An experimental device and method for shallow geological disaster simulation

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of geological disaster simulation, and more specifically discloses an experimental device and method for shallow geological disaster simulation, which comprises a base, a housing, a controller and a water tank fixedly installed on the upper side of the base, and an inner installation cavity and an outer cavity are formed in the housing; a cubic box is slidingly connected in the inner installation cavity and is controlled to rise and fall by a hydraulic telescopic rod; a partition is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the cubic box, a plurality of uniformly distributed support columns are installed on the lower side of the partition, the support columns slidingly penetrate the partition and extend upward, a top seat is fixedly connected to the upper end of the support columns, a magnetic attraction piece is embeddedly installed at the top end of the top seat, and a film layer magnetically attracted to the magnetic attraction piece is installed on the upper side of the cubic box; the device solves the pain points of single function and monitoring loss of the traditional base, improves the experimental repeatability through precise displacement control, and provides reliable structural support for simulating disaster scenes induced by different terrains.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of geological disaster simulation technology, and more specifically to an experimental apparatus and method for simulating shallow geological disasters. Background Technology

[0002] Shallow geological disasters (such as landslides, collapses, and debris flows) mostly occur in shallow rock and soil masses 5-30 meters below the surface. Their occurrence is related to a variety of factors such as topography, rock and soil properties, precipitation conditions, and vegetation cover. They are characterized by their suddenness, great destructive power, and wide range of impact, seriously threatening people's lives and property safety and infrastructure construction.

[0003] Patent CN112634728A discloses a geological disaster chain simulation test device and method, including a model box, a water injection tank, pipes, a lifting device, a rainfall simulation device, and a water level changing device. The model box is a rectangular frame structure with retaining walls on the sides and a base plate on the bottom. One side of the base plate is hinged to the side of the model box, and the base plate can rotate around the hinge axis. A lifting device is connected below the base plate and is located on the ground. The rainfall simulation device is located on top of the model box and includes multiple nozzles facing inward. The water level changing device includes multiple water injection pipes, and multiple through holes are provided on the retaining walls and / or the base plate, with the water injection pipes slidably connected in the through holes. The water injection tank is located on the side of the simulation box, and a water injection pump is installed inside the water injection tank. The water injection pump is connected to the nozzles and water injection pipes through pipes. This device can meet the simulation test requirements for the special and complex geological structures induced by disaster chains in the Loess Plateau and various types of disaster chains.

[0004] However, traditional shallow geological hazard simulation devices have significant limitations: First, the terrain simulation lacks flexibility, relying mostly on fixed molds or manual adjustments to construct experimental terrain. This makes it difficult to accurately reproduce the micro-geomorphic features of complex terrain, resulting in low terrain adjustment efficiency and an inability to simulate the impact of dynamic terrain changes on the occurrence and development of disasters. Second, the simulation of disaster causes is too simplistic. Most devices can only simulate single factors such as precipitation or terrain, making it difficult to recreate the disaster evolution process under the coupled effects of multiple factors such as precipitation, wind, and changes in the self-weight of soil and rock. This results in a significant deviation from the complex occurrence conditions of actual geological disasters. Therefore, this invention proposes an experimental device and method for simulating shallow geological hazards. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to overcome the above-mentioned defects of the prior art, the present invention provides an experimental apparatus and method for simulating shallow geological hazards, so as to solve the problems existing in the background art.

[0006] This invention provides the following technical solution: an experimental device for simulating shallow geological hazards, comprising a base, an outer shell, a controller, and a water tank fixedly installed on the upper side of the base, the outer shell forming an inner mounting cavity and an outer cavity; a cubic box slidably connected to the inner mounting cavity, its lifting and lowering controlled by a hydraulic telescopic rod; a partition fixedly connected to the inner wall of the cubic box, several evenly distributed support columns installed on the lower side of the partition, the support columns slidingly penetrating the partition and extending upward, a top seat fixedly connected to the upper end of the support column, a magnetic absorbing plate being fitted at the top of the top seat, a thin film layer magnetically adsorbed by the magnetic absorbing plate being installed on the upper side of the cubic box, the support columns being flexibly lifted and lowered through a transmission connection between a screw mechanism, a grating mechanism, a drive mechanism, and a clutch mechanism, the thin film layer being deformed by the support columns to simulate terrain; a top frame is installed on the upper side of the outer shell via an electric telescopic rod, a camera and an adjustable nozzle are fixedly installed on the top frame, the adjustable nozzle is connected to a water pump through an extension pipe, and the water pump is connected to the water tank; The thin film layer has a four-layer composite structure, comprising, from top to bottom, a support layer, a sensing layer, a magnetically conductive layer, and an adhesive layer. The support layer is made of high-density polyethylene with an anti-slip texture on the surface; the sensing layer is a flexible resistance strain gauge array; the magnetically conductive layer is a soft magnetic stainless steel foil; and the adhesive layer is made of silicone. Furthermore, several lead screw mechanisms are provided, each corresponding to a support column. Each mechanism includes a support frame, a ball screw, a lead screw sleeve, and a reinforcing sleeve. The support frame is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box. The ball screw is vertically installed on the upper side of the support frame. The lead screw sleeve is fitted on the outer side of the ball screw, and the reinforcing sleeve is fitted on the outer side of the lead screw sleeve. The lower end of the support column is fixedly connected to the reinforcing sleeve.

[0007] Furthermore, the grating mechanism is installed on each support frame, and each includes a grating ruler and a reading head. The grating ruler is fixed to the top of the support frame, and the reading head is installed on the reinforcing sleeve and adapted to the grating ruler.

[0008] Furthermore, the drive mechanism is provided in several groups, each group including a mounting frame, a servo motor, a linkage shaft, a synchronous pulley, a synchronous belt, a first helical gear, and a reinforcing shaft; the mounting frame is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box, the servo motor is fixedly connected to the side of the mounting frame, several first helical gears are provided and rotatably installed in each support frame, the first helical gears located in the same straight line are connected in series by several linkage shafts, the end of each linkage shaft is fitted with a synchronous pulley, several synchronous pulleys form a group, and each group of synchronous pulleys is connected by a synchronous belt drive, the output end of the servo motor is fixedly connected to the linkage shaft located in the middle position, the reinforcing shaft is rotatably connected in the support frame, it is vertically installed on the lower side of the ball screw, and the reinforcing shaft and the ball screw are connected by a clutch mechanism.

[0009] Furthermore, the clutch mechanism includes a second helical gear, a clutch drive disc, and a clutch driven disc; the second helical gear and the clutch drive disc are fixedly connected to the circumferential surface of the reinforcing shaft, the second helical gear meshes with the first helical gear, the clutch driven disc is fixed to the lower end of the ball screw, and the clutch drive disc and the clutch driven disc are disconnected by an electric pedal, and the electric pedal is signal-connected to the controller.

[0010] Furthermore, the adjustable nozzle is a fan-shaped atomizing nozzle with an angle adjustment range of 30°-120° and a spray particle size of 50-500μm; the water tank is equipped with a liquid level sensor, and the bottom of the outer cavity is equipped with a drain outlet.

[0011] Furthermore, a fan is installed on the side of the outer casing, and an air outlet groove is installed on the side of the fan near the thin film layer.

[0012] Furthermore, the thickness of the bearing layer is 0.3-0.5 mm, the thickness of the magnetic conductive layer is 0.05-0.08 mm, and the thickness of the bonding layer is 0.1-0.2 mm; the strain gauges of the sensing layer are distributed in a matrix with a spacing of 5-10 cm.

[0013] An experimental method for simulating shallow geological hazards, the specific steps of which are as follows: S1. Experimental Preparation: Check the connection status of each component of the device to ensure that the base, outer shell, top frame, and other structures are firmly fixed, and that the power components such as the hydraulic telescopic rod, servo motor, water pump, and fan are operating normally; according to the experimental requirements, lay the experimental soil and rock mass on the thin film layer. The thickness, moisture content, density, and other parameters of the soil and rock mass are set according to the actual geological conditions of the simulated scenario. Avoid damaging the sensing layer during the laying process; set the experimental parameters through the controller, including terrain simulation parameters, precipitation simulation parameters, wind simulation parameters, and data acquisition parameters; S2. Terrain Construction: Based on the set terrain simulation parameters, the controller sends drive signals to the corresponding group of servo motors. The servo motors drive the linkage shaft to rotate, which in turn drives the first helical gear in the same group to rotate synchronously via the synchronous pulley and synchronous belt. The operator controls the clutch mechanism corresponding to the target support column through the electric pedal, engaging the clutch drive plate and the clutch driven plate. The first helical gear drives the reinforcement shaft to rotate through the second helical gear, which in turn drives the ball screw to rotate. The screw sleeve rises and falls along the ball screw, which in turn drives the reinforcement sleeve to rise and fall, and finally drives the support column to rise and fall synchronously. The reading head of the grating mechanism collects the rise and fall displacement data of the support column in real time and feeds it back to the controller. The controller adjusts the operating state of the servo motors according to the feedback data until all support columns reach the set height, supporting the thin film layer to form the target experimental terrain. If it is necessary to simulate dynamic changes in terrain, the rise and fall rate and displacement change law of the support column can be set through the controller to achieve dynamic adjustment of the terrain. S3. Disaster Cause Simulation: Rainfall simulation: The water pump is started by the controller, and the water in the tank is transported to the adjustable nozzle through the extension pipe. According to the set rainfall parameters, the nozzle angle, spray intensity and particle size are adjusted to spray atomized water flow onto the surface of the rock and soil to simulate the natural rainfall process. During the experiment, the liquid level sensor in the tank monitors the liquid level change in real time, and the controller automatically controls the water supply to replenish or stop according to the liquid level data. Wind simulation: According to the experimental requirements, the wind fan is started by the controller, the wind speed and wind direction are adjusted, and the wind force is applied to the surface of the rock and soil through the air outlet to simulate the erosion and transportation of the rock and soil on the slope. Multi-factor coupling simulation: If it is necessary to simulate the coupling effect of multiple factors such as precipitation, wind force, and dynamic changes in terrain, the controller coordinates and controls the operating status of components such as water pumps, fans, and servo motors, and carries out experiments according to the set timing and parameter combinations; S4. Data Acquisition and Recording: The flexible resistance strain gauge array of the sensing layer acquires stress and strain data of the soil and rock mass in real time, the grating mechanism acquires displacement data of the support column, and the liquid level sensor acquires liquid level data of the water tank. All of the above data are transmitted to the controller in real time through the signal transmission module. The camera captures the movement state of the soil and rock mass and the process of terrain change in real time, and the captured data is stored in the controller's storage module. The controller organizes, analyzes and stores the acquired data, and generates data reports and dynamic curves for subsequent analysis by the operators. S5. End of Experiment and Reset of Apparatus: After the experiment, the controller sequentially shuts down the water pump, fan, servo motor, and other components to stop data acquisition. The entire cubic box is then raised using the hydraulic telescopic rod until the height of the film layer is higher than the upper edge of the inner mounting cavity. The soil and rock on the film layer are then cleaned to prevent residual soil and rock from affecting the next experiment. The drain outlet at the bottom of the outer cavity is opened to drain the experimental wastewater. After the wastewater has been drained, the drain outlet is closed. Finally, the hydraulic telescopic rod and support column are reset using the controller to restore the apparatus to its initial state. All components are checked for integrity, and a maintenance record is made.

[0014] The technical effects and advantages of this invention are as follows: 1. This invention utilizes an integrated magnetic stress sensing composite film, which facilitates multifunctional collaboration and precise monitoring of simulated substrates. The film employs a four-layer composite structure: a load-bearing layer ensures the bearing capacity and puncture resistance of geological materials; a magnetically conductive layer achieves a stable fit with the magnetically attached column structure; a bonding layer buffers friction and eliminates gaps; and a matrix-type strain gauge in the sensing layer can capture stress changes in real time. The four-layer structure deforms in synergy, without affecting the lifting and following performance, and simultaneously achieving the functions of bearing, fixing, monitoring, and deformation. It accurately collects stress evolution data before, during, and after a disaster, providing core data support for analyzing the instability mechanism and slip path of geological bodies, thus solving the pain points of traditional substrates with single function and lack of monitoring.

[0015] 2. This invention, by incorporating independently controllable lead screw mechanisms, clutch mechanisms, and grating displacement monitoring mechanisms, enhances the flexibility and accuracy of terrain simulation. The lead screw mechanisms correspond one-to-one with the support columns, and in conjunction with the clutch mechanisms, allow for independent and synchronous dual-mode adjustment of single or multiple support columns, easily simulating complex non-uniform terrains such as local depressions and stepped formations. The grating mechanism achieves displacement detection accuracy of ±0.01mm, providing real-time feedback of lifting data and dynamically correcting it via a controller to ensure the support columns accurately reach the preset height. This design overcomes the limitations of traditional devices with integrated or grouped lifting mechanisms, ensuring both the accuracy of complex terrain simulation and improved experimental repeatability through precise displacement control, providing reliable structural support for simulating disaster scenarios induced by different terrains.

[0016] 3. This invention, by incorporating a rainfall-wind coupling simulation system, facilitates the reproduction of real disaster triggers and enhances the environmental friendliness of experiments. The fan-shaped atomizing nozzle can adjust the spray angle from 30° to 120° and the particle size from 50 to 500 μm, and, in conjunction with a variable frequency water pump, achieves rainfall intensity adjustment from 5 to 200 mm / h. The multi-speed fan can simulate different wind speeds from 0 to 15 m / s, realizing rainfall-wind coupling simulation. Moreover, the outer cavity, drain outlet, and water tank form a water circulation system, saving water resources and filtering impurities to avoid pipe blockage. This system broadens the coverage of disaster simulation conditions, accurately reproducing the disaster initiation process under complex meteorological conditions, while improving the repeatability and environmental friendliness of experiments. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the outer shell structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the outer shell structure of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure after the support columns of the present invention are assembled; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the supporting columns arranged side by side according to the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the lifting mechanism of the present invention; Figure 7 For the present invention Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the exploded structure; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the thin film layer structure of the present invention.

[0018] The attached figures are labeled as follows: 1. Base; 2. Outer shell; 201. Inner mounting cavity; 202. Outer cavity; 2021. Drain outlet; 3. Controller; 4. Cubic box; 401. Hydraulic telescopic rod; 402. Partition; 5. Thin film layer; 501. Bearing layer; 502. Sensing layer; 503. Magnetic conductive layer; 504. Adhesive layer; 6. Screw mechanism; 601. Support frame; 602. Ball screw; 603. Screw sleeve; 604. Reinforcing sleeve; 7. Grating mechanism; 701. Grating ruler; 702. Reading head; 8. Drive mechanism; 801. Installation... Mounting bracket; 802, servo motor; 803, linkage shaft; 804, synchronous pulley; 805, synchronous belt; 806, first helical gear; 807, reinforcing shaft; 9, clutch mechanism; 901, second helical gear; 902, clutch drive disc; 903, clutch driven disc; 10, support column; 1001, top seat; 1002, magnetic suction plate; 11, top frame; 1101, electric telescopic rod; 12, camera; 13, adjustable nozzle; 14, water tank; 15, water pump; 1501, extension pipe; 16, fan; 1601, air outlet. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In addition, the forms of the various structures described in the following embodiments are merely illustrative. The experimental device and method for simulating shallow geological hazards involved in the present invention are not limited to the structures described in the following embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2This invention provides an experimental device for simulating shallow geological hazards, comprising a base 1, with a housing 2, a controller 3, and a water tank 14 fixedly mounted on the upper side of the base 1. The housing 2 forms an inner mounting cavity 201 and an outer cavity 202. A cubic box 4 is slidably connected within the inner mounting cavity 201, and its lifting and lowering are controlled by a hydraulic telescopic rod 401. A partition 402 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the cubic box 4. Several evenly distributed support columns 10 are mounted on the lower side of the partition 402, sliding through the partition 402 and extending upwards. A top seat 1001 is fixedly connected to the upper end of each support column 10, and a magnetic absorbing plate 1002 is fitted into the top of the top seat 1001. A thin film layer 5, magnetically attracted to the magnetic absorbing plate 1002, is installed on the upper side of the cubic box 4. The support columns 10 are connected via a screw mechanism 6 and a grating mechanism. 7. The drive mechanism 8 and the clutch mechanism 9 are connected by a transmission to achieve flexible lifting and lowering. Several support columns 10 support the deformation of the thin film layer 5 to simulate terrain. The top frame 11 is installed on the upper side of the outer shell 2 by an electric telescopic rod 1101. A camera 12 and an adjustable nozzle 13 are fixedly installed on the top frame 11. The adjustable nozzle 13 is connected to the water pump 15 through an extension pipe 1501. The water pump 15 is connected to the water tank 14. The thin film layer 5 is a four-layer composite structure, including a bearing layer 501, a sensing layer 502, a magnetic conductive layer 503 and an adhesive layer 504 from top to bottom. The bearing layer 501 is made of high-density polyethylene and has an anti-slip texture on the surface. The sensing layer 502 is a flexible resistance strain gauge array. The magnetic conductive layer 503 is a soft magnetic stainless steel foil. The adhesive layer 504 is made of silicone.

[0021] In this embodiment, it should be specifically explained that: the base 1 is used to fix and install the outer shell 2, the controller 3, and the water tank 14. The outer shell 2 is divided into an inner mounting cavity 201 and an outer cavity 202. The inner mounting cavity 201 provides installation space for the cubic box 4, and the outer cavity 202 is located outside the inner mounting cavity 201. The cubic box 4 achieves overall lifting and lowering through the hydraulic telescopic rod 401. The partition 402 on its inner wall is used to restrict the linear sliding of the support column 10. The support column 10 achieves independent and flexible lifting and lowering through the linkage transmission of the screw mechanism 6, the grating mechanism 7, the drive mechanism 8, and the clutch mechanism 9, converting rotational motion into linear motion. The magnetic suction plate 1002 drives the thin film layer 5 to change. The shape accurately reproduces complex experimental terrain; the controller 3, as the core control unit, synchronously regulates the start and stop of each power component and adjusts parameters, and can flexibly adjust terrain shape, precipitation intensity, wind force, etc. according to experimental needs, making it more adaptable; the film layer 5 adopts a four-layer composite structure, with the bearing layer 501 made of HDPE material, 0.3–0.5mm thick. As the outermost layer in contact with simulated geological materials, its core function is to bear the load, provide protection, and adapt to the environment. It is the foundation for ensuring the reliability of the simulation test, with a tensile strength ≥20MPa and excellent tear resistance. It can stably bear simulated geological materials such as sand, clay, and gravel, and the laying thickness can reach 5–30cm. To prevent membrane damage caused by soil weight or slippage tension, ensuring the integrity of the substrate, the surface is dense and wear-resistant, resisting puncture and scratching by sharp particles in geological materials, protecting the internal sensing and magnetic layers from mechanical damage, and extending the overall service life of the membrane. The HDPE material is waterproof, acid and alkali resistant, and resistant to damp heat, allowing direct contact with rainwater from the spray system without moisture seeping into internal layers, preventing structural delamination or short circuits in sensing elements. It is suitable for simulating rainfall-induced debris flows and landslides. Surface micro-texturing increases friction with simulated geological materials, preventing non-catastrophic slippage during spraying or terrain adjustment, ensuring the safety of the test. To verify the realism of the scenario, the sensing layer 502 is made of a flexible resistance strain gauge array and flexible wires, with a thickness of 0.02–0.05 mm. It undertakes the task of stress signal acquisition and transmission, which is the key to realizing dynamic monitoring of disaster processes. The flexible resistance strain gauge array is distributed in a matrix with a spacing of 5–10 cm. The strain gauge substrate is made of polyimide material, which can be stretched, compressed or bent synchronously with the film. When the simulated geological body slips or settles, causing the film to be under stress, the resistance value of the strain gauge will change linearly with the strain, ΔR / R=K×ε, where K is the strain gauge sensitivity coefficient, accurately capturing the changes in tensile and compressive stress at various points on the substrate. The flexible wires are made of 0.02–0.05 mm.An ultra-fine copper foil conductor, only 0.1 mm thick, is routed along the stress-relieving region of the thin film and connected to the strain gauge via thermocompression. This allows for stable transmission of resistance change signals to an external data acquisition instrument. The conductor is highly flexible and does not affect the overall deformation tracking of the thin film. The strain gauge gauge has a gauge length of 5–10 mm to accommodate the deformation range of the thin film and a support column lifting stroke of 10 ± 50 mm. The measurement accuracy can reach ± ​​50 με, providing real-time data support for disaster mechanism analysis by reflecting stress evolution patterns before, during, and after geological disasters. The overall thickness is only 0.02–0.05 mm, resulting in extremely low stiffness. It does not change the flexible characteristics of the film and is not a magnetic material, so it will not interfere with the magnetic attraction performance of the intermediate magnetic layer, achieving a conflict-free integration of "sensing function" and "basic function". The magnetic layer 503 is made of 430 ultra-thin soft magnetic stainless steel foil with a thickness of 0.05–0.08 mm. As the core layer connecting the film and the support column 10 magnetic attraction structure, it also undertakes the function of supporting the sensing layer. It is the key to ensuring the compatibility between the film and the device. The 430 soft magnetic stainless steel foil has excellent magnetic permeability and can quickly respond to the magnetic force of the magnetic sheet 1002 to form a stable adsorption with an adsorption force ≥10 N / m. 2To ensure the stability of the substrate morphology, the thin film layer 5 is made of metal foil, which has a certain planar support stiffness and can be used as a mounting base for strain gauges. This avoids problems such as uneven installation and delayed force transmission caused by direct bonding of strain gauges to the flexible silicone layer, ensuring the accuracy of stress signal acquisition. Its ultra-thin thickness results in extremely low bending stiffness, allowing it to be stretched and bent synchronously with the bearing layer and bonding layer without stress concentration or deformation hindrance. There is no permanent deformation after lifting and resetting, ensuring the repeatability of the test. The soft magnetic material has no residual magnetism, and magnetic attraction occurs during the test. The attraction and disengagement of the structure will not cause magnetization of the foil, thus avoiding affecting the resistance stability of the strain gauge and not interfering with the signals of external monitoring equipment. The bonding layer 504 is made of silicone with a thickness of 0.1–0.2 mm. As the layer that directly contacts the top mount 1001, its core function is to buffer, protect, and seal, ensuring the compatibility and stability of the film and the device. The silicone material has excellent flexibility and elasticity, allowing it to tightly adhere to the surface of the top mount 1001, eliminating bonding gaps and preventing water spray from seeping into the gaps and causing detachment. At the same time, it ensures that stress can be evenly transmitted to the sensing layer 502 through the top mount. The silicone has a moderate coefficient of friction, which is beneficial for the support column. During the lifting and lowering process, the relative friction of the contact surfaces can be buffered, reducing wear and extending service life. Simultaneously, it avoids vibration interference from friction affecting stress signal acquisition. It possesses a certain degree of elastic deformation capability, absorbing local impact stress generated by geological slippage or the lifting and lowering of the support column 10, preventing stress concentration that could lead to localized tearing of the thin film layer 5. It particularly protects the internal wire connections, enhancing the overall structural strength of the thin film layer 5. The silicone material is waterproof and aging-resistant, sealing the bonding surface between the thin film layer 5 and the cubic box 4, preventing water spray and moisture from the geological body from seeping into the internal layers, avoiding corrosion of the magnetic layer and short circuits in the sensing layer, thus ensuring the safety of the thin film. The stability of layer 5 in a long-term humid test environment; the height of the top frame 11 is adjusted by an electric telescopic rod 1101, and the adjustable nozzle 13 on it is connected to the water pump 15 and water tank 14 via an extension pipe 1501. The spray angle can be adjusted within the range of 30°-120°, and the spray particle size can be switched within the range of 50-500μm. With the air outlet slot 1601 of the fan 16, precipitation and wind-induced factors can be simulated individually or in combination. The fan 16 on the side of the outer shell 2 outputs different wind speeds to adapt to the simulation needs of shallow geological disasters in multiple scenarios; the grating mechanism 7 provides real-time feedback on the lifting and lowering displacement of the support column 10, and the controller 3 accurately calibrates the terrain based on the data.

[0022] The main difference between this embodiment and the prior art is that this embodiment uses an integrated composite film for magnetic stress sensing combined with an independently controllable and precise lifting column simulation experiment, specifically: Functional Integration Innovation of Composite Thin Film: Existing simulation substrates are mostly single-bearing or simple-adaptive structures, which cannot simultaneously achieve magnetic fixation, stress monitoring, and flexible deformation. This embodiment innovatively designs a four-layer composite thin film that integrates load-bearing protection, stress sensing, magnetic adaptation, and bonding buffer functions. It is stably adsorbed by the magnetically conductive layer and the magnetic absorbing sheet of the column, and the built-in flexible strain gauge array captures stress changes in real time. Moreover, the total thickness is controlled within 1.2mm, which does not affect the following performance of lifting and deformation, thus solving the pain point of existing substrates being "single-function and lacking monitoring".

[0023] Independent and precise control design for the support column: Existing technologies mostly involve synchronous lifting of the entire column or in groups, which cannot simulate complex and non-uniform terrain and has low displacement accuracy. This embodiment uses a combination of "screw mechanism 6, grating mechanism 7, drive mechanism 8, and clutch mechanism 9" to achieve independent and synchronous dual-mode control of a single support column. The clutch mechanism 9 can independently control the engagement and disengagement of power, and the displacement detection accuracy of the grating mechanism reaches ±0.01mm. It can accurately simulate complex terrains such as local depressions and stepped formations, making up for the shortcomings of existing devices in terms of terrain simulation flexibility and accuracy. The above structure is the main structure of this embodiment, which solves the core problems of insufficient flexibility in terrain simulation, single function of the base, and low accuracy of complex non-uniform terrain restoration in shallow geological disaster simulation devices. The conventional circuit connection method of the controller 3, the basic installation and fixing structure of the camera 12, and the standard pipeline connection form of the water tank 14 and the water pump 15 are existing structures. The specific structure and connection method of the existing structure, such as the specific layout of the wiring terminals, the bolt fixing specifications, and the pipeline interface model, are not described in detail in this embodiment. In addition, the sensing stress data of the sensing layer 502 and the spraying of the adjustable nozzle 13 are also existing technologies. Therefore, this application does not make detailed limitations.

[0024] Reference Figures 5-7 Several lead screw mechanisms 6 are provided and correspond one-to-one with the support columns 10. Each of them includes a support frame 601, a ball screw 602, a lead screw sleeve 603, and a reinforcing sleeve 604. The support frame 601 is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box 4. The ball screw 602 is vertically installed on the upper side of the support frame 601. The lead screw sleeve 603 is sleeved on the outside of the ball screw 602. The reinforcing sleeve 604 is sleeved on the outside of the lead screw sleeve 603. The lower end of the support column 10 is fixedly connected to the reinforcing sleeve 604.

[0025] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that the number of lead screw mechanisms 6 is completely matched with the number of support columns 10, ensuring that each support column 10 can be raised and lowered through an independent lead screw mechanism 6. The height of a single support column 10 can be controlled individually, thereby simulating non-uniform terrain such as local protrusions, depressions or steps, and improving the flexibility and accuracy of terrain simulation. The support frame 601 is fastened to the lower inner wall of the cube box 4 by bolts. Anti-slip washers are added to the connection surface to ensure that the screw mechanism 6 does not shift or shake when the support column 10 bears the weight of the simulated geological materials, thus ensuring lifting stability. The ball screw 602 is installed with the support frame 601 using bearings, ensuring smooth rotation of the ball screw 602, reducing frictional resistance, and thus improving the smoothness of the lifting of the support column 10. The screw sleeve 603 and the ball screw 602 have a precision fit structure, achieving efficient force transmission through ball drive, ensuring precise control of the lifting displacement of the support column 10. The reinforcing sleeve 604 is made of high-strength aluminum alloy, with its inner wall interference-fitted with the screw sleeve 603, and its outer wall fixed to the lower end of the support column 10 by welding or bolts. The core function is to enhance the connection strength between the lead screw sleeve 603 and the support column 10, disperse the vertical pressure borne by the support column 10, and prevent deformation or breakage at the connection due to long-term stress. At the same time, it protects the lead screw sleeve 603 from mud, sand, water droplets, etc. entering the transmission structure and affecting its service life. During operation, the power is transmitted to the ball screw 602 through the drive mechanism 8 and the clutch mechanism 9. When the ball screw 602 rotates, the rotational motion is converted into the vertical linear motion of the lead screw sleeve 603, which drives the reinforcing sleeve 604 on the outside to rise and fall synchronously. The reinforcing sleeve 604 drives the support column 10 fixedly connected at the upper end to move in the vertical direction, realizing the height adjustment of one or more support columns 10, thereby changing the substrate morphology of the thin film layer 5 and simulating the preset terrain.

[0026] Reference Figure 7 The grating mechanism 7 is installed on each support frame 601. Each of them includes a grating ruler 701 and a reading head 702. The grating ruler 701 is fixed to the top of the support frame 601, and the reading head 702 is installed on the reinforcing sleeve 604 and is adapted to the grating ruler 701.

[0027] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the grating mechanism 7 and the lead screw mechanism 6 are configured in a one-to-one correspondence, that is, each set of lead screw mechanisms 6 is equipped with an independent grating ruler 701 and a reading head 702, ensuring that the lifting displacement of each support column 10 can be monitored individually and accurately, providing data support for precise control of complex and non-uniform terrain; the grating ruler 701 adopts a high-precision linear grating, which is vertically fixed to the top side of the support frame 601 by bolts. The fixing surface is milled flat to ensure the verticality and parallelism of the grating ruler 701 installation, and its measurement range matches the maximum lifting stroke of the support column 10, meeting the requirements of full-stroke displacement detection; the installation position of the reading head 702 is precisely aligned with the measuring surface of the grating ruler 701, and the gap between the two is controlled within 0.1-0.3mm to ensure the acquisition of displacement signals. The structure offers stability and accuracy, and its snap-fit ​​installation design facilitates subsequent maintenance and calibration. The usage process is as follows: When the support column 10 is raised or lowered, the reinforcing sleeve 604 moves vertically synchronously with the lead screw sleeve 603, driving the reading head 702 fixed thereon to move synchronously along the length of the grating ruler 701. The reading head 702 scans the grating lines on the grating ruler 701 in real time, converting the mechanical displacement into an electrical signal and transmitting the signal data to the controller 3. The controller 3 has a built-in signal processing module that analyzes and converts the received data signal to obtain the real-time lifting and lowering displacement value of the support column 10, with an accuracy of ±0.01mm. Based on preset terrain data, the lifting and lowering displacement of the support column 10 is corrected to ensure that each support column 10 accurately reaches the preset height, guaranteeing the stability of the base terrain during the experiment.

[0028] Reference Figures 4-7 The drive mechanism 8 is provided with several sets, each set including a mounting frame 801, a servo motor 802, a linkage shaft 803, a synchronous pulley 804, a synchronous belt 805, a first helical gear 806, and a reinforcing shaft 807. The mounting frame 801 is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box 4, the servo motor 802 is fixedly connected to the side of the mounting frame 801, several first helical gears 806 are provided and rotatably installed in each support frame 601, the first helical gears 806 located in the same straight line are connected in series by several linkage shafts 803, the end of each linkage shaft 803 is fitted with a synchronous pulley 804, several synchronous pulleys 804 form a group, and each group of synchronous pulleys 804 is connected by a synchronous belt 805, the output end of the servo motor 802 is fixedly connected to the linkage shaft 803 located in the middle position, the reinforcing shaft 807 is rotatably connected in the support frame 601, it is vertically installed on the lower side of the ball screw 602, and the reinforcing shaft 807 and the ball screw 602 are connected by a clutch mechanism 9.

[0029] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the drive mechanism 8 adopts a "multi-group linkage, group drive" design. Each group of drive mechanisms 8 can drive several lead screw mechanisms 6 on the same straight line to operate synchronously, which not only meets the requirement of synchronous lifting of multiple support columns 10, but also avoids interference between pipelines and structures through group layout, and adapts to the overall spatial layout of the device; the mounting frame 801 is fastened to the lower inner wall of the cubic box 4 by welding or high-strength bolts. The mounting surface is leveled to ensure that the components of the drive mechanism 8 run smoothly without vibration or deviation after installation; the servo motor 802 is a high-precision stepper servo motor with adjustable speed and fast start / stop response. Its output end is fixedly connected to the linkage shaft 803 in the middle position through a coupling to provide a power source for the entire drive group. The servo motor 802 is electrically connected to the controller 3 and can receive precise speed and steering control commands; the first helical gear 806 is set corresponding to the lead screw mechanism 6 and is installed in the preset mounting slot inside the support frame 601 through bearing rotation to ensure smooth rotation; the linkage shaft 803 uses a hollow stainless steel shaft to connect and fix all the first helical gears 806 on the same straight line, achieving synchronous power transmission. The connection between the linkage shaft 803 and the first helical gear 806 uses a keyway fit to ensure stable torque transmission without relative slippage. The synchronous pulley 804 is interference-fitted with the linkage shaft 803. The synchronous pulleys 804 on the same straight line in each group form a closed-loop transmission through the synchronous belt 805, ensuring that the rotational speed of multiple linkage shafts 803 is consistent, thereby achieving synchronous lifting and lowering of the support column 10 in the same group. The synchronous belt 805 is made of polyurethane synchronous belt, which has the characteristics of wear resistance and good elasticity, and can effectively absorb vibration during transmission and improve transmission stability. The reinforcing shaft 807 is a vertically arranged bevel gear, which is rotatably mounted inside the support frame 601 through bearings. Its upper end is connected to the clutch mechanism 9, and its lower end meshes with the first helical gear 806, converting the horizontal rotational power transmitted from the linkage shaft 803 into vertical rotational power, which is suitable for the vertical installation requirements of the ball screw 602. The usage process of this structure is as follows: When terrain adjustment is required, controller 3 sends a start command to the servo motor 802 of the target group according to preset terrain parameters. The servo motor 802 starts at the set speed and direction, and the output drives the linkage shaft 803 in the middle position to rotate. The linkage shaft 803 drives all linkage shafts 803 in the same group to rotate synchronously through the transmission action of synchronous pulley 804 and synchronous belt 805. This drives all the first helical gears 806 connected in series with the linkage shaft 803 to rotate synchronously. The first helical gears 806 mesh with the reinforcing shaft 807, transmitting the horizontal rotational power to the reinforcing shaft 807, causing the reinforcing shaft 807 to rotate vertically. The reinforcing shaft 807 establishes a power connection with the ball screw 602 through the clutch mechanism 9. Then, the ball screw 602 is rotated, and finally, through the transmission between the screw sleeve 603 and the reinforcing sleeve 604, the support column 10 is raised and lowered. If it is necessary to adjust the height of some support columns 10 in the same group, the controller 3 can control the clutch mechanism 9 at the corresponding position to disengage, so that the ball screw 602 at that position is disconnected from the reinforcing shaft 807. The remaining support columns 10 still rise and fall synchronously with the group, realizing flexible control of "synchronous adjustment and independent fine adjustment". After the experiment, the controller 3 sends a reverse rotation command to the servo motor 802, which drives the linkage shaft 803, the first helical gear 806, and the reinforcing shaft 807 to run in the opposite direction, thereby causing the ball screw 602 to rotate in the opposite direction and driving the support column 10 to return to the initial position.

[0030] Reference Figure 7 The clutch mechanism 9 includes a second helical gear 901, a clutch drive disc 902, and a clutch driven disc 903. The second helical gear 901 and the clutch drive disc 902 are fixedly connected to the circumferential surface of the reinforcing shaft 807. The second helical gear 901 meshes with the first helical gear 806. The clutch driven disc 903 is fixed to the lower end of the ball screw 602. The clutch drive disc 902 and the clutch driven disc 903 are disconnected by an electric pedal. The electric pedal is connected to the controller 3.

[0031] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the clutch mechanism 9 controls the on / off state of power transmission, allowing the support column 10 driven by the same group of drive mechanisms 8 to flexibly switch between synchronous or independent operation, adapting to the needs of complex terrain simulation; the clutch driven plate 903 is fixedly connected to the lower end face of the ball screw 602, and its end face is set opposite to the end face of the clutch driving plate 902. The contact surfaces of the two are polished and have built-in friction plates to ensure that there is no slippage in power transmission when engaged and complete separation when disengaged; the electric pedal is signal-connected to the controller 3 for the control of the clutch mechanism 9. The triggering component can be remotely controlled via the manual operation interface or preset program of the controller 3 in practical applications, eliminating the need for direct manual contact with the internal components and improving operational convenience and safety. The usage process of this structure is as follows: When multiple support columns 10 need to be raised and lowered synchronously, the controller 3 controls the electric pedal to be in the "non-triggered" state. At this time, the clutch drive plate 902 and the clutch driven plate 903 remain engaged, and the rotational power of the reinforcing shaft 807 is directly transmitted to the ball screw 602 through friction transmission between the two, causing all power-connected support columns 10 in the same group to move synchronously. The system operates in steps; when the height of a single support column 10 needs to be adjusted individually, the controller 3 sends a trigger signal to the electric pedal at the corresponding position. The electric pedal drives the clutch drive plate 902 to move axially, disengaging it from the clutch driven plate 903. At this time, the ball screw 602 is disconnected from the reinforcing shaft 807 and no longer rotates synchronously with the drive mechanism 8. If the disconnected support column 10 needs to rejoin synchronous adjustment, the controller 3 sends a reset signal, and the electric pedal drives the clutch drive plate 902 back to its original position, re-engaging it with the clutch driven plate 903. The ball screw 602 resumes power transmission, and the support column 10 can run synchronously with the group. During the experiment, the on / off status of the clutch mechanism 9 is fed back to the controller 3 in real time. The controller 3, combined with the displacement data of the grating mechanism 7, accurately judges the power access status of each support column 10, ensuring that the terrain adjustment is performed according to the preset parameters, and avoiding deviations in terrain simulation due to abnormal power on / off. After the experiment, the controller 3 controls all clutch mechanisms 9 to reset to the engaged state, ensuring that the support column 10 can be synchronously reset to the initial position, preparing for the synchronous adjustment of the next experiment.

[0032] Reference Figures 1-2 The adjustable nozzle 13 is a fan-shaped atomizing nozzle with an angle adjustment range of 30°-120° and a spray particle size of 50-500μm; the water tank 14 is equipped with a liquid level sensor, and the bottom of the outer cavity 202 is equipped with a drain outlet 2021.

[0033] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the adjustable nozzle 13 is a fan-shaped atomizing nozzle, whose core advantage lies in its wide spray coverage and uniform water flow distribution, which can accurately simulate the spatial distribution characteristics of natural rainfall; the angle adjustment range of 30°-120° can be flexibly adapted according to experimental needs, with a small angle of 30°-60° suitable for simulating localized heavy rainfall and concentrated scouring scenarios, and a large angle of 90°-120° suitable for simulating large-scale uniform rainfall scenarios. Combined with a spray particle size adjustment of 50-500μm, it can reproduce the raindrop morphology under different rainfall intensities, such as light rain (50-100μm), moderate rain (100-200μm), and heavy rain (200-500μm), achieving a range from light rain to heavy rain. The system simulates a full-scene rainstorm, with the water tank 14 electrically connected to the controller 3 to monitor water level changes in real time. When the water level falls below a preset minimum threshold, the controller 3 automatically triggers a water replenishment reminder or activates an external water replenishment device to prevent the spray system from interrupting operation due to water shortage and ensure the continuity of the experiment. Simultaneously, the water level data collected by the water level sensor can be linked with the flow rate data of the water pump 15 to help calculate the matching degree between the actual spray volume and the rainfall intensity, improving the accuracy of the experimental data. The drain outlet 2021 at the bottom of the outer cavity 202 is designed with an inclined angle of 5°-10° to ensure that the water flow after rainstorms can quickly converge to the drain outlet 2021, avoiding water accumulation and residue. The system simulates the water content of the geological layer. Preferably, the drain outlet 2021 can be designed with a return pipe connected to the water tank 14 (not shown in the figure), forming a water circulation system of spraying, confluence, and return. This saves water resources and maintains stable spray water quality. The drain outlet 2021 has a built-in detachable filter screen, which can filter impurities such as sand and gravel carried in the water flow, prevent pipe blockage, and extend the service life of the water pump 15 and the adjustable nozzle 13. The usage process of this structure is as follows: Before the experiment, the spray angle and particle size parameters of the adjustable nozzle 13 are adjusted according to the preset rainfall scenario. The output pressure of the water pump 15 is set by the controller 3 and converted into the corresponding rainfall intensity. After the spray system is started, the water pump 15 pumps water from the water tank 14. After being pressurized, water is delivered to the spray branch pipe through the extension pipe 1501. After being atomized by the adjustable nozzle 13, it is sprayed onto the surface of the simulated geological layer of the film layer 5 to simulate rainfall. During the spraying process, the liquid level sensor of the water tank 14 provides real-time feedback on the water volume data. The controller 3 dynamically adjusts the operating parameters of the water pump 15 according to the water consumption to ensure stable rainfall intensity. The flushed water carries some of the simulated geological material on the surface and flows along the surface of the film layer 5 to the outer cavity 202. After being filtered by the filter screen of the drain outlet 2021, it flows back to the water tank 14 through the return pipe to complete the water circulation. After the experiment, the water pump 15 is turned off, and the filter screen of the drain outlet 2021 is removed for cleaning to avoid impurities remaining and affecting the next use.

[0034] Reference Figure 4 A fan 16 is installed on the side of the outer casing 2, and an air outlet 1601 is installed on the side of the fan 16 near the thin film layer 5.

[0035] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the fan 16 is an adjustable-speed centrifugal fan, fixed to the side of the outer casing 2 by a bracket, with its installation height flush with the simulated geological layer surface of the thin film layer 5, ensuring that the airflow output by the fan 16 can act parallel to the geological layer surface, replicating the horizontal disturbance effect of natural wind on shallow geological bodies; the wind speed adjustment range of the fan 16 is 0-15m / s, which can accurately simulate different wind force levels such as light wind 0-3m / s, medium wind 3-8m / s, and strong wind 8-15m / s, and, in conjunction with the sprinkler system, realize the simulation scenario of disasters induced by the coupling of rainfall and wind; the air outlet 1601 is a long strip hollow structure, ensuring that the airflow can fully cover the simulated geological layer, and the air outlet 160 1. Several strip-shaped air outlets are evenly opened on one side near the thin film layer 5, with an aperture of 3-5mm and a spacing of 5-8cm, so that the airflow is evenly distributed and output, avoiding local wind concentration that could cause unnatural slippage of the geological body, thus improving the realism of the simulation. At the same time, the air outlet 1601 can be finely adjusted by adjusting the bracket to achieve both horizontal air supply and simulation of the scouring effect of oblique wind on the geological body. The fan 16 is electrically connected to the controller 3, and the wind force change curve can be preset through the controller. It can also be synchronously linked with the sprinkler system for control, such as simulating the disaster evolution process of light wind at the beginning of rainfall → wind force increase in the middle of rainfall → strong wind in the later stage of rainfall, accurately restoring the initiation and development mechanism of shallow geological disasters under complex meteorological conditions.

[0036] Reference Figure 4 The bearing layer 501 has a thickness of 0.3-0.5mm, the magnetic conductive layer 503 has a thickness of 0.05-0.08mm, and the bonding layer 504 has a thickness of 0.1-0.2mm; the strain gauges of the sensing layer 502 are distributed in a matrix with a spacing of 5-10cm.

[0037] In this embodiment, it should be specifically noted that: the load-bearing layer 501 has a thickness of 0.3-0.5mm, which ensures sufficient puncture resistance and tensile strength without reducing flexibility due to excessive thickness, allowing it to deform flexibly with the support column 10 and avoid stress concentration; the magnetic conductive layer 503 is controlled at an ultra-thin thickness of 0.05-0.08mm, the core of which is to minimize its own stiffness while ensuring magnetic conductivity, ensuring that it can be stretched and bent synchronously with the load-bearing layer and the bonding layer without deformation obstruction, and without interfering with the stress transmission of the sensing layer; the bonding layer 504 has a thickness of 0.1-0.2mm. The thickness of the silicone rubber layer is designed to ensure a tight fit with the top mount 1001 while also cushioning friction and localized impacts during lifting. Too thin a layer would result in insufficient cushioning, while too thick a layer could lead to delayed stress transmission, affecting the accuracy of the sensing layer. The strain gauges in the sensing layer 502 are arranged in a matrix with a spacing of 5-10cm. This parameter matches the monitoring requirements of simulated geological disasters: too small a spacing would lead to excessively dense sensing points, increasing the risk of signal interference and cost, and potentially affecting the film's flexibility; too large a spacing would create blind spots, making it impossible to accurately capture sudden changes in local stress. This design accurately reproduces the stress distribution differences in different areas, providing precise data support for analyzing the slip path and instability initiation point of geological bodies. Coordinated control of the thickness of each layer ensures that the overall flexibility remains unaffected, adapting to a lifting stroke of 10±50mm for the support column, with a deformation following error of <2mm. Simultaneously, the four-layer structure is integrally formed through a hot-pressing composite process, eliminating the risk of delamination between layers. Stress can be smoothly transmitted from the load-bearing layer to the sensing layer, ensuring the authenticity and timeliness of stress detection.

[0038] Working principle of the invention: The main problem solved in this embodiment is that, through the integrated design of the magnetic stress sensing composite film, the independently controllable and precise lifting column, and the rainfall and wind coupling simulation system, the core technical problems of the existing shallow geological disaster simulation devices, such as insufficient flexibility in terrain simulation, single base function, single disaster cause simulation, and insufficient accuracy and comprehensiveness of monitoring data, are resolved.

[0039] The specific steps are as follows: An experimental method for simulating shallow geological hazards, the specific steps of which are as follows: S1. Experimental Preparation: Check the connection status of each component of the device to ensure that the base 1, outer shell 2, top frame 11 and other structures are firmly fixed, and that the power components such as hydraulic telescopic rod 401, servo motor 802, water pump 15, and fan 16 are operating normally; according to the experimental requirements, lay the experimental soil and rock mass on the thin film layer 5. The thickness, moisture content, density and other parameters of the soil and rock mass are set according to the actual geological conditions of the simulated scene. Avoid damaging the sensing layer 502 during the laying process; set the experimental parameters through the controller 3, including terrain simulation parameters, precipitation simulation parameters, wind simulation parameters, data acquisition parameters, etc. S2. Terrain Construction: Based on the set terrain simulation parameters, the controller 3 sends a drive signal to the corresponding group's servo motor 802. The servo motor 802 drives the linkage shaft 803 to rotate, which in turn drives the first helical gear 806 in the same group to rotate synchronously via the synchronous pulley 804 and the synchronous belt 805. The operator controls the clutch mechanism 9 corresponding to the target support column 10 through the electric pedal, so that the clutch drive disc 902 and the clutch driven disc 903 are engaged. The first helical gear 806 drives the reinforcing shaft 807 to rotate through the second helical gear 901, which in turn rotates the ball screw 602. The lead screw sleeve 603 moves up and down along the ball screw 602, which in turn drives the reinforcing sleeve 604 to move up and down, and finally drives the support column 10 to move up and down synchronously. The reading head 702 of the grating mechanism 7 collects the lifting and displacement data of the support column 10 in real time and feeds it back to the controller 3. The controller 3 adjusts the running state of the servo motor 802 according to the feedback data until all the support columns 10 reach the set height, supporting the thin film layer 5 to form the target experimental terrain. If it is necessary to simulate the dynamic changes of the terrain, the lifting rate and displacement change law of the support column 10 can be set through the controller 3 to realize the dynamic adjustment of the terrain. S3. Disaster Cause Simulation: Rainfall simulation: The water pump 15 is started by the controller 3, and the water in the water tank 14 is transported to the adjustable nozzle 13 through the extension pipe 1501. According to the set rainfall parameters, the nozzle angle, spray intensity and particle size are adjusted to spray atomized water flow onto the surface of the rock and soil to simulate the natural rainfall process. During the experiment, the liquid level sensor in the water tank 14 monitors the liquid level change in real time, and the controller 3 automatically controls the water supply to replenish or stop according to the liquid level data. Wind simulation: According to the experimental requirements, the fan 16 is started by the controller 3, the wind speed and wind direction are adjusted, and the wind force is applied to the surface of the rock and soil through the air outlet 1601 to simulate the erosion and transportation of the slope rock and soil. Multi-factor coupling simulation: If it is necessary to simulate the coupling effect of multiple factors such as precipitation, wind force, and dynamic changes in terrain, the controller 3 coordinates and controls the operating status of components such as water pump 15, fan 16, and servo motor 802, and carries out experiments according to the set timing and parameter combination; S4. Data Acquisition and Recording: The flexible resistance strain gauge array of the sensing layer 502 collects stress and strain data of the soil and rock in real time; the grating mechanism 7 collects displacement data of the support column 10; and the liquid level sensor collects liquid level data of the water tank 14. All of the above data are transmitted to the controller 3 in real time through the signal transmission module. The camera 12 captures the movement state of the soil and rock and the process of terrain change in real time, and the captured data is stored in the storage module of the controller 3. The controller 3 organizes, analyzes and stores the collected data, and generates data reports and dynamic curves for the operator to analyze later. S5. End of Experiment and Reset of Device: After the experiment, controller 3 sequentially shuts down components such as water pump 15, fan 16, and servo motor 802 to stop data acquisition. The cubic box 4 is then raised as a whole using hydraulic telescopic rod 401, ensuring the height of the film layer 5 is higher than the upper edge of the inner mounting cavity 201. The soil and rock on the film layer 5 are then cleaned to prevent residual soil and rock from affecting the next experiment. The drain outlet 2021 at the bottom of the outer cavity 202 is opened to drain the experimental wastewater. After the wastewater is drained, the drain outlet 2021 is closed. Finally, controller 3 resets the hydraulic telescopic rod 401 and support column 10 to restore the device to its initial state. All components are checked for integrity, and a device maintenance record is made.

[0040] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An experimental device for simulating shallow geological hazards, comprising a base (1), characterized in that: The base (1) is fixedly mounted with a shell (2), a controller (3) and a water tank (14) on its upper side. The shell (2) forms an inner mounting cavity (201) and an outer cavity (202). The cube box (4) is slidably connected to the inner mounting cavity (201) and is controlled to rise and fall by a hydraulic telescopic rod (401). The inner wall of the cube box (4) is fixedly connected with a partition (402). Several evenly distributed support columns (10) are installed on the lower side of the partition (402). The support columns (10) slide through the partition (402) and extend upward. The upper end of the support column (10) is fixedly connected to a top seat (1001). A magnetic absorbing plate (1002) is fitted into the top of the top seat (1001). The cube box (4) The upper side is covered with a thin film layer (5) that is magnetically attracted to the magnetic absorbing sheet (1002). The support column (10) is connected by a screw mechanism (6), a grating mechanism (7), a drive mechanism (8) and a clutch mechanism (9) to achieve flexible lifting and lowering. The thin film layer (5) is supported by several support columns (10) to deform and simulate terrain. The upper side of the outer shell (2) is equipped with a top frame (11) that is lifted and lowered by an electric telescopic rod (1101). A camera (12) and an adjustable nozzle (13) are fixedly installed on the top frame (11). The adjustable nozzle (13) is connected to the water pump (15) through an extension pipe (1501). The water pump (15) is connected to the water tank (14). The thin film layer (5) is a four-layer composite structure, including a carrier layer (501), a sensing layer (502), a magnetic conductive layer (503), and an adhesive layer (504) from top to bottom. The carrier layer (501) is made of high-density polyethylene and has an anti-slip texture on its surface. The sensing layer (502) is a flexible resistance strain gauge array. The magnetic conductive layer (503) is a soft magnetic stainless steel foil. The adhesive layer (504) is made of silicone.

2. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 1, characterized in that: The screw mechanism (6) is provided in several parts and corresponds one-to-one with the support column (10). Each part includes a support frame (601), a ball screw (602), a screw sleeve (603), and a reinforcing sleeve (604). The support frame (601) is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box (4). The ball screw (602) is vertically installed on the upper side of the support frame (601). The screw sleeve (603) is sleeved on the outside of the ball screw (602). The reinforcing sleeve (604) is sleeved on the outside of the screw sleeve (603). The lower end of the support column (10) is fixedly connected to the reinforcing sleeve (604).

3. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 2, characterized in that: The grating mechanism (7) is installed on each support frame (601), and each includes a grating ruler (701) and a reading head (702). The grating ruler (701) is fixed to the top of the support frame (601), and the reading head (702) is installed on the reinforcing sleeve (604) and adapted to the grating ruler (701).

4. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 2, characterized in that: The drive mechanism (8) is provided with several groups, each group including a mounting frame (801), a servo motor (802), a linkage shaft (803), a synchronous pulley (804), a synchronous belt (805), a first helical gear (806), and a reinforcing shaft (807); the mounting frame (801) is fixedly connected to the lower inner wall of the cubic box (4), the servo motor (802) is fixedly connected to the side of the mounting frame (801), and several first helical gears (806) are provided and rotatably installed in each support frame (601), and are connected in series through several linkage shafts (803). The first helical gear (806) is on the same straight line. The end of each linkage shaft (803) is fitted with a synchronous pulley (804). Several synchronous pulleys (804) form a group. Each group of synchronous pulleys (804) is connected by a synchronous belt (805). The output end of the servo motor (802) is fixedly connected to the linkage shaft (803) located in the middle position. The reinforcing shaft (807) is rotatably connected in the support frame (601). It is vertically installed on the lower side of the ball screw (602). The reinforcing shaft (807) and the ball screw (602) are connected by a clutch mechanism (9).

5. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 4, characterized in that: The clutch mechanism (9) includes a second helical gear (901), a clutch drive disc (902), and a clutch driven disc (903). The second helical gear (901) and the clutch drive disc (902) are fixedly connected to the circumferential surface of the reinforcing shaft (807). The second helical gear (901) meshes with the first helical gear (806). The clutch driven disc (903) is fixed to the lower end of the ball screw (602). The clutch drive disc (902) and the clutch driven disc (903) are disconnected by an electric pedal. The electric pedal is connected to the controller (3) via a signal.

6. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 4, characterized in that: The adjustable nozzle (13) is a fan-shaped atomizing nozzle with an angle adjustment range of 30°-120° and a spray particle size of 50-500μm; the water tank (14) is equipped with a liquid level sensor, and the bottom of the outer cavity (202) is equipped with a drain outlet (2021).

7. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 1, characterized in that: A fan (16) is installed on the side of the outer shell (2), and an air outlet groove (1601) is installed on the side of the fan (16) near the thin film layer (5).

8. The experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards according to claim 1, characterized in that: The thickness of the bearing layer (501) is 0.3-0.5 mm, the thickness of the magnetic conductive layer (503) is 0.05-0.08 mm, and the thickness of the bonding layer (504) is 0.1-0.2 mm; the strain gauges of the sensing layer (502) are distributed in a matrix with a spacing of 5-10 cm.

9. The experimental method for simulating shallow geological hazards, applied to the experimental apparatus for simulating shallow geological hazards as described in claim 8, is characterized in that... The specific steps are as follows: S1. Experimental preparation: Check the connection status of each component of the device to ensure that the base (1), shell (2), top frame (11) and other structures are firmly fixed and that the power components such as hydraulic telescopic rod (401), servo motor (802), water pump (15), and fan (16) are operating normally; according to the experimental requirements, lay the experimental soil and rock on the thin film layer (5). The thickness, water content, density and other parameters of the soil and rock are set according to the actual geological conditions of the simulated scene. Avoid damaging the sensor layer (502) during the laying process; set the experimental parameters through the controller (3), including terrain simulation parameters, precipitation simulation parameters, wind simulation parameters, data acquisition parameters, etc. S2, Terrain Construction: According to the set terrain simulation parameters, the controller (3) sends a drive signal to the corresponding group of servo motors (802). The servo motors (802) drive the linkage shaft (803) to rotate, and drive the first helical gear (806) in the same group to rotate synchronously through the synchronous pulley (804) and the synchronous belt (805). The operator controls the clutch mechanism (9) corresponding to the target support column (10) through the electric pedal, so that the clutch drive plate (902) and the clutch driven plate (903) are engaged. The first helical gear (806) drives the reinforcing shaft (807) to rotate through the second helical gear (901), and then the ball screw (602) rotates. The lead screw sleeve (603) moves up and down along the ball screw (602), and the lead screw sleeve (603) drives the reinforcing sleeve (604) to move up and down, and finally drives the support column (10) to move up and down synchronously; the reading head (702) of the grating mechanism (7) collects the lifting displacement data of the support column (10) in real time and feeds it back to the controller (3). The controller (3) adjusts the running state of the servo motor (802) according to the feedback data until all the support columns (10) reach the set height, supporting the thin film layer (5) to form the target experimental terrain; if it is necessary to simulate the dynamic change of the terrain, the lifting rate and displacement change law of the support column (10) can be set through the controller (3) to realize the dynamic adjustment of the terrain; S3. Disaster Cause Simulation: Rainfall simulation: The water pump (15) is started by the controller (3), and the water in the water tank (14) is transported to the adjustable nozzle (13) through the extension pipe (1501). According to the set rainfall parameters, the nozzle angle, spray intensity and particle size are adjusted to spray atomized water flow onto the surface of the rock and soil to simulate the natural rainfall process. During the experiment, the liquid level sensor in the water tank (14) monitors the liquid level change in real time, and the controller (3) automatically controls the water supply to replenish or stop the water supply according to the liquid level data. Wind simulation: According to the experimental requirements, the fan (16) is started by the controller (3), the wind speed and wind direction are adjusted, and the wind force is applied to the surface of the rock and soil through the air outlet (1601) to simulate the erosion and transportation of the slope rock and soil. Multi-factor coupling simulation: If it is necessary to simulate the coupling effect of multiple factors such as precipitation, wind force, and dynamic changes in terrain, the controller (3) coordinates and controls the operating status of components such as water pump (15), fan (16), and servo motor (802), and carries out experiments according to the set timing and parameter combination; S4. Data Acquisition and Recording: The stress and strain data of the soil and rock are collected in real time through the flexible resistance strain gauge array of the sensing layer (502), the displacement data of the support column (10) is collected by the grating mechanism (7), and the liquid level sensor collects the liquid level data of the water tank (14). All of the above data are transmitted to the controller (3) in real time through the signal transmission module. The camera (12) captures the movement state and terrain change process of the soil and rock in real time, and stores the captured data in the storage module of the controller (3). The controller (3) organizes, analyzes and stores the collected data, and generates data reports and dynamic curves for the operator to analyze later. S5. End of Experiment and Reset of Device: After the experiment is completed, the controller (3) shuts down the water pump (15), fan (16), servo motor (802) and other components in sequence, stops data acquisition, and pushes the cubic box (4) to rise as a whole through the hydraulic telescopic rod (401) so that the height of the film layer (5) is higher than the upper edge of the inner mounting cavity (201). Then clean the soil and rock on the film layer (5) to avoid residual soil and rock affecting the next experiment. Open the drain outlet (2021) at the bottom of the outer cavity (202) to drain the experimental wastewater. After the wastewater is drained, close the drain outlet (2021). Finally, the controller (3) controls the hydraulic telescopic rod (401) and support column (10) to reset so that the device returns to its initial state. Check whether each component is intact and make a device maintenance record.

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