Machining method for integrally-formed self-locking nut

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of nut machining, aims to solve the problems that in the prior art, nut machining needs complex and numerous procedures, the machining cost is high, and the production period is long, and provides a machining method for an integrally-formed self-locking nut. Comprising a stamping process, a first deburring process, a cleaning process, a solid solution process, a turning process, a tapping process, a second deburring process, an in-process inspection process, a closing process, a screening process, an aging process and a sand blasting process, and after batch processing is finished, the final product is transferred to the next process after being inspected to be qualified. The method has the beneficial effects that the working procedures are more concentrated and simplified, the processing cost is reduced, and the production period is shortened.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of nut processing technology, and more specifically, to a processing method for an integrally formed self-locking nut. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the main connection methods used in aviation are threaded connections and riveting. Aviation often faces a vibrating environment. Due to the special engagement property of threads, after installation, the components may loosen over time and with changes in the environment, which may lead to connection failure. Therefore, it is necessary for the threads to have self-locking properties.

[0003] New requirements have been put forward for the aviation industry, namely, the basic conditions of high efficiency, cost reduction and weight reduction. In the past, the processing method of self-locking nuts was to complete the product by cold deformation or hot deformation. Such processing requires complex and numerous procedures, high processing costs and long production cycles. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention aims to provide a processing method for integrally formed self-locking nuts, so as to solve the problems of complex and numerous processes, high processing costs and long production cycles required for nut processing in the prior art.

[0005] The embodiments of the present invention are implemented as follows:

[0006] This invention provides a method for processing an integrally formed self-locking nut, comprising the following steps: Step 1, stamping process: Select materials of preset specifications to form blank plates, place the blank plates into a special mold for stretching treatment, so that the plates are gradually shaped into the preset shape, and then punched and shaped. Step 2, the first deburring process, uses deburring tools to manually remove the burrs from both ends of the stamped product; Step 3, cleaning process: After the product is hung up, it is placed in a special cleaning rack and passed through the degreasing tank for degreasing, the hot water tank for cleaning, and the running water tank for rinsing off stubborn impurities on the surface. Finally, it is placed in the drying oven for drying. Step 4, solution treatment: After cleaning and drying, the product is hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After drying in a drying oven, it is placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at the temperature for 1 hour. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. Step 5, CNC machining: Use a special clamp to hold the cylindrical section of the product, control the clamping force to avoid damaging the surface of the cylindrical section, perform hexagonal chamfering and boring, then turn it around and use a special internal support fixture to clamp it, and turn, drill and round the surface of the cylindrical section. Step 6, tapping process: The product after several turning processes is placed into a special automatic tapping machine to tap the internal thread of the preset specification; Step 7, the second deburring process, removes the burrs at the beginning and end of the hole produced in the tapping process, and uses a thread plug gauge to recheck the go / no-go function of the internal thread. Step 8, intermediate inspection process: random sampling of products, use special measuring tools to check product dimensions and positional accuracy, and conduct product appearance inspection under specific conditions; Step nine, sealing process: A special sealing mold is used to seal the product, giving it a locking function. Step 10, Screening process: Place the products after the finishing process into the image screening machine, set the preset parameters and screening conditions, and screen the products. Step 11, aging process: The screened products are hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After being dried in a drying oven, they are placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at that temperature for 50 minutes. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. After cooling, the appearance and performance of the product are inspected. Step 12, Sandblasting process: Place the product that has passed the aging process inspection into the sandblasting machine to remove the oxide scale on the product surface. All machining processes are carried out in batches after the first piece of product passes inspection, and after the batch processing is completed, the last piece of product passes inspection before it is transferred to the next process.

[0007] Optionally: In the stamping process, the preset shape includes a hexagonal twisted surface, a tapered cylinder, and a hollow structure located between the hexagonal twisted surface and the tapered cylinder.

[0008] This design effectively reduces the product's weight while ensuring that the core mechanical properties such as the product's tightening torque, locking torque, and axle load remain unchanged and meet the reliability requirements of the aerospace industry. This aligns with the aerospace industry's core need for weight reduction in components. Furthermore, combined with the integrated stamping process, it further improves production efficiency, reduces processing costs, and balances product performance with production economy.

[0009] Optionally, during the tapping process, the internal thread of the preset specification can be selected from any one of M thread, MJ thread, British standard thread or American standard thread.

[0010] This configuration allows for flexible adaptation to the thread assembly needs of different equipment and connection scenarios in the aerospace field. It eliminates the need to design separate processing procedures for specific thread specifications, thereby improving the product's versatility and adaptability. Furthermore, in conjunction with the processing method of a dedicated automatic tapping machine, it ensures thread processing accuracy while further adapting to diverse production needs, enhancing the practicality and market applicability of the process.

[0011] Optionally, in the solution treatment and aging processes, the preset pressure of vacuum treatment may be the same or different, and the set temperature may be adjusted according to the characteristics of the materials used in the product.

[0012] This setup allows for targeted matching of heat treatment requirements for different materials, ensuring both the uniformity of the microstructure during the solution treatment stage and the performance stability during the aging stage. It also enhances the process's adaptability to various aerospace-grade materials, ensuring that the mechanical properties of the products meet the stringent requirements of the aerospace field, while simultaneously increasing the flexibility and versatility of the process.

[0013] Optionally: In the CNC machining process, the special clamps and special inner support fixtures are made of cemented carbide.

[0014] With this configuration, the cemented carbide possesses high strength, high hardness, and excellent wear resistance. It can precisely control the clamping force when holding the cylindrical section of the product, avoiding damage to the surface of the cylindrical section and ensuring the appearance and dimensional accuracy of the product. It can also withstand the clamping stress and friction during the processing for a long time, extending the service life of the fixture, reducing the frequency of fixture replacement, and thus reducing production auxiliary costs.

[0015] Optionally, the specific environment in the intermediate inspection process is to inspect the product appearance under set temperature, humidity, and high-brightness lighting.

[0016] This setup avoids the interference of temperature and humidity fluctuations on product appearance observation, while also allowing for the clear presentation of minute defects on the product surface through high-brightness lighting. This significantly improves the accuracy and consistency of appearance inspection, ensuring that products that do not meet the stringent appearance requirements of the aviation industry are promptly screened out, guaranteeing the stability of the appearance quality of mass-produced products, and further solidifying the overall reliability of the products.

[0017] Optionally: In the screening process, preset parameters include product size tolerance range, appearance defect type and judgment criteria, and screening conditions include surface roughness threshold and thread accuracy grade threshold.

[0018] This setup allows for the rapid and accurate removal of substandard products with out-of-tolerance dimensions, appearance defects, substandard surface roughness, and inconsistent thread precision. It also ensures the consistency and stability of product quality in mass production, meeting the stringent quality requirements of the aerospace industry for self-locking nuts.

[0019] Optionally: In the sandblasting process, the sandblasting medium of the sandblasting machine is quartz sand.

[0020] This configuration ensures that the quartz sand has moderate hardness and uniform particle size, which can efficiently remove oxide scale from the product surface while avoiding damage to the product matrix and key functional parts such as threads and seams, thus ensuring that the product's dimensional accuracy and core mechanical properties are not affected.

[0021] Optionally, in the first and second deburring processes, the deburring tools are diamond files or sandpaper.

[0022] With this setup, the diamond file or sandpaper has moderate hardness and produces a fine polishing effect. It can accurately remove burrs from both ends of the product and the threaded opening, while avoiding damage to the product surface and internal thread structure, thus ensuring the product's dimensional accuracy and thread pass / stop performance.

[0023] Optionally, the material used in the stamping process can be any one of aerospace-grade aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, or high-strength alloy steel, and the thickness of the material is determined according to the design dimensions of the product.

[0024] With this configuration, the aforementioned materials possess both lightweight, high strength, and corrosion-resistant aerospace-grade properties, ensuring that the product meets the stringent mechanical performance and environmental requirements of the aerospace field. At the same time, determining the material thickness according to the product design dimensions allows for precise matching of product structural design needs, avoiding material waste.

[0025] Optionally: The inspection of the first piece and the inspection of the last piece include dimensional accuracy inspection, appearance quality inspection, and mechanical performance sampling inspection, among which the mechanical performance inspection includes wrench torque test, locking torque test and axial load strength test.

[0026] This setup allows for both early control of process parameters through first-piece inspection to avoid batch non-conformity risks and verification of the stability of the batch production process through last-piece inspection, ensuring that the core dimensions, appearance, and mechanical properties of the product meet the stringent requirements of the aerospace industry.

[0027] In summary, the processing method for an integrally formed self-locking nut disclosed in this invention has the beneficial effects of more concentrated and simplified processes, reduced processing costs, and shorter production cycles. Attached Figure Description

[0028] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the machining process of a one-piece self-locking nut according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the nut structure in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] Icons: 1- Hexagonal wrench face, 2- Closed-end cylinder, 3- Hollowed-out structure. Detailed Implementation

[0031] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0032] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0033] Example See Figure 1 and Figure 2 This embodiment proposes a processing method for an integrally formed self-locking nut, including the following steps: Step 1, stamping process: Select materials of preset specifications to form blank plates, place the blank plates into a special mold for stretching treatment, so that the plates are gradually shaped into the preset shape, and then punched and shaped. Step 2, the first deburring process, uses deburring tools to manually remove the burrs from both ends of the stamped product; Step 3, cleaning process: After the product is hung up, it is placed in a special cleaning rack and passed through the degreasing tank for degreasing, the hot water tank for cleaning, and the running water tank for rinsing off stubborn impurities on the surface. Finally, it is placed in the drying oven for drying. Step 4, solution treatment: After cleaning and drying, the product is hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After drying in a drying oven, it is placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at the temperature for 1 hour. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. Step 5, CNC machining: Use a special clamp to hold the cylindrical section of the product, control the clamping force to avoid damaging the surface of the cylindrical section, perform hexagonal chamfering and boring, then turn it around and use a special internal support fixture to clamp it, and turn, drill and round the surface of the cylindrical section. Step 6, tapping process: The product after several turning processes is placed into a special automatic tapping machine to tap the internal thread of the preset specification; Step 7, the second deburring process, removes the burrs at the beginning and end of the hole produced in the tapping process, and uses a thread plug gauge to recheck the go / no-go function of the internal thread. Step 8, intermediate inspection process: random sampling of products, use special measuring tools to check product dimensions and positional accuracy, and conduct product appearance inspection under specific conditions; Step nine, sealing process: A special sealing mold is used to seal the product, giving it a locking function. Step 10, Screening process: Place the products after the finishing process into the image screening machine, set the preset parameters and screening conditions, and screen the products. Step 11, aging process: The screened products are hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After being dried in a drying oven, they are placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at that temperature for 50 minutes. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. After cooling, the appearance and performance of the product are inspected. Step 12, Sandblasting process: Place the product that has passed the aging process inspection into the sandblasting machine to remove the oxide scale on the product surface. All machining processes are carried out in batches after the first piece of product passes inspection, and after the batch processing is completed, the last piece of product passes inspection before it is transferred to the next process.

[0034] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 In the stamping process, the pre-designed shape includes a hexagonal twisting surface 1, a constricted cylinder 2, and a hollow structure 3 located between the hexagonal twisting surface 1 and the constricted cylinder 2. Under the premise of ensuring that the core mechanical properties of the product, such as twisting torque, locking torque, and axial load, remain unchanged and meeting the connection reliability requirements of the aerospace field, the weight of the product itself is effectively reduced, which meets the core demand of the aerospace field for weight reduction of parts. At the same time, combined with the one-piece stamping forming process, production efficiency is further improved, processing costs are reduced, and the product performance and production economy are taken into account.

[0035] In the tapping process, the internal thread of the preset specification can be selected from any one of M thread, MJ thread, British standard thread or American standard thread. This can flexibly adapt to the thread assembly requirements of different equipment and connection scenarios in the aerospace field. There is no need to design a separate processing process for specific thread specifications, which improves the versatility and adaptability of the product. At the same time, with the processing method of the dedicated automatic tapping machine, while ensuring the thread processing accuracy, it can further adapt to diversified production needs and enhance the practicality and market applicability of the process.

[0036] See Figure 1 and Figure 2In the solution treatment and aging processes, the preset pressure of vacuum treatment may be the same or different, and the set temperature is adapted and adjusted according to the characteristics of the materials used in the product. This allows for targeted matching of the heat treatment requirements of different materials, ensuring the uniformity of the structure of different material products in the solution treatment stage and the performance stability in the aging stage. It also improves the adaptability of the process to a variety of aerospace-grade materials, ensuring that the mechanical properties of the product meet the stringent requirements of the aerospace field, while enhancing the flexibility and versatility of the process.

[0037] In the CNC machining process, the special clamps and special inner support fixtures are made of cemented carbide. Cemented carbide has high strength, high hardness and excellent wear resistance. It can accurately control the clamping force when clamping the cylindrical section of the product, avoid damaging the surface of the cylindrical section, and ensure the appearance and dimensional accuracy of the product. It can also withstand the clamping stress and friction during the processing for a long time, extend the service life of the fixture, reduce the frequency of fixture replacement, and thus reduce the production auxiliary cost.

[0038] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 The specific environment in the intermediate inspection process involves inspecting the product appearance under set temperature, humidity, and high-brightness lighting. This avoids the interference of temperature and humidity fluctuations on the observation of the product appearance, and the high-brightness lighting can clearly show the subtle defects on the product surface, greatly improving the accuracy and consistency of appearance inspection. This ensures that products that do not meet the stringent appearance requirements of the aviation industry are promptly screened out, guaranteeing the stability of the appearance quality of mass-produced products and further consolidating the overall reliability of the products.

[0039] In the screening process, preset parameters include product size tolerance range, appearance defect type and judgment criteria. Screening conditions include surface roughness threshold and thread accuracy grade threshold. This can quickly and accurately remove unqualified products with out-of-tolerance size, appearance defects, surface roughness that does not meet the standard, and thread accuracy that does not meet the standard, while ensuring the consistency and stability of product quality in batch production and meeting the stringent quality requirements of the aerospace industry for self-locking nuts.

[0040] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 In the sandblasting process, the sandblasting medium of the sandblasting machine is quartz sand. Quartz sand has moderate hardness and uniform particles, which can not only efficiently remove the oxide scale on the product surface, but also avoid damage to the product substrate and key functional parts such as threads and seams, so as to ensure that the product's dimensional accuracy and core mechanical properties are not affected.

[0041] In the first and second deburring processes, the deburring tools are diamond files or sandpaper. Diamond files or sandpaper have moderate hardness and provide a fine polishing effect, which can accurately remove burrs from both ends of the product and the threaded hole opening, while avoiding damage to the product surface and internal thread structure, thus ensuring the product's dimensional accuracy and thread passability.

[0042] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 The stamping process uses any one of aerospace-grade aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, or high-strength alloy steel. The thickness of the material is determined according to the product's design dimensions. The aforementioned materials have the characteristics of being lightweight, high-strength, and corrosion-resistant, ensuring that the product meets the stringent mechanical performance and environmental requirements of the aerospace field. At the same time, determining the material thickness according to the product's design dimensions can accurately match the product's structural design requirements and avoid material waste.

[0043] Both the first-piece inspection and the last-piece inspection include dimensional accuracy inspection, appearance quality inspection, and mechanical performance sampling inspection. The mechanical performance inspection includes wrench torque testing, locking torque testing, and axial load strength testing. This allows for the control of process parameters through the first-piece inspection to avoid the risk of batch non-conformity, and also verifies the stability of the batch production process through the last-piece inspection, comprehensively ensuring that the core dimensions, appearance, and mechanical properties of the product meet the stringent requirements of the aerospace field.

[0044] Beneficial effects 1. The process is more centralized and simplified. This centralized and streamlined process design not only reduces redundant operations such as equipment adjustment and product transfer during process switching, and reduces the risk of production interruption caused by process dispersion, but also makes the production process more coherent and controllable, which facilitates unified management and quality control of the processing process and effectively solves the pain points of complicated processes and lengthy processes in traditional processes.

[0045] 2. Reduced processing costs: On the one hand, the centralized and simplified processes reduce the number of production equipment required, eliminating the need for multiple specialized machines such as wire EDM machines, roughing machines, and finishing machines, thus reducing equipment purchase, installation, and maintenance costs. Simultaneously, it reduces manual intervention required for process flow, lowering the number of operators needed. While a certain level of worker skill is required, it avoids the additional expenses such as labor management and skills training costs associated with a large workforce in traditional processes. On the other hand, compared to traditional cold and hot deformation processing, stamping has a higher material utilization rate. The blank sheet is directly formed after stretching and punching, reducing material loss in roughing, finishing, and trimming processes. Furthermore, the streamlined process shortens the product's dwell time at each stage, reducing energy consumption, material loss, and space occupancy costs during production. Simultaneously, first-piece inspection, last-piece inspection, and multi-stage quality control measures reduce the generation of defective products, lowering rework and material waste costs, achieving comprehensive optimization of processing costs.

[0046] 3. Shortened production cycle: In traditional processes, complex procedures require sequential equipment adjustments, product transfers, and waiting for inspection, consuming significant time. Furthermore, processes like roughing, finishing, and wire cutting are inherently time-consuming, leading to a lengthy overall production cycle. This technical solution integrates multiple processes into a single stamping operation, significantly reducing the processing time for each product. Simultaneously, the simplified process flow reduces waiting time for process changes and product transfer time, avoiding production bottlenecks caused by dispersed processes in traditional methods. Moreover, the application of specialized equipment such as dedicated molds, automatic tapping machines, and image screening machines improves the processing efficiency of each process. For example, automatic tapping machines significantly increase thread processing speed compared to manual tapping, and image screening machines enable rapid and accurate product selection, further shortening the processing cycle for each process.

[0047] In summary, through process simplification, equipment optimization, and workflow optimization, this technical solution significantly shortens the overall production cycle from raw material preparation to finished product delivery, greatly increases product output per unit time, and meets the aviation industry's demand for efficient parts supply.

[0048] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for processing an integrally formed self-locking nut, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1, stamping process: Select materials of preset specifications to form blank plates, place the blank plates into a special mold for stretching treatment, so that the plates are gradually shaped into the preset shape, and then punched and shaped. Step 2, the first deburring process, uses deburring tools to manually remove the burrs from both ends of the stamped product; Step 3, cleaning process: After the product is hung up, it is placed in a special cleaning rack and passed through the degreasing tank for degreasing, the hot water tank for cleaning, and the running water tank for rinsing off stubborn impurities on the surface. Finally, it is placed in the drying oven for drying. Step 4, solution treatment: After cleaning and drying, the product is hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After drying in a drying oven, it is placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at the temperature for 1 hour. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. Step 5, CNC machining: Use a special clamp to hold the cylindrical section of the product, control the clamping force to avoid damaging the surface of the cylindrical section, perform hexagonal chamfering and boring, then turn it around and use a special internal support fixture to clamp it, and turn, drill and round the surface of the cylindrical section. Step 6, tapping process: The product after several turning processes is placed into a special automatic tapping machine to tap the internal thread of the preset specification; Step 7, the second deburring process, removes the burrs at the beginning and end of the hole produced in the tapping process, and uses a thread plug gauge to recheck the go / no-go function of the internal thread. Step 8, intermediate inspection process: random sampling of products, use special measuring tools to check product dimensions and positional accuracy, and conduct product appearance inspection under set conditions. Step nine, sealing process: A special sealing mold is used to seal the product, giving it a locking function. Step 10, Screening process: Place the products after the finishing process into the image screening machine, set the preset parameters and screening conditions, and screen the products. Step 11, aging process: The screened products are hung and placed in a special cleaning rack for cleaning. After being dried in a drying oven, they are placed in a vacuum oil quenching furnace. The furnace cover is closed and the vacuum pump is turned on for vacuum treatment. After reaching the preset pressure, the product is preheated to the set temperature and kept at that temperature for 50 minutes. Then, the product is cooled in the furnace by air cooling. After cooling, the appearance and performance of the product are inspected. Step 12, Sandblasting process: Place the product that has passed the aging process inspection into the sandblasting machine to remove the oxide scale on the product surface. All machining processes are carried out in batches after the first piece of product passes inspection, and after the batch processing is completed, the last piece of product passes inspection before it is transferred to the next process.

2. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the stamping process, the pre-designed shape includes a hexagonal twisted surface (1), a closed cylinder (2), and a hollow structure (3) located between the hexagonal twisted surface (1) and the closed cylinder (2).

3. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the tapping process, the internal thread of the preset specification is selected from any one of M thread, MJ thread, British standard thread or American standard thread.

4. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the solution treatment and aging processes, the preset air pressure for vacuum treatment may be the same or different, and the set temperature is adjusted according to the characteristics of the materials used in the product.

5. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the CNC machining process, the special clamps and special inner support fixtures are made of cemented carbide.

6. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: The environment set in the intermediate inspection process is to inspect the product appearance under a set temperature, humidity and high-brightness lighting.

7. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the screening process, the preset parameters include the product size tolerance range, appearance defect type and judgment criteria, and the screening conditions include the surface roughness threshold and the thread accuracy grade threshold.

8. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the sandblasting process, the sandblasting medium of the sandblasting machine is quartz sand.

9. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the first and second deburring processes, the deburring tools are diamond files or sandpaper.

10. The processing method of an integrally formed self-locking nut according to claim 1, characterized in that: The stamping process uses any one of aerospace-grade aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, or high-strength alloy steel, and the thickness of the material is determined according to the design dimensions of the product.

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