Curved-surface thin film photovoltaic module for vehicle and preparation method of curved-surface thin film photovoltaic module

Abstract

The invention discloses a curved-surface film photovoltaic module for a vehicle and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of photovoltaic modules, the photovoltaic module comprises a curved-surface substrate, a film photovoltaic, a packaging protection layer and a film, and the curved-surface substrate, the film photovoltaic, the packaging protection layer and the film are integrally packaged to form the photovoltaic module; the thin film photovoltaic module is directly formed on the curved surface substrate. The thin film photovoltaic is directly formed on the curved-surface substrate, the mode that the thin film photovoltaic is firstly prepared on a flexible transparent substrate, an assembly is formed and then laid on the curved surface in the past is replaced, the problems of wrinkles and deformation caused by laying and pasting can be solved, meanwhile, the utilization rate of visible light is increased, and the production cost is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic module technology, and more specifically, to a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] The green and low-carbon transformation of the transportation sector has become an important development direction, and the cross-industry integration of photovoltaics and automobiles is gradually becoming one of the core paths to promote this process. This innovative model breaks through the traditional vehicle's dependence on a single external energy supply method. By integrating the photovoltaic power generation system into the vehicle body, it achieves partial self-sufficiency of energy during vehicle operation, effectively improving energy utilization efficiency and operational economy. Among various photovoltaic technologies, thin-film photovoltaics is considered an ideal technical path for realizing automotive photovoltaic functions due to its lightweight, flexibility, and ease of application to complex curved surfaces. Thin-film photovoltaics are structurally composed of multiple functional thin films, typically including a front electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a photovoltaic power generation layer, an electron transport layer, and a back electrode layer. Its power generation is based on the photovoltaic effect: when sunlight shines on the photovoltaic layer, photons with energy higher than the material's band gap are absorbed, exciting electron-hole pairs. These pairs separate under the influence of a built-in electric field and are collected by the electrodes, forming direct current output. Because thin-film photovoltaics are extremely thin, they must be deposited on rigid or flexible substrates and encapsulated before they can be used as modules.

[0003] While flexible thin-film photovoltaic modules offer advantages such as lightweight and flexibility in current automotive photovoltaic integration solutions, their practical application still faces several technical bottlenecks. First, when bonding to curved automotive surfaces, the difference in curvature between the module and the curved glass easily leads to wrinkles and other aesthetic defects during installation, limiting their application freedom on complex vehicle bodies. Second, sunlight must pass through the curved glass, interlayer film, and flexible transparent substrate sequentially to reach the photovoltaic functional layer. The absorption of visible light by these media significantly reduces transmittance, thus affecting the module's photoelectric conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the introduction of the interlayer film not only increases the overall cost of the component but also presents technological challenges for directly integrating photovoltaic functions onto sheet metal and other structural surfaces. Therefore, how to maintain module performance while achieving high-quality bonding to curved vehicle surfaces and improving light energy utilization efficiency has become a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed in current technological development.

[0004] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles and its preparation method. This invention directly prepares the thin-film photovoltaic module on the curved substrate, instead of the previous method of first preparing the thin-film photovoltaic module on a flexible transparent substrate, forming the module, and then laying it onto the curved surface. This can effectively avoid the wrinkles and deformation problems caused by laying, while improving the utilization rate of visible light and reducing production costs.

[0006] This invention is implemented as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles, comprising: a curved substrate, a thin-film photovoltaic, an encapsulation protective layer, and a film, wherein the curved substrate, the thin-film photovoltaic, the encapsulation protective layer, and the film are integrated and encapsulated to form a photovoltaic module; the thin-film photovoltaic is directly formed on the curved substrate.

[0007] In some preferred embodiments, the curved substrate is a sheet metal material, a single-layer glass material, or a multi-layer glass material; the shape of the curved substrate is a single curved surface, a hyperboloid, or a complex freeform surface.

[0008] In some preferred embodiments, the thin-film photovoltaic includes a front electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a photovoltaic power generation layer, an electron transport layer, and a back electrode layer; the thin-film photovoltaic is disposed on a single side surface or multiple surfaces of the curved substrate.

[0009] In some preferred embodiments, the thin-film photovoltaic is at least one of copper indium gallium selenide thin-film battery, perovskite thin-film battery, cadmium telluride thin-film battery, dye-sensitized battery, organic thin-film battery or amorphous silicon / microcrystalline silicon thin-film battery, and the battery structure can be a single-junction, stacked or triple-junction thin-film battery.

[0010] In some preferred embodiments, the encapsulation protective layer is a transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque functional layer, and its material is at least one of inorganic materials or organic resin materials.

[0011] In some preferred embodiments, the encapsulation protective layer material is at least one of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hydrophobic coating, organic resin film, polymer encapsulation film, or ultrathin glass.

[0012] Secondly, the present invention proposes a method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles, comprising the following steps: after cleaning and drying the curved substrate, the thin-film photovoltaic is directly formed on the curved substrate; an encapsulation protective layer is deposited on the back electrode layer surface of the thin-film photovoltaic to form a photovoltaic sub-unit; the photovoltaic sub-unit and the curved cover plate are laminated together with a film, vacuum-laminated and edge-sealed, and then connected to a power distribution box after cooling to obtain the curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles.

[0013] In some preferred embodiments, the molding process includes any one of magnetron sputtering, vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, spraying, inkjet printing and screen printing.

[0014] In some preferred embodiments, the front electrode layer is at least one of indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide; the hole transport layer is at least one of nickel oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid), molybdenum oxide, and polytriarylamine; the photovoltaic power generation layer is at least one of perovskite photovoltaic materials, organic photovoltaic materials, dye-sensitized photovoltaic materials, and cadmium telluride photovoltaic materials; the electron transport layer is at least one of tin oxide, zinc oxide, fullerene, and isomethyl (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyrate; and the back electrode layer is at least one of indium tin oxide, tin fluoride oxide, gold, silver, and copper.

[0015] In some preferred embodiments, the preparation of the thin-film photovoltaic includes a molding process and a laser scribing process, wherein the laser scribing method involves fixing a curved substrate and dynamically adjusting the laser scribing height and angle to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the scribing effect.

[0016] In some preferred embodiments, the laser scribing method further includes fixing the power and position of the laser source, fixing the curved substrate to a multi-axis linkage mechanism, dynamically adjusting the curved substrate, and rapidly compensating for the angle and height of the curved substrate.

[0017] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention fundamentally solves the wrinkling problem caused by curvature mismatch during the curvature bonding process of traditional flexible thin-film photovoltaic modules. By directly preparing the photovoltaic functional layer on the curved substrate, the perfect conformal between the photovoltaic layer and the substrate is achieved, eliminating the need for secondary bonding. This not only solves the appearance defects but also breaks the limitation of photovoltaic integration on the curved shape of automobiles, providing greater flexibility for vehicle body design.

[0018] (2) By simplifying the optical structure, the present invention effectively reduces the loss of light energy in the transmission path. By eliminating the non-power generation functional layer, the sunlight can reach the photovoltaic active layer more directly, thereby greatly improving the utilization rate of visible light and ultimately significantly improving the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency and power generation of automotive photovoltaic components.

[0019] (3) This invention reduces the use of multiple layers of film materials such as independent flexible substrates, encapsulation layers, and intermediate films, and integrates and simplifies the manufacturing process. This not only reduces raw material consumption, but also reduces corresponding equipment investment and energy consumption, thereby improving production efficiency while effectively reducing the overall manufacturing cost of automotive photovoltaic modules.

[0020] (4) By directly depositing thin-film photovoltaics onto curved sheet metal substrates, this invention successfully solves the previous process problem of inefficient integration of flexible components and sheet metal, greatly expands the potential application range of photovoltaic technology in vehicle bodies, and lays a solid technical foundation for achieving more comprehensive vehicle energy self-supply. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the fabrication process of the curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles proposed in this invention. Figure 2 This is a typical structural diagram of the first type of curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles proposed in this invention; Figure 3 This is a second typical structural diagram of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention; Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating the third typical structure of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention. Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating the fourth typical structure of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention; Figure 6 This is a fifth typical structural diagram of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention; Figure 7 This is a diagram of the sixth typical structure of the curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles proposed in this invention; Figure 8 This is a diagram of the seventh typical structure of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention; Figure 9 This is the eighth typical structural diagram of the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module proposed in this invention; Figure 10 This is a structural diagram of a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles, which is fabricated directly on a curved sheet metal substrate for automobiles, as proposed in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Where specific conditions are not specified in the embodiments, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall apply. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0024] The following is a detailed description of a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles and its preparation method proposed in this invention.

[0025] In a first aspect, the present invention proposes a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles, comprising: a curved substrate, a thin-film photovoltaic, an encapsulation protective layer, and a film, wherein the curved substrate, the thin-film photovoltaic, the encapsulation protective layer, and the film are integrated and encapsulated to form a photovoltaic module; the thin-film photovoltaic is directly formed on the curved substrate.

[0026] In some preferred embodiments, the curved substrate is a sheet metal material, a single-layer glass material, or a multi-layer glass material. The glass material is transparent, translucent, or opaque. The surface of the sheet metal material needs to be treated by polishing or coating to reduce the surface roughness of the sheet metal. The curved surface shape is a single curved surface, a hyperboloid, or a complex free-form surface.

[0027] In some preferred embodiments, the thin-film photovoltaic includes a front electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a photovoltaic power generation layer, an electron transport layer, and a back electrode layer; the thin-film photovoltaic is on a single inner surface, an outer surface, or multiple surfaces of a multi-layer curved surface on the curved substrate; Preferably, the thin-film photovoltaic can be at least one of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film battery, perovskite thin-film battery, cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film battery, dye-sensitized battery, organic thin-film battery, or amorphous silicon / microcrystalline silicon thin-film battery; when the thin-film photovoltaic is composed of multiple batteries, the multiple batteries are stacked to form the thin-film photovoltaic; the battery structure can be a single-junction, stacked, or triple-junction thin-film battery.

[0028] In some preferred embodiments, the encapsulation protective layer is a transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque functional layer, and its material is at least one of inorganic materials or organic resin materials; Preferably, the encapsulation protective layer material is silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (SiN). x At least one of the following: aluminum oxide layer (Al2O3), hydrophobic coating, organic resin film, polymer encapsulation film, or ultra-thin glass (UTG); Preferably, the silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiN) x The aluminum oxide layer (Al2O3) is prepared by chemical vapor deposition; the hydrophobic coating and organic resin film are coated by wet coating; the polymer encapsulation film and ultra-thin glass (UTG) are covered by lamination process; wherein the polymer encapsulation film is made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).

[0029] The encapsulation protective layer is a crucial barrier covering the surface of thin-film photovoltaic devices. Its core function is to block moisture and oxygen from the environment and provide physical protection against scratches, thereby ensuring the long-term stability of the device in air. A schematic diagram is shown when curved glass is used as the curved substrate. Figure 2-9 As shown, including but not limited to the following eight typical structures: like Figure 2As shown, from top to bottom, they are: transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, thin-film photovoltaic, curved transparent glass, film, and curved glass; like Figure 3 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: curved transparent glass, thin-film photovoltaic, flexible encapsulation protective layer, film, and curved glass, with the flexible encapsulation protective layer added as needed; like Figure 4 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, thin-film photovoltaic, curved glass, film, transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, thin-film photovoltaic, curved glass, where the flexible encapsulation protective layer is added as needed; like Figure 5 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: curved transparent glass, thin-film photovoltaic, transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, film, curved transparent glass, thin-film photovoltaic, flexible encapsulation protective layer, where the flexible encapsulation protective layer is added as needed; like Figure 6 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: flexible encapsulation protective layer, thin-film photovoltaic, and curved glass; like Figure 7 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: curved transparent glass, thin-film photovoltaic, and flexible encapsulation protective layer; like Figure 8 As shown, from top to bottom, the layers are: flexible encapsulation protective layer, thin-film photovoltaic, flexible ultra-thin glass (UTG), film, and curved glass. like Figure 9 As shown, from top to bottom, they are: UTG, thin-film photovoltaic, flexible encapsulation protective layer, film, and curved glass, with the flexible encapsulation protective layer added as needed.

[0030] It should be noted that if the thin-film photovoltaic device is exposed to air during the fabrication or operation process, it needs to be encapsulated for protection. Depending on design requirements, the flexible encapsulation protective layer on the light-incoming side should be made of a transparent material; while the protective layer on the light-emitting side can be either transparent or opaque depending on actual needs. If the light-emitting side will subsequently be laminated with glass (glass itself has excellent water and oxygen barrier properties), then the flexible encapsulation protective film on that side can be fabricated according to the specific circumstances.

[0031] When the curved surface base is selected from the body sheet metal, the schematic diagram is as follows: Figure 10 As shown, including but not limited to the following two typical structures: like Figure 10-1 As shown in the diagram, from top to bottom, the components are: a transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, a thin-film photovoltaic layer, and a curved sheet metal layer. like Figure 10-2 As shown in the diagram, from top to bottom, the components are: UTG, thin-film photovoltaic, transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer, film, and curved sheet metal. The transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer is added as needed.

[0032] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications, comprising the following steps, the flowchart of which is shown below. Figure 1 As shown: S1. After cleaning and drying the curved substrate, a front electrode layer is deposited on its surface, and P1 laser scribing is performed, with the etching depth penetrating the front electrode layer. In some preferred embodiments, the front electrode layer material includes, but is not limited to, indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).

[0033] S2. Sequentially deposit a hole transport layer, a photovoltaic power generation layer and an electron transport layer on the surface of the front electrode layer, and perform P2 laser scribing, with the etching depth penetrating the electron transport layer, the photovoltaic power generation layer and the hole transport layer. In some preferred embodiments, the material of the hole transport layer includes, but is not limited to, nickel oxide (NiO). X The photovoltaic power generation layer materials include, but are not limited to, perovskite photovoltaic materials, organic photovoltaic materials, dye-sensitized photovoltaic materials, and cadmium telluride photovoltaic materials; the electron transport layer materials include, but are not limited to, tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), fullerene (C60), and isomethyl (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyrate (PCBM).

[0034] S3. Deposit a back electrode layer on the electron transport layer and perform P3 laser scribing, with the etching depth penetrating the back electrode layer, electron transport layer, photovoltaic power generation layer and hole transport layer. In some preferred embodiments, the back electrode layer includes, but is not limited to, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), gold, silver, and copper.

[0035] S4. Perform P4 laser edge cleaning, insulate and isolate the periphery of the component, and bring out the electrodes; In this embodiment of the application, the positive and negative terminals of the battery are led out through a busbar.

[0036] S5. Deposit an encapsulation protective layer on the surface of the back electrode layer to form a photovoltaic sub-unit; S6. The photovoltaic sub-unit and the curved cover plate are laminated together with film, vacuum-laminated and edge-sealed, and then connected to the power distribution box after cooling to obtain the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module.

[0037] In the embodiments of this application, the size of the film is slightly smaller than that of the curved substrate, with a 2-5 mm gap reserved at the edge. Butyl glue or butyl tape is used for edge sealing, and then a curved glass cover is placed on top. The whole assembly is then placed in an autoclave for high-temperature lamination, with a lamination time of 5-6 hours.

[0038] In some preferred embodiments, the molding process includes any one of magnetron sputtering, vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, spraying, inkjet printing and screen printing.

[0039] In some preferred embodiments, the laser scribing method involves fixing the curved substrate and dynamically adjusting the laser scribing height and angle to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the scribing effect.

[0040] In some preferred embodiments, the laser scribing method further includes fixing the power and position of the laser source, fixing the curved substrate to a multi-axis linkage mechanism, dynamically adjusting the curved substrate, rapidly compensating for the angle and height of the curved substrate, and adapting the laser beam by moving the curved substrate over a large range to complete the laser scribing process.

[0041] Laser scribing on curved surfaces is far more complex than on flat surfaces, as the distance between the sample surface and the laser head is constantly changing. Therefore, a comprehensive control system is needed to compensate for changes in height and angle, adjusting the laser's focal length (Z-axis direction) in real-time and at high speed. This ensures the laser focus remains precisely on the undulating curved surface, avoiding problems such as reduced energy density, wider lines, and blurriness caused by defocusing, thus guaranteeing consistent and accurate scribing results. Therefore, the specific steps of curved surface laser scribing include: (1) The system imports 3D surface models or 3D vision systems as needed, provides surface cloud data, and synchronously calculates and drives the focal length of the Z-axis. It works in conjunction with the 3D galvanometer scanning system to achieve three-axis (three linear axes X, Y, Z), four-axis (three linear axes X, Y, Z + rotation around the X-axis), five-axis (three linear axes X, Y, Z + rotation around the X and Y axes), and even six-axis (three linear axes X, Y, Z + rotation around the X, Y, Z axes) collaborative control.

[0042] (2) The laser head is mounted on a multi-axis linkage mechanism, which is responsible for moving and adjusting the general orientation of the laser head over a wide range, so that it is basically perpendicular to the tangent of the curved surface of the area to be processed. Then, a fine 3D galvanometer system performs small-range rapid path compensation and focusing.

[0043] (3) During laser scribing, if the angle between the laser beam and the curved surface deviates from perpendicular (e.g., when machining a steep side), the effective energy density will decrease. The system needs to compensate by fine-tuning the power according to the real-time angle. In areas with large curvature changes, the speed should be appropriately reduced to ensure that the laser has sufficient interaction time.

[0044] (4) The laser etching process (P1\P2\P3) is performed sequentially at three process nodes: after the front electrode layer is prepared (P1), after the electron transport layer is prepared (P2), and after the back electrode layer is prepared (P3).

[0045] The laser scribing method also includes fixing the power and position of the laser source, fixing the curved substrate to a multi-axis linkage mechanism, dynamically adjusting the curved substrate, and rapidly compensating for the angle and height of the curved substrate. By moving the curved substrate over a wide range to adapt to the laser beam, the laser scribing process is completed.

[0046] The features and performance of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments.

[0047] Example 1 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic glass module, which includes the following steps: S1. First, a curved transparent glass substrate with a thickness of 1-5mm is provided. The substrate is cleaned and dried. An ITO front electrode layer with a thickness of 50-100nm is deposited on the substrate by magnetron sputtering. S2. Perform P1 laser scribing, with the etching depth penetrating the front electrode layer; S3. A hole transport layer is prepared on the front electrode layer, and a layer of nickel oxide (NiO) is prepared by inkjet printing. X The thickness is 100-150nm; S4. A photovoltaic power generation layer is prepared on the hole transport layer. A 500 nm thick PbI2 porous layer is deposited on the surface of the hole transport layer using a thermal evaporation method. The dried PbI2 porous layer is then immersed in a 1.5 M FAI / CsI isopropanol solution for reaction. After the yellow PbI2 porous layer completely reacts with FAI / CsI and changes to the black color of perovskite, the perovskite film is sent to a vacuum dryer for flash evaporation. The drying chamber is evacuated to below 10 Pa to reduce the pressure and promote solvent evaporation. The temperature is set at 60–80 °C for 5–8 min. After flash evaporation, the film is further quenched in a near-infrared annealing furnace for 1–2 min.

[0048] S5. Deposit an electron transport layer on the photovoltaic power generation layer and prepare a layer of tin oxide (SnO2) with a thickness of 150-200nm by inkjet printing process; S6. Perform P2 laser scribing, with the etching depth penetrating the electron transport layer, photovoltaic power generation layer, and hole transport layer; S7. Deposit a back electrode layer on the electron transport layer, and deposit an ITO layer with a thickness of 50-100nm by vacuum evaporation process. S8. Perform P3 laser scribing, with the etching depth penetrating the back electrode layer, electron transport layer, photovoltaic power generation layer, and hole transport layer; S9. Perform P4 laser edge cleaning and lead out the positive and negative terminals of the battery through the busbar; S10. Deposit a transparent flexible encapsulation protective layer on thin-film photovoltaics. Deposit a layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with a thickness of 20nm using a chemical vapor deposition process. S11. Cover the photovoltaic glass with a film, the size of which is slightly smaller than the curved substrate, with a 2-5 mm gap at the edge. Seal the edges with butyl glue or butyl tape, then cover with a curved glass cover plate, and place the whole assembly in an autoclave for high-temperature lamination, with a lamination time of 5-6 hours.

[0049] S12. Cooling is performed to release internal stress. Electrodes are then led out and connected to the power distribution box to obtain the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic glass module, with the structure as follows: Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown.

[0050] Example 2 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic glass module, which is the same as that in Embodiment 1, except that in step S4, a spraying method is used, the steps of which include: firstly, applying (FA... x MA y Cs 1-x-y PbI a Br 3-a The precursor ink was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) and stirred overnight at room temperature. An ultrasonic spraying head system, gripped by a six-axis robotic arm, was used. Based on a 3D digital model of the curved glass, the robotic arm's motion trajectory was pre-planned. The nozzle maintained a constant distance (100mm ± 5mm) from the substrate surface, and the spray gun scanned along the curved contour of the substrate at a speed of 50-100mm / s. The precursor ink was uniformly sprayed at a speed of 0.5-2ml / min. Subsequently, the perovskite film was flash-evaporated in a vacuum dryer and then further annealed in an infrared annealing furnace to form the perovskite phase.

[0051] Example 3 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic glass module, which is the same as that in Embodiment 1, except that: (1) after thin-film photovoltaics are integrated onto curved glass to form photovoltaic sub-units, two photovoltaic sub-units and a film are fed into a high-pressure autoclave for lamination, and the structure is as follows. Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown; (2) In step S1, the silver nanowire dispersion is directly sprayed onto the curved glass substrate using a spraying device to prepare the front electrode.

[0052] Example 4 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic glass module, which is the same as that in Embodiment 1, except that: (1) the thin-film photovoltaic is directly integrated into curved glass to form photovoltaic glass, and the structure is as follows. Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown; (2) In step S5, a layer of tin oxide (SnO2) with a thickness of 50-100nm is prepared by inkjet printing process, and then a layer of fullerene (C60) with a thickness of 50-80nm is deposited by vacuum evaporation.

[0053] Example 5 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic glass module, which is the same as that in Embodiment 1, except that: thin-film photovoltaics are integrated into a UTG to form ultra-thin photovoltaic glass, wherein the curved transparent glass is replaced with UTG (thickness between 0.3-1.2 mm), and then the UTG, film, and curved glass are fed into an autoclave for high-pressure lamination, as shown in the figure. Figure 8 and Figure 9 As shown.

[0054] Example 6 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic vehicle body sheet metal component. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1, except that the curved substrate is replaced with sheet metal with a roughness reduced to below 1μm obtained through grinding, polishing, and an insulating coating. No film lamination, vacuum lamination, or edge sealing is required. The structure is as follows: Figure 10-1 ).

[0055] Example 7 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic vehicle body sheet metal component. The preparation method is the same as that in Embodiment 1, except that the curved substrate is replaced with sheet metal with a roughness reduced to less than 1μm by grinding, polishing and insulating coating. Thin-film photovoltaic is deposited on UTG to make ultra-thin photovoltaic glass, and then it is bonded to the vehicle body sheet metal with a film.

[0056] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications, characterized in that, It includes: A curved substrate, a thin-film photovoltaic module, an encapsulation protective layer, and a film are included, wherein the curved substrate, the thin-film photovoltaic module, the encapsulation protective layer, and the film are integrated and encapsulated to form a photovoltaic module; the thin-film photovoltaic module is directly formed on the curved substrate.

2. The automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The curved substrate is made of sheet metal, single-layer glass, or multi-layer glass; the shape of the curved substrate is a single curved surface, a hyperboloid, or a complex free-form surface.

3. The automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thin-film photovoltaic includes a front electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a photovoltaic power generation layer, an electron transport layer, and a back electrode layer; the thin-film photovoltaic is disposed on a single side surface or multiple surfaces of the curved substrate.

4. A curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thin-film photovoltaic is at least one of copper indium gallium selenide thin-film battery, perovskite thin-film battery, cadmium telluride thin-film battery, dye-sensitized battery, organic thin-film battery or amorphous silicon / microcrystalline silicon thin-film battery, and the battery structure can be a single-junction, stacked or triple-junction thin-film battery.

5. A curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 1, characterized in that, The encapsulation protective layer is a transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque functional layer, and its material is at least one of inorganic materials or organic resin materials.

6. A curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 5, characterized in that, The encapsulation protective layer material is at least one of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hydrophobic coating, organic resin film, polymer encapsulation film, or ultra-thin glass.

7. A method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automobiles as described in claims 1-6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: After cleaning and drying the curved substrate, thin-film photovoltaics are directly formed onto the curved substrate; an encapsulation protective layer is deposited on the surface of the back electrode layer of the thin-film photovoltaic to form a photovoltaic sub-unit; the photovoltaic sub-unit and the curved cover plate are laminated together with film, vacuum-laminated and edge-sealed, and then connected to the power distribution box after cooling to obtain the automotive curved thin-film photovoltaic module.

8. The method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 7, characterized in that, The molding process includes any one of magnetron sputtering, vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, spraying, inkjet printing and screen printing.

9. The method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 7, characterized in that, The front electrode layer is at least one of indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide; the hole transport layer is at least one of nickel oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid), molybdenum oxide, and polytriarylamine; the photovoltaic power generation layer is at least one of perovskite photovoltaic materials, organic photovoltaic materials, dye-sensitized photovoltaic materials, and cadmium telluride photovoltaic materials; the electron transport layer is at least one of tin oxide, zinc oxide, fullerene, and isomethyl (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyrate; and the back electrode layer is at least one of indium tin oxide, tin fluoride oxide, gold, silver, and copper.

10. The method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 7, characterized in that, The preparation of the thin-film photovoltaic includes a molding process and a laser scribing process. The laser scribing method involves fixing a curved substrate and dynamically adjusting the laser scribing height and angle to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the scribing effect.

11. The method for preparing a curved thin-film photovoltaic module for automotive applications according to claim 10, characterized in that, The laser scribing method also includes fixing the power and position of the laser source, fixing the curved substrate to a multi-axis linkage mechanism, dynamically adjusting the curved substrate, and quickly compensating for the angle and height of the curved substrate.

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