A multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, its preparation method and application

Abstract

This invention provides a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, its preparation method, and its application. The preparation method employs a four-layer sandwich multilayer coating process: a mixed slurry-alumina slurry-mixed slurry-alumina slurry. A mixed slurry coating (active layer), an alumina slurry coating (bonding transition layer), a mixed slurry (active layer), and an alumina slurry (protective layer) are sequentially formed on the surface of a porous honeycomb carrier. The transition layer and protective layer formed by the alumina slurry enhance the bonding strength between the active ingredient (potassium carbonate) and the carrier, while preventing the active ingredient from directly contacting external moisture, reducing potassium carbonate shedding during cycling, and ensuring stable carbon capture performance during multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. The multilayer thin-coating method ensures the effective loading of the active ingredient and avoids cracking and peeling caused by excessive internal stress in thick coatings, thus improving the overall stability of the coating.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of gas separation and purification technology, specifically relating to a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, its preparation method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] With the global climate change problem becoming increasingly severe, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission control has become a key focus for countries around the world. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is one of the key technological pathways to achieve CO2 emission reduction. Among them, low-temperature carbon capture technology has broad application prospects in industrial exhaust gas treatment, flue gas purification of coal-fired power plants and other scenarios due to its advantages such as mild operating conditions and low energy consumption.

[0003] Potassium-based adsorbents are typical low-temperature CO2 adsorbents with potassium carbonate as the active ingredient. Their mechanism of action is as follows: at low temperatures, potassium carbonate reacts with CO2 to produce potassium bicarbonate, thus achieving efficient CO2 capture. When the adsorbent is heated, the potassium bicarbonate decomposes, releasing CO2, while the adsorbent is regenerated into potassium carbonate, which can be recycled for carbon capture. Due to their low raw material cost, large adsorption capacity, and excellent low-temperature adsorption performance, these materials have become a research hotspot in the field of low-temperature carbon capture.

[0004] Currently, potassium-based adsorbents are typically loaded onto a support surface using a coating process to improve the material's formability and mechanical properties, facilitating industrial applications. Structured supports (such as porous honeycomb supports) are widely used as loading carriers for adsorbents due to their advantages of large specific surface area, low fluid resistance, and high mass transfer efficiency. However, traditional preparation processes often employ a single coating method, where a mixture of potassium carbonate and a support binder (such as alumina) is coated onto the structured support surface in a single application. This process has significant drawbacks: the prepared potassium carbonate adsorbent exhibits poor cyclic stability. During repeated adsorption-desorption cycles, potassium carbonate easily detaches from the support surface, leading to the loss of active components in the adsorbent and a continuous decline in carbon capture performance, severely limiting the industrial-scale application of potassium-based adsorbents.

[0005] To address the aforementioned issues, it is necessary to propose a well-designed and effective multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, its preparation method, and its application. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art, and to provide a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, its preparation method and application.

[0007] One aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, the method comprising: Weigh out potassium carbonate, aluminum oxide and dispersant separately and mix them together. Add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain a mixed slurry. Weigh out alumina and dispersant separately, mix them, add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry; The porous honeycomb carrier is placed in an oven to dry, and after removing moisture and impurities from the surface of the carrier, it is cooled to room temperature for later use. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier, and after drying, a preliminary coated carrier is obtained. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the initial coating carrier, and after drying, a double-layer coated carrier is obtained. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the double-layer coated carrier, and after drying, a triple-layer coated carrier is obtained. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the three-layer coating carrier. The coated three-layer coating carrier is placed in an oven for drying, followed by high-temperature calcination. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained.

[0008] Optionally, in the mixed slurry, the mass ratio of potassium carbonate to alumina ranges from 1:0.5 to 1:2; The amount of the dispersant is 0.5% to 2% of the total mass of the potassium carbonate and the alumina; the mass ratio of the total mass of the potassium carbonate and the alumina to the mass of the deionized water is in the range of 1:5 to 1:10.

[0009] Optionally, in the alumina slurry, the solid-liquid ratio of the alumina to the deionized water is 1:6 to 1:12; and the amount of the dispersant is 0.5% to 2% of the mass of the alumina.

[0010] Optionally, the dispersant is one or more of polyethylene glycol, gum arabic, or PVP; The porous honeycomb carrier includes cordierite honeycomb carrier, alumina honeycomb carrier or silicon carbide honeycomb carrier, with a pore size of 100 mesh.

[0011] Optionally, the porous honeycomb carrier is dried in an oven, including: The porous honeycomb carrier was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~120℃ for 2h~4h.

[0012] Optionally, the carrier coated with the mixed slurry is placed in an oven for drying, including: The carrier coated with the mixed slurry is placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h.

[0013] Optionally, the carrier coated with the alumina slurry is placed in an oven for drying, including: The carrier coated with the alumina slurry was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h.

[0014] Optionally, the coated three-layer carrier is placed in an oven for drying, followed by high-temperature calcination, including: The coated three-layer carrier was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h. It is then transferred to a muffle furnace and roasted at 300℃~400℃ for 2h~3h.

[0015] Another aspect of the present invention provides a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, which is prepared by the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material preparation method described above.

[0016] Another aspect of the present invention provides an application of a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, which is applied to CCUS; wherein the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material adopts the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material described above.

[0017] This invention discloses a method for preparing a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material. This method abandons the traditional single-coating process and employs a four-layer sandwich multilayer coating process: a mixed slurry-alumina slurry-mixed slurry-alumina slurry. A mixed slurry coating (active layer), an alumina slurry coating (bonding transition layer), a mixed slurry (active layer), and an alumina slurry (protective layer) are sequentially formed on the surface of a porous honeycomb carrier. The transition layer and protective layer formed by the alumina slurry enhance the bonding strength between the active ingredient (potassium carbonate) and the carrier, while preventing direct contact between the active ingredient and external moisture, reducing potassium carbonate shedding during cycling. By optimizing the coating process and slurry formulation, the bonding strength between the adsorbent material and the carrier is improved, ensuring stable carbon capture performance during multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. The multilayer thin-coating method ensures the effective loading of the active ingredient and avoids cracking and peeling caused by excessive internal stress in thick coatings, thus improving the overall stability of the coating.

[0018] The multilayer coated carbon capture material prepared by this invention has excellent CO2 adsorption performance at low temperatures. After multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity decay rate is significantly lower than that of traditional single-coated materials, the cycle stability is greatly improved, the service life of the material is extended, and the cost of industrial applications is reduced. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for preparing a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material according to another embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0021] like Figure 1 As shown, one aspect of the present invention provides a method S100 for preparing a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, wherein the preparation method may specifically include: S110. Weigh out potassium carbonate, aluminum oxide and dispersant separately and mix them. Add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain a mixed slurry.

[0022] Specifically, potassium carbonate, alumina, and a dispersant are weighed and mixed separately, wherein the mass ratio of potassium carbonate to alumina is in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:2. The amount of dispersant used is 0.5% to 2% of the total mass of potassium carbonate and alumina. By precisely adjusting the amount of potassium carbonate and alumina in the mixed slurry, the viscosity of the mixed slurry is reduced, achieving a thin coating effect with a single application. The method of stacking multiple thin coatings ensures the effective loading of active ingredients and avoids cracking and peeling caused by excessive internal stress in thick coatings, thereby improving the overall stability of the coating.

[0023] Potassium carbonate, alumina, and a dispersant are mixed, and then deionized water is added and stirred until homogeneous to obtain slurry A. The mass ratio (solid-liquid ratio) of the total mass of potassium carbonate and alumina to the mass of deionized water is in the range of 1:5 to 1:10.

[0024] S120. Weigh alumina and dispersant separately, mix them, add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry.

[0025] Specifically, alumina and dispersant are weighed separately and mixed. The amount of dispersant used is 0.5% to 2% of the mass of alumina.

[0026] After mixing alumina and a dispersant, deionized water is added and stirred until homogeneous to obtain alumina slurry B. The solid-liquid ratio of the alumina to the deionized water is 1:6 to 1:12.

[0027] The dispersant can be one or more of polyethylene glycol, gum arabic, or PVP. The type of dispersant is not critical and can be selected based on actual needs.

[0028] S130. Place the porous honeycomb carrier in an oven to dry, remove moisture and impurities from the carrier surface, and then cool to room temperature for later use.

[0029] Specifically, the porous honeycomb carrier is placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~120℃ for 2h~4h to remove moisture and impurities from the carrier surface, and then cooled to room temperature for later use.

[0030] The porous honeycomb carrier may include cordierite honeycomb carrier, alumina honeycomb carrier, or silicon carbide honeycomb carrier, with a pore size of 100 mesh. The type of porous honeycomb carrier is not specifically limited and can be selected according to actual needs.

[0031] S140. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier, and after drying, a preliminary coated carrier is obtained.

[0032] Specifically, the mixed slurry A is uniformly coated onto the surface of the pretreated porous honeycomb carrier using a spraying method. The coated carrier is then placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h to obtain a preliminary coated carrier. The mixed slurry layer formed on the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier serves as the active layer.

[0033] S150. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the initial coating carrier, and after drying, a double-layer coated carrier is obtained.

[0034] Specifically, the alumina slurry B is uniformly coated onto the surface of the initially coated carrier, and the coated carrier is placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h to obtain a double-layer coated carrier. The alumina slurry coating formed on the surface of the initially coated carrier serves as a bonding transition layer.

[0035] S160. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the double-layer coated carrier, and after drying, a triple-layer coated carrier is obtained.

[0036] Specifically, the mixed slurry A is uniformly coated onto the surface of a double-layer coated carrier, and the coated carrier is placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h to obtain a three-layer coated carrier. The mixed slurry coating formed on the surface of the double-layer coated carrier serves as the active layer.

[0037] S170. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the three-layer coating carrier. The coated three-layer coating carrier is placed in an oven for drying, followed by high-temperature calcination. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained.

[0038] Specifically, alumina slurry B is uniformly coated onto the surface of a three-layer coating carrier. The coated three-layer coating carrier is then placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h, followed by calcination in a muffle furnace at 300℃~400℃ for 2h~3h. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained. The alumina slurry coating formed on the surface of the three-layer coating carrier serves as a protective layer.

[0039] For example, after forming a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material, the low-temperature CO2 adsorption capacity and cycle stability of the low-temperature carbon capture material are tested.

[0040] The multilayer coating method for preparing low-temperature carbon capture materials of the present invention abandons the traditional one-time coating process and adopts a four-layer sandwich multilayer coating process of mixed slurry-alumina slurry-mixed slurry-alumina slurry. A mixed slurry coating (active layer), an alumina slurry coating (bonding transition layer), a mixed slurry (active layer), and an alumina slurry (protective layer) are sequentially formed on the surface of a porous honeycomb carrier. The transition layer and protective layer formed by the alumina slurry can enhance the bonding strength between the active ingredient (potassium carbonate) and the carrier, while avoiding direct contact between the active ingredient and external moisture, reducing the shedding of potassium carbonate during circulation. By precisely adjusting the amount of alumina and potassium carbonate in the mixed slurry, the viscosity of the slurry is reduced, achieving the effect of a thin coating in a single coating. The multilayer thin coating superposition method not only ensures the effective loading of the active ingredient, but also avoids cracking and peeling of the thick coating due to excessive internal stress, thus improving the overall stability of the coating.

[0041] Another aspect of the present invention provides a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, which is prepared using the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material preparation method S100 described above. The specific preparation process of this multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material preparation method S100 has been described in detail above and will not be repeated here.

[0042] like Figure 2 As shown, the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material of the present invention includes a porous honeycomb carrier 110 and a mixed slurry coating A (active layer), an alumina slurry coating B (bonding transition layer), a mixed slurry coating A (active layer), and an alumina slurry coating B (protective layer) sequentially coated on the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier 110, forming a four-layer sandwich low-temperature carbon capture material.

[0043] The multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material prepared by this invention has a four-layer sandwich structure, consisting of the following layers from the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier to the outermost layer: a mixed slurry coating (active layer), an alumina slurry coating (bonding transition layer), a mixed slurry coating (active layer), and an alumina slurry coating (protective layer). The transition layer and protective layer formed by the alumina slurry enhance the bonding strength between the active ingredient (potassium carbonate) and the carrier, while preventing the active ingredient from directly contacting external moisture, thus reducing potassium carbonate shedding during circulation.

[0044] The multilayer coated carbon capture material prepared by this invention has excellent CO2 adsorption performance at low temperatures. After multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity decay rate is significantly lower than that of traditional single-coated materials, the cycle stability is greatly improved, the service life of the material is extended, and the cost of industrial applications is reduced.

[0045] The multi-layer coated low-temperature carbon capture material of this invention can be applied to CCUS. This multi-layer coated low-temperature carbon capture material reduces the loss of active ingredients, allowing the material to maintain high adsorption capacity after multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, extending its service life. It maintains excellent CO2 capture capacity even at low temperatures (e.g., 50°C), making it suitable for low-temperature scenarios such as industrial exhaust gas and coal-fired flue gas. This improves the stable operation of CCUS systems and helps promote the large-scale application of CCUS technology in high-emission industries such as power, chemical, and steel, contributing to the achievement of "dual carbon" goals.

[0046] The specific process of preparing the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material of the present invention will be described below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0047] Example 1 1. Slurry preparation: Mixed slurry A: Weigh 10g of potassium carbonate, 10g of alumina, and 0.2g of polyethylene glycol, add 100g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain mixed slurry A with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5; Alumina slurry B: Weigh 10g of alumina and 0.1g of polyethylene glycol, add 60g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry B with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:6; 2. Carrier pretreatment: Select cordierite honeycomb carrier (100 mesh), dry it in an oven at 100℃ for 3 hours, and then cool it to room temperature; 3. First coating: The pretreated cordierite honeycomb carrier is immersed in the mixed slurry A for 30 seconds using an immersion coating method. After immersion, excess slurry is drained and the carrier is dried in a 90℃ oven for 1.5 hours to obtain the initial coated carrier. 4. Second coating: Alumina slurry B is sprayed onto the surface of the first coating layer at a spraying pressure of 0.3 MPa. After spraying, it is placed in a 90℃ oven and dried for 1.5 hours to obtain a double-coated carrier. 5. Third coating: The mixed slurry A is dipped and coated again on the surface of the second coating for 30 seconds. After being removed and drained, it is placed in a 90℃ oven to dry for 1.5 hours to obtain a three-layer coated carrier. 6. Fourth coating: Alumina slurry B is sprayed onto the surface of the third coating layer at a spraying pressure of 0.3 MPa. After spraying, it is placed in a 90℃ oven to dry for 1.5 h, and then transferred to a muffle furnace and calcined at 350℃ for 2.5 h. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained. 7. The low-temperature CO2 adsorption capacity and cycle stability of the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material prepared in this embodiment were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0048] Example 2 1. Slurry preparation: Mixed slurry A: Weigh 8g of potassium carbonate, 16g of aluminum oxide, and 0.24g of gum arabic, add 120g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain mixed slurry A with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5; Alumina slurry B: Weigh 12g of alumina and 0.12g of gum arabic, add 120g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry B with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10; 2. Carrier pretreatment: Select alumina honeycomb carrier (100 mesh), dry it in an oven at 120℃ for 2 hours, and then cool it to room temperature; 3. First coating: The mixed slurry A is sprayed onto the surface of the alumina honeycomb carrier by spraying at a pressure of 0.4 MPa. After spraying, it is placed in an oven at 100℃ and dried for 1 hour to obtain the preliminary coated carrier. 4. Second coating: Alumina slurry B is sprayed onto the surface of the first coating layer at a spraying pressure of 0.4 MPa. After spraying, it is placed in an oven at 100°C and dried for 1 hour to obtain a double-coated carrier. 5. Third coating: Spray mixed slurry A again on the surface of the second coating layer at a spraying pressure of 0.4 MPa. After spraying, place it in an oven at 100℃ and dry for 1 hour to obtain a three-layer coated carrier. 6. Fourth coating: Alumina slurry B is sprayed onto the surface of the third coating layer at a spraying pressure of 0.4 MPa. After spraying, it is placed in a 100℃ oven to dry for 1 hour, and then transferred to a muffle furnace and calcined at 400℃ for 2 hours. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained.

[0049] 7. The low-temperature CO2 adsorption capacity and cycle stability of the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material prepared in this embodiment were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0050] Comparison Example 1. Slurry preparation: Mixed slurry A: Weigh 9g of potassium carbonate, 14g of aluminum oxide, and 0.23g of gum arabic, add 120g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain mixed slurry A with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5; Alumina slurry B: Weigh 10g of alumina and 0.12g of gum arabic, add 120g of deionized water, stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry B with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10; 2. Carrier pretreatment: Select alumina honeycomb carrier (100 mesh), dry it in an oven at 120℃ for 2 hours, and then cool it to room temperature; 3. Coating: Using a spraying method, slurry A and slurry B are mixed evenly and then sprayed onto the surface of the alumina honeycomb carrier. The spraying pressure is 0.4 MPa. After spraying, the mixture is placed in a 100℃ oven to dry for 1 hour, and then transferred to a muffle furnace and calcined at 400℃ for 2 hours. After cooling, the potassium-based adsorbent is obtained.

[0051] The carbon capture materials prepared in Examples 1 and 2, and the materials prepared by the conventional one-time coating process in the control example, were tested for low-temperature (50°C) CO2 adsorption capacity and cycle stability. The test results are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Test results of performance testing on carbon capture materials

[0052] As shown in Table 1, the initial adsorption capacity of the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material prepared by the present invention is comparable to that of traditional materials. However, after 20 cycles, the adsorption capacity decay rate is only 7.7%~8.0%, which is much lower than the 32.7% of the control group. This indicates that the multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material prepared by the present invention has significantly better cycle stability than traditional materials.

[0053] It is understood that the above embodiments are merely exemplary implementations used to illustrate the principles of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto. For those skilled in the art, various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, and these modifications and improvements are also considered to be within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, characterized in that, The preparation method includes: Weigh out potassium carbonate, aluminum oxide and dispersant separately and mix them together. Add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain a mixed slurry. Weigh out alumina and dispersant separately, mix them, add deionized water and stir evenly to obtain alumina slurry; The porous honeycomb carrier is placed in an oven to dry, and after removing moisture and impurities from the surface of the carrier, it is cooled to room temperature for later use. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the porous honeycomb carrier, and after drying, a preliminary coated carrier is obtained. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the initial coating carrier, and after drying, a double-layer coated carrier is obtained. The mixed slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the double-layer coated carrier, and after drying, a triple-layer coated carrier is obtained. The alumina slurry is uniformly coated onto the surface of the three-layer coating carrier. The coated three-layer coating carrier is placed in an oven for drying, followed by high-temperature calcination. After cooling, a four-layer sandwich-type low-temperature carbon capture material is obtained.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the mixed slurry, the mass ratio of potassium carbonate to alumina ranges from 1:0.5 to 1:2; The amount of the dispersant is 0.5% to 2% of the total mass of the potassium carbonate and the alumina; the mass ratio of the total mass of the potassium carbonate and the alumina to the mass of the deionized water is in the range of 1:5 to 1:

10.

3. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the alumina slurry, the solid-liquid ratio of alumina to deionized water is 1:6 to 1:12; the amount of dispersant used is 0.5% to 2% of the mass of alumina.

4. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dispersant is one or more of polyethylene glycol, gum arabic, or PVP; The porous honeycomb carrier includes cordierite honeycomb carrier, alumina honeycomb carrier or silicon carbide honeycomb carrier, with a pore size of 100 mesh.

5. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The porous honeycomb carrier is dried in an oven, including: The porous honeycomb carrier was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~120℃ for 2h~4h.

6. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier coated with the mixed slurry is placed in an oven for drying, including: The carrier coated with the mixed slurry is placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h.

7. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier coated with the alumina slurry is placed in an oven for drying, including: The carrier coated with the alumina slurry was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h.

8. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The coated three-layer carrier is placed in an oven for drying, followed by high-temperature calcination, including: The coated three-layer carrier was placed in an oven and dried at 80℃~100℃ for 1h~2h. It is then transferred to a muffle furnace and roasted at 300℃~400℃ for 2h~3h.

9. A multi-layer coated low-temperature carbon capture material, characterized in that, It is prepared by the method for preparing multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. The multilayer coated low-temperature carbon capture material of claim 9 is applied to CCUS.

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