparent viscosity as three-dimensional dimension process phase diagram, then by matching adaptive parameter or ink rheological property obtains target form.This introduces apparent viscosity as the third dimension, optimizes the limitation that two-dimensional phase diagram only adapts specific viscosity ink, quantifies the correlation of process parameters, rheological property and line form, only three core parameters can realize cross-ink system form accurate prediction and regulation, compatible with multiple viscosity inks, significantly reduce parameter optimization time consumption, avoid experience trial and error, accurately identify material process window, provide quantitative target for ink formula optimization, improve printing process adaptability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of printing technology, and in particular to a method, apparatus, device, and medium for controlling the shape of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram. Background Technology

[0002] Material extrusion 3D printing technology, with its unique forming advantages, has broad application prospects in cutting-edge fields such as flexible electronics and biomedicine. However, there is a complex coupling interaction between printing process parameters and ink rheological properties in this technology, making it difficult to precisely control the shape of printed lines. Traditional control methods mainly rely on the operator's experience to repeatedly adjust printing parameters, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, the two-dimensional process phase diagram used to provide the basis for parameter optimization and shape prediction has limitations. Its boundary parameters are only for inks with specific rheological properties. When the ink formulation changes, the boundary parameters of the original two-dimensional phase diagram become invalid, making it impossible to effectively predict the shape of printed lines under the new formulation, resulting in poor adaptability. This means that after changing the ink system, operators need to conduct a large number of trial and error experiments again, making it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale production of multiple material systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method, apparatus, device, and medium for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram. This method can expand the dimension and applicability of the phase diagram through apparent viscosity, thereby solving the problem of poor adaptability of traditional two-dimensional phase diagrams.

[0004] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, comprising:

[0005] Obtain rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities;

[0006] During the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, the printing parameters are recorded simultaneously. After printing is completed, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines are obtained.

[0007] The synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink sample are integrated, and the integrated data are subjected to power-law fitting calculation to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0008] Based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters, a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions is fitted and constructed.

[0009] Based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram, the target printed line shape is obtained by matching and adapting printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics.

[0010] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the present invention also provides a device for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, comprising:

[0011] The rheological results acquisition module is used to acquire the rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities;

[0012] The morphological data acquisition module is used to simultaneously record printing parameters during the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, and obtain the morphological characterization data of the printed lines after printing is completed.

[0013] The apparent viscosity acquisition module is used to integrate the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink sample, and to perform power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0014] The phase diagram fitting and construction module is used to fit and construct a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0015] The phase diagram operation module is used to obtain the target printed line shape by matching the appropriate printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram.

[0016] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the present invention also provides an electronic device, comprising: a memory for storing a computer program; and a processor for executing the computer program to implement the steps of the above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram.

[0017] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram.

[0018] As can be seen from the above technical solution, the method for controlling the morphology of straight-writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided by the present invention includes: obtaining the rheological test results of ink samples with different viscosities prepared in advance; simultaneously recording printing parameters during the process of extruding and depositing the ink samples layer by layer along a preset path, and obtaining the morphological characterization data of the printed lines after printing is completed; integrating the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink samples, and performing power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters; fitting and constructing a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters; and obtaining the target printed line morphology by matching and adapting printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics according to the different line morphology regions divided by the process phase diagram.

[0019] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: The above-mentioned method for controlling the morphology of straight-writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, provided by this invention, effectively optimizes the limitation of traditional two-dimensional phase diagrams being only applicable to inks of specific viscosities by introducing apparent viscosity as a third dimension to construct a three-dimensional process phase diagram. It quantifies the relationship between complex printing parameters, ink rheological properties, and line morphology through normalized parameters and power-law fitting, generating a morphology control strategy that combines printing parameters with different ink rheological behaviors. This strategy only requires three parameters—normalized height, normalized speed, and apparent viscosity—to achieve accurate prediction and control of line morphology across ink systems, and is compatible with multiple apparent viscosities. The ink significantly reduces the time spent on parameter optimization and avoids the inefficiency of traditional trial-and-error methods. At the same time, the boundaries of different extrusion states in the phase diagram can accurately identify the process windows of different ink materials, providing quantitative targets for ink formulation and rheological property control. This improves the process adaptability of printed line shapes, adapts to the needs of different application scenarios, and shifts process development from trial-and-error to standardized guidance. It not only provides an efficient morphology control scheme and rapid printing path for multi-material extrusion 3D printing in fields such as flexible electronics and sensors, but also provides an important research direction for the development of 3D printed sensors with multiple material systems and multiple functions.

[0020] In addition, the present invention also provides a corresponding direct writing line morphology control device, electronic device and computer-readable storage medium for the direct writing line morphology control method based on three-dimensional phase diagram, which has the same or corresponding technical features as the above-mentioned direct writing line morphology control method based on three-dimensional phase diagram, and has the same effect. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0022] Figure 1 A flowchart of a method for controlling the shape of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight-writing line morphology control device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0025] It should be noted that, in the description of this invention, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. The terms "first," "second," etc., used in this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not used to describe a specific order or sequence.

[0026] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0027] The specific application environment architecture or specific hardware architecture on which the execution of the direct writing line morphology control method based on the three-dimensional phase diagram depends is described here.

[0028] The embodiments of the present invention provide a method for controlling the shape of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram. The method is described in detail below, in conjunction with the execution flow of the method for controlling the shape of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram. Figure 1 A flowchart of a method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention is shown below. Figure 1 As shown, the method includes:

[0029] S101. Obtain the rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities.

[0030] It should be noted that this invention can select self-leveling conductive ink and corresponding diluents, and using a fixed mass of conductive ink as a baseline, gradually add different amounts of diluent to prepare multiple ink samples with varying viscosities. These samples are used to simulate the problem of insufficient adaptability of traditional phase diagrams caused by changes in ink viscosity during actual printing.

[0031] In practice, the materials used in this invention can specifically be self-leveling ink (such as conductive silver paste) and diluent. By sequentially adding 0g / 0.1g / 0.3g / 0.5g / 0.7g of diluent (the specific mass can be adjusted according to the actual situation) to a quantitative amount (such as 8g) of silver paste, five groups of ink samples with different viscosities (numbered as silver paste 1, silver paste 2, ..., silver paste 5) are prepared to obtain materials with different viscosities covering a variety of rheological performance scenarios. The purpose of this invention is to simulate the problem of poor adaptability of traditional phase diagrams caused by the viscosity changes of different materials in actual printing.

[0032] The required equipment may include a Direct Ink Writing (DIW) printer, a pressure controller, a rheometer, and an optical microscope. The DIW printer is equipped with two different inner diameter needles, 0.34mm and 0.41mm (covering two levels), and the printing pressure P can be set to 0.2MPa, 0.25MPa, 0.3MPa, 0.35MPa, and 0.4MPa (five levels), with a printing speed... It can be set to 5mm / s, 10mm / s, 15mm / s, and 20mm / s (4 levels), combined with the apparent viscosity (i.e., the viscosity of the conductive silver paste) at 5 levels. This forms an orthogonal experimental system (specific parameters can be adjusted as needed). The pneumatic controller uses air pressure to act on the piston to push the ink out, ensuring precise adjustment of the printing pressure; specifically, it can control the extrusion pressure through an air compressor, with pressure adjustment accuracy meeting the precise control of five horizontal pressures P. The pressure acts on the piston to drive the silver paste extrusion. A rheometer is used to test the rheological properties of the ink; five ink samples can be placed in it and tested at 25℃ and a shear rate of... Rotational rheological tests were conducted under these conditions to obtain viscosity. -Shear rate Curve, shear stress -Shear rate The curve serves as the result of rheological testing. An optical microscope is used to measure the linewidth of the printed lines.

[0033] S102. During the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, the printing parameters are recorded simultaneously. After printing is completed, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines are obtained.

[0034] During implementation, parameters (such as pressure, speed, and needle diameter) are recorded simultaneously during printing to ensure accurate matching between the data and the real-time conditions of ink extrusion and deposition, avoiding discrepancies between parameters and morphology in subsequent analysis. After printing, morphological characterization data (such as line width, height, contact angle, and morphology type) are collected, providing direct observational evidence for quantifying the coupling relationship between parameters, rheological properties, and morphology. This ensures the validity of samples for subsequent data integration, power-law fitting, and 3D phase diagram construction, and lays a data foundation for revealing the influence mechanism of ink rheological behavior on printed morphology.

[0035] S103. Integrate the synchronously recorded printing parameters, morphological characterization data of printed lines, and rheological test results of ink samples, and perform power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0036] It should be noted that apparent viscosity refers to the effective viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid (such as printing ink) at a specific shear rate, and is a key rheological parameter characterizing the actual flow resistance of ink during the printing process. This invention introduces apparent viscosity to construct a three-dimensional phase diagram, enabling morphological control across ink systems. Apparent viscosity directly affects linear morphological boundaries (such as packing, meandering, stretching, etc.). Using it as a coordinate axis, the three-dimensional phase diagram can predict morphological transitions under different inks, achieving universal control and avoiding individual optimization for each ink.

[0037] In practice, by integrating printing parameters (process variables), morphological characterization data (outcome variables), and rheological test results (material property variables), a complete data loop of materials, processes, and morphology was constructed, providing comprehensive sample support for analyzing the intrinsic relationship among the three. Furthermore, based on the power-law fitting calculation of the integrated data, not only were the complex non-Newtonian fluid rheological behaviors transformed into quantifiable apparent viscosity parameters, but also the threshold conditions for different morphological transformations were clarified by extracting relevant boundary parameters (such as critical velocity and critical height), thus solving the problems of scattered original data and unclear correlation.

[0038] S104. Based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters, fit and construct a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions.

[0039] In implementation, the process phase diagram serves as a visualization tool to guide the selection of process parameters and the optimization of printing effects. This invention constructs a three-dimensional process phase diagram by using apparent viscosity (a core rheological parameter of the material) along with normalized height and normalized velocity (key process parameters) as three dimensions. This overcomes the dimensional limitations of traditional two-dimensional phase diagrams and can more comprehensively cover the coupling scenarios of material properties and process parameters. Furthermore, the process of constructing the phase diagram based on boundary parameters essentially transforms discrete experimental data into a continuous morphological region partitioning model, enabling the visualization and quantification of boundary conditions of different forms such as stacking and curling.

[0040] S105. Based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram, the target printed line shape is obtained by matching the appropriate printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics.

[0041] In practice, this invention, by relying on the different line shape regions clearly defined in the phase diagram, can directly match the appropriate printing parameters or ink rheological properties according to the target shape, without relying on traditional experience trial and error. It can be compatible with inks of various apparent viscosities. Through the quantitative correlation between the parameters and shapes built into the phase diagram, it can achieve accurate prediction of cross-system shapes, which greatly shortens the parameter optimization cycle when adapting to different materials.

[0042] The above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in this invention introduces apparent viscosity as a third dimension to construct a three-dimensional process phase diagram. This effectively optimizes the limitation of traditional two-dimensional phase diagrams, which are only applicable to inks of specific viscosities. The relationship between complex printing parameters, ink rheological properties, and line morphology is quantified through normalized parameters and power-law fitting, generating a morphology control strategy that combines printing parameters with different ink rheological behaviors. This strategy only requires three parameters: normalized height, normalized speed, and apparent viscosity, to achieve accurate prediction and control of line morphology across ink systems, and is compatible with inks of various apparent viscosities. This significantly reduces the time consumed in parameter optimization and avoids the inefficiency of traditional trial-and-error methods. At the same time, the boundaries of different extrusion states in the phase diagram can accurately identify the process windows of different ink materials, providing quantitative targets for ink formulation and rheological property control, improving the process adaptability of printed line shapes, and adapting to the needs of different application scenarios. This shifts process development from trial-and-error to standardized guidance, providing not only an efficient morphology control scheme and rapid printing path for multi-material extrusion 3D printing in fields such as flexible electronics and sensors, but also an important research direction for the development of 3D printed sensors with multiple material systems and multiple functions.

[0043] Furthermore, in a specific implementation, in the above-mentioned method for controlling the morphology of direct writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in the embodiments of the present invention, step S102 involves synchronously recording printing parameters during the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer. After printing is completed, morphological characterization data of the printed lines is obtained. Specifically, this may include: receiving preset printing parameters sent by the direct ink writing printer; establishing communication with the printer control system and synchronously collecting and recording printing parameters during the ink extrusion and deposition process; after receiving the feedback signal indicating that printing is completed, triggering the optical microscope and contact angle measuring instrument to start data acquisition; acquiring the morphological and size data of the printed lines transmitted by the optical microscope and acquiring the contact angle data transmitted by the contact angle measuring instrument; and obtaining the morphological characterization data of the printed lines based on the acquired morphological and size data of the printed lines and the contact angle data.

[0044] In practice, import the drawn print path file (such as DXF format) into the direct ink writing printer. Control the print pressure. (e.g., 5 levels), printing speed (e.g., 4 levels), needle inner diameter (e.g., 2 levels), viscosity of conductive silver paste (e.g., 5 levels) Conduct orthogonal experiments and record the line shape (printing parameters) for each group. After printing is complete and feedback signals are received, measure the line width D and height h using an optical microscope, and calculate the contact angle using the height measurement method. Integrate line shape, size (D, h), and contact angle data to form corresponding morphological characterization data for each group, and complete the recording of the results of the full-factor experiment.

[0045] Furthermore, in a specific implementation, in the above-mentioned method for controlling the morphology of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in the embodiments of the present invention, before integrating the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines and the rheological test results of the ink sample in step S103, the method may further include: preprocessing the rheological test results of the ink sample to remove values ​​that exceed the set range; and based on the preprocessed rheological data, substituting it into the Rabinowitsch-Mooney (i.e., wall shear rate) correction model to calculate the corrected shear rate and viscosity data.

[0046] In practice, this invention performs outlier removal preprocessing on the ink rheology test results, which can prevent invalid data that deviates from the set range from interfering with subsequent analysis and ensure the accuracy and validity of the rheology data.

[0047] Since self-leveling ink is a non-Newtonian fluid (n<1), the Rabinowitsch-Mooney correction was used to calculate the corrected shear rate. :

[0048] ;

[0049] ;

[0050] in, R is the apparent shear rate, and R is the needle radius.

[0051] By introducing the Rabinowitsch-Mooney correction model, errors caused by wall effects in rotational rheometer testing can be compensated, resulting in corrected shear rate and viscosity data that better reflect actual printing conditions. Furthermore, a power-law model is used to fit the consistency coefficient. Flow Index By using isorheological parameters, the apparent viscosity was ultimately derived. This process breaks through the limitations of traditional methods that rely on empirical judgment. Through data preprocessing and theoretical model correction, a quantitative correlation between ink rheological properties and printing parameters was established.

[0052] Furthermore, in specific implementation, in the above-mentioned method for controlling the morphology of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in the embodiments of the present invention, step S103 integrates the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink samples, and performs power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters. Specifically, this may include: retrieving the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the corrected shear rate and viscosity data, and integrating them according to the groups of ink samples; obtaining the apparent viscosity of the ink samples using a power-law model based on the integrated data and the fitting variables containing the flow index and consistency coefficient; and calculating the related boundary parameters by combining the boundary morphological features in the morphological characterization data.

[0053] In practice, this invention provides a complete and orderly data foundation for power-law model fitting by associating and integrating printing parameters, morphological characterization data and corrected rheological data according to ink sample groups.

[0054] Reference-based power-law model ,in Viscosity, The consistency coefficient, For liquidity index, For the shear rate, the integrated data is fitted to obtain the shear rate for each group of inks. and Apparent viscosity Substitute the corrected shear rate under printing conditions The apparent viscosity can be calculated. This is used as the third-dimensional parameter in the subsequent three-dimensional process phase diagram. This achieves the coupling and quantification of ink rheological properties and actual printing conditions; at the same time, relevant boundary parameters are derived by combining the boundary morphological features (such as critical fracture and critical accumulation state) in the morphological characterization data.

[0055] Furthermore, in specific implementation, in the above steps, the relevant boundary parameters are calculated by combining the boundary morphology features in the morphological characterization data. Specifically, this may include: retrieving the morphological characterization data of the printed lines and extracting the line boundary morphology features; the line boundary morphology features include morphological and dimensional data corresponding to the critical tensile state, the fracture critical point, and the accumulation critical state; and obtaining relevant boundary parameters including the critical velocity, critical height, and contact angle correlation coefficient based on the pre-established association mapping rules between the line boundary morphology features and the boundary parameters.

[0056] In practice, based on the observations of each group of line shapes obtained from the above orthogonal experiments, the line shapes can be divided into 5 categories:

[0057] The first type is accumulation: ,in For contact angle only Correlation coefficient ;

[0058] The second type is curled: ;

[0059] The third category is stretching: ,in The critical normalized velocity for fracture. , The critical fracture strain;

[0060] The fourth type is neck retraction: ,in The necking-fracture critical height. , Material parameters;

[0061] The fifth type is fracture: .

[0062] For 5 groups of inks with different viscosities, the results of each group were obtained through testing. , , The values ​​were fitted using a power-law model to the relationship between these boundary parameters and the apparent viscosity. The relationship.

[0063] This invention can extract morphological characteristics of printed lines by retrieving morphological data and focusing on the extraction of line boundary features. It identifies key observation objects centered on the critical tensile state, fracture critical point, and accumulation critical state, while simultaneously acquiring corresponding dimensional data (such as the linewidth change rate of the critical tensile state, the length threshold of the fracture critical point, and the upper limit of the height of the accumulation critical state). This process is not simply data filtering, but rather, based on the morphological formation mechanism of material extrusion printing, it precisely identifies the core feature nodes that determine the stability of the line morphology, laying a concrete foundation for subsequent parameter conversion. Then, based on pre-established correlation mapping rules between line boundary morphological features and boundary parameters, a crucial leap from morphological features to quantitative parameters is achieved. These correlation mapping rules are not subjectively set, but rather scientific correspondences constructed through statistical analysis of a large amount of prior experimental data and theoretical modeling (such as combining rheological principles and fluid mechanics simulation results). For example, a power-law correlation is established between "maximum tensile length without fracture" and "critical velocity," a linear mapping is established between "maximum line height without accumulation" and "critical height," and a functional correspondence is established between "wetting morphology of the line and substrate" and "contact angle correlation coefficient." Through this rule, the morphological description, which was originally difficult to use directly for process optimization, has been transformed into quantitative parameters with clear physical meaning and engineering application value, such as critical speed, critical height, and contact angle correlation coefficient. These parameters not only reflect the molding limit of a specific ink, but also define the effective control range of process parameters, thus upgrading the evaluation of line morphology from qualitative description to quantitative analysis.

[0064] Furthermore, in specific implementation, in the above-mentioned method for controlling the morphology of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in the embodiments of the present invention, step S104 fits and constructs a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized speed, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions according to the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters. Specifically, this may include: retrieving the apparent viscosity, related boundary parameters, and corresponding normalized height and normalized speed of the ink sample; defining the coordinate axes of the three-dimensional process phase diagram, with normalized height as the X-axis, normalized speed as the Y-axis, and apparent viscosity as the Z-axis, and setting the data range and scale value of each coordinate axis; and using a power-law model. The relationship between the relevant boundary parameters and apparent viscosity is fitted, and the boundary thresholds of different morphologies in three-dimensional space are calculated based on the fitted relationship. The three-dimensional coordinate points corresponding to each group of ink sample data are mapped to the three-dimensional process phase diagram coordinate system, and the corresponding line morphology labels are associated with each three-dimensional coordinate point. Using the coordinate points as the sample reference, combined with the boundary thresholds of each morphology, a surface fitting algorithm is used to perform fitting operations to generate boundary surfaces that divide different morphological regions. The names of the morphological regions defined by each boundary surface and the range of key parameters in each region are labeled in three-dimensional space to form a three-dimensional process phase diagram.

[0065] In implementation, the normalization velocity is defined. ,in For ink extrusion speed, according to The flow rate is calculated to obtain the flow rate. Calculations using the Hagen-Poiseuille method for non-Newtonian fluids yielded the following: , L represents the pressure drop inside the syringe, and L represents the length of the syringe.

[0066] Define normalized height , The diameter of the ink after extrusion. This refers to the height of the needle from the substrate. The diameter of the extruded ink. , This is an expansion ratio, which is an estimated value in the experiment.

[0067] This invention uses normalized height H as the X-axis, normalized velocity V as the Y-axis, and apparent viscosity as the Y-axis. Using the Z-axis, a three-dimensional space is constructed. The boundary parameters and apparent viscosity are then fitted using the parameters from the previous step. The power-law relationship between them is used to construct the boundary surface between different forms in three-dimensional space, determining the coefficients. The method effectively divides the three-dimensional space into five morphological regions: accumulation, curling, stretching, necking, and fracture. This allows for accurate and direct prediction of the morphology of lines formed by materials with different apparent viscosities based on three independent parameters. Specifically, the fitting results for the morphological boundaries... Corresponding coefficient of determination It can be 0.9964; Corresponding coefficient of determination It can be 0.9985; Corresponding coefficient of determination It can be 0.9987.

[0068] This invention uses apparent viscosity as a third dimension, along with normalized velocity (V) and normalized height (H), to construct a three-dimensional process phase diagram, covering inks with different rheological properties. Within this three-dimensional space, the boundary parameters of the three-dimensional phase diagram (such as tensile / fracture critical velocities) are fitted using a power-law model. Necking / fracture critical height The relationship between apparent viscosity and molecular weight is used to fit the boundary surfaces between different morphologies in three-dimensional space, and the coefficient of determination is determined. This allows for the division of five morphological regions—accumulation, curling, stretching, necking, and fracture—in three-dimensional space, enabling direct prediction of line morphology based on three independent parameters: normalized velocity, normalized height, and apparent viscosity.

[0069] Furthermore, in specific implementation, the above-mentioned method for controlling the shape of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram provided in the embodiments of the present invention may further include: when there are setting requirements for equipment parameters or process parameters, determining the ink viscosity range that matches the setting requirements in reverse; after obtaining ink that matches the ink viscosity range, matching the matching printing parameters using the process phase diagram to perform verification printing.

[0070] In practice, in reverse ink design scenarios, when equipment specifications (such as printhead inner diameter) or process parameters (such as printing speed and pressure) are limited by actual processing conditions, this invention can directly lock the allowable viscosity range of the ink that matches the parameter system through a three-dimensional phase diagram. This ensures stable line formation even under constrained conditions, effectively solving the material compatibility problem in special processing scenarios. In forward parameter optimization scenarios, for a specific ink with a known apparent viscosity, this invention can extract the corresponding two-dimensional process phase diagram in three-dimensional space. By analyzing the parameter boundaries of the stable forming region in the diagram, the optimal combination of printing parameters (such as the compatibility range of normalized height and normalized speed) can be quickly determined. For example, if a stretched line shape is desired, the corresponding two-dimensional phase diagram can be extracted based on the target ink viscosity to accurately locate the parameter range that achieves the shape, avoiding the blindness of traditional trial-and-error methods. These two functions not only significantly shorten the material selection and parameter optimization cycle and reduce process development costs, but also improve the flexibility and adaptability of the printing process. This allows the process design to adapt to existing equipment and parameter limitations, and to quickly optimize solutions for specific materials, providing an efficient technical path for accurate printing of multiple scenarios and materials.

[0071] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the methods according to the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Of course, they can also be implemented by hardware, but in many cases the former is a better implementation method.

[0072] Embodiments of the present invention also provide a device for controlling the shape of straight writing lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a straight-writing line morphology control device based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, provided in an embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment is based on functional modules, such as… Figure 2 As shown, the device includes:

[0073] The rheological result acquisition module 10 is used to acquire the rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities;

[0074] The morphological data acquisition module 11 is used to simultaneously record printing parameters during the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, and obtain the morphological characterization data of the printed lines after printing is completed.

[0075] The apparent viscosity acquisition module 12 is used to integrate the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines and the rheological test results of the ink sample, and to perform power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0076] Phase diagram fitting and construction module 13 is used to fit and construct a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions based on apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters.

[0077] The phase diagram operation module 14 is used to obtain the target printed line shape by matching the appropriate printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram.

[0078] In the three-dimensional phase diagram-based direct writing line morphology control device provided in this embodiment of the invention, apparent viscosity can be introduced as a third dimension to construct a three-dimensional process phase diagram through the interaction of the five modules. This effectively optimizes the limitation of traditional two-dimensional phase diagrams, which are only applicable to inks of specific viscosities. The correlation between complex printing parameters, ink rheological properties, and line morphology is quantified through normalized parameters and power-law fitting, generating a morphology control strategy that combines printing parameters with different ink rheological behaviors. This strategy only requires three parameters: normalized height, normalized speed, and apparent viscosity, to achieve accurate prediction and control of line morphology across ink systems, and is compatible with multiple ink systems. The apparent viscosity of the ink significantly reduces the time spent on parameter optimization and avoids the inefficiency of traditional trial-and-error methods. At the same time, the boundaries of different extrusion states in the phase diagram can accurately identify the process windows of different ink materials, providing quantitative targets for ink formulation and rheological property control. This improves the process adaptability of printed line morphology, adapts to the needs of different application scenarios, and shifts process development from trial-and-error to standardized guidance. It not only provides an efficient morphology control scheme and rapid printing path for multi-material extrusion 3D printing in fields such as flexible electronics and sensors, but also provides an important research direction for the development of 3D printed sensors with multiple material systems and multiple functions.

[0079] Since the embodiments of the straight-writing line morphology control device based on three-dimensional phase diagrams correspond to the embodiments of the straight-writing line morphology control method based on three-dimensional phase diagrams, the descriptions of the features in the embodiments corresponding to the straight-writing line morphology control device based on three-dimensional phase diagrams can be found in the relevant descriptions of the embodiments corresponding to the straight-writing line morphology control method based on three-dimensional phase diagrams, and will not be repeated here. Furthermore, it has the same beneficial effects as the straight-writing line morphology control method based on three-dimensional phase diagrams mentioned above.

[0080] Furthermore, in a specific implementation, in the above-mentioned three-dimensional phase diagram-based direct writing line morphology control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention, the morphology data acquisition module 11 can be specifically used to receive preset printing parameters sent by the direct ink writing printer; establish communication with the printer control system, synchronously collect and record printing parameters during the ink extrusion and deposition process; after receiving the feedback signal of printing completion, trigger the optical microscope and contact angle measuring instrument to start data acquisition; acquire the morphology and size data of the printed lines transmitted by the optical microscope, and acquire the contact angle data transmitted by the contact angle measuring instrument; and obtain the morphological characterization data of the printed lines based on the acquired morphology and size data of the printed lines and the contact angle data.

[0081] Furthermore, in specific implementation, the above-mentioned three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight writing line morphology control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention may further include: a data correction module, used to preprocess the rheological test results of the ink sample to remove values ​​that exceed the set range; based on the preprocessed rheological data, the Rabinovich-Mouni correction model is substituted to calculate the corrected shear rate and viscosity data.

[0082] Furthermore, in a specific implementation, in the above-mentioned three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight writing line morphology control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention, the apparent viscosity acquisition module 12 can be used to retrieve synchronously recorded printing parameters, morphological characterization data of printed lines, and corrected shear rate and viscosity data, and integrate them according to the group of ink samples; based on the integrated data and fitting variables including flow index and consistency coefficient, the apparent viscosity of the ink sample is obtained using a power law model; and relevant boundary parameters are calculated by combining the boundary morphological features in the morphological characterization data.

[0083] Furthermore, in a specific implementation, in the above-mentioned three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight writing line shape control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention, the phase diagram fitting and construction module 13 can be specifically used to retrieve the apparent viscosity, relevant boundary parameters, and corresponding normalized height and normalized speed of the ink sample; define the coordinate axes of the three-dimensional process phase diagram, with normalized height as the X-axis, normalized speed as the Y-axis, and apparent viscosity as the Z-axis, and set the data range and scale value of each coordinate axis; use a power-law model to fit the relationship between relevant boundary parameters and apparent viscosity, and calculate the regional boundary thresholds corresponding to different shapes in the three-dimensional space according to the fitted relationship; map the three-dimensional coordinate points corresponding to each group of ink sample data to the three-dimensional process phase diagram coordinate system, and associate the corresponding line shape labels with each three-dimensional coordinate point; use the coordinate points as sample references, combine the regional boundary thresholds of each shape, and perform fitting operations through a surface fitting algorithm to generate boundary surfaces that divide different shape regions; label the shape region names defined by each boundary surface and the key parameter ranges within each region in the three-dimensional space to form a three-dimensional process phase diagram.

[0084] Furthermore, in specific implementation, the above-mentioned three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight writing line shape control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention may further include: a reverse determination module, used to reverse determine the ink viscosity range that matches the setting requirements when there are setting requirements for equipment parameters or process parameters; after obtaining ink that matches the ink viscosity range, the process phase diagram is used to match the matching printing parameters to perform verification printing.

[0085] Embodiments of the present invention also provide an electronic device, including a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and the processor is configured to run the computer program to perform the steps in any of the embodiments of the above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram.

[0086] Embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, wherein the computer program is configured to execute the steps in any of the embodiments of the above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram.

[0087] In one exemplary embodiment, the aforementioned computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, various media capable of storing computer programs, such as a USB flash drive, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), portable hard disk, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

[0088] Embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer program product, which includes a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps in any of the embodiments of the three-dimensional phase diagram-based straight writing line morphology control method.

[0089] Embodiments of the present invention also provide another computer program product, including a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps in any of the embodiments of the above-described method for controlling the morphology of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram.

[0090] Those skilled in the art will further recognize that the units and algorithm steps of the various examples described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability of hardware and software, the components and steps of the various examples have been generally described in terms of functionality in the foregoing description. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementations should not be considered beyond the scope of this invention.

[0091] The foregoing has provided a detailed description of the method, apparatus, device, and medium for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, as provided by this invention. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only intended to help understand the method and core ideas of this invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications to this invention without departing from its principles, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for direct writing line topography control based on three-dimensional phase diagram, characterized in that, include: Obtain rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities; During the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, the printing parameters are recorded simultaneously. After printing is completed, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines are obtained. The synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink sample are integrated, and the integrated data is subjected to power-law fitting calculation to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters. Based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters, a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions is fitted and constructed; the normalized height is defined as... ,in The diameter of the ink after extrusion. The height of the needle tip from the substrate; the normalized velocity is defined as... ,in For ink extrusion speed, For printing speed; Based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram, the target printed line shape is obtained by matching and adapting printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics.

2. The method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 1, characterized in that, During the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, printing parameters are recorded simultaneously. After printing is completed, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines are obtained, including: Receive preset printing parameters sent by the direct ink writing printer; Establish communication with the printer control system to synchronously collect and record printing parameters during the ink extrusion and deposition process; Upon receiving the feedback signal indicating that printing is complete, the optical microscope and contact angle measuring instrument are triggered to start data acquisition. The morphology and size data of the printed lines transmitted by the optical microscope are obtained, and the contact angle data transmitted by the contact angle measuring instrument is obtained. Based on the obtained printed line shape and size data, and contact angle data, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines are obtained.

3. The method for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before integrating the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink samples, the process also includes: The rheological test results of the ink sample are preprocessed to remove values ​​that exceed the set range; Based on the preprocessed rheological data, the corrected shear rate and viscosity data were calculated by substituting them into the Rabinovich-Mouni correction model.

4. The method for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 3, characterized in that, The synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink sample are integrated. A power-law fitting calculation is performed on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters, including: Retrieve the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the corrected shear rate and viscosity data, and integrate them according to the group of the ink samples. The apparent viscosity of the ink sample was obtained by using a power-law model based on the integrated data and fitted variables including the flow index and consistency coefficient. By combining the boundary morphological features in the morphological characterization data, the relevant boundary parameters are calculated.

5. The method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 4, characterized in that, Based on the boundary morphological features in the morphological characterization data, relevant boundary parameters are calculated, including: The morphological characterization data of the printed lines is retrieved, and the morphological features of the line boundaries are extracted; the morphological features of the line boundaries include morphological and dimensional data corresponding to the critical stretching state, the fracture critical point, and the accumulation critical state. Based on the pre-established association rules between line boundary morphology features and boundary parameters, relevant boundary parameters including critical velocity, critical height, and contact angle association coefficients are obtained.

6. The method for controlling the morphology of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters, a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions is fitted and constructed, including: The apparent viscosity, relevant boundary parameters, and corresponding normalized height and normalized speed of the ink sample are retrieved. Define the coordinate axes of the three-dimensional process phase diagram, with normalized height as the X-axis, normalized velocity as the Y-axis, and apparent viscosity as the Z-axis, and set the data range and scale value of each coordinate axis; A power-law model was used to fit the relationship between relevant boundary parameters and apparent viscosity, and the boundary thresholds of different morphologies in three-dimensional space were calculated based on the fitted relationship. Map the three-dimensional coordinate points corresponding to each group of ink sample data to the three-dimensional process phase diagram coordinate system, and associate the corresponding line shape label with each three-dimensional coordinate point; Using coordinate points as the sample reference and combining the boundary thresholds of various morphologies, a surface fitting algorithm is used to perform fitting operations to generate boundary surfaces that divide regions of different morphologies. In three-dimensional space, the names of the morphological regions defined by each boundary surface and the range of key parameters within each region are marked to form a three-dimensional process phase diagram.

7. The method for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: When there are setting requirements for equipment parameters or process parameters, the ink viscosity range that matches the setting requirements is determined in reverse. After obtaining ink that conforms to the specified ink viscosity range, the process phase diagram is used to match the appropriate printing parameters in order to perform a verification print.

8. A device for controlling the shape of straight-line writing based on a three-dimensional phase diagram, characterized in that, include: The rheological results acquisition module is used to acquire the rheological test results of pre-prepared ink samples of different viscosities; The morphological data acquisition module is used to simultaneously record printing parameters during the process of the ink sample being extruded along a preset path and deposited layer by layer, and obtain the morphological characterization data of the printed lines after printing is completed. The apparent viscosity acquisition module is used to integrate the synchronously recorded printing parameters, the morphological characterization data of the printed lines, and the rheological test results of the ink sample, and to perform power-law fitting calculation on the integrated data to obtain the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters. The phase diagram fitting and construction module is used to fit and construct a process phase diagram with normalized height, normalized velocity, and apparent viscosity as three dimensions based on the apparent viscosity and related boundary parameters. The phase diagram operation module is used to obtain the target printed line shape by matching the appropriate printing parameters or ink rheological characteristics based on the different line shape regions divided by the process phase diagram.

9. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: Memory, used to store computer programs; A processor, configured to implement the steps of the method for controlling the shape of straight lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram as described in any one of claims 1 to 7 when executing the computer program.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method for controlling the shape of straight-written lines based on a three-dimensional phase diagram as described in any one of claims 1 to 7.

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