Abrasion resistance detecting device, abrasion resistance detecting method and surface roughness testing method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of wear resistance detection, in particular to a wear resistance detection device, a wear resistance detection method and a surface roughness test method. The wear resistance detection device comprises a base, a rotary unit, a loading unit and a liquid supply unit, the rotary unit is mounted on the base; the rotary unit comprises a rotary loading disc and an opposite grinding component arranged on the upper surface of the rotary loading disc; the loading unit is mounted on the base; the loading unit comprises a control panel, a pressure probe and a sample carrying disc; the pressure probe can be used for applying pressure to a to-be-tested sample in the sample carrying disc; the liquid supply unit is mounted on the base; the liquid supply unit comprises a liquid supply pipe and a bamboo joint pipe which are connected; the bamboo joint pipe can be used for adjusting the liquid supply direction. The wear resistance detection device disclosed by the invention avoids the interference of abrasive dust on the test, obviously amplifies a mass loss signal, is suitable for the wear resistance test of the porous metal matrix composite material, and can be synchronously used for evaluating the surface quality of a processed material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of wear resistance testing technology, and in particular to wear resistance testing devices, wear resistance testing methods, and surface roughness testing methods. Background Technology

[0002] Metal matrix composites are a class of high-performance composite materials prepared by using a metal or metal alloy as the matrix and introducing hard materials (such as diamond or cubic boron nitride) as the reinforcing phase, through methods such as sintering, brazing, or composite molding. When the hard material used is multi-faceted diamond or cubic boron nitride, metal matrix composites are commonly used in the machining of various cutting tools, blades, automotive parts, transmission crankshafts, medical components, and aero-engine blades, among other applications. Therefore, the wear resistance testing of metal matrix composites is crucial.

[0003] Currently, wear resistance testing mainly uses ball-disc or pin-disc friction and wear testing machines. These machines typically involve rotating or reciprocating the mating material above the sample, while the sample is fixed in a fixture below to prevent slippage during testing. The mating material is usually a ceramic material such as silicon nitride or silicon carbide, or a metal material such as aluminum or stainless steel.

[0004] However, for metal matrix composites, the high volume fraction of the hard phase inside leads to a large amount of wear on the abrasive material in a short time under the above test conditions, while the wear of the metal matrix composite itself is very small, even negligible, thus affecting the validity and discriminativeness of the test results.

[0005] Furthermore, metal matrix composites typically have a large initial surface roughness, and in practical applications, a certain degree of porosity is required to meet functional requirements such as thermal conductivity and chip containment. During wear testing, when the wear material experiences severe wear, the resulting debris tends to remain on the sample surface under gravity and is subsequently compacted into the sample surface and its pores by the wear material under applied force during subsequent testing. Even with conventional methods such as high-pressure gas jetting or ultrasonic cleaning, these embedded debris are difficult to completely remove, potentially leading to a result where the post-wear sample weighs more than before wear, resulting in an anomaly inconsistent with actual wear behavior.

[0006] In view of this, the present invention is hereby proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The primary objective of this invention is to provide a wear resistance testing device that is small in size, has high space utilization, avoids interference from wear debris generated during testing, and is applicable to wear resistance testing of porous metal matrix composites.

[0008] The second objective of this invention is to provide a method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites, which avoids interference from wear debris in the test, significantly amplifies the mass loss signal, and enables true and repeatable measurement of the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites.

[0009] The third objective of this invention is to provide a method for testing the surface roughness of metals processed from porous metal matrix composites, which can obtain workpiece surface roughness that is highly correlated with the actual processing.

[0010] In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives of the present invention, the following technical solution is adopted: This invention provides a wear resistance testing device, comprising a base, a rotating unit, a loading unit, and a liquid supply unit; The rotary unit is mounted on the base; the rotary unit includes a rotary loading plate and a grinding component disposed on the upper surface of the rotary loading plate; The loading unit is mounted on the base; the loading unit includes a control panel, a pressure probe, and a sample tray; the pressure probe can be used to apply pressure to the sample to be tested in the sample tray. The liquid supply unit is mounted on the base; the liquid supply unit includes a connected liquid supply pipe and a bamboo joint pipe; the bamboo joint pipe can be used to adjust the liquid supply direction.

[0011] Furthermore, it includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The grinding component and the return loading disc are coaxially arranged; The rotary unit also includes a fastening belt for fixing the grinding component to the rotary loading plate; The rotating unit also includes a splash guard, which is fitted over the outside of the fastening belt and mounted on the base.

[0012] Furthermore, it includes at least one of the following four characteristics; The loading unit also includes a lifting rod, and the control panel is connected to the base via the lifting rod; The sample tray is mounted below the control panel via a connecting screw. The pressure probe is mounted on the control panel; The control panel is equipped with a touch screen and a pressure gauge.

[0013] Furthermore, the line connecting the center of the pressure probe and the center of the sample carrier disk is perpendicular to the grinding component.

[0014] This invention also provides a method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites, using the wear resistance testing device described above, and including the following steps: Weigh the grinding components and install them on the return transfer tray; weigh the sample to be tested and place it on the sample tray. The pressure probe applies pressure to the sample to be tested, the liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding parts, the return plate rotates, the test begins, and the sample to be tested and the grinding parts come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the test sample and the grinding parts were cleaned, dried and weighed in sequence, and the sample mass loss and wear ratio were calculated.

[0015] Furthermore, it includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The porous metal matrix composite material includes metal matrix diamond composite material and / or metal matrix cubic boron nitride composite material; The grinding components include diamond grinding discs or polycrystalline diamond disks; The liquid includes at least one of water, emulsion, and cutting oil.

[0016] Furthermore, it includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The pressure probe applies a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa to the sample under test; The rotation speed of the return transfer disk is 100rpm~1000rpm; The test duration is 1 to 10 minutes.

[0017] Furthermore, the sample mass loss is m3, where m3 = m1 - m2; m1 is the mass of the sample before testing, and m2 is the mass of the sample after testing.

[0018] Furthermore, the wear ratio is m6 / m3; m6 = m4 - m5; m6 is the mass loss of the grinding component, m4 is the mass of the grinding component before the test, and m5 is the mass of the grinding component after the test.

[0019] This invention also provides a method for testing the surface roughness of processed metals from porous metal matrix composites, using the wear resistance testing device described above, and including the following steps: Weigh the grinding components and install them on the return transfer tray; weigh the sample to be tested and place it on the sample tray. The pressure probe applies pressure to the sample to be tested, the liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding parts, the return plate rotates, the test begins, and the sample to be tested and the grinding parts come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the surface roughness of the grinding components was measured; the material of the grinding components was the metal being processed.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. The wear resistance testing device provided by the present invention is small in size, has high space utilization, avoids interference from wear debris on the test, and can be applied to the wear resistance test of porous metal matrix composite materials.

[0021] 2. The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites provided by this invention avoids the drawbacks of sample blockage caused by wear debris deposition and excessively rapid wear of the grinding components leading to insufficient sample mass loss; it avoids interference from wear debris in the test, significantly amplifies the mass loss test signal, improves the wear resistance data by three to four orders of magnitude, and makes the test results more realistic and reliable.

[0022] 3. The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites provided by this invention significantly shortens the wear resistance performance evaluation cycle and significantly reduces material consumption, equipment occupation and cost while ensuring that the test results are relevant to working conditions.

[0023] 4. The method for testing the surface roughness of porous metal matrix composites after machining provided by this invention can detect the machining quality simply by replacing the grinding parts. This method can quickly obtain the workpiece surface roughness that is highly correlated with the actual machining process. It is easy to operate, has good repeatability, and is suitable for evaluating and comparing the machining performance of porous metal matrix composites. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention and should not be regarded as a limitation of the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a front view of the wear resistance testing device of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a right view of the wear resistance testing device of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a top view of the wear resistance testing device of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the three-dimensional disassembly of the base and rotating unit in the wear resistance testing device of the present invention.

[0029] Figure label: 1-Base; 2-Drain pipe; 3-Returning tray; 4-Grinding component; 5-Fastening belt; 6-Splash guard; 7-Supply pipe; 8-Bamboo joint pipe; 9-Lifting rod; 10-Pressure probe; 11-Connecting screw; 12-Sample tray; 13-Control panel; 14-Touch screen; 15-Pressure gauge. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments described below are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments, and are only used to illustrate the present invention, and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Where specific conditions are not specified in the embodiments, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall be followed. Where the manufacturers of reagents or instruments are not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0031] See Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 In some embodiments of the present invention, a wear resistance testing device is provided, including a base 1, a rotating unit, a loading unit and a liquid supply unit; The rotary unit is mounted on the base 1; the rotary unit includes a return loading plate 3 and a grinding component 4 disposed on the upper surface of the return loading plate 3; The loading unit is mounted on the base 1; the loading unit includes a control panel 13, a pressure probe 10 and a sample tray 12; the pressure probe 10 can be used to apply pressure to the sample to be tested in the sample tray 12. The liquid supply unit is mounted on the base 1; the liquid supply unit includes a connected liquid supply pipe 7 and a bamboo joint pipe 8; the bamboo joint pipe 8 can be used to adjust the liquid supply direction.

[0032] Existing friction and wear testing machines mostly adopt a cabinet-type structure. The upper left side typically houses the loading mechanism and sample clamping mechanism, the right side contains the program control computer, and the lower part contains the loading motor and redundant storage space. This results in a large overall size and low space utilization. The wear resistance testing device of this invention has significant advantages over existing wear resistance testing equipment, including a compact structure and small size.

[0033] Existing equipment typically designs the abrasive material to be fixed above the sample. During testing, the powder (such as wear debris) generated by the friction between the abrasive material and the sample is easily compacted onto the sample surface under the applied force. This problem is particularly prominent in the testing of porous metal matrix composites, severely affecting the accuracy of wear resistance evaluation. The wear resistance testing device of this invention arranges the sample to be tested above the abrasive component (abrasive material) and uses liquid impact-assisted technology to ensure that wear debris is carried away in a timely manner during the test, preventing its accumulation on the sample surface and in the pores. Therefore, it is applicable to the wear resistance testing of porous metal matrix composites.

[0034] In some embodiments of the present invention, the rotary unit is installed in the middle of the base 1, the loading unit is installed in the rear of the base 1, and the liquid supply unit is installed on the right side of the base 1; the rotary unit, the loading unit and the liquid supply unit are respectively fixedly installed on the base 1 by bolts or connecting flanges, and are linked and controlled by pipelines and / or guide structures.

[0035] In some embodiments of the present invention, the return loading disk 3 is installed inside the base 1 via a rotating shaft and bearing assembly, and is fixed and positioned by a support structure on the base 1; so that it can smoothly achieve clockwise or counterclockwise rotation under the drive of the drive device at a given speed.

[0036] In some embodiments of the present invention, the grinding component 4 and the return plate 3 are coaxially arranged; preferably, the return plate 3 can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise under the drive of the driving device; when the return plate 3 is driven to rotate by the driving device, the grinding component 4 rotates synchronously with the return plate 3 coaxially.

[0037] In some embodiments of the present invention, the shape of the grinding component 4 includes a circle.

[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, the rotary unit further includes a fastening belt 5 for fixing the grinding component 4 to the rotary loading plate 3 to prevent the grinding component 4 from falling off the track during rotation.

[0039] In some embodiments of the present invention, the rotating unit further includes a splash guard 6, which is sleeved on the outside of the fastening belt 5 and mounted on the base 1.

[0040] In some embodiments of the present invention, the bottom of the splash guard 6 is inserted into the corresponding slot on the base 1; forming a fixed connection with the base 1 to ensure a stable and reliable structure. The splash guard 6 has a ring structure and is installed on the upper part of the rotating unit. The grinding component 4 and the fastening belt 5 are located in the inner cavity of the splash guard 6. The top edge of the splash guard 6 is higher than the top edge of the fastening belt 5; this prevents liquid from splashing when the liquid supply unit is started. The inner diameter of the splash guard 6 is larger than the outer diameter of the sample carrier plate 12; the size of the splash guard 6 should be designed to avoid obstructing the descent of the loading unit and to provide sufficient clearance for the lifting and lowering movement of the loading unit.

[0041] In some embodiments of the present invention, the loading unit further includes a lifting rod 9, and the control panel 13 is connected to the base 1 via the lifting rod 9; one end of the lifting rod 9 is inserted into the base 1, and the other end is connected to the control panel 13, and the loading unit can be adjusted to a suitable position by raising and lowering the lifting rod 9.

[0042] In some embodiments of the present invention, the loading unit further includes a connecting screw 11, and the sample carrier plate 12 is mounted below the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11; the connecting screw 11 is connected to the sample carrier plate 12 via threads; a suitable sample carrier plate 12 is selected according to the size of the sample to be tested, and the sample is controlled to prevent planar movement via the sample carrier plate 12.

[0043] In some embodiments of the present invention, the pressure probe 10 is mounted on the control panel 13; after pressurization, the pressure probe 10 extends and contacts the sample to be tested, applying pressure to the sample to be tested.

[0044] In some embodiments of the present invention, the control panel 13 is provided with a touch screen 14 and a pressure gauge 15; preferably, the control panel 13 is provided with a motor; the control panel 13 is used to control the rising and falling of the lifting rod 9, set the rotation speed of the return loading plate 3 and the pressure and test time of the pressure probe 10; the touch screen is used to operate the wear resistance testing device, and the pressure gauge 15 is used to observe pressure changes.

[0045] In some embodiments of the present invention, the line connecting the center of the pressure probe 10 and the center of the sample carrier disk 12 is perpendicular to the grinding component 4; preferably, the shape of the pressure probe 10 includes a cylindrical shape; that is, the line connecting the center of the pressure probe 10 and the center of the sample carrier disk 12 is perpendicular to the plane where the grinding component 4 is located.

[0046] In some embodiments of the present invention, the sample carrier 12 is provided with a through hole for accommodating the sample to be tested; the inner diameter of the through hole matches the outer diameter of the sample to be tested; when the sample to be tested is placed in the through hole, the hole wall of the through hole forms a radial limit on the sample to be tested, so as to restrict the sample to be tested from moving in the horizontal direction; by replacing the sample carrier 12 with different through hole sizes, it is possible to clamp samples of different diameters.

[0047] In some embodiments of the present invention, the bamboo-joint tube 8 is an adjustable-angle tube structure; by adjusting the liquid supply direction through the bamboo-joint tube 8, liquid can be supplied from various required angles.

[0048] In some embodiments of the present invention, the liquid supply pipe 7 can be connected to a faucet, and when there is a pressure requirement, it can be connected to a booster pump; or when using other liquids, it can be pressurized by filling the tank with air when connected to the storage tank.

[0049] In some embodiments of the present invention, the base 1 is provided with a cavity, which can be used to receive powder and liquid; the powder generated during the test, such as abrasive shavings, can be received in the cavity of the base 1 for easy subsequent cleaning; the liquid generated during the test can be received in the cavity of the base 1, and the liquid that does not need to be recycled can be directly discharged into the waste liquid tank, while the recycled liquid can be recycled and reused after filtration.

[0050] In some embodiments of the present invention, a drain pipe 2 is provided at the bottom of the base 1; the drain pipe 2 is located at the bottom to facilitate the drainage of liquid.

[0051] In some embodiments of the present invention, the above-mentioned wear resistance testing device is used as follows: Select the grinding component 4 according to the type of sample to be tested. The grinding component 4 is installed on the return transfer plate 3. Then, install the fastening belt 5 and the splash guard 6. Select the sample tray 12 according to the size of the sample to be tested. The sample tray 12 is installed below the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11. Adjust the lifting rod 9 to descend to a suitable height via the control panel 13. Place the sample to be tested into the sample tray 12. Set the pressure of the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return plate 3, and the test time; the pressure probe 10 descends to contact the sample to be tested and applies pressure to the sample; start the liquid supply unit and adjust the bamboo tube 8 to supply liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4; drive the return plate 3 to rotate; start the test, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, shut off the liquid supply unit, raise the pressure probe 10, raise the lifting rod 9, remove the sample to be tested, and remove the splash guard 6, fastening belt 5 and abrasive material in sequence.

[0052] In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composite materials is also provided, employing the aforementioned wear resistance testing device, and comprising the following steps: After weighing the grinding component 4, install it on the return transfer tray 3; after weighing the sample to be tested, place it on the sample tray 12. Pressure probe 10 applies pressure to the sample to be tested, liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4, return transfer plate 3 rotates, test begins, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 were cleaned, dried and weighed in sequence, and the sample mass loss and wear ratio were calculated.

[0053] The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites of this invention fully considers the basic properties of porous metal matrix composites, avoiding the drawbacks of sample clogging caused by powder (such as wear debris) deposition and insufficient sample mass loss due to excessively rapid wear of the grinding components. It makes the sample the primary wear target, significantly increasing the effective wear amount per unit test time and significantly amplifying the mass loss test signal. Compared with traditional wear resistance testing methods, this method can improve the mass loss data by three to four orders of magnitude, clearly characterizing previously difficult-to-measure minute wear behaviors, resulting in more realistic and reliable test results.

[0054] In the wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites of the present invention, the powder (such as wear debris) generated during the test can be promptly removed by the supplied liquid, preventing it from accumulating on the sample surface and in the pores and participating in the wear process again. This avoids sample blockage caused by powder deposition, thereby effectively eliminating test errors such as mass inversion and false wear. The wear data obtained in this way is more stable, realistic, and has good repeatability, and can more objectively reflect the actual wear resistance performance of porous metal matrix composites.

[0055] The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites of this invention is a design scheme proposed based on a thorough analysis of the actual processing objects and service conditions of porous metal matrix composites when used as grinding tools. Compared with existing methods that require the porous metal matrix composite to be prepared into a grinding tool of a specific size, and then redesign the structural parameters according to different processing objects and processing requirements, complete the assembly, and then conduct actual processing and testing on a grinding machine, the method of this invention can effectively evaluate the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites without preparing a complete grinding tool and carrying out actual grinding processing. By adopting a simplified sample form and a test structure that simulates processing loads and motion modes, this invention significantly shortens the wear resistance evaluation cycle while ensuring that the test results are highly correlated with operating conditions, and significantly reduces material consumption, equipment occupation, and costs, thereby effectively compressing and improving the efficiency of the wear resistance testing process for porous metal matrix composites.

[0056] In some embodiments of the present invention, the method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composite materials specifically includes the following steps: After weighing the grinding component 4, install it on the return transfer plate 3, then install the fastening belt 5 and the splash guard 6. Select the sample carrier plate 12 according to the size of the sample to be tested. The sample carrier plate 12 is installed below the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11. Adjust the lifting rod 9 of the control panel 13 to lower the loading unit to the preset height and place the sample to be tested into the sample carrier plate 12. Set the pressure of the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return carrier plate 3, and the test time through the control panel 13. The pressure probe 10 descends to contact the sample to be tested and applies pressure (constant load) to the sample. Start the liquid supply unit and adjust the bamboo tube 8 to supply liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4. Drive the return carrier plate 3 to rotate. Start the test, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. Observe the pressure gauge 15 during the test. If the reading remains unchanged, it proves that the test is proceeding normally. After the test, shut off the liquid supply unit, raise the pressure probe 10, raise the lifting rod 9, remove the sample to be tested, and remove the splash guard 6, fastening belt 5 and grinding component 4 in sequence; clean, dry and weigh the sample and grinding component 4 in sequence, and calculate the sample mass loss and wear ratio.

[0057] In some embodiments of the present invention, the porous metal matrix composite material includes a metal matrix diamond composite material and / or a metal matrix cubic boron nitride composite material; preferably, the porous metal matrix composite material includes a copper-tin-titanium (Cu-Sn-Ti) metal matrix composite material or a copper-titanium (Cu-Ti) metal matrix composite material; the porous metal matrix composite material includes diamond microparticles or cubic boron nitride microparticles; preferably, the porous metal matrix composite material has a pore diameter ≤200μm and a porosity ≤50%.

[0058] In some embodiments of the present invention, the sample to be tested comprises a cylinder; preferably, the diameter of the cylinder is 10 mm to 50 mm; typically, but not limitingly, for example, the diameter of the cylinder can be 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm and any value between any two of these.

[0059] In some embodiments of the present invention, the grinding component 4 includes a diamond grinding disc or a polycrystalline diamond disk; the diamond abrasive grains in the diamond grinding disc can be single-crystal diamond or polycrystalline diamond; the polycrystalline diamond disk is a polycrystalline diamond composite material formed by sintering diamond microcrystals.

[0060] In some embodiments of the present invention, the particle size of the diamond abrasive grains in the diamond grinding wheel is 60 mesh to 2000 mesh; typically, but not limitingly, for example, the particle size of the diamond abrasive grains in the diamond grinding wheel can be 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh, 150 mesh, 180 mesh, 240 mesh, 320 mesh, 400 mesh, 600 mesh, 800 mesh, 1000 mesh, 1200 mesh, 1500 mesh, 2000 mesh, and any value between any two of these.

[0061] For a single mass loss test, the same type of grinding component 4 can be selected for different porous metal matrix composites, with diamond-type grinding component 4 being preferred.

[0062] In some embodiments of the present invention, the radius of the grinding component 4 is r1~r2; r1 is the minimum radius of the grinding component 4, which is equal to the vertical distance from the center of the return transfer disk 3 to the center of the sample carrier disk 12 plus the radius of the sample to be tested; r2 is the maximum radius of the grinding component 4, which is equal to the radius of the return transfer disk 3.

[0063] In some embodiments of the present invention, the liquid includes, but is not limited to, at least one of water, emulsion, and cutting oil; which can meet the testing environment for simulating various processing conditions.

[0064] The method of this invention can fully leverage the advantages of the porous structure of porous metal matrix composites in the wear testing process. By rationally selecting the type, hardness, and dimensional parameters of the wear-matching component 4 to match the mechanical properties and actual processing conditions of the sample under test, the effective wear amount of the sample per unit test time can be significantly improved, resulting in wear resistance with high working condition correlation.

[0065] It should be noted that, in addition to the aforementioned porous metal matrix composite material and the grinding component 4, this invention can also be used for testing other materials. There are many other materials, and their composition, microstructure and service conditions vary significantly. In actual engineering applications, the type, size and test parameters of the grinding component 4 need to be adjusted specifically according to the specific test object and operating conditions.

[0066] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the fastening belt 5 includes hard rubber.

[0067] In some embodiments of the present invention, the pressure applied by the pressure probe 10 to the sample to be tested is 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa; typically, but not limitingly, for example, the pressure applied by the pressure probe 10 to the sample to be tested can be 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 0.8 MPa, 1 MPa and any value between any two thereof; preferably 0.2 to 0.5 MPa.

[0068] In some embodiments of the present invention, the rotational speed of the return loading disk 3 is 100 rpm to 1000 rpm; typically, but not limitingly, for example, the rotational speed of the return loading disk 3 can be 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 500 rpm, 600 rpm, 700 rpm, 800 rpm, 900 rpm, 1000 rpm, and any value between any two of these.

[0069] In some embodiments of the present invention, the test time is 1 min to 10 min; typically, but not limitingly, the test time can be 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, 5 min, 6 min, 7 min, 8 min, 9 min, 10 min, or any value between any two of these. The present invention requires a shorter test time; relatively clear mass loss data can be obtained in a shorter time. Simultaneously, this mass loss can reflect the intrinsic wear resistance characteristics of the material, has good distinguishability among samples in the same group, and has practical evaluation significance.

[0070] It should be noted that when conducting comparative tests on sample mass loss, the test pressure, rotation speed, and time should be adjusted according to the sample performance. Samples with high abrasive (diamond) content, excessively low forming pressure, or insufficient sintering temperature and holding time will exhibit poor wear resistance. To ensure lateral comparison between different samples, the pressure and rotation speed need to be appropriately adjusted to ensure that samples in the same group complete the wear test within the same test time.

[0071] In some embodiments of the present invention, after the test is completed, the sample to be tested is removed, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in sequence, and then the mass of the sample to be tested is weighed to obtain the mass of the sample to be tested after the test.

[0072] In some embodiments of the present invention, after the test is completed, the grinding component 4 is removed, rinsed and dried in sequence, and then the mass of the grinding component 4 is weighed to obtain the mass of the grinding component 4 after the test.

[0073] In some embodiments of the present invention, the sample mass loss is m3, where m3 = m1 - m2; m1 is the mass of the sample to be tested before the test, and m2 is the mass of the sample to be tested after the test.

[0074] In some embodiments of the present invention, the wear ratio is m6 / m3; m6 = m4 - m5; m6 is the mass loss of the grinding component 4, m4 is the mass of the grinding component 4 before the test, and m5 is the mass of the grinding component 4 after the test. The wear ratio = mass loss of the grinding component 4 / mass loss of the sample under test, representing the mass of the grinding component 4 that can be worn away per unit mass of sample. A higher wear ratio indicates a more wear-resistant sample.

[0075] In the wear resistance evaluation of this invention, it is even more important to ensure that similar samples are compared laterally under the same test conditions to objectively reflect the relative differences in the wear resistance performance of the materials. Based on the above principle, the test method proposed in this invention does not need to pursue a correspondence between the absolute wear amount and a fixed standard, but can obtain mass loss and wear ratio data with good consistency and comparability under controllable and repeatable conditions. The experimental results obtained thereby can truly and effectively reflect the variation law of wear resistance performance of porous metal matrix composites under actual working conditions, and have high engineering reference value and application reliability.

[0076] In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for testing the surface roughness of a porous metal matrix composite material processed metal is also provided, employing the aforementioned wear resistance testing device, and comprising the following steps: Install the grinding component 4 onto the return transfer tray 3; place the sample to be tested onto the sample tray 12; Pressure probe 10 applies pressure to the sample to be tested, liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4, return transfer plate 3 rotates, test begins, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the surface roughness of the grinding component 4 was measured; the material of the grinding component 4 was the metal being processed.

[0077] This invention replaces the material of the grinding component 4 with the metal being processed, sets the pressure, rotational unit speed, and test time, and after the test, samples of the grinding component 4 are taken to observe surface wear marks and measure surface roughness. Surface roughness testing is a means of evaluating the processing performance of porous metal matrix composites. By detecting the surface roughness of the processed metal (grinding component), the processing capability of the porous metal matrix composite is indirectly evaluated. If the surface of the grinding component becomes very smooth (low roughness), it indicates that the processing performance of the porous metal matrix composite sample is good; if the surface is rough and the scratches are deep, it indicates that its processing performance is poor.

[0078] The method for testing the surface roughness of porous metal matrix composites in this invention can detect the processing quality of samples simply by replacing the grinding component 4, without requiring additional adjustments to the device structure or testing process. This method can quickly obtain workpiece surface roughness data that is highly correlated with the actual processing, is easy to operate, has good repeatability, and is suitable for evaluating and comparing the processing performance of porous metal matrix composites.

[0079] Based on the wear resistance testing device and method of this invention, the surface quality of processed metals can be evaluated simultaneously without replacing equipment or adding complex procedures. During the test, the porous metal matrix composite sample is directly applied to the surface of the processed metal under set loads, motion modes, and auxiliary conditions. By sampling the processed metal surface and testing its surface roughness, surface quality data corresponding to the sample's actual processing capability can be obtained. This method can intuitively reflect the forming ability and processing stability of different porous metal matrix composites when processing metal surfaces under simulated real grinding or finishing conditions. Compared with traditional testing methods that only target the wear resistance of the material itself or a single processing parameter, this invention simultaneously acquires the wear resistance data of the sample and the surface quality data of the processed workpiece on the same testing device, achieving a combination of material performance evaluation and processing performance evaluation. This provides a more comprehensive, intuitive, and efficient evaluation method for the application of porous metal matrix composites in practical processing fields.

[0080] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the grinding component 4 includes, but is not limited to, at least one of cemented carbide, high-speed steel, titanium alloy, copper alloy and high-temperature alloy; simulating different metals being processed.

[0081] In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the grinding component 4 selected for the metal-based diamond composite material includes non-ferrous metals such as cemented carbide. The material of the grinding component 4 selected for the metal-based cubic boron nitride composite material includes ferrous metals such as high-speed steel, high-temperature alloys, tool steel, cast iron, and cobalt-based alloys.

[0082] It should be noted that the other operations in the test method for the surface roughness of porous metal matrix composites are the same as those in the test method for the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites described above.

[0083] Example 1 See Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 The wear resistance testing device provided in this embodiment includes a base 1, a rotating unit, a loading unit, and a liquid supply unit; The rotary unit includes a return loading plate 3, a grinding component 4, a fastening belt 5, and a splash guard 6. The return loading plate 3 is installed inside the base 1 via a rotating shaft and bearing assembly, and is fixed and positioned by the support structure on the base 1. The grinding component 4 is disposed on the upper surface of the return loading plate 3, and the grinding component 4 and the return loading plate 3 are coaxially arranged. The grinding component 4 is fixed to the return loading plate 3 by the fastening belt 5. The splash guard 6 is sleeved on the outside of the fastening belt 5, and the bottom of the splash guard 6 is inserted into the corresponding groove on the base 1. The height of the top edge of the splash guard 6 is greater than the height of the top edge of the fastening belt 5. The loading unit includes a lifting rod 9, a control panel 13, a pressure probe 10, a connecting screw 11, and a sample tray 12. One end of the lifting rod 9 is inserted into the base 1, and the other end is connected to the control panel 13. The pressure probe 10 is mounted on the control panel 13 and can be used to apply pressure to the sample to be tested. The sample tray 12 is mounted below the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11, which is threaded to the sample tray 12. The pressure probe 10 is cylindrical. The sample tray 12 has a through hole for accommodating the sample to be tested. The line connecting the center of the pressure probe 10 and the center of the sample tray 12 is perpendicular to the plane of the grinding component 4. A motor is installed inside the control panel 13. The control panel 13 has a touch screen 14 and a pressure gauge 15. The liquid supply unit includes a liquid supply pipe 7 and a bamboo joint pipe 8. The liquid supply pipe 7 is installed on the base 1. One end of the liquid supply pipe 7 is connected to the liquid supply device, and the other end is connected to the bamboo joint pipe 8. The bamboo joint pipe 8 can be used to adjust the liquid supply direction. The bottom of the base 1 is provided with a drain pipe 2, and the base 1 is provided with a cavity that can be used to receive powder and liquid.

[0084] Example 2 The method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites provided in this embodiment uses the wear resistance testing device of Embodiment 1 and includes the following steps: After weighing the grinding component 4, install it on the return transfer plate 3, then install the fastening belt 5 and the splash guard 6. Select the sample carrier plate 12 according to the size of the sample to be tested. The sample carrier plate 12 is installed below the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11. Adjust the lifting rod 9 of the control panel 13 to lower the loading unit to the preset height. After weighing the sample to be tested, place it into the sample carrier plate 12. Set the pressure of the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return carrier plate 3, and the test time through the control panel 13. The pressure probe 10 descends to contact the sample to be tested and applies pressure to it. Start the liquid supply unit and adjust the bamboo tube 8 to supply liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4. Drive the return carrier plate 3 to rotate. Start the test, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. Observe the pressure gauge 15 during the test. If the reading remains unchanged, it proves that the test is proceeding normally. After the test, the liquid supply unit is turned off, the pressure probe 10 is raised, the lifting rod 9 is raised, the sample to be tested is taken out, and the splash guard 6, the fastening belt 5 and the grinding component 4 are removed in sequence; the sample to be tested is ultrasonically cleaned, dried and weighed; the grinding component 4 is rinsed, dried and weighed; the sample mass loss and wear ratio are calculated.

[0085] The samples to be tested were five porous copper-titanium metal-based cubic boron nitride composite materials, designated C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5. The preparation method was as follows: cubic boron nitride microparticles, binder, and copper-titanium alloy in a mass ratio of 45:6:49 were sintered at 1100℃ for 30 min. The copper-titanium alloy compositions of C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were Cu45Ti55at.%, Cu55Ti45at.%, Cu65Ti35at.%, Cu75Ti25at.%, and Cu85Ti15at.%, respectively. The pore diameter of the samples ranged from 80 μm to 100 μm, and the porosity ranged from 37% to 43%. The samples were cylindrical with a diameter of 30 mm. The through-hole size of the sample carrier disk 12 was 30 mm. The grinding component 4 is a diamond grinding disc with a radius of 300 mm and a diamond particle size of 60 mesh. Each time the sample to be tested is changed, a new diamond grinding disc is required. The supplied liquid is water; The pressure probe 10 applied a pressure of 0.3 MPa to the sample to be tested, the rotation speed of the return plate 3 was 150 rpm, and the test time was 2 min. The sample mass loss is m3, where m3 = m1 - m2; m1 is the mass of the sample before testing, and m2 is the mass of the sample after testing. The mass loss of the grinding component 4 is m6, where m6 = m4 - m5; m6 is the mass loss of the grinding component 4, m4 is the mass of the grinding component 4 before the test, and m5 is the mass of the grinding component 4 after the test. The wear ratio is m6 / m3.

[0086] Example 3 The test method for the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites provided in this embodiment is the same as in Embodiment 2, except that the test samples are five porous copper-titanium metal matrix diamond composites, denoted as D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. The preparation method is as follows: diamond, binder, and copper-titanium alloy (Cu50Ti50at.%) are sintered at 1100℃ for 30 min. In the preparation methods of D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, the mass ratios of diamond particles, binder, and copper-titanium alloy are 25:6:69, 35:6:59, 45:6:49, 55:6:39, and 65:6:29, respectively. The pore diameter of the test samples is 50 μm to 120 μm, and the porosity is 25% to 45%. The test samples are cylindrical with a diameter of 30 mm. The through-hole size of the sample carrier disk 12 is 30 mm. The pressure probe 10 applies a pressure of 0.2 MPa to the sample to be tested, the rotation speed of the return plate 3 is 160 rpm, and the test time is 5 min.

[0087] Example 4 The test method for the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites provided in this embodiment is the same as in Embodiment 2, except that the test samples are five porous copper-titanium metal matrix cubic boron nitride composites, denoted as CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, and CT5. The preparation method is as follows: cubic boron nitride microparticles, binder, and copper-titanium alloy (Cu65Ti35at.%) are sintered for 30 min. In the preparation methods of CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, and CT5, the mass ratio of cubic boron nitride microparticles, binder, and copper-titanium alloy is 45:6:49; the sintering temperatures are 950℃, 1000℃, 1050℃, 1100℃, and 1150℃, respectively; the pore diameter of the test samples is 90μm~110μm, and the porosity is 40%~45%; the test samples are cylindrical with a diameter of 30mm; the through-hole size of the sample carrier disk 12 is 30mm. The pressure probe 10 applies a pressure of 0.3 MPa to the sample to be tested, the rotation speed of the return plate 3 is 150 rpm, and the test time is 5 min.

[0088] Example 5 The surface roughness testing method for porous metal matrix composite materials provided in this embodiment uses the wear resistance testing device of Embodiment 1 and includes the following steps: Install the grinding component 4 on the return feed plate 3, then install the fastening belt 5 and the splash guard 6; Select the sample carrier plate 12 according to the size of the sample to be tested. The sample carrier plate 12 is connected to the lower part of the control panel 13 via the connecting screw 11. Adjust the lifting rod 9 of the control panel 13 to lower the loading unit to the preset height and place the sample to be tested into the sample carrier plate 12. Set the pressure of the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return carrier plate 3, and the test time through the control panel 13. The pressure probe 10 descends to contact the sample to be tested and applies pressure to the sample. Start the liquid supply unit and adjust the bamboo tube 8 to supply liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4. Drive the return carrier plate 3 to rotate. Start the test, so that the sample to be tested and the grinding component 4 come into contact and perform frictional motion. Observe the pressure gauge 15 during the test. If the reading remains unchanged, it proves that the test is proceeding normally. After the test, the liquid supply unit was turned off, the pressure probe 10 was raised, the lifting rod 9 was raised, the sample to be tested was taken out, and the splash guard 6, the fastening belt 5 and the grinding component 4 were removed in sequence. The grinding component 4 was rinsed and dried, and the surface roughness was measured using a roughness and macro profile measuring instrument.

[0089] The sample to be tested, the supplied liquid, the pressure applied to the sample by the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return plate 3, and the test time are the same as in Example 2; The grinding component 4 is made of SKH51 high-speed steel and has a radius of 300mm; the grinding component 4 is replaced every time the sample to be tested is changed.

[0090] Example 6 The method for testing the surface roughness of porous metal matrix composite materials in this embodiment is the same as that in embodiment 5. The only difference is that the sample to be tested, the supplied liquid, the pressure applied to the sample by the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return plate 3, and the test time are the same as in embodiment 3; the material of the grinding component 4 is KG7 cemented carbide.

[0091] Example 7 The method for testing the surface roughness of porous metal matrix composite materials in this embodiment is the same as that in embodiment 5. The only difference is that the sample to be tested, the supplied liquid, the pressure applied to the sample by the pressure probe 10, the rotation speed of the return plate 3, and the test time are the same as in embodiment 4; the material of the grinding component 4 is SKH51 high-speed steel.

[0092] Comparative Example 1 The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites provided in this comparative example includes the following steps: The test was conducted using a pin-disc friction and wear testing machine. The test pressure was 100 kN, the rotation speed was 150 rpm, and the time was 10 min. The grinding material was SiC ceramic pins. The test sample was the same as that in Example 2.

[0093] Comparative Example 2 The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites provided in this comparative example includes the following steps: The test was conducted using a pin-disc friction and wear testing machine. The test pressure was 100 kN, the rotation speed was 150 rpm, and the time was 10 min. The grinding material was Si3N4 ceramic pins. The test sample was the same as that in Example 3.

[0094] Comparative Example 3 The wear resistance testing method for porous metal matrix composites provided in this comparative example includes the following steps: The test was conducted using a pin-disc friction and wear testing machine. The test pressure was 100 kN, the rotation speed was 150 rpm, and the time was 10 min. The grinding material was SiC ceramic pins. The test sample was the same as that in Example 4.

[0095] Test case The wear resistance test results of the porous metal matrix composites in Examples 2-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3 are shown in Table 1.

[0096] Table 1

[0097] The test results of the surface roughness of the porous metal matrix composite materials in Examples 5-7 are shown in Table 2.

[0098] Table 2

[0099] As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2, the variation of mass loss of samples in each embodiment with changes in sample preparation parameters is clear, allowing for effective cross-comparison and reflecting the intrinsic correlation between sample structure and processing performance.

[0100] In Example 2, with decreasing Ti content, the mass loss of the metal-based cubic boron nitride composite material decreased significantly under the same conditions. The corresponding wear ratio data showed that sample C3 exhibited the highest wear resistance. In Example 3, with increasing diamond content, the mass loss of the metal-based diamond composite material increased, while the corresponding wear ratio decreased, indicating good wear resistance under low diamond content conditions. In Example 4, the metal-based cubic boron nitride composite material CT3 showed the best wear resistance, indicating that 1050℃ was the optimal sintering temperature. However, in the comparative examples, using the same samples as the corresponding examples and tested with a common pin-disc friction and wear testing machine, the mass loss values ​​of both the samples and the wear-resistant materials were significantly smaller, approximately three to four orders of magnitude lower than those in the embodiments of this invention. The overall numerical variation was limited, making it difficult to effectively distinguish the performance differences between different samples and easily introducing large testing errors.

[0101] Specifically, the mass loss and wear ratio of the sample in Comparative Example 1 showed the same trend as in Example 2, proving that the test method provided by this invention is authentic and reliable. However, the mass loss data obtained over a longer period was more than four orders of magnitude lower than that in Example 2, and the wear ratio data showed significant variation and poor reproducibility.

[0102] The mass loss and wear ratio trends of the sample in Comparative Example 2 were the same as those in Example 3. This indicates that the testing method provided by this invention remains reliable for different porous metal matrix composites. However, the wear ratio data also showed significant variations.

[0103] In Comparative Example 3, after the CT3 sample under the same wear resistance test conditions, the mass of the sample after wear was greater than that before wear. This is because the wear debris generated by the porous metal matrix composite during the wear process is retained and blocked on the sample surface and inside the pores under the action of gravity and load, thus masking the true wear behavior of the material, resulting in distorted test results and insufficient reliability. Similarly, the wear ratio data could not be analyzed.

[0104] The surface roughness of the grinding component is equivalent to the surface roughness of the workpiece being processed. Examples 5-7 accurately evaluate the processing performance of porous metal matrix composites. In Example 5, with increasing Cu content in the metal matrix cubic boron nitride composite, under the same conditions, the surface roughness of the workpiece being processed decreases. The corresponding roughness data shows that sample C5 has the highest surface quality. In Example 6, with increasing diamond content in the metal matrix diamond composite, the surface roughness of the workpiece being processed increases, indicating that good surface quality is more easily obtained under low diamond content conditions. In Example 7, the metal cubic boron nitride composite CT3 has the lowest surface roughness, further demonstrating that 1050℃ is the optimal sintering temperature. The workpiece surface quality evaluation results obtained through this method can significantly shorten the testing cycle and reduce experimental costs, providing efficient and reliable technical support for the rapid iterative optimization of porous metal matrix composite composition design and process parameters, thereby accelerating the research and development process of related materials and processes.

[0105] The above results fully demonstrate that the testing device and method of the present invention can effectively amplify the performance differences between different samples. The detection device used is stable in operation and the test data is true and reliable. It can be used for accurate evaluation of the wear resistance and processing quality of porous metal matrix composites.

[0106] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention; therefore, this means that all such substitutions and modifications that fall within the scope of the present invention are included in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A wear resistance testing device, characterized in that, Includes a base, a rotating unit, a loading unit, and a liquid supply unit; The rotary unit is mounted on the base; the rotary unit includes a rotary loading plate and a grinding component disposed on the upper surface of the rotary loading plate; The loading unit is mounted on the base; the loading unit includes a control panel, a pressure probe, and a sample tray; the pressure probe can be used to apply pressure to the sample to be tested in the sample tray. The liquid supply unit is mounted on the base; the liquid supply unit includes a connected liquid supply pipe and a bamboo joint pipe; the bamboo joint pipe can be used to adjust the liquid supply direction.

2. The wear resistance testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The grinding component and the return loading disc are coaxially arranged; The rotary unit also includes a fastening belt for fixing the grinding component to the rotary loading plate; The rotating unit also includes a splash guard, which is fitted over the outside of the fastening belt and mounted on the base.

3. The wear resistance testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes at least one of the following four characteristics; The loading unit also includes a lifting rod, and the control panel is connected to the base via the lifting rod; The sample tray is mounted below the control panel via a connecting screw. The pressure probe is mounted on the control panel; The control panel is equipped with a touch screen and a pressure gauge.

4. The wear resistance testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The line connecting the center of the pressure probe and the center of the sample carrier disk is perpendicular to the grinding component.

5. A method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composite materials, using the wear resistance testing device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Weigh the grinding components and install them on the return transfer tray; weigh the sample to be tested and place it on the sample tray. The pressure probe applies pressure to the sample to be tested, the liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding parts, the return plate rotates, the test begins, and the sample to be tested and the grinding parts come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the test sample and the grinding parts were cleaned, dried and weighed in sequence, and the sample mass loss and wear ratio were calculated.

6. The method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites according to claim 5, characterized in that, Includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The porous metal matrix composite material includes metal matrix diamond composite material and / or metal matrix cubic boron nitride composite material; The grinding components include diamond grinding discs or polycrystalline diamond disks; The liquid includes at least one of water, emulsion, and cutting oil.

7. The method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites according to claim 5, characterized in that, Includes at least one of the following three characteristics; The pressure probe applies a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa to the sample under test; The rotation speed of the return transfer disk is 100rpm~1000rpm; The test duration is 1 to 10 minutes.

8. The method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composite materials according to claim 5, characterized in that, The sample mass loss is m3, where m3 = m1 - m2; m1 is the mass of the sample before testing, and m2 is the mass of the sample after testing.

9. The method for testing the wear resistance of porous metal matrix composites according to claim 8, characterized in that, The wear ratio is m6 / m3; m6 = m4 - m5; m6 is the mass loss of the grinding component, m4 is the mass of the grinding component before the test, and m5 is the mass of the grinding component after the test.

10. A method for testing the surface roughness of processed metals from porous metal matrix composites, using the wear resistance testing device described in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Weigh the grinding components and install them on the return transfer tray; weigh the sample to be tested and place it on the sample tray. The pressure probe applies pressure to the sample to be tested, the liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the sample to be tested and the grinding parts, the return plate rotates, the test begins, and the sample to be tested and the grinding parts come into contact and perform frictional motion. After the test, the surface roughness of the grinding components was measured; the material of the grinding components was the metal being processed.

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