FTU-based intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of power distribution automation and intelligent power grid equipment, in particular to an FTU-based intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system, which comprises a state acquisition module, a state identification module, a self-adaptive disturbance judgment module, a voltage regulation cooperative module and a state reconstruction module, the system establishes an operation state vector model by synchronously sampling the voltage and current of a distribution line and the states of a circuit breaker and a bypass switch; judging line operation conditions according to vector state classification, and generating corresponding action priorities and time windows; unified scheduling and interlocking control are carried out on the voltage regulation unit, the protection unit and the bypass unit through the cooperative control execution module, and logic cooperation and state closed-loop updating of multiple control objects are achieved; according to the invention, time sequence coordination and intelligent linkage of voltage regulation, protection and bypass operation can be realized under complex working conditions, the voltage stability and the operation reliability of the distribution line are improved, the fault conflict probability is reduced, and the operation and maintenance intervention is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power distribution automation and smart grid equipment technology, and more specifically to an intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU. Background Technology

[0002] 10kV distribution line voltage is susceptible to load fluctuations and line voltage drops. Traditional voltage regulating devices often operate independently, failing to coordinate voltage stabilization, protection, and bypass operations. Currently, 10kV line voltage automatic regulation devices generally adopt independent control structures, achieving voltage stabilization control through voltage detection and tap adjustment. For example, CN119813232A discloses a voltage regulation control method based on line status information acquisition and a nine-domain graph algorithm, enabling real-time assessment and graded adjustment of line voltage status; CN116488329A proposes a PLC-based intelligent voltage regulation system that improves voltage regulation responsiveness and power quality by acquiring input and output voltage and current data and performing graded control. However, in actual power distribution systems, the load on 10kV lines exhibits significant randomness and time-varying characteristics. Furthermore, the aforementioned solutions typically separate voltage regulation control, protection control, and bypass operation into different units. Due to asynchronous signal acquisition sources and dispersed control logic across these units, when the line load fluctuates rapidly or distributed power sources provide backflow, transient voltage changes are often interpreted as steady-state deviations. This leads to frequent up / down voltage control commands from independent control units, resulting in "voltage regulation jitter." Such frequent actions not only shorten the mechanical lifespan of vacuum on-load tap changers but may also cause timing conflicts with overcurrent and grounding protection logic, leading to maloperation or blocking. Currently, most solutions lack a unified state awareness and collaborative control mechanism, resulting in a lack of intelligent coordination between voltage regulation, fault isolation, and bypass operation, and significant lag in system-level linkage. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention discloses an intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass collaborative control system based on FTU, aiming to establish a system-level dynamic control framework to achieve the integration and collaboration of voltage regulation, protection, and bypass functions, thereby improving the stability, control accuracy, and adaptive capability of power distribution line operation.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned technical effects, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: An intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU includes: The status acquisition module is used to synchronously sample the voltage, current, tap changer position, circuit breaker status and bypass switch status of 10kV distribution lines, and to fuse the collected data to construct a line operation status vector. The status recognition module is used to classify and determine the line operation status based on the positional relationship of the operation status vector in the preset status space, and generate status identifiers indicating that the line is in normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, fault or maintenance. The adaptive disturbance determination module is used to set dynamic priorities for voltage regulation control, protection control and bypass control according to the status identifier, and generate an action window table containing action time, time interval and interlock constraint parameters based on the priority. The voltage regulation coordination module is used to centrally control the action sequence and triggering conditions of each unit by scheduling control commands for the voltage regulation unit, protection unit and bypass unit according to the action window table. The status reconstruction module is used to rebuild the operating status vector and update the status identifier, priority table and action window table after any event occurs during fault clearing, bypass closing and voltage regulation completion.

[0005] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the state acquisition module includes a synchronous sampling unit, a component fusion unit, a disturbance identification unit, and a data construction unit; the synchronous sampling unit is used to perform phasor-level synchronous sampling of three-phase voltage signals, three-phase current signals, and zero-sequence current signals based on a unified time scale; the component fusion unit is used to perform vector decomposition and normalization processing on the sampled signals to generate a multi-component fusion dataset containing phase angle, amplitude, and phase sequence information; the disturbance identification unit is used to distinguish between transient disturbance components and steady-state components based on the rate of change of the sampled data, and to filter out the disturbance components; the data construction unit is used to construct a line operating state vector from the filtered fusion dataset according to a unified timestamp and identifier format.

[0006] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the process by which the status recognition module classifies and determines the line operating status includes: The rate of change of the running status vector is calculated from the continuous sampling data within the preset sampling period, and a time series smoothed vector is generated by the weighted moving average algorithm. Based on the time series smoothed vector, voltage deviation amplitude, zero-sequence current component, tap change frequency, and circuit breaker trigger signal are extracted to obtain a multi-domain deviation parameter set; The multi-domain deviation parameter set is compared with the preset multi-domain threshold matrix, and the multi-domain deviation index is calculated using a weighted fusion algorithm based on disturbance amplitude adaptation. The line is determined to be in normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation or fault state based on the intersection result of the multi-domain deviation index within the threshold range. When it is detected that the tap changer position remains stationary for a preset time period and the bypass switch is closed, the judgment result will be corrected to maintenance status. The final judgment result is combined with the corresponding time label and the confidence level of the deviation index to generate structured state output data.

[0007] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the process of calculating the multi-domain deviation index using the weighted fusion algorithm based on perturbation amplitude adaptation includes: For each monitoring quantity within the sampling period Calculate the relative perturbation rate The calculation formula is: in This is the periodic average of the monitored quantity; monitored quantity This includes three-phase voltage amplitude, zero-sequence current, tap changer operating frequency, and circuit breaker switching frequency. According to the relative perturbation rate Determine the weighting coefficients The multi-domain deviation index is obtained by weighting and summing the normalized values ​​of each monitoring quantity based on the weighting coefficients. The expression is: in These are the steady-state reference values ​​for each monitored quantity; Calculate the line stability coefficient ,in This is the system stability threshold constant; when and When it is determined to be in normal voltage regulation state, when and When it is determined to be an abnormal fluctuation state, and When it is determined to be a fault state, among which The preset two-layer stability threshold for the system.

[0008] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the adaptive disturbance determination module includes a disturbance amplitude calculation unit, a dynamic priority allocation unit, and an action window generation unit; wherein, the disturbance amplitude calculation unit is used to calculate the disturbance amplitude based on the rate of change of the operating state vector within a continuous sampling period, and normalize the disturbance amplitude to obtain a disturbance intensity index; the dynamic priority allocation unit is used to adaptively correct the control priority of each unit according to the disturbance intensity index and the interlocking status of each unit of voltage regulation, protection, and bypass, using a disturbance trend weighting function; the action window generation unit is used to dynamically adjust the action time and interlocking constraint parameters according to a preset time step based on the corrected priority sequence and the time change trend of the disturbance intensity index, forming an action window table with time adaptive characteristics.

[0009] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the process by which the dynamic priority allocation unit adaptively corrects the control priority includes: Within a continuous sampling period, the disturbance trend gradient is calculated based on the disturbance intensity index. The calculation formula is: in, The weighting coefficient is the amplitude of the disturbance change. The perturbation rate of change weighting coefficient. The sampling time interval; The disturbance intensity index; when Less than the preset threshold and When the signs remain consistent, the current disturbance is determined to be in the steady-state, slowly varying range; the current control priority is maintained unchanged; when or When the sign changes, it is determined to be a mutation perturbation interval, and dynamic priority correction is triggered; Within the sudden disturbance range, obtain the interlock status flag of the current control unit. And read the last action time of the corresponding control unit from the historical action window table. Calculate the action interval time ; Based on the above parameters, the dynamic correction coefficients of each control unit are calculated. The calculation formula is: in, , These are the disturbance response weights and the time decay weights, respectively. The attenuation coefficient is... This represents the maximum rate of change of disturbance that the system can tolerate. Based on the dynamic correction coefficient Original priority of control unit Perform weighted correction to obtain the corrected control unit priority. The expression is: in, This is the priority amplification factor; when the system detects any When the deviation exceeds the preset threshold of the average priority, the action time and time interval parameters of each unit are reallocated while maintaining the interlock constraint relationship.

[0010] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the centralized control process of the voltage regulation coordination module includes: Based on the action time, time interval, and interlock constraint parameters in the action window table, an instruction coupling relationship matrix is ​​constructed between the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit. The instruction coupling matrix matrix elements Representation unit With unit The action constraint relationship between them, when This indicates that the action of unit i depends on the action completion signal of unit j, when This indicates that both can be executed in parallel; When the disturbance level or status indicator changes, The constraint elements are dynamically adjusted, the trigger weight of the voltage regulating unit affected by the disturbance is increased first, and the trigger conditions of the protection unit or bypass unit with which it has interlock constraints are delayed and corrected. After adjustment, traverse the matrix. Generate an executable instruction sequence table and... The triggering conditions of each control unit are dynamically reconfigured. Before the instruction is issued, the execution delay between each unit is synchronously detected. When the execution delay of any unit exceeds the preset system synchronization limit, the trigger time offset of the corresponding unit is recalculated.

[0011] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the voltage regulation coordination module relates to the instruction coupling matrix. The process of reconstructing the trigger conditions for each control unit includes: During the disturbance response period, constraint correlation vectors are generated based on the execution feedback signals collected in real time by each control unit. Each component of the constraint association vector corresponds to the combined encoding result of the current execution status signal of the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit and the interlock flag bit; For the constraint association vector Historical vectors corresponding to the action window table When an XOR comparison is performed and a state transition flag is found in the comparison result, the action dependency change flag of the unit is automatically marked. And based on the action dependency change flags in the matrix The constraint transfer process is performed on the corresponding row and column elements. The process is as follows: When the condition is met At that time, Resetting to 0 indicates removing the dependency on the original action; When the condition is met At that time, Setting it to 1 indicates that a new execution dependency is established; matrix After the refactoring is complete, based on the updated Calculate the parallel execution weights of each unit The calculation formula is: in, For control unit The higher the concurrent executability value within the current disturbance period, the more likely the unit actions can be triggered in parallel within a shorter time. For unit With unit Action constraint relationships between them; When the parallel execution weight vector of all units is detected Standard deviation Exceeding the preset coordination threshold At that time, for the satisfaction The control unit postpones its action to the next action window cycle; for those that meet the requirements... The control unit maintains its execution within the current window period; where This is a preset lower limit.

[0012] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the detection conditions of the state reconstruction module for fault clearing, bypass closing and voltage regulation completion events include: Rate of change of line voltage over time Zero-sequence current time change rate Circuit breaker status signal Synchronous monitoring will be performed, and the reconstruction process will be triggered when any of the following conditions are met: or or in, The threshold for determining voltage surges. The threshold for determining a sudden change in zero-sequence current. The sampling period; After the triggering condition is met, during the sampling period Internal extraction of sampled data sequence Calculate the time synchronization consistency coefficient The calculation formula is: in, For the k-th sampling time, This represents the average of the sampling times during that period. This represents the number of sampling points; when At that time, based on the data within that time window, a new running state vector is calculated. ,in, These are the sampled values ​​of the three-phase voltage. These are the sampled values ​​of the three-phase current. This is the zero-sequence current sample value.

[0013] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the process of the state reconstruction module updating the state identifier, priority table and action window table includes: Based on the previous period vector With state reconstruction vector deviation vector Calculate the deviation ratio index The calculation formula is: in, The Euclidean norm of a vector; when When the deviation is greater than or equal to a preset state deviation threshold, the line's operating state is determined to have changed, based on the direction component of the deviation feature vector. The status identifier is corrected, and the priority sequence of voltage regulation control, protection control and bypass control in the priority table is updated with the corrected status identifier as the main index. After the update is complete, a new action window table is generated based on the adjustment results of the priority table, specifying the action time intervals for each control unit. Reassignment will be carried out.

[0014] Based on the above technical solution, the positive and beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. Compared with existing 10kV voltage regulation and protection systems that employ independent control units and independent logic decision-making, this invention constructs a collaborative control system for voltage regulation, protection, and bypass on a unified FTU platform. Based on an action window table, it centrally schedules the timing of actions, interlocking parameters, and triggering conditions of the voltage regulation, protection, and bypass units, achieving timing alignment and logical constraints for control commands. When a critical event occurs on the line, the state reconstruction module immediately triggers the reconstruction of the operating state vector and the recalculation of the action window table, ensuring that the logical relationship between voltage regulation and protection actions remains closed-loop and consistent. This allows all controlled objects to rely on the same state data stream for decision-making, forming a single control core. This eliminates the action contradictions and interlocking mismatches caused by sampling delays and logic dispersion in traditional multi-device hierarchical control structures.

[0015] 2. This invention calculates the time change rate of the operating state vector in real time and dynamically adjusts the priority order of voltage regulation control, protection control, and bypass control according to the disturbance intensity index. This ensures that the generation of system control commands is synchronized with the line disturbance characteristics. Under nonlinear dynamic conditions such as load changes and short-term voltage fluctuations, the control signal can complete priority switching and action command issuance within one sampling period, significantly shortening the response interval between voltage regulation and protection. This achieves dynamic adaptive adjustment and real-time closed-loop response of the system, overcoming the problems of delayed voltage regulation action and untimely voltage recovery caused by accumulated control delay in the prior art.

[0016] 3. The spatial position mapping mechanism between the state recognition module and the state vector in this invention forms a measurable operating state differentiation model in the vector space, realizing multi-domain determination of multiple operating states such as normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, fault and maintenance. This method transforms state recognition from single-dimensional threshold comparison to multi-parameter fusion discrimination, which not only improves the recognition accuracy in complex disturbance scenarios, but also maintains the continuity of state determination in the disturbance transition range, thereby reducing the false judgment rate and control jitter caused by frequent switching, and improving the system's operating stability and recognition robustness under dynamic disturbances. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort, wherein: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system framework of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the status recognition module of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the working principle of the adaptive disturbance determination module of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the state reconstruction module of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0019] Unless otherwise defined, all techniques and scientific methods used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The descriptions herein are for the purpose of illustrating particular embodiments only and are not intended to limit the invention. The terms "and / or" as used herein include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0020] In a specific implementation of an intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass collaborative control system based on Feeder Terminal Units (FTUs), the system is installed in the medium and low voltage section of a 10kV distribution line. The overall system is structured around a hierarchical distributed control architecture centered on the Feeder Terminal Unit (FTU). The system includes a master FTU, several slave FTU nodes, and a supervisory control terminal. The master FTU interacts with the master dispatching station via fiber optic cable using the IEC60870-5-104 communication protocol. Slave FTUs communicate locally synchronously via RS-485 or CAN bus. Each FTU node integrates the system, and all modules are interconnected via an internal bus and uniformly scheduled by an embedded DSP processing unit.

[0021] In practical applications, the status acquisition module connects to field voltage and current transformers to synchronously sample three-phase voltage, three-phase current, and zero-sequence current. The sampling frequency is set to 10kHz, and the sampling time scale is provided by a unified time reference from a GPS synchronization signal. The sampled raw analog signals are converted to digital signals by a 16-bit A / D converter and then input to a component fusion unit. The component fusion unit performs Fast Fourier Transform and vector normalization on each phase signal to form a multi-component fused dataset containing amplitude, phase angle, and phase sequence characteristics. This dataset is uniformly organized into a time-series vector and stored with identification according to timestamps and device IDs, forming the basic data source for the line operating status vector.

[0022] After receiving the aforementioned vector data, the state recognition module performs position mapping within a preset state space model. This state space consists of four main dimensions: voltage deviation, zero-sequence current, tap changer position, and circuit breaker trigger signal. The module's internal state discrimination logic generates a smooth vector by performing a sliding weighted calculation on the vector change rate over multiple consecutive sampling periods and extracts multi-domain deviation parameters. The system compares these parameters with a multi-domain threshold matrix to output the current line state category: normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, fault, or maintenance. When the tap changer shows no position change for five consecutive sampling periods and the bypass switch is closed, the state is automatically corrected to maintenance to ensure the safety of the control logic.

[0023] After the status identification module outputs a status flag, the adaptive disturbance determination module dynamically adjusts the priority of each control unit based on the disturbance intensity index α(t) output by the disturbance amplitude calculation unit of the previous cycle. The module has a built-in dynamic priority table Priority = [P_reg, P_pro, P_byp], corresponding to the action weights of voltage regulation, protection, and bypass control, respectively. This priority table is updated in real time by the controller, and its adjustment logic follows the amplitude variation law of α(t). When α(t) > αcrit, the priority of protection control increases; when α(t) < αmin, the priority of voltage regulation control increases, while bypass control maintains an intermediate priority. Subsequently, the module generates an action window table Action_Table, which contains the action trigger time T_i, the allowed action interval ΔT_i, and the interlock parameter L_i for each unit. T_i is calculated by aligning the sampling period of the current system state, ΔT_i is estimated from the disturbance duration τd, and L_i is determined based on the line topology and protection zone division.

[0024] After receiving the action window table, the voltage regulation coordination module generates a scheduling instruction sequence within the DSP main control unit. This sequence employs a time-slice polling mechanism, with a minimum execution unit of 0.5ms, scheduling the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit according to the timing order in the window table. The voltage regulation unit corresponds to the local on-load tap changer control device, the protection unit corresponds to the circuit breaker control circuit, and the bypass unit includes a bypass switch and corresponding isolation detection device. Control instructions are sent to each execution unit via the CAN bus in the form of data frames. Each frame contains a control instruction code, interlock bit, delay parameters, and execution check code. When a unit completes action feedback, the module automatically checks whether the timestamp of the feedback frame matches the preset window table. If they do not match, the state reconstruction module is triggered to recalculate the action window table, ensuring that the system maintains logical consistency even under abnormal execution conditions.

[0025] The triggering conditions for the state reconstruction module include three types of events: a short-term voltage drop exceeding 10% on the line, a protection action failing to lock out and returning, or a bypass switch closing under unauthorized conditions. Upon receiving an event signal, the module immediately calls upon the operating state vector buffer from the most recent five sampling cycles, re-filters and normalizes the sampled data to form a new state vector Vr(t). After secondary judgment by the state identification module, Vr(t) outputs a new state identifier, and the priority table and action window table are recalculated. The updated data is written to the shared buffer, read by the voltage regulation control coordination module, and updates the scheduling instructions, thereby achieving self-healing closed-loop control of the system.

[0026] In terms of hardware configuration, the main control FTU adopts a dual-core DSP+ARM architecture. The DSP is used for high-speed signal processing and vector calculation, while the ARM is responsible for logic decision-making and communication scheduling. Internally, it is equipped with 512KB of high-speed cache and 2MB of flash memory to store the state space matrix and action table templates. Externally, it communicates with each execution unit via RS-485. The entire device is installed inside the feeder switch cabinet and connected to the primary equipment via shielded cables. The sampling end is no more than 3 meters away from the primary equipment to reduce signal interference. The software system adopts an embedded real-time operating system architecture. Task priorities are divided into six categories: signal sampling, vector processing, state recognition, disturbance judgment, control scheduling, and communication feedback, ensuring that the system completes a complete sampling-recognition-decision-execution loop within millisecond-level time resolution.

[0027] In actual operation, the system works as follows: When the line is in steady state, the state acquisition module periodically samples to form a stable operating state vector. The disturbance judgment module detects that α(t) is lower than the threshold αmin, and the priority table maintains voltage regulation control as the main function. The voltage regulation control coordination module periodically checks the tap changer position according to the action window table. If the voltage deviation from the rated value is detected to be more than 2%, a tap changer adjustment command is triggered. At this time, the protection and bypass control units maintain an interlocked state to avoid maloperation of the protection or bypass switch during voltage regulation. When a short-term load impact causes a sudden drop in bus voltage, the sampling signal is detected to have a higher disturbance intensity index α(t) in the next cycle. The disturbance judgment module immediately adjusts the Priority table, raising the protection control priority to the highest level, and generates a new action window table. The voltage regulation coordination module suspends voltage regulation, and the protection unit receives a command to execute circuit breaker pre-blocking to stabilize the bus voltage. If the disturbance duration exceeds τd, the bypass control unit determines whether to switch on or off the bypass according to the L_i logic to maintain stable voltage output. Once the disturbance subsides, the state reconstruction module automatically starts, recalculates the state vectors from the previous five cycles, generates a new stable state identifier, and updates the action table, restoring the system to normal voltage regulation mode. The entire process is independent of manual intervention, and all data interactions between modules are completed within the FTU, requiring no real-time involvement from the host computer.

[0028] Unlike traditional 10kV distribution systems, existing technologies generally separate voltage regulation, protection, and bypass logic, with the FTU (Field-Tube Unit) only handling data acquisition and remote communication, lacking the ability for collaborative control between multiple modules. The industry has long believed that multi-logic collaborative control at the FTU level would lead to excessive system complexity, insufficient real-time performance, and difficulties in on-site debugging, thus concentrating intelligent decision-making at the master station or upper-level controller. This invention breaks with this traditional view, achieving distributed intelligent collaborative control by introducing lightweight state-space modeling and local disturbance identification algorithms at the FTU level. High-frequency data processing at the DSP and logic scheduling at the ARM level complete the closed loop in microseconds, giving the FTU real-time response characteristics. The system not only does not increase communication burden but also reduces control latency by minimizing upper-level computer involvement, demonstrating the feasibility and engineering rationale for implementing complex collaborative logic at the FTU level.

[0029] Traditionally, it is believed that field FTUs cannot complete voltage regulation and protection coordination within milliseconds. This solution achieves local autonomous control through modular algorithm embedding and data caching pre-computation. In addition, the industry generally believes that there is a lack of unified timing reference among distributed nodes. This solution achieves spatial and temporal alignment of state vectors through GPS unified time scale and vector synchronization mechanism. Furthermore, there is an interlocking delay between voltage regulation and protection commands in traditional systems. This system implements parallel decision logic through action window table and interlocking parameter L_i, fundamentally eliminating the response contradiction between voltage regulation and protection.

[0030] To facilitate a deeper understanding of the technology in this invention, a detailed description of an intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on an FTU, as disclosed in the embodiments of this application, is provided below. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 The system framework diagram shown indicates that this system includes: The status acquisition module is used to synchronously sample the voltage, current, tap changer position, circuit breaker status, and bypass switch status of the 10kV distribution line, and to fuse the collected data to construct a line operating status vector. The module consists of a synchronous sampling unit, a component fusion unit, a disturbance identification unit, and a data construction unit, and interacts with the subsequent status identification module through the main control processor. Physically, this module is typically located on the bottom signal board of the FTU. The voltage and current channels are introduced through voltage transformers and current transformers, respectively. Independent shielding layers and common-mode filtering circuits are used between the signal channels to suppress high-frequency interference and zero-drift errors common in 10kV systems.

[0031] As one possible implementation, the synchronous sampling unit employs GPS timing or an IEEE 1588 precision clock synchronization mechanism, automatically switching to an internal high-stability crystal oscillator hold mode when the timing signal is lost. This design ensures that the three-phase voltage and current signals remain phasor-synchronized in time, meaning the phase error at the same sampling moment does not exceed 0.1°. The sampling frequency can be remotely set by the control center according to the dynamic characteristics of the line, typically within the range of 5kHz to 10kHz, to balance transient capture capability with system computational load.

[0032] The acquired signals are first preprocessed by a component fusion unit. This unit extracts the fundamental component based on the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm and normalizes and corrects the amplitude and phase angle of each channel. It should be noted that the "component fusion" in this application differs from traditional phasor calculation. It not only considers the synchronous correction of amplitude and phase but also introduces a phase sequence consistency factor. This factor is used to repair the phase sequence of abnormally sampled phases, thereby maintaining the consistency of the three-phase electrical data even when short-term sampling drift or channel transient saturation occurs.

[0033] In the fused signal sequence, the disturbance identification unit monitors the rate of change of amplitude between consecutive sampling points in real time. When the rate of change of any voltage or current exceeds a set threshold, a transient disturbance is identified. This threshold can be automatically adjusted based on the statistical deviation of the operating data, or it can be manually set by maintenance personnel according to the line's operating level. As one possible implementation, the system employs a variable step-size adaptive filtering method. When a disturbance occurs, the filter convergence speed is accelerated to eliminate high-frequency pulse components. After the system stabilizes, the filter step size is restored to a gentler step size to reduce delay errors.

[0034] After disturbance identification and filtering, the signal is sent to the data construction unit. This unit is responsible for structurally encapsulating the three-phase voltage, current, tap changer position, circuit breaker status, and bypass switch status according to a unified timestamp, device address, and sampling sequence number, constructing a line operating state vector. This vector data not only contains physical quantities such as amplitude and phase angle, but also includes status flags and synchronization flags for subsequent modules to determine the validity of the sampling. It should be noted that the state vector differs from the single-point electrical sampling data in existing FTU systems. It has temporal continuity and phase consistency between channels, directly reflecting the dynamic spatial operating state of the line and providing basic data for upper-level algorithms to perform vector space calculations.

[0035] To prevent data asynchrony caused by sampling lag, the units in the status acquisition module communicate with each other via an internal high-speed SPI bus. The data buffer depth is generally set to 16 frames, and the buffer uses a circular queue structure to ensure that data overflow does not occur when the main control CPU experiences processing delays. The module is powered by an independent DC 24V line, and transient suppression diodes and an isolated DC / DC module are installed at the power supply end to ensure stable sampling accuracy.

[0036] In actual system operation, when a voltage dip occurs on the line or a tap changer operates, the status acquisition module can complete disturbance detection and data update within milliseconds, and transmit the updated status vector to the operating status identification module via the main control CPU. Through this high-precision synchronization mechanism, subsequent status determination, voltage regulation coordination, and bypass control logic are ensured to be based on a unified time reference, thus overcoming the technical biases of asynchronous data across multiple terminals and transient response delays in traditional systems.

[0037] It should be noted that the "disturbance identification unit" in this application can simultaneously analyze the comprehensive characteristics of voltage, current change rate, and zero-sequence component to determine the nature and duration of the disturbance. This design not only enhances the system's ability to identify transient characteristics under complex operating conditions, but also reduces short-term misjudgments and response delays through an adaptive feedback mechanism with the filtering unit.

[0038] The status recognition module is used to classify and determine the line operating status based on the positional relationship of the operating status vector in the preset status space, and generate status indicators indicating whether the line is in normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, fault, or maintenance; please refer to Figure 2 In one embodiment of the present invention, the state recognition module is deployed in the main control CPU of the feeder terminal unit (FTU), or performs data calculation through an embedded DSP coprocessor. Its input is the operating state vector output by the aforementioned state acquisition module, which includes three-phase voltage amplitude, three-phase current, zero-sequence component, tap changer position, circuit breaker and bypass switch state data. The module as a whole consists of a smoothing calculation unit, a feature extraction unit, a deviation fusion calculation unit, a state decision unit, and a state correction unit. The data flow forms a closed-loop structure from input to output, and all units operate under a unified time scale to ensure system logical consistency.

[0039] During operation, the smoothing calculation unit first continuously samples the operating state vector within a preset sampling period. Each sampling period is typically set to 100ms to 500ms, and can be automatically adjusted according to the line fluctuation characteristics. To eliminate instantaneous anomalies caused by transient disturbances or sampling jitter, this unit calculates the rate of change between continuous vector points, obtaining the vector rate of change sequence Δv(t). Subsequently, a weighted moving average algorithm is used to generate a time series smoothed vector. Its physical meaning is to characterize the steady-state trend value of the electrical quantity of the line within the sampling period. It should be noted that the time series smoothing vector is different from the traditional low-pass filter result. It performs overall smoothing operation on multi-channel vectors at the same time, ensuring phase consistency and dynamic continuity of amplitude, and avoiding phase sequence distortion caused by independent filtering of each phase.

[0040] After obtaining the smoothed vector, the feature extraction unit performs domain-specific analysis, extracting features from three aspects: voltage domain, current domain, and equipment action domain. The voltage domain parameter is the three-phase voltage deviation amplitude ΔU, calculated as the relative deviation between each phase voltage and the reference steady-state value U_ref. Current domain parameters include the zero-sequence current component I_0 and its rate of change, used to identify ground fault characteristics. Equipment action domain parameters include the tap changer position change frequency N_tap and the circuit breaker trigger signal F_b, used to reflect the dynamic activity of control execution. All extracted feature parameters form a multi-domain deviation parameter set P = {ΔU, I_0, N_tap, F_b}, forming a multi-dimensional expression of the system state.

[0041] To achieve quantitative judgment of complex states, the deviation fusion calculation unit compares the aforementioned multi-domain parameter set with a preset multi-domain threshold matrix. The "multi-domain threshold matrix" is a set of statistical upper and lower limits for each monitored parameter under different operating states, defined as T = [T_ij]_(m×n), where m is the number of monitored parameters and n is the number of state categories. This application typically sets three main state categories: normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, and fault state. Each element T_ij in the matrix represents the empirical threshold range of the i-th parameter under the j-th state. This matrix can be obtained offline through historical operating data statistics or updated online through the system's self-learning module; the specific method can be determined based on the on-site situation and is not limited thereto.

[0042] To avoid the problem of traditional fixed threshold models being sensitive to sudden disturbances and prone to misjudgment during the comparison process, this invention introduces a "weighted fusion algorithm with adaptive disturbance amplitude." This algorithm calculates the relative disturbance rate of each monitored quantity in real time. To dynamically adjust its weight in the comprehensive criterion, the formula is expressed as: ,in The sampled value at the current moment. This represents the mean of the quantity over the current sampling period. Its physical meaning is the proportion of the current quantity's deviation from its recent steady-state level. For quantities with large disturbance amplitudes, its... Larger values ​​are automatically assigned smaller weights by the algorithm to prevent a single mutation from excessively influencing the overall judgment. The corresponding weighting coefficients... Defined as This ensures that each weight is normalized between 0 and 1.

[0043] In the weighted fusion step, the system performs a weighted summation of the normalized deviations of each monitored quantity to obtain the multi-domain deviation index D. Its calculation formula is: ,in The reference steady-state value for the i-th monitored quantity is typically taken as the average value of the system's rated voltage, base current, or equipment under static conditions. This multi-domain deviation index D reflects the overall deviation of the line's current operating state from the steady-state reference and is a comprehensive dimensionless indicator.

[0044] To quantify the dynamic stability of the line, the system further calculates the stability coefficient S, which is defined as follows: Where dD / dt represents the rate of change of the deviation index over time, and K is the stability threshold constant. The value of K is determined according to the line grade and sampling period, and is generally taken in the range of 0.1 to 0.2. The stability coefficient S reflects the smoothness of the deviation change. When D changes steadily, S is close to 1; when the deviation changes drastically, S drops rapidly.

[0045] Based on the combined range of D and S, the state decision unit performs classification judgment. If S≥0.85 and |D|≤D_th1, it is judged as a normal voltage regulation state; if 0.6≤S<0.85 and |D_th1|<|D|≤D_th2, it is judged as an abnormal fluctuation state; if S<0.6 and |D|>D_th2, it is judged as a fault state. The thresholds D_th1 and D_th2 are automatically calibrated by the system based on historical data and can be adaptively adjusted according to the operating conditions. It should be noted that the "abnormal fluctuation" state in this application is different from the traditional overvoltage or undervoltage criteria. Its definition not only considers the voltage amplitude exceeding the limit, but also integrates the operating frequency, zero-sequence current, and deviation dynamic rate, thus reflecting the early system instability trend.

[0046] In certain situations, such as when the system is under planned maintenance or in a bypass closed state, although the voltage and current deviations are small, both the voltage regulator and protection devices are in a static state. To avoid being misjudged as "normal voltage regulation" in this situation, this invention introduces "maintenance status identification logic" into the status correction unit. When it is detected that the tap changer position remains stationary for a preset time period (e.g., 5 minutes) and the bypass switch signal is closed, the system automatically corrects the status identifier to "maintenance status." This logic ensures that the status identification result matches the actual operating mode, avoiding misjudgments caused by manual operation or system power outages.

[0047] As one possible implementation, the state recognition module can also attach a confidence parameter C_conf to the output stage to describe the reliability of the classification results. C_conf can be calculated based on the variance of each monitored quantity's weight. If the disturbance rate of each monitored quantity changes significantly, the confidence level decreases; conversely, when the system state is stable, the confidence level approaches 1. The final structured state output data includes fields such as state category, deviation index D, stability coefficient S, confidence level C_conf, and time stamp T_stamp, with a unified format for subsequent use by the adaptive disturbance determination module.

[0048] The "multi-domain deviation index" in this application differs from existing single-quantitative indicators (such as voltage deviation coefficient). It achieves this by normalizing and fusing cross-domain parameters, enabling quantities from different physical dimensions to be compared within the same evaluation framework. This design eliminates the weight imbalance problem caused by differences in the units of monitored quantities in traditional algorithms, thus making the determination of line status more consistent with the physical reality.

[0049] In implementation, the status recognition module achieves accurate classification of the operating status of distribution lines by constructing a multi-domain parameter system, introducing an adaptive weighting mechanism for disturbance amplitude, and combining a stability criterion based on the dynamic rate of deviation. This module not only improves the temporal resolution and noise resistance of status recognition but also overcomes the technical shortcomings of existing technologies that overly rely on single voltage or current indicators, achieving dynamic stability judgment under multi-signal fusion. Unlike traditional fixed threshold logic, the algorithm of this invention maintains high recognition accuracy under complex operating conditions such as grid load fluctuations, frequent tap changer operations, and local fault disturbances, providing reliable status input support for subsequent voltage regulation and protection coordinated control.

[0050] The adaptive disturbance determination module is used to set dynamic priorities for voltage regulation control, protection control, and bypass control based on the status identifier, and to generate an action window table containing action time, time interval, and interlock constraint parameters based on the priorities; please refer to Figure 3 This module mainly consists of a disturbance amplitude calculation unit, a dynamic priority allocation unit, and an action window generation unit. The units communicate with each other through the FTU internal bus to ensure data consistency through millisecond-level clock synchronization.

[0051] The disturbance amplitude calculation unit is used to quantify the degree of operational disturbance of the line within a continuous sampling period. It should be noted that disturbance amplitude refers to a quantitative indicator formed by the combined changing trend of multiple monitored quantities such as voltage, current, tap position, and circuit breaker operating signals over a short period. Its calculation principle can be approximately expressed by the rate of change within the sampling period as follows: ,in, For any instantaneous value of the monitored quantity, The sampling interval is typically 20ms to 100ms. During system operation, the disturbance amplitude calculation unit calculates a set of disturbance values ​​for the rate of change of monitored quantities such as voltage and current. Then, based on the degree of deviation between these values ​​and the steady-state reference values, the disturbance intensity index D(t) is normalized to a dimensionless form. To eliminate the influence of short-term spikes, D(t) is smoothed using a weighted moving average filter.

[0052] In practice, the disturbance intensity index D(t) is equivalent to a "dynamic stability snapshot" of the line status, and its value range is usually set from 0 to 1. When D(t) is close to 0, it indicates that the line is operating smoothly; when D(t) exceeds 0.7, it indicates that the line has a large disturbance or abnormal operating trend.

[0053] The main function of the dynamic priority allocation unit is to correct the execution order of the three types of control logic in real time based on the disturbance intensity index D(t) and the interlocking status of each control unit (voltage regulation, protection, and bypass). Here, "interlocking status" refers to whether each unit is allowed to operate at a certain moment. For example, when the bypass switch is closed, its interlocking parameter is 1, indicating that the unit's operation is restricted and it cannot operate concurrently with the protection unit. The dynamic priority allocation unit corrects the priority according to the disturbance change trend using a disturbance trend weighting function, which is mathematically expressed as: in, Here, represents the initial priority coefficient for each control unit, β is the disturbance trend amplification factor, and dD(t) / dt represents the rate of change of the disturbance intensity. This is the interlock flag. When the disturbance increases rapidly, |dD(t) / dt| increases, and the priority of the voltage regulation control unit is increased accordingly, while the protection unit is delayed in the early stage of the disturbance, thereby avoiding false tripping caused by short-term fluctuations.

[0054] In one implementation, when the FTU detects a sudden increase in line load causing a drop in bus voltage, the disturbance amplitude calculation unit first calculates D(t) = 0.82, corresponding to a strong disturbance state. At this time, the dynamic priority allocation unit immediately corrects the priority sequence, raising the priority of the voltage regulation control unit P1 to the highest, followed by the protection unit P2, and the bypass unit P3 to the lowest. If the line voltage subsequently stabilizes within 0.5 seconds, D(t) quickly drops to 0.3, and the system automatically restores the priority to the initial configuration, achieving a smooth switchover without manual intervention.

[0055] The action window generation unit converts the priority allocation results into a time instruction table for actual control execution. The action window table represents a dynamic set generated in real time based on disturbance change trends, containing action trigger times. Interval between movements and interlock constraint parameters Three elements. Indicates the expected action time of the corresponding unit; This indicates the minimum safe time interval between two actions. This is used to limit whether an action can be executed in parallel with other units. When the disturbance trend continues to rise, the system automatically shortens the action interval according to the rate of change. To improve response speed; when the disturbance decreases or the system returns to stability, It automatically resets to a larger value to avoid mechanical wear caused by frequent operation.

[0056] For example, in a practical application, when the voltage at the end of a power distribution line remains more than 5% below the rated value, the system identifies this as a continuous disturbance, and the action window generation unit generates a window table based on this trend: voltage regulation unit. =100ms, Δ =300ms; Protection Unit =450ms, Δ =500ms; the bypass unit is in an interlocked state. =1, action paused. If voltage recovery is subsequently detected and the disturbance index drops to a safe range, the bypass unit will be activated during the next window update. Resetting to 0 allows the device to rejoin action scheduling. During implementation, this window table is stored in real-time in the FTU's buffer and distributed to the actuator ports of each control unit via RS485 or CAN bus. The entire update cycle is approximately 100ms.

[0057] It should be noted that the adaptive disturbance determination does not rely on an external intelligent algorithm platform, but rather achieves adaptive adjustment through real-time calculations within the FTU. This scheme uses dynamic quantification and trend feedback of disturbance amplitude to form a unified closed-loop logic for voltage regulation, protection, and bypass control. The advantages of this method are its clear logic, engineering feasibility, and lack of need for complex modeling or machine learning algorithms. It also possesses strong versatility, adaptable to different distribution network structures and FTU equipment from different manufacturers.

[0058] The module's adaptive correction of control priority proceeds as follows: First, within each sampling period (typically between 100 ms and 500 ms), the module obtains the current disturbance index A(t) from the disturbance amplitude calculation unit. This index integrates line voltage fluctuations, zero-sequence current, and power disturbance information, and is a normalized quantity characterizing the overall dynamic instability of the system. Then, the module calculates the disturbance trend gradient G(t), defined as the rate of change of the disturbance amplitude between adjacent sampling times: ,in, The sampling interval is typically between 0.1 s and 1 s. G(t) represents the instantaneous rate of change of the disturbance, reflecting how fast the system state changes. If A smaller value indicates that the disturbance changes gradually, and the system tends to be in a steady state; if A large value indicates that the system is affected by external disturbances or sudden load changes, and the control strategy may need to be adjusted.

[0059] To implement dynamic switching logic, the module sets a disturbance threshold. When satisfied When the module considers the system to be in a slow-change range, no priority adjustment is needed, and the control unit maintains the existing action window table unchanged; when When the system enters the disturbance mutation range, it triggers the dynamic correction process. It should be noted that the disturbance trend gradient is different from the "disturbance rate" or "fluctuation amplitude" in existing technologies. It not only reflects the magnitude of the disturbance itself, but also reflects its dynamic trend over time, which can identify the transition of the system from steady state to unstable state in advance.

[0060] During the dynamic correction process, the module first reads the interlock status flags of each control unit from the bypass protection coordination module. ,in This indicates that the unit is currently in an interlocked prohibited state (e.g., tapping is prohibited when the bypass is closed). This indicates that the action is allowed. Simultaneously, the timestamp of the last action for this unit is read from the action history window table. And calculate the interval between the current time and the last action. This time interval reflects the "cooling-off time" of the unit since its last operation and is used to prevent frequent operation.

[0061] Subsequently, the module calculates the dynamic correction coefficient for each control unit. Its definition is: in, The disturbance response weight is used to reflect the direct sensitivity of the system to control corrections caused by disturbances. The time decay weight determines the priority recovery speed of the control unit after a long period of stillness; This is the time decay coefficient, typically ranging from 0.1 to 0.5; This represents the maximum rate of change of disturbance that the system can tolerate, used for normalization. (First term) This indicates the fast response section; when the system experiences severe disturbances, this item increases rapidly, causing the relevant control units to respond preferentially. The second item... This reflects the effects of motion cooling and interlock correction. When a unit remains inactive for an extended period without interlocking, the exponential decay term approaches 1, causing the unit's priority to automatically increase. The sum of these two terms forms an adaptive correction coefficient that is sensitive to both disturbances and time.

[0062] Based on correction factor The module assigns original priorities to each control unit. Weighted adjustments are made to obtain dynamic priorities. ,in, This is the priority amplification factor, typically between 0.5 and 1.5. If... A larger value indicates that the unit's response under the current disturbance conditions is of higher necessity and has a higher priority. The corresponding increase is necessary. It should be noted that the dynamic priority is a dynamic value calculated in real time based on the disturbance amplitude, time decay, and interlock status, thereby adaptively adjusting the order of actions under different operating conditions.

[0063] After the priority update is completed, the module calculates the average priority of all control units. And detect whether there are any deviation thresholds. The unit. When a certain unit's satisfy When the module determines that a unit should trigger the timing update process of the action window table, the action window table records the action times and allowed intervals of each control unit and forms the basis of the entire system's time scheduling. At this point, while maintaining the interlocking relationships, the module reallocates the action times of each unit. and interval This enables adaptive coordination between voltage regulation, protection, and bypass control in the time domain, avoiding logical conflicts caused by overlapping responses between different control units.

[0064] As one possible implementation, the priority correction process can be scheduled using an embedded real-time operating system (such as an RTOS). The system can execute a correction task once per disturbance cycle, with a priority higher than ordinary monitoring tasks but lower than emergency tripping tasks. Parameters The settings can be adjusted on-site based on line characteristics, equipment response speed, and communication latency; no limitations are imposed on these settings.

[0065] It is worth noting that the "adaptive disturbance determination module" in this application differs from existing fixed-priority scheduling systems. Its innovation lies in coupling the dynamic characteristics of disturbances, the timing of equipment actions, and the interlocking state, and realizing the dynamic redistribution of priorities through real-time calculation of correction coefficients. This design enables the system to respond quickly and stably in scenarios where multiple control objectives (voltage regulation, protection, and bypass) coexist and are mutually constrained, avoiding the protection malfunctions or voltage regulation lag problems caused by priority conflicts in existing systems.

[0066] Through the above structure, the system can automatically prioritize the response of critical control units (such as circuit breaker protection) when it detects voltage fluctuations, load changes, or short-term external faults. Once the disturbance subsides, it can restore normal voltage regulation control logic, thereby achieving dynamic balance and coordination among protection, voltage regulation, and bypass. The entire process is completed within a millisecond response range, ensuring that the power distribution line maintains stable operation under sudden disturbance conditions.

[0067] The voltage regulation coordination module is used to centrally control the action sequence and triggering conditions of each unit by scheduling control commands for the voltage regulation unit, protection unit and bypass unit according to the action window table. In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the voltage regulation coordination module is deployed inside the central control processing unit of the feeder terminal unit (FTU), and is connected to the status identification module and the adaptive disturbance judgment module via a high-speed bus to realize real-time command coordination and execution scheduling. The core function of this module is to centrally manage the action sequence and triggering conditions of the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit according to the time parameters and interlock constraint parameters of the action window table, thereby ensuring the timing consistency and logical safety of control actions under complex disturbance conditions.

[0068] The voltage regulation coordination module first reads the action window table output by the adaptive disturbance judgment module. In order to establish the execution dependency relationship between the control units, the module constructs a three-dimensional logic matrix. This is used to represent the command coupling relationship between the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit. Matrix elements The definition is as follows: It should be noted that the instruction coupling matrix differs from a traditional priority queue list. It not only reflects the sequential relationship of actions but also records the interlocking dependencies and parallel conditions during execution, used to achieve dynamic synchronization of multi-unit coordinated actions. As one possible implementation method, the matrix... It can be stored in embedded memory and compressed in sparse matrix form to reduce memory usage.

[0069] When the system detects that the disturbance level has risen to the warning level or above (e.g., line voltage deviation exceeds 2.5%, or load change rate exceeds a set threshold), the voltage regulation coordination module will dynamically adjust the matrix. Some constraint elements. Specifically, in the matrix row elements corresponding to units related to voltage amplitude regulation (such as on-load tap-changing transformer control FTUs), their dependency weights are increased, while non-critical bypass operation items unrelated to their logic are temporarily frozen, i.e., the corresponding... The elements are set to zero. This dynamic matrix update enables the system to prioritize voltage regulation during disturbances, preventing concurrent interference caused by bypass switching or protection reset.

[0070] After the matrix is ​​updated, the module performs a topological traversal of the matrix to generate an executable instruction sequence list. This process is equivalent to unfolding the matrix dependencies into a time-ordered linked list, ensuring that each unit can only be triggered after its dependent units have completed their actions. To further improve coordination, the module logically refactors the triggering conditions of each control unit. The refactoring rules can be expressed as follows: ,in, The original trigger threshold (such as voltage deviation, time delay, or current surge value). This is the dynamic offset. The offset calculation takes into account the current disturbance change rate and the interlock state signal, and can be defined as follows: ,in, This indicates the rate of change of the disturbance index. To perturb sensitive weights, Adjusting weights for interlocking. The first term is used to trigger actions early when disturbances change rapidly, and the second term is used to suppress erroneous actions caused by the interlocking state. When the offset... When the preset critical deviation is exceeded (e.g., exceeding the original trigger threshold by 5%), the module automatically updates the action conditions of the unit and writes the updated result back to the action window table. This allows the trigger logic to have a certain degree of flexibility under dynamic conditions, thus balancing response speed and system stability.

[0071] As one possible implementation, the aforementioned trigger condition reconstruction process can be implemented by the logic array inside the FPGA, using parallel computing to complete the condition correction calculations of multiple units to ensure real-time performance. In low-to-medium speed FTU systems, it can also be implemented by the main control CPU using periodic interrupts; there is no limitation on this approach.

[0072] During the command issuance phase, the voltage regulation coordination module detects and corrects the execution delay of each control unit through an internal clock synchronization mechanism. The module calculates the execution delay of each unit in real time. And determine whether the synchronization limit allowed by the system is exceeded. When detected At that time, the module recalculates the trigger time offset based on the delay amount. The correction method can be expressed as: ,in, This is the synchronization compensation coefficient, typically between 0.5 and 1, used to control the compensation amplitude and prevent over-compensation from causing oscillations. (The corrected value is...) The action window table is rewritten to ensure that the action sequence between units is realigned, thereby achieving dynamic synchronization of the system.

[0073] It should be noted that the "trigger time offset" in this application not only corrects signal delay but also redefines the relative timing position of the control sequence within the system, ensuring the synchronization and logical safety of the actions of each unit during disturbances. For example, when the response delay of the voltage regulating unit exceeds expectations, while the protection unit is ready to act, the system will not simply delay the protection action but will synchronously adjust the trigger points of both through a time offset algorithm to avoid malfunctions caused by timing imbalance.

[0074] The voltage regulation coordination module has a command coupling relationship matrix. Its dynamic reconfiguration capability is used to adaptively adjust the action dependency between control units based on real-time execution feedback signals and interlock status signals during the disturbance response cycle, thereby improving the coordination and control stability of the system under disturbance conditions.

[0075] In this embodiment, the voltage regulation coordination module periodically collects the execution status signals (including execution completion flags, interlock input signals, and switch action feedback) of the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit, and constructs a constraint association vector based on the sampling results: in, Let be the execution and interlocking state combination code of the i-th control unit at time t, and its value is a binary number. Specifically, when unit i is in the execution state and is not interlocked, When unit iii is interlocked or has not yet entered the execution phase, This combination code is used in this application to describe the "operability" of the control unit. Unlike traditional signals that only mark the physical state of switches, it can simultaneously reflect the parallel relationship between logical interlocking and execution state.

[0076] The module further calculates the state XOR vector between adjacent sampling times: in, This represents a bitwise XOR logical operation. The sampling period is [period]. When the i-th element in the XOR result... This indicates that the control unit has undergone a state transition between two sampling cycles (e.g., from standby to execution, or from execution to interlock), and the module sets the action dependency change flag accordingly. It should be noted that the "state transition" in this application is a logical state change event that can reflect the validity switch of the control unit's execution conditions and is used to trigger the reconstruction process of the dependency matrix.

[0077] When any control unit is detected At that time, the module has a relationship matrix with the existing instruction coupling relationship. Dynamic updates will be performed. The update rules are as follows: like If the condition is met, the element will be reset to 0, indicating that the original dependency relationship has been removed. like If the element is set to 1, it indicates that a new dependency relationship has been established.

[0078] This update mechanism allows the matrix structure to automatically adjust according to the system's operating state, thereby achieving dynamic reconstruction of control dependencies. As one possible implementation, the matrix update process can be implemented in parallel using an FPGA logic array, or it can be calculated and updated by an embedded microcontroller within an interrupt cycle.

[0079] After the matrix reconstruction is completed, the module calculates the parallel execution weights for each control unit. ,in, This represents the independent executability of the i-th control unit within the current disturbance period, with a value range of (0, 1). When When the value approaches 1, it indicates that the unit has fewer dependencies on other units and can be executed independently; when... When the value is close to 0, it indicates that the action is subject to multiple interlocking dependencies. It should be noted that the "parallel execution weight" in this application is different from the priority parameter in task scheduling. It is not determined by static weights, but is a synchronization coefficient calculated in real time, which can dynamically reflect the independent execution capability of the control unit.

[0080] The module further calculates the standard deviation of the set of weights for parallel execution of all control units. ,in, This is the average of the weights of all units. When detected... When the parallelism difference exceeds a preset coordination threshold, it indicates a significant control execution imbalance in the system. At this point, the voltage regulation coordination module executes timing rearrangement logic to reallocate the action time of the control unit: To satisfy The control unit postpones its action time to the next action window cycle. To avoid simultaneous competition for resources or the superposition of disturbances; To satisfy The unit will remain in the current window period. It is executed internally, thus prioritizing the real-time performance of critical control actions.

[0081] It should be noted that the "timing reordering" in this application is a self-balancing process based on the overall system coordination. By adjusting the action windows of different units, the system can automatically suppress conflicting operations during disturbance response, achieving time-domain optimization of the control layer. As one possible implementation, when the module performs the above reordering, it will synchronize the time adjustment results to the action window table in real time and record the updated version number with a timestamp, so that other modules (such as the adaptive disturbance determination module) can read the latest dependency information in the next sampling period, achieving logical consistency across modules.

[0082] The state reconstruction module is used to reconstruct the operating state vector and update the state identifier, priority table, and action window table after any event occurs during fault clearing, bypass closing, or voltage regulation completion. The purpose of the state reconstruction module is to restore the consistency of the system's state description in the shortest possible time when significant state transitions occur (such as fault clearing, bypass closing, or the end of voltage regulation), ensuring that subsequent control modules execute under the same physical reference. It should be noted that the core of state reconstruction lies in using the time consistency coefficient of sampled data and the threshold for abrupt changes in physical quantities for synchronous judgment, thereby completing the dynamic reconstruction of the operating state vector. This module uses high-precision sampled data from the FTU as input and achieves the re-identification of the line operating state and the synchronous update of the control reference through the time-series fusion of multi-dimensional parameters.

[0083] As one possible implementation method, please refer to Figure 4 The state reconstruction module consists of a processing unit embedded in the FTU control motherboard and an external high-speed sampling module. Its input receives signals from the three-phase voltage transformer, current transformer, and circuit breaker position detection switch, while its output is connected to the data bus of the state identification module, priority management module, and voltage regulation coordination module. The module's operating logic comprises four stages: detection, sampling, reconstruction, and synchronous update, which are described below in the order of engineering implementation.

[0084] During the testing phase, the module continuously monitors three key parameters: line voltage change rate. Zero-sequence current change rate and circuit breaker status signals .in, Characterizes the transient fluctuation rate of line voltage, used to identify voltage spikes during voltage regulation or after fault clearance; The change in neutral point current is an important indicator for determining whether a ground fault has disappeared; This is the logic signal for the circuit breaker's open / closed state; a value of 1 indicates the circuit breaker is closed, and a value of 0 indicates it is open. The module uses a sampling period... The rate of change of adjacent time steps is calculated for each time step, and the state reconstruction process is triggered when any of the following conditions are met: in, This is the voltage surge threshold, which is usually set based on an empirical range of 3% to 5% of the line's rated voltage. The zero-sequence current surge threshold is used to distinguish between normal imbalance fluctuations and actual faults; both can be adaptively adjusted during debugging based on system sensitivity. This design avoids the misreconstruction problem caused by a single signal trigger.

[0085] During the sampling and data reconstruction phase, the module will backtrack several sampling points at the trigger time to form a time window interval. Where n typically ranges from 5 to 20 sampling periods to ensure that key dynamic information before and after the event is included. The sampled dataset is denoted as... This includes various monitored parameters such as voltage, current, and switch status. To ensure the synchronous reliability of the extracted data over time, the module calculates a time consistency coefficient: In the formula, For the first Sampling time, This represents the average sampling time within the window. The sampling period is defined as . The exponential term measures the concentration of the temporal distribution of the sampling points. If... (in Generally, a value of 0.85 to 0.9 is used to determine if the sampling timing is consistent, allowing the system to proceed to the vector reconstruction stage. If this condition is not met, the system automatically extends the sampling window for re-evaluation. The core of the reconstruction stage is generating a new running state vector. in, These are the instantaneous sampling values ​​of the three-phase voltage, in volts (V). This is the three-phase current, measured in amperes (A). This is the zero-sequence current, used to reflect three-phase imbalance and grounding status. It should be noted that the "operating state vector" in this application differs from the conventional power system state vector. It not only includes electrical physical quantities but can also combine FTU-side action record information to form a temporal vector, which supports the dynamic calculation of subsequent priorities and action windows.

[0086] After obtaining the vector, the module calculates the deviation from the state vector of the previous sampling period. And further calculate the deviation confidence index. ,in, This represents the L2 norm operation. This ratio reflects the proportion of the state change relative to the historical steady-state value, and is used to determine whether the system state change is significant. If... (Typical value is 0.1 to 0.2), which indicates that the system's operating characteristics have changed significantly and it has entered the state correction process; otherwise, it is considered that state reconstruction does not need to be performed.

[0087] The purpose of the state correction process is to identify the direction and nature of the deviation. The module extracts the sign component of the voltage phasor change in the deviation vector. Direction of change of zero-sequence current The former is used to distinguish between state changes caused by voltage increase or decrease, while the latter is used to identify changes in the grounding branch. When the direction of the detected voltage change is opposite to the direction of the zero-sequence current change, the system tends to determine it as a state transition caused by the end of voltage regulation; when the two are in the same direction and their amplitudes are significant, it is determined to be a state change caused by fault clearing; if the circuit breaker signal... When the status changes from 0 to 1, it is additionally identified as a bypass closing event. This determines the new status identifier and transmits it to the system's main status table.

[0088] Based on the corrected status flags, the module updates the priority table. The priority table defines the execution order of three types of control: voltage regulation units, protection units, and bypass units; essentially, it's a queue of control tasks ordered by importance. The status reconstruction module adjusts the priority weight of each task type based on the magnitude and direction of the deviation vector. For example, if a fault recovery event is detected, the priority weight of the protection unit is increased; if voltage regulation is completed, the priority weight of the voltage regulation unit is decreased to release control resources. The priority adjustment calculation can be implemented using linear interpolation to ensure a smooth switching process.

[0089] After the priority table is updated, the module recalculates the action window table based on the new weight allocation. Define the action time interval for each control unit. The action window table reconstruction logic is based on the system clock synchronization signal to ensure that the actions of each unit are executed in a coordinated manner within a unified time base during the reconstruction state. As a possible implementation method, a weighted time allocation algorithm can be used to allow higher-priority units to obtain earlier execution windows, thereby improving response speed.

[0090] It should be noted that the action window table is used to ensure safety and coordination in multi-unit collaborative control. This table is synchronously written to the shared memory of the control management module after the state reconstruction module completes its update, for subsequent periodic access.

[0091] Through the above design, the state reconstruction module achieves rapid reconstruction of the system state and adaptive correction of control logic after critical events. Its advantage lies in combining a time consistency factor. with deviation confidence index The dual constraints enable the module to maintain high-confidence state recognition and control parameter updates even under sampling noise, short-term disturbances, and parallel control interference, ensuring the timing closed-loop consistency of the entire intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass system after disturbances. As one possible implementation, the state reconstruction algorithm can be run in real-time using the ARM processing unit built into the FTU at the hardware level, or the module parameters can be tuned offline through a host computer monitoring system to adapt to different power grid operating environments.

[0092] Finally, it should be noted that the mathematical formulas, derivations, symbol definitions, and parameter calculation methods used in this specification are all for the purpose of further clarifying and verifying the technical content of this invention, so that those skilled in the art can more intuitively and accurately understand the working mechanism and technical effects of this invention. These formulas are only used as quantitative expressions or illustrative examples of technical features and do not constitute limiting conditions of the claims of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that, without changing the core idea of ​​this invention, the parameter forms, calculation methods, numerical ranges, and even symbol representations involved in the formulas can be equivalently replaced or simplified in engineering according to the actual application environment. The specifics can be determined according to the actual situation, and no limitation is imposed. It should also be emphasized that the formulas in this specification are not theoretical derivations in the style of academic research papers, but rather an engineering description of the embodiments of this invention. Their purpose is to enhance the understandability and implementability of this invention, rather than to increase redundancy and complexity. Those skilled in the art can choose whether to use such quantitative tools when reading this specification, or can achieve the same technical effects through other equivalent methods.

[0093] Furthermore, while specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, those skilled in the art should understand that these specific embodiments are merely illustrative. Those skilled in the art can omit, substitute, and modify the details of the above methods and systems in various ways without departing from the principles and essence of the present invention. For example, combining the above method steps to perform substantially the same function and achieve substantially the same result according to substantially the same method falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU; characterized in that: include: The status acquisition module is used to synchronously sample the voltage, current, tap changer position, circuit breaker status and bypass switch status of 10kV distribution lines, and to fuse the sampled data to construct a line operation status vector. The status recognition module is used to classify and determine the line operation status based on the positional relationship of the operation status vector in the preset status space, and generate status identifiers indicating that the line is in normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation, fault or maintenance. The adaptive disturbance determination module is used to set dynamic priorities for voltage regulation control, protection control and bypass control according to the status identifier, and generate an action window table containing action time, time interval and interlock constraint parameters based on the priority. The voltage regulation coordination module is used to centrally control the action sequence and triggering conditions of each unit by scheduling control commands for the voltage regulation unit, protection unit and bypass unit according to the action window table. The status reconstruction module is used to rebuild the operating status vector and update the status identifier, dynamic priority, and action window table after any event occurs during fault clearing, bypass closing, or voltage regulation completion.

2. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The state acquisition module includes a synchronous sampling unit, a component fusion unit, a disturbance identification unit, and a data construction unit. The synchronous sampling unit is used to perform phase-level synchronous sampling of three-phase voltage signals, three-phase current signals, and zero-sequence current signals based on a unified time scale. The component fusion unit is used to perform vector decomposition and normalization processing on the sampled signals to generate a multi-component fusion dataset containing phase angle, amplitude, and phase sequence information. The disturbance identification unit is used to distinguish between transient disturbance components and steady-state components based on the rate of change of sampled data, and to filter out the disturbance components. The data construction unit is used to construct a line operation status vector from the filtered and fused dataset according to a unified timestamp and identifier format.

3. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The process by which the status recognition module classifies and determines the line's operating status includes: The rate of change of the running status vector is calculated from the continuous sampling data within the preset sampling period, and a time series smoothed vector is generated by the weighted moving average algorithm. Based on the time series smoothed vector, voltage deviation amplitude, zero-sequence current component, tap change frequency, and circuit breaker trigger signal are extracted to obtain a multi-domain deviation parameter set; The multi-domain deviation parameter set is compared with the preset multi-domain threshold matrix, and the multi-domain deviation index is calculated using a weighted fusion algorithm based on disturbance amplitude adaptation. The line is determined to be in normal voltage regulation, abnormal fluctuation or fault state based on the intersection result of the multi-domain deviation index within the threshold range. When it is detected that the tap changer position remains stationary for a preset time period and the bypass switch is closed, the judgment result will be corrected to maintenance status. The final judgment result is combined with the corresponding time label and the confidence level of the deviation index to generate structured state output data.

4. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 3, characterized in that: The process of calculating the multi-domain bias index using the weighted fusion algorithm based on perturbation amplitude adaptation includes: For each monitoring quantity within the sampling period Calculate the relative perturbation rate The calculation formula is: Among the monitoring volume This includes three-phase voltage amplitude, zero-sequence current, tap changer operating frequency, and circuit breaker switching frequency. This is the periodic average of the monitored quantity; According to the relative perturbation rate Determine the weighting coefficients The multi-domain deviation index is obtained by weighting and summing the normalized values ​​of each monitoring quantity based on the weighting coefficients. The expression is: in These are the steady-state reference values ​​for each monitored quantity; Calculate the line stability coefficient ,in This is the system stability threshold constant; when and When it is determined to be in normal voltage regulation state, when and When it is determined to be an abnormal fluctuation state, and When it is determined to be a fault state, among which The preset two-layer stability threshold for the system.

5. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adaptive disturbance determination module includes a disturbance amplitude calculation unit, a dynamic priority allocation unit, and an action window generation unit. The disturbance amplitude calculation unit calculates the disturbance amplitude based on the rate of change of the operating state vector within a continuous sampling period and normalizes the disturbance amplitude to obtain a disturbance intensity index. The dynamic priority allocation unit adaptively corrects the control priority of each unit based on the disturbance intensity index and the interlocking status of the voltage regulation, protection, and bypass units using a disturbance trend weighting function. The action window generation unit dynamically adjusts the action timing and interlocking constraint parameters according to a preset time step based on the corrected priority sequence and the time change trend of the disturbance intensity index, forming an action window table with time-adaptive characteristics.

6. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 5, characterized in that: The process by which the dynamic priority allocation unit adaptively corrects the control priority includes: Within a continuous sampling period, the disturbance trend gradient is calculated based on the disturbance intensity index. The calculation formula is: in, The weighting coefficient is the amplitude of the disturbance change. The perturbation rate of change weighting coefficient. The sampling time interval; The disturbance intensity index; when Less than the preset threshold and When the signs remain consistent, the current disturbance is determined to be in the steady-state, slowly varying range; the current control priority is maintained unchanged; when or When the sign changes, it is determined to be a mutation perturbation interval, and dynamic priority correction is triggered; Within the sudden disturbance range, obtain the interlock status flag of the current control unit. And read the last action time of the corresponding control unit from the historical action window table. Calculate the action interval time ; Based on the above parameters, the dynamic correction coefficients of each control unit are calculated. The calculation formula is: in, , These are the disturbance response weights and the time decay weights, respectively. The attenuation coefficient is... This represents the maximum rate of change of disturbance that the system can tolerate. Based on the dynamic correction coefficient Original priority of control unit Perform weighted correction to obtain the corrected control unit priority. The expression is: in, This is the priority amplification factor; when the system detects any When the deviation exceeds the preset threshold of the average priority, the action time and time interval parameters of each unit are reallocated while maintaining the interlock constraint relationship.

7. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The centralized control process of the voltage regulation coordination module includes: Based on the action time, time interval, and interlock constraint parameters in the action window table, an instruction coupling relationship matrix is ​​constructed between the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit. The instruction coupling matrix matrix elements Representation unit With unit The action constraint relationship between them, when This indicates that the action of unit i depends on the action completion signal of unit j, when This indicates that both can be executed in parallel; When the disturbance level or status indicator changes, The constraint elements are dynamically adjusted, the trigger weight of the voltage regulating unit affected by the disturbance is increased first, and the trigger conditions of the protection unit or bypass unit with which it has interlock constraints are delayed and corrected. After adjustment, traverse the matrix. Generate an executable instruction sequence table and... The triggering conditions of each control unit are dynamically reconfigured. Before the instruction is issued, the execution delay between each unit is synchronously detected. When the execution delay of any unit exceeds the preset system synchronization limit, the trigger time offset of the corresponding unit is recalculated.

8. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 7, characterized in that: The voltage regulation coordination module relates to the command coupling matrix. The process of reconstructing the trigger conditions for each control unit includes: During the disturbance response period, constraint correlation vectors are generated based on the execution feedback signals collected in real time by each control unit. Each component of the constraint association vector corresponds to the combined encoding result of the current execution status signal of the voltage regulation unit, protection unit, and bypass unit and the interlock flag bit; For the constraint association vector Historical vectors corresponding to the action window table When an XOR comparison is performed and a state transition flag is found in the comparison result, the action dependency change flag of the unit is automatically marked. And based on the action dependency change flags in the matrix The constraint transfer process is performed on the corresponding row and column elements. The process is as follows: When the condition is met At that time, Resetting to 0 indicates removing the dependency on the original action; When the condition is met At that time, Setting it to 1 indicates that a new execution dependency is established; matrix After the refactoring is complete, based on the updated Calculate the parallel execution weights of each unit The calculation formula is: in, For control unit The higher the concurrent executability value within the current disturbance period, the more likely the unit actions can be triggered in parallel within a shorter time. For unit With unit Action constraint relationships between them; When the parallel execution weight vector of all units is detected Standard deviation Exceeding the preset coordination threshold At that time, for the satisfaction The control unit postpones its action to the next action window cycle; for those that meet the requirements... The control unit maintains its execution within the current window period; where This is a preset lower limit.

9. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The state reconstruction module detects the following conditions for fault clearing, bypass closing, and voltage regulation completion events: Rate of change of line voltage over time Zero-sequence current time change rate Circuit breaker status signal Synchronous monitoring will be performed, and the reconstruction process will be triggered when any of the following conditions are met: or or in, The threshold for determining voltage surges. The threshold for determining a sudden change in zero-sequence current. The sampling period; After the triggering condition is met, during the sampling period Internal extraction of sampled data sequence Calculate the time synchronization consistency coefficient The calculation formula is: in, For the k-th sampling time, This represents the average of the sampling times during that period. This represents the number of sampling points; when At that time, based on the data within that time window, a new running state vector is calculated. ,in, These are the sampled values ​​of the three-phase voltage. These are the sampled values ​​of the three-phase current. This is the zero-sequence current sample value.

10. The intelligent voltage regulation protection bypass cooperative control system based on FTU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The process by which the state reconstruction module updates the state identifier, dynamic priority, and action window table includes: Based on the previous period vector With state reconstruction vector deviation vector Calculate the deviation ratio index The calculation formula is: in, The Euclidean norm of a vector; when When the deviation is greater than or equal to a preset state deviation threshold, the line's operating state is determined to have changed, based on the direction component of the deviation feature vector. The status identifier is corrected, and the priority sequence of voltage regulation control, protection control and bypass control in the priority table is updated with the corrected status identifier as the main index. After the update is complete, a new action window table is generated based on the adjustment results of the priority table, specifying the action time intervals for each control unit. Reassignment will be carried out.

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