Liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnosis images
By combining basic optical components and reinforced light components in the backlight module of the LCD display, the optical film layer is used to improve the brightness of the display module, and the problem of insufficient brightness of the LCD display is solved, and clearer medical diagnostic image display and extension equipment are achieved Lifespan effect.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202420908602.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-28
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-31
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-04-28
AI Technical Summary
The display screen of the LCD monitor is low brightness, resulting in the display of medical diagnostic images that are not clear enough.
The basic light component and the reinforced light component are introduced into the backlight module of the liquid crystal display. The light of the light source is evenly diffused to the display module through the optical film layer, providing basic light and reinforced light, and improving the brightness of the display module.
The display brightness of the LCD display is significantly improved, allowing it to provide better display effect under different ambient light conditions, extend service life, and save power consumption.
Smart Images

Figure CN222281003U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of displays, in particular to a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnosis images. Background Art
[0002] The liquid crystal display includes a display module and a backlight module. The display module itself does not emit light, but the backlight module provides light for the display module. The backlight module includes a light source and a light guide plate. The light guide plate is arranged on the back of the display module, and the light source is arranged on the side of the light guide plate. The light emitted by the light source enters the light guide plate from the side, and after reflection and refraction, it is emitted from the light emitting surface of the light guide plate to the display module. There is loss in the process of reflection and refraction, resulting in a lower brightness of the light transmitted to the display module, which makes the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display lower. Utility Model Content
[0003] In view of this, an embodiment of the present utility model provides a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images, which can improve the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display.
[0004] One embodiment of the utility model provides a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images, comprising a casing, in which a backlight module, a display module and an optical film layer are arranged, and the optical film layer is located between the backlight module and the display module; the backlight module comprises a basic light component, an enhanced light component and a light baffle; wherein the basic light component is used to provide basic light to the display module so that the display module has a first brightness; the enhanced light component is used to provide enhanced light to the display module to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module so that the display module has a second brightness, and the second brightness is higher than the first brightness.
[0005] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, the basic optical component includes a back panel and a first group of light sources arranged on a first side of the back panel, and the first side of the back panel is a side of the back panel close to the optical film layer; the light emitted by the first group of light sources can pass through the optical module and enter the display module.
[0006] According to a specific implementation of the present invention, the enhanced light assembly includes a second group of light sources arranged on the first side of the back plate, and the light emitted by the second group of light sources can pass through the optical film group and enter the display module.
[0007] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, the first group of light sources and the second group of light sources respectively include a plurality of lamp beads; the plurality of lamp beads of the second group of light sources and the plurality of lamp beads of the first group of light sources are cross-arranged on the first side of the back panel.
[0008] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, the back panel is a light guide plate; the enhanced light component includes a second group of light sources arranged at the end of the back panel; at least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources is guided to the optical film layer through the back panel, and enters the display module through the optical film layer.
[0009] According to a specific implementation of the present invention, the distribution area of the first group of light sources and the second group of light sources on the first side surface of the backplane accounts for more than 75% of the first side surface of the backplane.
[0010] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, the enhanced light assembly includes a first group of enhanced light sources, a second group of enhanced light sources, a first light source controller and a second light source controller; the first light source controller is electrically connected to the first group of enhanced light sources, and the second light source controller is electrically connected to the second group of enhanced light sources.
[0011] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, it also includes a lighting controller, which is electrically connected to the second light source controller; the first group of enhanced light sources in the enhanced light component is used to provide enhanced light to the display module to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module to make the display module have a second brightness; the light sensor is used to monitor the current brightness of the display module, and if the current brightness of the display module is lower than a preset brightness threshold, a control signal is sent to the second light source controller so that the second light source controller controls the second group of enhanced light sources to provide enhanced light for the display module.
[0012] According to a specific implementation of the utility model, the basic optical component includes a back panel and a first group of light sources arranged on the second side of the back panel, the back panel is a light guide plate, and the second side of the back panel is the side of the back panel away from the optical film layer; the light emitted by the first group of light sources can pass through the back panel and the optical film layer into the display module; the enhanced optical component includes a second group of light sources arranged at the end of the back panel; at least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources is guided to the optical film layer via the back panel, and passes through the optical film layer into the display module.
[0013] According to a specific implementation of the present invention, the second brightness is a brightness greater than or equal to 1000 cd / M2.
[0014] The liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images provided by the embodiment of the utility model includes a backlight module, a display module and an optical film layer, wherein the optical film layer is located between the backlight module and the display module, and the display module includes a liquid crystal display panel; the basic light component of the backlight module is used to provide basic light to the display module so that the display module has a first brightness, and the enhanced light component of the backlight module is used to provide enhanced light to the display module to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module so that the display module has a second brightness, and the second brightness is higher than the first brightness, so that the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display can be improved by combining the enhanced light with the basic light. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] In order to more clearly illustrate the implementation methods of the utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some implementation methods of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.
[0016] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of an embodiment of a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images according to the utility model;
[0017] Figure 2 for Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of a backlight module of a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images;
[0018] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of another embodiment of the liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images of the utility model;
[0019] Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of another embodiment of the liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images of the utility model;
[0020] Figure 5 for Figure 4 A cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display taken along line AA is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] The embodiments of the present utility model are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0022] It should be clear that the described implementations are only part of the implementations of the utility model, not all of the implementations. Based on the implementations in the utility model, all other implementations obtained by ordinary technicians in the field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the utility model.
[0023] The embodiment of the utility model provides a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnosis images and a display method thereof, which can improve the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display.
[0024] The following combination Figures 1 to 5 , the implementation mode of the utility model is further explained.
[0025] Implementation Method 1
[0026] Figure 1 The structure diagram of an embodiment of the present invention of a liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images is shown. Figure 1 As shown, the liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images in this embodiment may include a housing (not shown in the figure), in which a backlight module 1, a display module 2 and an optical film layer 3 are arranged. The optical film layer 3 is located between the backlight module 1 and the display module 2.
[0027] Among them, the backlight module 1 can also be called a light source module, a lighting module, a backlight assembly, etc., the display module 2 can also be called a liquid crystal display panel, a display assembly, a panel module, a panel assembly, etc., and the optical film layer 3 can also be called a modulation film layer, a functional film layer, a display enhancement film layer, etc.
[0028] The light emitted by the backlight module 1 can be evenly diffused to the entire display panel area of the display module 2. Specifically, the light emitted by the backlight module 1 is modulated by the optical film layer 3 and reaches the display panel of the display module 2. Different types of optical film layers 3 can achieve various functions, such as improving the contrast and brightness of the display panel of the display module 2 or enhancing the color performance of the display panel of the display module 2.
[0029] The backlight module 1 may include a basic light component 11, an enhanced light component 12 and a light baffle (not shown in the figure). The basic light component 11 is used to provide basic light to the display module 2 so that the display module 2 has a first brightness; the enhanced light component 12 is used to provide enhanced light to the display module 2 to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 so that the display module 2 has a second brightness, and the second brightness is higher than the first brightness. Exemplarily, the first brightness may be 250-300cd / M2 (candela per square meter), and the second brightness may be greater than or equal to 1000cd / M2 (candela per square meter).
[0030] The light blocking plate can be arranged between the optical film layer 3 and the display module 2 to prevent light from directly irradiating the edge of the display module, thereby avoiding light leakage.
[0031] In the liquid crystal display provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the basic light component 11 of the backlight module 1 is used to provide basic light to the display module 2 so that the display module 2 has a first brightness, and the enhanced light component 12 of the backlight module 1 is used to provide enhanced light to the display module 2 to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 so that the display module 2 has a second brightness, and the second brightness is higher than the first brightness. In this way, the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display can be improved by the enhanced light component 12 or the coordination of the enhanced light and the basic light.
[0032] In some embodiments, the basic optical assembly 11 includes a back plate 13 and a first group of light sources 14 disposed on a first side of the back plate 13, wherein the first side of the back plate 13 is a side of the back plate 13 close to the optical film layer; the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 can pass through the optical film layer and enter the display module 2. In this way, the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 directly enters the display module 2, which can reduce light loss and improve the peak brightness of the display module 2, thereby enabling the display module 2 to provide a brighter picture.
[0033] Furthermore, the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 directly enters the display module 2, which can make the attenuation degree of the light in each area substantially the same, thereby making the distribution of the light on the display module 2 more uniform and reducing the risk of dark edges of the display screen of the display module.
[0034] In some embodiments, the enhanced light assembly 12 includes a second group of light sources 15 disposed on a first side of the back plate 13 , and light emitted by the second group of light sources 15 can pass through the optical film layer and enter the display module 2 .
[0035] The technical effect of the arrangement of the second group of light sources 15 of the enhanced light assembly 12 provided in this embodiment is substantially the same as the technical effect of the arrangement of the first group of light sources 14 of the basic light assembly 11 , and will not be described in detail herein.
[0036] See also Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the first light source group 14 and the second light source group 15 respectively include a plurality of lamp beads; the plurality of lamp beads of the second light source group 15 are arranged crosswise with the plurality of lamp beads of the first light source group 14 on the first side of the back plate 13, so that the second light source group 15 can fill the gaps between the plurality of lamp beads of the first light source group 14, thereby improving the uniformity of the light emitted by the backlight module 1 and reducing the display effect of the display module 2 affected by the difference in brightness between the basic light provided by the first light source group 14 and the enhanced light provided by the second light source group 15. Optionally, the lamp beads can be LED light sources. Figure 2141 represents a lamp bead of the first group of light sources 14 , 142 represents another lamp bead of the first group of light sources 14 ; 151 represents a lamp bead of the second group of light sources 15 , 152 represents another lamp bead of the second group of light sources 15 .
[0037] When the plurality of lamp beads of the second light source group 15 are arranged crosswise with the plurality of lamp beads of the first light source group 14, the adjacent lamp beads can reflect light from each other, so that more light is irradiated to the backlight module 1, the luminous flux of the backlight module 1 is increased, and the display panel of the display module 2 has a higher brightness. The luminous flux refers to the amount of light emitted by the backlight module 1 per unit time.
[0038] In order to improve the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display, in some embodiments, the distribution area of the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 on the side surface of the back plate 13 facing the display module 2 accounts for more than 75% of the overall area of the side surface of the back plate 13 facing the display module 2. In one embodiment, the ratio is 80%.
[0039] As the usage time increases, the brightness of most lamp beads of the enhanced light component 12 may decrease or not light up, resulting in the brightness of the enhanced light provided by the enhanced light component 12 failing to meet the demand. In order to solve this problem, in some embodiments, the enhanced light component 12 includes a first group of enhanced light sources, a second group of enhanced light sources, a first light source controller and a second light source controller; the first light source controller is electrically connected to the first group of enhanced light sources, and the second light source controller is electrically connected to the second group of enhanced light sources.
[0040] The first group of enhanced light sources and the second group of enhanced light sources can be used to provide enhanced light to the display module 2, respectively, so as to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 to make the display module 2 have the second brightness. In this way, the first light source controller can be used to control the first group of enhanced light sources to provide enhanced light to the display module 2. When the first group of enhanced light sources provide enhanced light to the display module 2, but the display module 2 cannot have the second brightness, the second light source controller can be used to control the second group of enhanced light sources to provide enhanced light to the display module 2, so as to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 to make the display module 2 have the second brightness, thereby extending the service life of the liquid crystal display.
[0041] In order to facilitate the enhancement light component 12 to provide enhanced light to the display module 2, and to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 to make the display module 2 have a second brightness, in some embodiments, the liquid crystal display also includes a light sensor, and the light sensor is electrically connected to the second light source controller; wherein the electrical connection includes electrical connection through a line, or electrical connection through wireless communication.
[0042] The first group of enhanced light sources in the enhanced light component 12 is used to provide enhanced light to the display module 2, so as to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module 2 to enable the display module 2 to have a second brightness; the light sensor is used to monitor the current brightness of the display module 2. If the current brightness of the display module 2 is lower than the preset brightness threshold, a control signal is sent to the second light source controller so that the second light source controller controls the second group of enhanced light sources to provide enhanced light for the display module 2. In this way, the enhanced light provided by the enhanced light component 12 can be adjusted in a timely and convenient manner so that the display module 2 always has the second brightness.
[0043] The preset brightness threshold may be the second brightness, or may be slightly higher or lower than the second brightness.
[0044] In some embodiments, the liquid crystal display provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the backlight module 1 includes a basic light component 11 and an enhanced light component 12, and the display module 2 can have three brightness values by controlling the basic light component 11 and the enhanced light component 12: a first brightness of basic light provided only by the basic light component 11, a third brightness of enhanced light provided only by the enhanced light component 12, and a second brightness of basic light and enhanced light provided by the basic light component 11 and the enhanced light component 12 at the same time, wherein the third brightness is between the first brightness and the second brightness; in this way, different backlight brightnesses can be used under different ambient light conditions to obtain better display effects, for example, using the second brightness in a bright environment to make the display picture clearer, and using the first brightness in a dark environment to reduce glare.
[0045] Compared with only providing the highest brightness value to ensure the clarity of the displayed image, by providing the display module 2 with three brightness values and selecting a suitable brightness value according to the actual environment, the power consumption of the liquid crystal display can be saved while ensuring the clarity of the displayed image.
[0046] Optionally, according to the specific display brightness requirement of the display module 2, the backlight module 1 may also be provided with other optical components capable of providing light corresponding to different brightness values.
[0047] In some embodiments, the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 each include a plurality of lamp beads; the plurality of lamp beads of the second group of light sources 15 are arranged in an array on the back plate 13, and the number of lamp beads of the first group of light sources 14 and the number of light sources of the second group of light sources 15 conform to a preset ratio. In some examples, each lamp bead of the second group of light sources 15 is surrounded by 4 or 5 lamp beads of the first group of light sources 14.
[0048] Implementation Method 2
[0049] See also Figure 3As shown, the structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of the first embodiment, except that, in this embodiment, in order to enhance the heat dissipation function of the liquid crystal display, the back plate 13 is a light guide plate; the enhanced light assembly 12 includes a second group of light sources 15 arranged at the end of the back plate 13; at least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources 15 is guided to the optical film layer through the back plate 13, and enters the display module 2 through the optical film layer. In this way, the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 are dispersed at different positions of the back plate 13, which can facilitate the uniform distribution and dissipation of heat and avoid the problem of local overheating.
[0050] The end of the back plate 13 refers to the side perpendicular to the first side of the back plate 13, which may also be referred to as the left side of the back plate 13 or the right side of the back plate 13; the second group of light sources 15 may include a plurality of lamp beads 14. The second group of light sources 15 is arranged at the end of the back plate 13 so that the light emitted by the second group of light sources 15 can enter the back plate 13 through the end of the back plate 13, so the second group of light sources 15 is not necessarily fixed on the end of the back plate 13.
[0051] The liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images provided by the embodiment of the utility model can improve the brightness of the display screen of the liquid crystal display by means of the enhanced light component or the cooperation of the enhanced light component with the basic light component. And the backlight module 1 of the liquid crystal display includes the basic light component and the enhanced light component, so that the display module 2 can have three brightness values: the backlight module 1 only provides the first brightness of the basic light, the backlight module 1 only provides the third brightness of the enhanced light, and the backlight module 1 provides the second brightness of the basic light and the enhanced light at the same time, so that different backlight brightnesses can be used under different ambient light conditions to obtain better display effects.
[0052] It should be understood that in the first group of light sources 14 arranged on the first side of the back panel 13, there is a predetermined interval between adjacent lamp beads, and on the back panel 13, there is an emergent light that can be refracted after the light from the second group of light sources 15 enters the back panel 13 and is located in the interval between adjacent lamp beads.
[0053] Implementation Method 3
[0054] See also Figure 4 and Figure 5As shown, the structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of the first embodiment, except that, in order to improve the display brightness of the liquid crystal display, in this embodiment, the basic light assembly 11 includes a back plate 13 and a first group of light sources 14 arranged on the second side of the back plate 13, the back plate 13 is a light guide plate, and the second side of the back plate 13 is the side of the back plate 13 away from the optical film layer; the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 can pass through the back plate 13 and the optical film layer to enter the display module 2; the enhanced light assembly 12 includes a second group of light sources 15 arranged at the end of the back plate 13; at least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources 15 is guided to the optical film layer 3 through the back plate 13, and enters the display module 2 through the optical film layer 3. In this way, the light guide plate can perform optical processing such as scattering, refraction and reflection on the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 through the internal microstructure, and evenly disperse the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 to the entire surface of the light guide plate, reduce the loss of the light emitted by the first group of light sources 14 and the second group of light sources 15 during the propagation process, thereby improving the display brightness of the liquid crystal display.
[0055] in, Figure 4 141 represents a lamp bead of the first light source group 14, 142 represents another lamp bead of the first light source group 14; 151 represents a lamp bead of the second light source group 15, 152 represents another lamp bead of the second light source group 15. The optical film layer 3 may include a prism film layer 31, a uniform light film layer 32 and a brightness enhancement film layer 33. Light emitted by the first light source group and the second light source group sequentially passes through the prism film layer 31, the uniform light film layer 32 and the brightness enhancement film layer 33 to enter the display module.
[0056] See also Figure 4 As shown, fixing blocks 7 may be provided at the four corners of the back panel, and the second group of light sources 15 are arranged at the sides corresponding to the ends of the back panel 13 and staggered from the fixing blocks 7, so that the light emitted by the second group of light sources 15 can be prevented from being blocked by the fixing blocks 7.
[0057] The first group of light sources 14 includes lamp beads and a first lamp board 16 , and the lamp beads of the first group of light sources 14 are arranged on the first lamp board 16 ; the second group of light sources 15 includes lamp beads and a second lamp board 17 , and the lamp beads of the second group of light sources 15 are arranged on the second lamp board 17 .
[0058] A reflective film layer 18 is also provided on one side of the first lamp panel 16 where the lamp beads are provided. The reflective film layer 18 can at least reflect the scattered part of the light back to the display module 2, so that as much light as possible emitted by the lamp beads of the first light source group 14 can enter the display module 2, thereby enhancing the display brightness of the display module 2.
[0059] It should be noted that, in this article, relational terms such as first and second, etc. are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms "include", "comprise" or any other variants thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or device including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. In the absence of further restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "comprise a ..." do not exclude the existence of other identical elements in the process, method, article or device including the elements.
[0060] Each embodiment in this specification is described in a related manner, and the same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referenced to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments.
[0061] The above is only a specific implementation of the utility model, but the protection scope of the utility model is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the utility model should be included in the protection scope of the utility model. Therefore, the protection scope of the utility model should be based on the protection scope of the claims.
Claims
1. A liquid crystal display for displaying medical diagnostic images, characterized in that: The device comprises a housing, in which a backlight module, a display module and an optical film layer are arranged, and the optical film layer is located between the backlight module and the display module; The backlight module includes a basic light component, an enhanced light component and a light baffle; Wherein, the basic light component is used to provide basic light to the display module so that the display module has a first brightness; The enhanced light component is used to provide enhanced light to the display module to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module so that the display module has a second brightness, and the second brightness is higher than the first brightness.
2. The liquid crystal display according to claim 1, characterized in that: The basic optical component includes a back panel and a first group of light sources arranged on a first side of the back panel, wherein the first side of the back panel is a side of the back panel close to the optical film layer; light emitted by the first group of light sources can pass through the optical film layer and enter the display module.
3. The liquid crystal display according to claim 2, characterized in that: The enhanced light assembly includes a second group of light sources disposed on the first side of the back plate, and the light emitted by the second group of light sources can pass through the optical film layer and enter the display module.
4. The liquid crystal display according to claim 3, characterized in that: The first group of light sources and the second group of light sources respectively include a plurality of lamp beads; The plurality of lamp beads of the second group of light sources are arranged crosswise with the plurality of lamp beads of the first group of light sources on the first side of the back plate.
5. The liquid crystal display according to claim 2, characterized in that: The back plate is a light guide plate; The reinforcement light assembly includes a second group of light sources disposed at the end of the back panel; At least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources is guided to the optical film layer via the back plate, and enters the display module through the optical film layer.
6. The liquid crystal display according to claim 3, characterized in that: The distribution area of the first group of light sources and the second group of light sources on the first side surface of the back plate accounts for more than 75% of the overall area of the first side surface of the back plate.
7. The liquid crystal display according to claim 1, characterized in that: The enhanced light assembly includes a first group of enhanced light sources, a second group of enhanced light sources, a first light source controller and a second light source controller; The first light source controller is electrically connected to the first group of enhanced light sources, and the second light source controller is electrically connected to the second group of enhanced light sources.
8. The liquid crystal display according to claim 7, characterized in that: It also includes a light sensor, the light sensor is electrically connected to the second light source controller; The first group of enhanced light sources in the enhanced light assembly is used to provide enhanced light to the display module to cooperate with the basic light provided by the display module to make the display module have a second brightness; The light sensor is used to monitor the current brightness of the display module. If the current brightness of the display module is lower than a preset brightness threshold, a control signal is sent to the second light source controller so that the second light source controller controls the second group of enhanced light sources to provide enhanced light for the display module.
9. The liquid crystal display according to claim 1, characterized in that: The basic optical assembly includes a backplane and a first group of light sources arranged on a second side of the backplane, the backplane is a light guide plate, and the second side of the backplane is a side of the backplane away from the optical film layer; the light emitted by the first group of light sources can pass through the backplane and the optical film layer and enter the display module; The enhanced light assembly includes a second group of light sources disposed at the end of the back plate; at least part of the light emitted by the second group of light sources is guided to the optical film layer via the back plate, and enters the display module through the optical film layer.
10. The liquid crystal display according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second brightness is a brightness greater than or equal to 1000 cd / M2.