Breeding method of horn-crown-beard yellow chicken
By using targeted hybridization and continuous dual-gene synchronous detection, a stag-crested bearded yellow chicken was bred, which solved the problem of the failure of the quality control and traceability system after slaughter of yellow chickens, improved the efficiency of slaughtering work and maintained excellent production performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- GUANGZHOU JIANGFENG SEED TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-26
AI Technical Summary
In the modern cold chain sales process, yellow chickens lose their distinctive appearance after slaughter, leading to the failure of quality control and traceability systems and a decline in slaughtering efficiency.
By using directional hybridization and continuous dual-gene synchronous detection, a yellow chicken with deer antler crest and beard characteristics was bred. The three-line hybridization method was used to ensure homozygosity of traits, resulting in the deer antler crest and beard yellow chicken.
It solved the problem of the failure of the quality control and traceability system after slaughter of yellow chickens, significantly improved the efficiency of slaughtering work, and maintained the excellent reproductive performance of the male and female lines.
Smart Images
Figure CN121667166B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of poultry breeding, and more particularly to a method for breeding the Yellow-bred Chicken with Deer Antler Crested Beard. Background Technology
[0002] With the continuous advancement of urbanization in my country, the improvement of residents' quality of life, and the increasing health awareness, coupled with the practical need for public health and safety guarantees, the replacement of live poultry sales with chilled chicken has become an inevitable trend in poultry consumption and industry development. Currently, relevant cities have explicitly restricted or prohibited live poultry trading; against this backdrop, the industry must break through the existing sales path of live chicken markets and accelerate its transformation towards modern chilled chicken sales. This transformation is not only essential for the sustainable development of the broiler industry and the enhancement of its market competitiveness, but also a practical requirement for strengthening public health and safety defenses and meeting residents' healthy consumption needs.
[0003] In live poultry sales, different breeds of yellow chickens can be distinguished by their appearance, such as feather color, skin color, shank color, and beard. However, in modern chilled poultry sales, live chickens need to be slaughtered and processed centrally in the early stages. During processing, the chickens' beards, feathers, and other external features are removed, causing the slaughtered yellow chickens to lose their distinctive appearance attributes and making it difficult to identify the breed using traditional characteristics. This not only causes technical problems that render the subsequent quality control and traceability system of yellow chickens ineffective, but also, because the chickens cannot be identified by their physical characteristics, the slaughtered chickens need to be temporarily stored for inspection, resulting in a significant decrease in slaughtering efficiency. Summary of the Invention
[0004] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a breeding method for yellow chickens with deer antler crests and beards. Through the above method, yellow chickens with distinctive deer antler crests and beards can be bred, so that the carcasses of the yellow chickens after slaughter also exhibit the obvious characteristics of deer antler crests. This solves the technical problem of the failure of the quality control and traceability system after slaughter of yellow chickens, and at the same time greatly improves the work efficiency of yellow chicken slaughter.
[0005] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows: The present invention provides a method for breeding the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken, comprising the following breeding steps:
[0006] S1. Yellow chickens with antler comb traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous GG type antler comb yellow chickens were retained to construct the paternal pure line P1; Yellow chickens with beard traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous MbMb type beard yellow chickens were retained to construct the maternal pure line P2.
[0007] S2. P1 and P2 were used as the father and mother respectively for reciprocal crosses, i.e., P1♂×P2♀ and P2♂×P1♀; through phenotypic and genetic testing, the yellow chickens that simultaneously possessed heterozygous AG-type antler crests and heterozygous Mbmb-type beards were retained to form the core group of the F1 generation.
[0008] S3. Crossbreed the roosters and hens in the core F1 generation, i.e., F1♂×F1♀; through phenotypic and genetic testing, retain the yellow chickens that simultaneously possess both homozygous GG type antler crest and homozygous MbMb type beard-like features to form the F2 generation homozygous candidate group.
[0009] S4. Self-cross the roosters and hens in the F2 generation homozygous candidate group, i.e., F2♂×F2♀; to obtain the yellow chicken strain A with antler comb and beard traits.
[0010] Furthermore, it also includes the following steps:
[0011] S5. Select the yellow chicken strain A with antler crest and beard traits from step S4, construct the primary A strain group, and orthogonally cross the roosters and hens in the primary A strain group, i.e., A♂×A♀, to breed the terminal paternal strain A.
[0012] S6. Select yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits to construct the primary B strain population, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary B strain population with each other, i.e., B♂×B♀, to breed the first paternal B strain; select yellow chickens with single comb to construct the primary C strain population, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary C strain population with each other, i.e., C♂×C♀, to breed the first maternal C strain;
[0013] S7. Orthogonalize the first paternal parent B line and the first maternal parent C line in step S6, i.e., B♂×C♀, to obtain the terminal maternal parent BC line;
[0014] S8. Orthogonalize the terminal paternal line A in step S5 and the terminal maternal line BC in step S7, i.e., A♂×BC♀, to breed commercial chickens ABC, specifically ABC♂ and ABC♀.
[0015] Furthermore, in step S6, the breeding method for yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits in the primary B strain population is as follows: after selecting yellow chicken individuals with beard and / or single comb traits from local breed resources and performing reciprocal crosses, the individuals are screened by molecular detection, appearance characteristics and egg production performance to obtain yellow chicken individuals with both single comb and beard appearance traits and good reproductive performance, and thus establish the primary B strain population.
[0016] Furthermore, in step S6, the method for breeding yellow chickens with single combs within the primary C lineage is as follows: after selecting yellow chicken individuals with single comb traits from local breed resources and performing reciprocal crosses, they are screened based on appearance characteristics and egg production performance to obtain yellow chicken individuals that simultaneously possess single comb appearance traits and excellent reproductive performance, thus forming the primary C lineage.
[0017] Furthermore, the terminal paternal line A is selected from rooster individuals with antler crests, beards, and a moderately fast and uniform growth rate.
[0018] Furthermore, the first paternal line B line selects roosters with a single comb, beard, and good reproductive performance.
[0019] Furthermore, the first maternal parent C line selects individual hens with single comb traits, uniform weight, relatively balanced growth rate, and excellent reproductive performance.
[0020] Furthermore, the terminal paternal line A is bred to produce the next generation during the peak egg production period, with three generations every two years. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:8 to 1:16. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C form families to produce the next generation at 43 weeks of age, with one generation per year. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:10 to 1:16.
[0021] Furthermore, the retention rate of roosters in the primary A strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary A strain group is 5%-20%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary B strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary B strain group is 20%-30%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary C strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary C strain group is 20%-30%.
[0022] Furthermore, the commercial chicken ABC is characterized by distinct antler-shaped combs and whiskers, moderate growth rate, ingot-shaped body, short and slender legs, and a comb without drooping antler-shaped combs on the carcass after slaughter.
[0023] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:
[0024] 1. This invention, through directional hybridization and continuous dual-gene synchronous detection, enables the two independent traits of antler crest and beard to achieve highly homozygous antler crest and beard yellow chickens in the third generation of breeding, with a short breeding cycle; it also retains the excellent reproductive performance of the paternal and maternal parents (e.g., excellent meat flavor, moderate to fast growth rate); at the same time, the antler crest and beard yellow chickens bred will have the obvious characteristic of antler crest on their carcasses after slaughter, solving the technical problem of the failure of the quality control and traceability system after slaughter of yellow chickens, and greatly improving the work efficiency of yellow chicken slaughter.
[0025] 2. This invention, through a three-line hybridization model, effectively avoids the technical problems of other breeders directly using male and female chickens from the ABC line of commercial chickens for replication breeding. Specifically, the terminal paternal line A is homozygous for antler crests, while the first paternal line B and the first maternal line C do not possess the antler crest phenotype. Similarly, the terminal maternal line BC also does not possess the antler crest phenotype. The hybridization of the terminal paternal line A (homozygous for antler crests) with the terminal maternal line BC (which does not possess the antler crest phenotype) results in commercial chickens exhibiting the antler crest trait, but all are heterozygous for it. If commercial male and female chickens are directly mated, 75% of the offspring will have the antler crest phenotype, while 25% will not. Therefore, the above breeding method has significant practical value and broad application prospects in the field of poultry genetics and breeding. Attached Figure Description
[0026] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a breeding method for a yellow-feathered chicken with antler crest in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0027] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a breeding method for a yellow-feathered chicken with antler crest in an embodiment of the present invention.
[0028] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the appearance characteristics of commercial chicken ABC in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0029] This invention provides a method for breeding the Deer Antler Crested Bearded Yellow Chicken. To make the objectives, technical solutions, and effects of this invention clearer and more explicit, the invention is further described in detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
[0030] In live poultry sales, different breeds of yellow-feathered chickens can be distinguished by their plumage, skin color, shank color, and beard. However, in modern chilled poultry sales, live chickens require centralized slaughtering and processing. During processing, the chickens' beards, feathers, and other external features are removed, causing the slaughtered yellow-feathered chickens to lose their distinctive appearance and making it difficult to identify the breed using traditional characteristics. This not only causes technical problems in the subsequent quality control and traceability system for yellow-feathered chickens but also necessitates the temporary storage of slaughtered chickens for inspection due to the inability to identify their physical characteristics, resulting in a significant decrease in slaughtering efficiency. Therefore, this embodiment aims to provide a breeding method for yellow-feathered chickens with antler-shaped combs and beards. This method can breed yellow-feathered chickens with distinctive antler-shaped combs and beards, ensuring that the carcass of the slaughtered chickens also exhibits the obvious characteristics of antler-shaped combs. This solves the technical problem of the failure of the quality control and traceability system after slaughtering yellow-feathered chickens and significantly improves the efficiency of yellow-feathered chicken slaughtering.
[0031] Specifically, this invention provides a method for breeding the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken, comprising the following breeding steps:
[0032] S1. Yellow chickens with antler comb traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous GG type antler comb yellow chickens were retained to construct the paternal pure line P1; Yellow chickens with beard traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous MbMb type beard yellow chickens were retained to construct the maternal pure line P2.
[0033] S2. P1 and P2 were used as the father and mother respectively for reciprocal crosses, i.e., P1♂×P2♀ and P2♂×P1♀; through phenotypic and genetic testing, the yellow chickens that simultaneously possessed heterozygous AG-type antler crests and heterozygous Mbmb-type beards were retained to form the core group of the F1 generation.
[0034] S3. Crossbreed the roosters and hens in the core F1 generation, i.e., F1♂×F1♀; through phenotypic and genetic testing, retain the yellow chickens that simultaneously possess both homozygous GG type antler crest and homozygous MbMb type beard-like features to form the F2 generation homozygous candidate group.
[0035] S4. Self-cross the roosters and hens in the F2 generation homozygous candidate group, i.e., F2♂×F2♀; to obtain the yellow chicken strain A with antler comb and beard traits.
[0036] S5. Select the yellow chicken strain A with antler crest and beard traits from step S4, construct the primary A strain group, and orthogonally cross the roosters and hens in the primary A strain group, i.e., A♂×A♀, to breed the terminal paternal strain A.
[0037] S6. Select yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits to construct the primary B strain population, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary B strain population with each other, i.e., B♂×B♀, to breed the first paternal B strain; select yellow chickens with single comb to construct the primary C strain population, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary C strain population with each other, i.e., C♂×C♀, to breed the first maternal C strain;
[0038] S7. Orthogonalize the first paternal parent B line and the first maternal parent C line in step S6, i.e., B♂×C♀, to obtain the terminal maternal parent BC line;
[0039] S8. Orthogonalize the terminal paternal line A in step S5 and the terminal maternal line BC in step S7, i.e., A♂×BC♀, to breed commercial chickens ABC.
[0040] This embodiment effectively avoids the technical problems of other breeders directly using male and female chickens from the ABC line of commercial chickens for replication breeding through a three-line hybridization model. Specifically, the terminal paternal line A is homozygous for antler crests, while the first paternal line B and the first maternal line C do not possess the antler crest phenotype. That is, the terminal maternal line BC also does not possess the antler crest phenotype. The terminal paternal line A, being homozygous for antler crests, is hybridized with the terminal maternal line BC (which does not possess the antler crest phenotype). After hybridization, the commercial chickens exhibit the antler crest phenotype, but are all heterozygous for antler crests. If commercial male and female chickens are directly used for mating, 75% of the offspring will have the antler crest phenotype, and 25% will not. Therefore, the above breeding method has important practical value and broad application prospects in the field of poultry genetics and breeding.
[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the breeding method for yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits in the primary B strain in step S6 is as follows: Yellow chicken individuals with beard and / or single comb traits are selected from local breed resources and subjected to reciprocal crosses. Then, through molecular detection, appearance characteristics and egg production performance screening, yellow chicken individuals with single comb and beard appearance traits and good reproductive performance are obtained to form the primary B strain.
[0042] In a preferred embodiment, step S6, specifically the method for breeding yellow chickens with single combs within the primary C strain, involves: selecting yellow chicken individuals with single comb traits from local breed resources and performing reciprocal crosses; then, through screening based on appearance characteristics and egg production performance, obtaining yellow chicken individuals that simultaneously possess single comb appearance traits and excellent reproductive performance, thereby establishing the primary C strain.
[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the terminal paternal line A is selected from rooster individuals with antler crests, beards, and a moderately fast and uniform growth rate.
[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the first paternal parent B line is selected from roosters with a single comb, beard, and good reproductive performance.
[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the first maternal parent C line is selected from individual hens with a single comb trait, uniform weight, relatively balanced growth rate, and excellent reproductive performance.
[0046] In a preferred embodiment, the terminal paternal line A is bred to produce the next generation during the peak egg production period, with three generations every two years. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:8 to 1:16. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C form families to produce the next generation at 43 weeks of age, with one generation per year. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:10 to 1:16.
[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the retention rate of roosters in the primary A strain is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary A strain is 5%-20%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary B strain is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary B strain is 20%-30%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary C strain is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary C strain is 20%-30%.
[0048] In a preferred embodiment, the commercial chicken ABC has the following physical characteristics: a distinct antler-shaped comb and beard, moderate growth rate, ingot-shaped body, short and slender legs, and a comb without drooping antlers on the carcass after slaughter.
[0049] The present invention will be further described below through specific embodiments.
[0050] Example 1
[0051] This embodiment 1 provides a method for breeding the Deer Antler Crested Bearded Yellow Chicken, which includes the following steps:
[0052] S1. After three generations of self-crossing, Hetian chickens and Xiayan chickens with the antler crest phenotype were selected as the male parent. The 15.7Kb repeat fragment of the HSF5-RNF43 gene cluster on chromosome 19 was detected by PCR technology. Individuals with the homozygous mutant genotype (GG) were screened to construct the male parent pure line P1. Bearded chickens with the beard phenotype were selected as the female parent. The rs13620154 site of the FGFR2 gene on chromosome 27 was detected by PCR technology. Individuals with the homozygous mutant genotype (MbMb) were screened to construct the female parent pure line P2.
[0053] Among them, the primer pair for detecting staghorn crest (SEQ ID NO: 1-2):
[0054] F1:5'-GCTGCTGAAGGTGAAGATGG-3'
[0055] R1:5'-CAGCAGCAGCAGTTGTTGTC-3'
[0056] Expected amplification fragment: approximately 800bp for wild type and approximately 1000bp for mutant type.
[0057] Beard detection primer pair (SEQ ID NO: 3-4):
[0058] F2:5'-GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCT-3'
[0059] R2:5'-GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATT-3'
[0060] This primer pair is designed for the rs13620154 site and can distinguish between three genotypes, namely A / A, A / G, and G / G, by the difference in Tm values of the HRM curve.
[0061] S2. P1 and P2 were used as the father and mother, respectively, for reciprocal crosses, i.e., P1♂×P2♀ and P2♂×P1♀; morphological identification and extraction of blood DNA from F1 individuals were performed; PCR amplification was performed using specific primers, and individuals carrying both the antler crown heterozygous gene (AG) and the beard heterozygous gene (Mbmb) were selected by high-resolution melting curve (HRM) analysis to form the core group of F1 generation;
[0062] The specific primer sequences used are as follows:
[0063] Primers for antler crown gene detection:
[0064] Forward primer F1: 5'-GCTGCTGAAGGTGAAGATGG-3'
[0065] Reverse primer R1: 5'-CAGCAGCAGCAGTTGTTGTC-3'
[0066] Beard gene detection primers:
[0067] Forward primer F2: 5'-GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCT-3'
[0068] Reverse primer R2: 5'-GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATT-3'
[0069] S3. Crossbreed male and female chickens in the F1 generation core group, i.e., F1♂×F1♀; judge by morphology and extract blood DNA from F1 individuals (as in step S2 above); perform PCR amplification using specific primers, and screen individuals possessing both the antler crest homozygous gene (GG) and the beard homozygous gene (MbMb) through high-resolution melting curve (HRM) analysis to form the F2 generation homozygous candidate group; specifically,
[0070] S4. Self-cross the roosters and hens in the F2 generation homozygous candidate group, i.e., F2♂×F2♀; to obtain the yellow chicken strain A with antler comb and beard traits.
[0071] S5: Select the yellow chicken strain A with antler crest and beard traits from step S4, construct the primary A strain group, and orthogonally cross the roosters and hens in the primary A strain group, i.e., A♂×A♀, to breed the terminal paternal strain A.
[0072] S6: Select Huiyang Bearded Chickens with single comb and beard traits, construct the primary B strain, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary B strain with each other (B♂×B♀) to obtain the first paternal B strain; select Yellow-feathered Chickens with single comb, construct the primary C strain, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary C strain with each other (C♂×C♀) to obtain the first maternal C strain;
[0073] S7: Orthogonalize the first paternal parent B line and the first maternal parent C line in step S6, i.e., B♂×C♀, to obtain the terminal maternal parent BC line;
[0074] S8: Orthogonalize the terminal paternal line A in step S5 and the terminal maternal line BC in step S7, i.e., A♂×BC♀, to breed commercial chickens ABC.
[0075] In a preferred embodiment, the terminal paternal line A breeds the next generation during peak egg production, with three generations every two years. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of each family is controlled at 1:12. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C form families at 43 weeks of age to breed the next generation, with one generation per year. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of each family is controlled at 1:13.
[0076] In a preferred embodiment, the retention rates of roosters and hens in the primary A strain are 1.7% and 12.5%, respectively; the retention rates of roosters and hens in the primary B strain are 1.7% and 12.5%, respectively; and the retention rates of roosters and hens in the primary C strain are 1.7% and 12.5%, respectively.
[0077] In a preferred embodiment, the commercial chicken ABC has the following physical characteristics: a distinct antler-shaped comb and beard, moderate growth rate, ingot-shaped body, short and slender legs, and a comb without drooping antlers on the carcass after slaughter.
[0078] Example 2
[0079] The differences between Example 2 and Example 1 are as follows:
[0080] In this embodiment, the terminal paternal line A breeds the next generation during the peak egg production period, with three generations every two years. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:8. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C form families at 43 weeks of age to breed the next generation, with one generation per year. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:10.
[0081] In this embodiment, the retention rate of roosters in the primary A strain group is 1.0%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary A strain group is 5%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary B strain group is 1.0%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary B strain group is 20%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary C strain group is 1.0%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary C strain group is 20%.
[0082] Example 3
[0083] The differences between Example 2 and Example 1 are as follows:
[0084] In this embodiment, the terminal paternal line A breeds the next generation during the peak egg production period, with three generations every two years. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:16. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C form families at 43 weeks of age to breed the next generation, with one generation per year. Each generation forms 65 full-sib families, and the male-to-female ratio of the families is controlled at 1:16.
[0085] In this embodiment, the retention rate of roosters in the primary A strain group is 2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary A strain group is 20%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary B strain group is 2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary B strain group is 30%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary C strain group is 2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary C strain group is 30%.
[0086] Test Example 1
[0087] Test objective: To conduct an appearance stability test on the commercial chickens ABC from Examples 1-3.
[0088] Test subjects: 1000 commercial ABC chickens bred in Examples 1-3;
[0089] Control group: 50 common Sanhuang chickens raised under the same conditions were selected for comparative analysis of appearance recognition.
[0090] Test method: Statistical analysis of the expression rates of antler crown and beard phenotypes in live deer and the expression rates of residual traits after slaughter.
[0091] Test results are shown in Table 1-2 below:
[0092]
[0093] Table 1
[0094]
[0095] Table 2
[0096] Test conclusion:
[0097] 1. Compared to ordinary Sanhuang chickens (which lack antler-like combs, have no beards, generally have wattles, and lack residual cartilage at the base of the comb):
[0098] Live condition: Commercial ABC chickens have an average of 99.3% antler comb expression rate and 100% beard expression rate, while ordinary Sanhuang chickens do not have both. Therefore, they can be directly distinguished by sight, with no possibility of confusion. Post-slaughter condition: Commercial ABC chickens have the characteristics of 100% residual cartilage at the base of the comb and 99.5% no wattles, while ordinary Sanhuang chickens do not have both. This further creates a significant difference in appearance between them and ordinary Sanhuang chickens after slaughter. Therefore, the appearance of commercial ABC chickens is significantly more identifiable than that of ordinary Sanhuang chickens. Their breed characteristics are clear and easy to identify, which can meet the market's demand for breed differentiation.
[0099] 2. Trait stability: The core appearance traits (beard, stag comb, no wattles, and residual cartilage at the base of the comb) of the commercial ABC chickens bred in Examples 1-3 of this invention are highly stable. The beard phenotype expression rate is 100%, the residual cartilage in the stag comb is visible in 100% of cases, and the proportion of individuals without wattles is 99.5%. Only the stag comb shows a slight abnormality of 0.6% on average (mainly caused by environmental stress). Overall, it meets the stability requirements for breed selection.
[0100] Test Example 2
[0101] Test objective: To evaluate the meat flavor of the commercial chickens ABC from Examples 1-3.
[0102] Test subjects: Commercial ABC chickens bred in Examples 1-3 were selected. Healthy and disease-free adult chickens with uniform weight (e.g., 1.8-2.0kg) were selected, with 30 chickens per batch. After slaughter, the breast and leg muscles were taken (3 replicates for each part). After removing the fascia, the chickens were refrigerated at low temperature (4℃, within 2 hours).
[0103] Control group: Commercially available ordinary Sanhuang chickens, with the same weight range, sales channels, quantity, and treatment methods as the experimental group.
[0104] Testing instruments: Texture analyzer [TA.XTPlus (StableMicroSystems)], Soxhlet extractor [GerhardtSOXTHERM Fat analyzer], Automated amino acid analyzer [Biochrom30+ Amino Acid Analyzer (Biochrom)], Electronic balance [FA2004 Analytical Balance (Shanghai Jingke)], Freeze dryer [FD-1A-50 Freeze Dryer (Beijing Boyikang)], High-speed centrifuge [TGL-16M High-speed Refrigerated Centrifuge (Xiangyi)].
[0105] Test reagents: anhydrous diethyl ether (for Soxhlet extraction), amino acid derivatizing reagents (such as phenyl isothiocyanate), hydrochloric acid (for sample hydrolysis), and standard amino acid reference standards (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine), all of which were of analytical grade.
[0106] Testing method:
[0107] (1) Muscle tenderness (shear force value) test, including the following steps:
[0108] Step 1 Sample processing: Cut the pectoral and leg muscles into 2cm×1cm×3cm cuboids (with the muscle fibers in the same direction), place them in a 70℃ water bath and heat to a core temperature of 70℃. After holding at this temperature for 10 minutes, remove them and cool to room temperature.
[0109] Step 2 Instrument Operation: Use a V-type shear probe for the texture analyzer and set the parameters (test speed 2mm / s, trigger force 5g, shear distance 15mm). Repeat the shearing 3 times for each sample and take the average value as the shear force value of the sample (unit: kg).
[0110] Step 3 Quality Control: Samples from the same batch are heated and cooled for the same time. The probe is cleaned after each use to avoid cross-contamination.
[0111] (2) Intramuscular fat content detection, including the following steps:
[0112] Step 1 Sample Pretreatment: Take 10g of chicken meat sample, freeze-dry to constant weight, pulverize and pass through a 40-mesh sieve, pack into a filter paper tube and compact, and place in a Soxhlet extractor.
[0113] Step 2 Extraction: Add 100 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether, heat in a water bath (60°C), and reflux for 6 hours. After extraction, recover the diethyl ether, dry the filter paper tube to constant weight, and calculate the fat content.
[0114] Intramuscular fat content (g / 100g) = ×100.
[0115] Step 3: Blank control: Perform a blank experiment (filter paper tube only) to deduct the error caused by reagents and filter paper.
[0116] (3) Detection of total umami amino acids, including the following steps:
[0117] Step 1: Sample hydrolysis: Take 0.2g of meat sample, add 10mL of 6mol / L hydrochloric acid, place in a sealed tube, hydrolyze at 110℃ for 24h, cool and filter, take the filtrate and dilute to 50mL with deionized water, take 1mL and dilute to 10mL for later use.
[0118] Step 2: Derivatization and Detection: Take the diluted solution and react it with the derivatization reagent. Separate and detect the amino acids using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Plot a standard curve using standard amino acid reference standards, calculate the content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine, and sum them to obtain the total amount of umami amino acids (unit: g / 100g).
[0119] Step 3: Repeat the setup: Make 3 parallel samples for each sample, with a relative deviation of ≤5% between parallel samples to ensure data accuracy.
[0120] (4) Consumer blind testing: including the following steps
[0121] Step 1: Subject selection: 100 subjects, aged 20-60 years, with a balanced gender ratio, excluding those with chicken allergies or taste abnormalities, and informed of the experimental rules in advance (no compensation, independent evaluation).
[0122] Step 2 Sample preparation: Using a uniform cooking method (e.g., boiling at 90℃ water temperature until the core temperature reaches 75℃), remove the skin and bones, cut into small pieces of equal volume, and code them (random numbers, unknown group for the subject), while providing clean water (for cleansing the mouth).
[0123] Step 3 Evaluation criteria: A 5-point scoring system (1 point for poor, 5 points for excellent) was used. Evaluation indicators included flavor intensity, meat texture, and overall preference. Subjective feedback from the participants was also recorded, and the percentage of participants who believed that ABC chicken had "more intense flavor and better meat texture" was statistically analyzed.
[0124] Test results are shown in Table 3 below:
[0125]
[0126] Table 3
[0127] Test conclusion:
[0128] 1. First, SPSS software was used to analyze and calculate the mean ± standard deviation of each group of indicators. The differences between ABC chicken and ordinary Sanhuang chicken were compared by independent samples t test, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Second, the intramuscular fat and umami amino acid content in Examples 1-3 were significantly higher than those in ordinary Sanhuang chicken, resulting in richer flavor substances and solving the problem of "bland meat and taste" in ordinary broiler chicken.
[0129] 2. Secondly, the shear force values in Examples 1-3 are higher than those of ordinary Sanhuang chickens, which, while maintaining high tenderness, give the chicken meat a better chewiness and texture by moderately increasing the shear force, resulting in more distinct layers of flavor.
[0130] Test Example 3
[0131] Test objective: To determine the growth performance of the commercial chickens ABC from Examples 1-3.
[0132] Test subjects: 500 commercial ABC chickens bred in Examples 1-3;
[0133] Control group: 50 common Sanhuang chickens raised under the same conditions were selected for comparative analysis of appearance recognition.
[0134] Testing method:
[0135] Step 1: Growth performance measurement: At 120 days of age (market age), all experimental chickens were weighed on an empty stomach, and the average weight and standard deviation were calculated.
[0136] Step 2: Breast angle measurement: Use a breast angle measuring instrument to measure the angle between the ends of the keel bones on both sides of the chicken's breast, reflecting the fullness of the breast muscle development - the "ingot-shaped" characteristic.
[0137] Step 3: Metatarsal length measurement: Measure the straight-line distance from the metatarsal joint to the bifurcation of the third and fourth toes, reflecting the development of leg bones—a characteristic of short stature.
[0138] Test results are shown in Table 1-2 below:
[0139]
[0140] Test conclusions: The average weight of commercial chickens ABC in Examples 1-3 at 120 days of age was 1.67±0.12kg (meeting the market standard for yellow-feathered broilers); body shape measurements: breast angle (ingot-shaped characteristic) averaged 76°±3° (standard Sanhuang chicken range 75°-85°), metatarsal length (leg height) averaged 4.1±0.3cm (slender characteristic, ordinary fast-growing chickens have a metatarsal length ≥5.0cm). Compared with ordinary Sanhuang chickens, the commercial generation showed more balanced growth rate, balancing market age and meat quality.
[0141] Test Example 4
[0142] Test objective: To conduct genetic analysis experiments on the commercial chickens ABC from Examples 1-3.
[0143] Test subjects: Commercial ABC chickens bred in Examples 1-3 were selected;
[0144] Test method: After radial cross-crossing of the commercial ABC chickens in Examples 1-3 with one generation F1, the appearance was observed.
[0145] The results showed that only 74.5% of the offspring in the commercial generation exhibited the "antler" phenotype (consistent with Mendelian inheritance), and the probability of dominant traits in the offspring of heterozygous crosses was 75%, while 25.5% of individuals showed the non-antler crown phenotype.
[0146] It should be understood that the application of the present invention is not limited to the examples above. Those skilled in the art can make improvements or modifications based on the above description, and all such improvements and modifications should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method for breeding a yellow-feathered chicken with antler crest and beard, characterized in that, The breeding method includes the following steps: S1. Yellow chickens with antler comb traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous GG type antler comb yellow chickens were retained to construct the paternal pure line P1; Yellow chickens with beard traits were selected for 2-4 generations of self-pollination. Through molecular marker detection, homozygous MbMb type beard yellow chickens were retained to construct the maternal pure line P2. S2. P1 and P2 were used as the male and female parents respectively for reciprocal crosses; through phenotypic and genetic testing, yellow chickens that simultaneously possessed heterozygous AG-type antler crests and heterozygous Mbmb-type beards were retained to form the core group of the F1 generation; S3. Crossbreed the roosters and hens in the core F1 generation; through phenotypic and genetic testing, retain the yellow chickens that simultaneously possess both the homozygous GG type antler crest and the homozygous MbMb type beard-like appearance to form the homozygous candidate F2 generation. S4. Self-crossing of male and female chickens in the F2 generation homozygous candidate group to obtain yellow chicken strain A with antler comb and beard traits; S5. Select the yellow chicken strain A with antler crest and beard traits from step S4, construct the primary strain A group, and orthogonally cross the roosters and hens in the primary strain A group to obtain the terminal paternal strain A; S6. Select yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits, construct the primary generation B lineage, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary generation B lineage to obtain the first paternal B lineage; select yellow chickens with single comb, construct the primary generation C lineage, and cross the roosters and hens in the primary generation C lineage to obtain the first maternal C lineage. S7. Orthogonalize the first paternal parent B line and the first maternal parent C line in step S6, i.e., B♂×C♀, to obtain the terminal maternal parent BC line; S8. Orthogonalize the terminal paternal line A in step S5 and the terminal maternal line BC in step S7, i.e., A♂×BC♀, to breed commercial chickens ABC; The terminal paternal line A lineage selects rooster individuals with antler crests, beards, and moderate to fast and uniform growth rates. The first paternal line B line was selected from roosters with a single comb and beard, and good reproductive performance. The first maternal parent C line selected individual hens with single comb traits, uniform weight, relatively balanced growth rate, and excellent reproductive performance.
2. The breeding method for the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6, the breeding method for yellow chickens with single comb and beard traits in the primary B strain population is as follows: Yellow chicken individuals with beard and / or single comb traits are selected from local breed resources and subjected to reciprocal crosses. Then, through molecular detection, appearance characteristics and egg production performance screening, yellow chicken individuals with both single comb and beard appearance traits and good reproductive performance are obtained to form the primary B strain population.
3. The breeding method for the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step S6, the breeding method for yellow chickens with single combs in the primary C line group is as follows: after selecting yellow chicken individuals with single comb traits from local breed resources and performing reciprocal crosses, they are screened by appearance characteristics and egg production performance to obtain yellow chicken individuals that simultaneously possess single comb appearance traits and excellent reproductive performance, thus forming the primary C line group.
4. The breeding method for the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken according to claim 1, characterized in that, The terminal paternal line A is used to breed the next generation during the peak egg production period. Three generations are carried out every two years, with each generation forming 65 full-sib families. The male-to-female ratio of each family is controlled at 1:8 to 1:
16. The first paternal line B and the first maternal line C are used to breed the next generation at 43 weeks of age. One generation is carried out every year, with each generation forming 65 full-sib families. The male-to-female ratio of each family is controlled at 1:10 to 1:
16.
5. The breeding method for the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken according to claim 1, characterized in that, The retention rate of roosters in the primary A strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary A strain group is 5%-20%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary B strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary B strain group is 20%-30%; the retention rate of roosters in the primary C strain group is 1.0%-2.5%, and the retention rate of hens in the primary C strain group is 20%-30%.
6. The breeding method for the antler-crested, bearded yellow chicken according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The commercial chickens ABC are characterized by distinct antler-shaped combs and whiskers, moderate growth rate, ingot-shaped body, short and slender legs, and a comb without drooping antler-shaped combs on the carcass after slaughter.