Catalytic silencer heat shield assembly
By designing the catalytic muffler heat shield assembly, the problems of increased volume and insufficient protection of the catalytic muffler are solved, and effective protection and heat dissipation of the catalytic muffler and its surrounding pipelines are achieved, improving the aesthetics and reliability of the whole vehicle.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202420998996.9
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-11
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-05-10
AI Technical Summary
The volume of the catalytic muffler used under National VI emissions is increased and is directly arranged on the outside of the frame as a whole, resulting in the aesthetics of the side of the vehicle and the protection of the surface pipeline of the catalytic muffler are low, which is easy to damage and affects the performance of the vehicle.
A catalytic muffler heat shield assembly is designed, including a hanger assembly, an upper heat shield bracket assembly, a side heat shield, a rear heat shield, a lower support assembly and an upper support assembly. Through the combination of these components, protection and heat dissipation of the catalytic muffler is achieved.
Effectively protect the catalytic muffler and its surrounding pipelines, improve the reliability and aesthetics of the product, and at the same time, improve the heat dissipation ability through the heat dissipation holes to avoid damage to parts caused by thermal radiation.
Smart Images
Figure CN222596161U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The utility model belongs to the field of vehicle exhaust systems, and in particular relates to a catalytic muffler heat insulation cover assembly. Background Art
[0002] With the continuous improvement of environmental protection requirements, the size of catalytic mufflers used under the current National VI emission standards is constantly increasing. At the same time, the catalytic mufflers are directly arranged as a whole on the outside of the frame, resulting in a low level of aesthetics on the side of the vehicle and protection of the catalytic muffler surface pipelines. During the operation of the dump truck, the catalytic muffler and its pipelines are easily damaged, affecting the vehicle performance. Utility Model Content
[0003] In order to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the utility model aims to provide a catalytic muffler heat shield assembly, which solves the above problems by designing a catalytic muffler heat shield assembly integrating protection and heat dissipation functions.
[0004] In order to solve the above problems existing in the prior art, the technical solution adopted by the utility model is:
[0005] A catalytic muffler heat shield assembly comprises a hanger assembly, an upper heat shield bracket assembly, a side heat shield, a rear heat shield, a lower bracket assembly, and an upper bracket assembly;
[0006] There are two hanger assemblies, which are mounted on the side of the vehicle frame. The two hanger assemblies are respectively located in front of and behind the catalytic muffler and are used to hang the catalytic muffler.
[0007] Both ends of the upper heat shield bracket assembly are respectively connected to a hanger assembly;
[0008] The side heat shield and the upper heat shield bracket are connected in an assembly;
[0009] The rear heat shield is connected to the lower bracket assembly and the upper bracket assembly;
[0010] The upper bracket assembly is connected to the side heat shield;
[0011] The lower bracket assembly is connected to the catalytic muffler.
[0012] Furthermore, the hanger assembly includes a casting support and a rectangular tube.
[0013] The casting support is formed by casting with a mold, and the casting support is provided with four casting mounting holes, and the casting support is connected to the side of the frame by bolts;
[0014] The rectangular tube is a 50×50 rectangular tube, which is welded to a casting support, and four rectangular tube mounting holes are arranged on the rectangular tube, and the rectangular tube is fixed to the catalytic muffler by bolts.
[0015] The hanger assembly is assembled on the side of the vehicle frame. There are two of them, located in front of and behind the catalytic muffler respectively, and are used for hoisting the catalytic muffler.
[0016] Furthermore, the upper heat insulation cover support assembly includes a first support, and a plurality of first welding nuts are connected to the first support.
[0017] Through holes are provided at the corresponding positions of the first support and the first welding nuts, and the through holes are used for assembling bolts.
[0018] The first support is in a "C" shape. The bent part of the first support adopts a ribbed structure to increase the strength of the parts. Two support mounting holes for matching the rectangular pipe are provided at each end of the first support. The upper heat insulation cover support assembly, the rectangular pipe and the catalytic muffler are connected and fixed by long bolts; the upper heat insulation cover support assembly is installed on the hanger assembly. There are two upper heat insulation cover support assemblies, and the upper heat insulation cover support assemblies are used for supporting and fixing the side heat insulation covers.
[0019] Furthermore, the side heat insulation cover includes an upper surface and a side surface. The upper surface and the side surface are connected by a transition bending structure. Two beadings are provided on the upper surface to strengthen the strength of the upper surface, and six upper mounting holes are provided on the upper surface.
[0020] Two beadings are provided on the side surface to strengthen the strength of the side surface. Four side mounting holes and a plurality of heat dissipation holes are provided on the side surface.
[0021] A Logo mark is provided on the side surface.
[0022] The side heat insulation cover is formed by stamping a 2mm aluminum-magnesium alloy sheet; two beadings are provided on the upper surface to strengthen the strength of the upper surface, six upper mounting holes are provided at designated positions, and a number of boss holes are evenly provided at the remaining positions; two beadings are provided on the side surface to strengthen the strength of the side surface, four side mounting holes are provided at designated positions, and a Logo mark is provided at the middle position; a number of heat dissipation holes are evenly provided at the remaining positions; a transition bend is adopted between the upper surface and the side surface; the side heat insulation cover is installed on the side of the catalytic muffler and above the upper heat insulation cover support assembly, and is installed and fixed to the upper heat insulation cover support assembly by bolts through the upper mounting holes and the side mounting holes.
[0023] Furthermore, two beadings are provided on the rear heat insulation cover, and two rear heat insulation cover mounting holes are provided on each beading.
[0024] The rear heat insulation cover is formed by stamping a 2mm aluminum-magnesium alloy sheet. Two beadings are provided on the surface to increase the strength. Two rear heat insulation cover mounting holes are provided on each beading. The rear heat insulation cover is installed by bolts on the second welding nuts of the lower support assembly and the third welding nuts of the upper support assembly.
[0025] Further, the lower bracket assembly includes a second bracket, a second welding nut and a third bracket;
[0026] The second bracket is a U-shaped bracket, and the second bracket is connected to the third bracket;
[0027] The third bracket is connected with the second welding nut, and a through hole is provided at the corresponding position of the third bracket and the second welding nut. The third bracket is provided with two lower bracket side mounting holes, and the lower bracket side mounting holes are located between the side heat insulation cover and the catalytic muffler.
[0028] The lower bracket assembly includes a second bracket, a second welding nut and a third bracket; the second bracket is a U-shaped bracket, welded to the back of the third bracket, the purpose of which is to fill the depression of the rear mounting position of the catalytic muffler; and a strip mounting hole is provided at the corresponding mounting position for adjusting the position so that the bolts at the side mounting holes of the lower bracket are assembled and tightened; the lower bracket assembly is installed at the rear of the catalytic muffler by passing the bolts through the strip mounting holes; the second welding nut is welded to the back of the third bracket, and the third bracket has a through hole corresponding to the second welding nut for fixing the rear heat shield; two side mounting holes of the lower bracket are provided on the third bracket, corresponding to the side mounting position of the catalytic muffler, and the side mounting holes of the lower bracket are located between the side heat shield and the catalytic muffler, and the side heat shield, the lower bracket assembly and the catalytic muffler are fixed by bolts to avoid shaking due to the lack of fixing points of the lower bracket assembly.
[0029] Further, the upper bracket assembly includes a fourth bracket, a third welding nut and a fifth bracket;
[0030] The fourth bracket is a U-shaped bracket, and the fourth bracket is connected to the fifth bracket;
[0031] The fifth bracket is connected with a third welding nut, and a through hole is provided at the corresponding position of the fifth bracket and the third welding nut, and the third welding nut is used to connect the rear heat shield. The fifth bracket is provided with two upper bracket side mounting holes, and the upper bracket side mounting holes are located between the side heat shield and the catalytic muffler.
[0032] The upper bracket assembly includes a fourth bracket, a third welding nut, and a fifth bracket; the fourth bracket is a U-shaped bracket, welded to the back of the fifth bracket, the purpose of which is to fill the depression of the rear mounting position of the catalytic muffler; and a strip mounting hole is provided at the corresponding mounting position for adjusting the position so that the bolts at the side mounting holes of the upper bracket are assembled and tightened; the upper bracket assembly is installed at the rear of the catalytic muffler by passing the bolts through the strip mounting holes; the third welding nut is welded to the back of the fifth bracket, and the fifth bracket has a through hole corresponding to the third welding nut for fixing the rear heat shield; two upper bracket side mounting holes are provided on the fifth bracket, corresponding to the side mounting position of the catalytic muffler; the side mounting hole of the upper bracket is located between the side heat shield and the catalytic muffler, and the side heat shield, the upper bracket assembly and the catalytic muffler are fixed by bolts to avoid shaking due to the lack of fixing points of the upper bracket assembly.
[0033] Beneficial effects of the utility model:
[0034] 1. The upper heat shield bracket assembly, the lower bracket assembly and the upper bracket assembly of the utility model all adopt sheet metal structure, and the parts processing technology is simple and the cost is low; the welding nut is arranged on the back of the bracket, which makes it more convenient and quick to install the fixing bolts, and is convenient for batch loading and production.
[0035] 2. The utility model is provided with a side heat shield to protect the catalytic muffler assembly and prevent accidental damage to the catalyst body; at the same time, it protects the wiring harness and pipelines around the catalytic muffler, thereby improving product reliability; a boss hole is arranged on the upper surface of the side heat shield to reduce rainwater and dirt from passing through the heat shield, thereby damaging the catalytic muffler; a circular heat dissipation hole is arranged on the side surface of the side heat shield to increase the heat dissipation capacity; the rear heat shield is not opened, which can effectively prevent mud and water pollution caused by the rotation of the second-axle tires of the 8×4 drive type vehicle and damage to the catalytic muffler assembly and pipelines, and at the same time, for other models, it can also timely protect the surrounding components from being damaged by the heat radiation of the catalytic muffler.
[0036] 3. The utility model provides side heat shields and rear heat shields and adopts 2mm thick aluminum-magnesium alloy material for stamping, thereby effectively solving the problem of the National VI catalytic muffler assembly and surrounding pipelines being exposed and unprotected without changing the existing state of the catalytic muffler. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of the utility model.
[0038] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the hanger assembly of the utility model.
[0039] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the upper heat insulation cover bracket assembly of the utility model.
[0040] Figure 4 It is a schematic structural diagram of the side heat insulation cover of the utility model.
[0041] Figure 5 It is a structural schematic diagram of the rear heat insulation cover of the utility model.
[0042] Figure 6 It is a structural schematic diagram of the lower bracket assembly of the utility model.
[0043] Figure 7 It is a structural schematic diagram of the upper bracket assembly of the utility model.
[0044] Figure 8 It is a schematic diagram of the installation of the lower bracket assembly and the upper bracket assembly of the utility model.
[0045] In the figure: 10-hanger assembly; 11-casting support; 12-rectangular tube; 20-upper heat shield bracket assembly; 21-first bracket; 22-first welding nut; 30-side heat shield; 31-upper mounting hole; 32-transition bending structure; 33-side mounting hole; 34-Logo; 40-rear heat shield; 41-pressed rib; 42-rear heat shield mounting hole; 50-lower bracket assembly; 51-second bracket; 52-second welding nut; 53-third bracket; 54-lower bracket side mounting hole; 60-upper bracket assembly; 61-fourth bracket; 62-third welding nut; 63-fifth bracket; 64-upper bracket side mounting hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0046] The utility model will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the accompanying drawings.
[0047] In order to more clearly understand the above-mentioned purpose, features and advantages of the utility model, the utility model is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments of the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other without conflict.
[0048] The terms “first”, “second”, “third”, etc. are only used for distinguishing descriptions and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.
[0049] In the description of the present invention, it is also necessary to explain that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "set", "install", "connect", and "connect" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.
[0050] The specific implementation of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific implementation described here is only used to illustrate and explain the present invention, and is not used to limit the present invention.
[0051] Embodiment 1:
[0052] like Figure 1 As shown, a catalytic muffler heat shield assembly includes a hanger assembly 10, an upper heat shield bracket assembly 20, a side heat shield 30, a rear heat shield 40, a lower bracket assembly 50, and an upper bracket assembly 60;
[0053] The hanger assembly 10 is provided with two, and the hanger assembly 10 is installed on the side of the frame. The two hanger assemblies 10 are respectively located in front of and behind the catalytic muffler, and are used to hang the catalytic muffler;
[0054] Both ends of the upper heat shield bracket assembly 20 are respectively connected to a hanger assembly 10;
[0055] The side heat shield 30 is connected to the upper heat shield bracket assembly 20;
[0056] The rear heat shield 40 is connected to the lower bracket assembly 50 and the upper bracket assembly 60;
[0057] The upper bracket assembly 60 is connected to the side heat shield 30;
[0058] The lower bracket assembly 50 is connected to the catalytic muffler.
[0059] Embodiment 2:
[0060] On the basis of Example 1, Figure 2 As shown, the hanger assembly 10 includes a casting support 11 and a rectangular tube 12 .
[0061] The casting support 11 is formed by casting with a mold, and the casting support 11 is provided with four casting mounting holes, and the casting support 11 is connected to the side of the frame by bolts;
[0062] The rectangular tube 12 is a 50×50 rectangular tube 12 , which is welded to the casting support 11 , and four rectangular tube mounting holes are arranged on the rectangular tube 12 . The rectangular tube 12 is fixed to the catalytic muffler by bolts.
[0063] The hanger assembly 10 is mounted on the side of the vehicle frame, and two parts are provided, which are respectively located in front of and behind the catalytic muffler and are used to hang the catalytic muffler.
[0064] Embodiment 3:
[0065] On the basis of Example 2, Figure 3As shown, the upper heat shield bracket assembly 20 includes a first bracket 21 , and the first bracket 21 is connected to a plurality of first welding nuts 22 .
[0066] Through holes are provided at corresponding positions of the first bracket 21 and the first welding nut 22 , and the through holes are used for assembling bolts.
[0067] The first bracket 21 is in a "J" shape, and a reinforcing rib structure is used at the bending part of the first bracket 21 to increase the strength of the component. Two bracket mounting holes for matching the rectangular tube 12 are respectively arranged at both ends of the first bracket 21, and the upper heat insulation cover bracket assembly 20, the rectangular tube 12 and the catalytic muffler are connected and fixed by long bolts; the upper heat insulation cover bracket assembly 20 is installed on the hanger assembly 10, and two upper heat insulation cover bracket assemblies 20 are provided, and the upper heat insulation cover bracket assembly 20 is used to support and fix the side heat insulation cover 30.
[0068] Embodiment 4:
[0069] On the basis of Example 3, Figure 4 As shown, the side heat shield 30 includes an upper surface and a side surface, the upper surface and the side surface are connected by a transition bending structure 32, two compression ribs 41 are arranged on the upper surface to enhance the strength of the upper surface, and six upper mounting holes 31 are arranged on the upper surface.
[0070] The side surface is provided with two press ribs 41 for strengthening the side surface strength, and the side surface is provided with four side mounting holes 33 and a plurality of heat dissipation holes.
[0071] The side surface is provided with a logo mark 34 .
[0072] The side heat shield 30 is formed by stamping of 2mm aluminum-magnesium alloy plate; two ribs 41 are arranged on the upper surface to strengthen the upper surface strength, 6 upper mounting holes 31 are arranged at designated positions, and a number of boss holes are evenly arranged at other positions; two ribs 41 are arranged on the side surface to strengthen the side surface strength, 4 side mounting holes 33 are arranged at designated positions, and a logo mark 34 is arranged at the middle position; a number of heat dissipation holes are evenly arranged at other positions; a transition bend is adopted between the upper surface and the side surface; the side heat shield 30 is installed on the side of the catalytic muffler and above the upper heat shield bracket assembly 20, and is installed and fixed to the upper heat shield bracket assembly 20 by bolts through the upper mounting holes 31 and the side mounting holes 33.
[0073] Embodiment 5:
[0074] On the basis of Example 4, Figure 5 As shown, the rear heat shield 40 is provided with two pressing ribs 41 , and each pressing rib 41 is provided with two rear heat shield mounting holes 42 .
[0075] The rear heat shield 40 is stamped and formed by a 2 mm aluminum-magnesium alloy plate, and two ribs 41 are arranged on the surface to increase the strength. Two rear heat shield mounting holes 42 are arranged on each rib 41. The rear heat shield 40 is mounted on the second welding nut 52 of the lower bracket assembly 50 and the third welding nut 62 of the upper bracket assembly 60 by bolts.
[0076] Embodiment 6:
[0077] On the basis of Example 5, Figure 6 As shown, the lower bracket assembly 50 includes a second bracket 51, a second welding nut 52 and a third bracket 53;
[0078] The second bracket 51 is a U-shaped bracket, and the second bracket 51 is connected to the third bracket 53;
[0079] The third bracket 53 is connected to the second welding nut 52. Through holes are provided at the corresponding positions of the third bracket 53 and the second welding nut 52. The third bracket 53 is provided with two lower bracket side mounting holes 54. The lower bracket side mounting holes 54 are located between the side heat shield 30 and the catalytic muffler.
[0080] The lower bracket assembly 50 includes a second bracket 51, a second welding nut 52 and a third bracket 53; the second bracket 51 is a U-shaped bracket, welded to the back of the third bracket 53, the purpose of which is to fill the recess of the rear mounting position of the catalytic muffler; and a strip mounting hole is provided at the corresponding mounting position for adjusting the position so that the bolts at the side mounting hole 54 of the lower bracket are assembled and tightened; the lower bracket assembly 50 is installed at the rear of the catalytic muffler by passing the bolts through the strip mounting hole; the second welding nut 52 is welded to the back of the third bracket 53, and the third bracket 53 is a through hole corresponding to the second welding nut 52, which is used to fix the rear heat shield 40; two lower bracket side mounting holes 54 are provided on the third bracket 53, corresponding to the side mounting position of the catalytic muffler, and the lower bracket side mounting hole 54 is located between the side heat shield 30 and the catalytic muffler, and the side heat shield 30, the lower bracket assembly 50 and the catalytic muffler are fixed by bolts to avoid shaking due to the lack of fixing points of the lower bracket assembly 50.
[0081] Embodiment 7:
[0082] On the basis of Example 6, Figure 7 and 8 As shown, the upper bracket assembly 60 includes a fourth bracket 61, a third welding nut 62 and a fifth bracket 63;
[0083] The fourth bracket 61 is a U-shaped bracket, and the fourth bracket 61 is connected to the fifth bracket 63;
[0084] The fifth bracket 63 is connected to the third welding nut 62. Through holes are provided at the corresponding positions of the fifth bracket 63 and the third welding nut 62. The third welding nut 62 is used to connect the rear heat shield 40. The fifth bracket 63 is provided with two upper bracket side mounting holes 64. The upper bracket side mounting holes 64 are located between the side heat shield 30 and the catalytic muffler.
[0085] The upper bracket assembly 60 includes a fourth bracket 61, a third welding nut 62, and a fifth bracket 63; the fourth bracket 61 is a U-shaped bracket, welded to the back of the fifth bracket 63, the purpose of which is to fill the depression of the rear mounting position of the catalytic muffler; and a strip mounting hole is provided at the corresponding mounting position for adjusting the position so that the bolts at the side mounting hole 64 of the upper bracket are assembled and tightened; the upper bracket assembly 60 is installed at the rear of the catalytic muffler by passing the bolts through the strip mounting hole; the third welding nut 62 is welded to the back of the fifth bracket 63, and the fifth bracket 63 is a through hole corresponding to the third welding nut 62, which is used to fix the rear heat shield 40; two upper bracket side mounting holes 64 are provided on the fifth bracket 63, corresponding to the side mounting position of the catalytic muffler; the upper bracket side mounting hole 64 is located between the side heat shield 30 and the catalytic muffler, and the side heat shield 30, the upper bracket assembly 60 and the catalytic muffler are fixed by bolts to avoid shaking due to the lack of fixing points of the upper bracket assembly 60.
[0086] The present utility model is not limited to the above-mentioned optional implementation modes. Anyone can derive other various forms of products under the inspiration of the present utility model. However, no matter what changes are made in the shape or structure, all technical solutions that fall within the scope defined by the claims of the present utility model fall within the protection scope of the present utility model.
Claims
1. A catalytic muffler heat shield assembly, characterized in that: It includes a hanger assembly (10), an upper heat shield support assembly (20), a side heat shield (30), a rear heat shield (40), a lower support assembly (50), and an upper support assembly (60); There are two hanger assemblies (10), which are assembled on the side of the vehicle frame. The two hanger assemblies (10) are respectively located in front of and behind the catalytic muffler; Both ends of the upper heat shield support assembly (20) are respectively connected to a hanger assembly (10); The side heat shield (30) is connected to the upper heat shield support assembly (20); The rear heat shield (40) is connected to the lower support assembly (50) and the upper support assembly (60); The upper support assembly (60) is connected to the side heat shield (30); The lower support assembly (50) is connected to the catalytic muffler.
2. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hanger assembly (10) includes a casting support (11) and a rectangular tube (12); The casting support (11) is provided with four casting mounting holes, and the casting support (11) is connected to the side of the vehicle frame by bolts; The rectangular tube (12) is welded to the casting support (11). Four rectangular tube mounting holes are provided on the rectangular tube (12), and the rectangular tube (12) is fixed to the catalytic muffler by bolts.
3. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper heat shield support assembly (20) includes a first support (21). The first support (21) is connected with a plurality of first welding nuts (22). Through holes are provided at the positions corresponding to the first support (21) and the first welding nuts (22), and the through holes are used for assembling bolts.
4. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 3, characterized in that: The first support (21) is in a "C" shape. The bending part of the first support (21) adopts a reinforcing rib structure. Two support mounting holes for matching the rectangular tube (12) are provided at each end of the first support (21).
5. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The side heat shield (30) includes an upper surface and a side surface. The upper surface and the side surface are connected by a transition bending structure (32). Two beadings (41) are provided on the upper surface, and six upper mounting holes (31) are provided on the upper surface; Two beadings (41) are provided on the side surface. Four side mounting holes (33) and a plurality of heat dissipation holes are provided on the side surface.
6. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 5, characterized in that: A Logo mark (34) is provided on the side surface.
7. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: Two beadings (41) are provided on the rear heat shield (40), and two rear heat shield mounting holes (42) are provided on each beading (41).
8. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 3, characterized in that: The lower support assembly (50) includes a second support (51), a second welding nut (52), and a third support (53); The second support (51) is a U-shaped support, and the second support (51) is connected to the third support (53); The third support (53) is connected with a second welding nut (52). A through hole is provided at the position corresponding to the third support (53) and the second welding nut (52). Two lower support side mounting holes (54) are provided on the third support (53), and the lower support side mounting holes (54) are located between the side heat shield (30) and the catalytic muffler.
9. The catalytic muffler heat shield assembly according to claim 8, characterized in that: The upper support assembly (60) includes a fourth support (61), a third welding nut (62), and a fifth support (63); The fourth support (61) is a U-shaped support, and the fourth support (61) is connected to the fifth support (63); The fifth bracket (63) is connected to a third welding nut (62), through holes are provided at corresponding positions of the fifth bracket (63) and the third welding nut (62), the third welding nut (62) is used to connect to the rear heat shield (40), and the fifth bracket (63) is provided with two upper bracket side mounting holes (64), and the upper bracket side mounting holes (64) are located between the side heat shield (30) and the catalytic muffler.