Production filtering device
By employing a dual filtration structure and temperature control mechanism, the problem of impurities and condensates affecting the quality of conductive silver paste liquid reagents during transportation has been solved. This achieves efficient impurity separation and temperature control, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of conductive silver paste production.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ZHONGKE NATONG (CHONGQING) ELECTRONIC MATERIALS CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-01
AI Technical Summary
The liquid reagents in conductive silver paste, after being prepared in batches, carry impurities and condensates that are not filtered during transportation, affecting the quality of subsequent silver paste production.
It adopts a dual filtration structure, including filter plates and filter screens, combined with a cylinder-driven extrusion plate design to achieve efficient impurity separation. The temperature regulation mechanism dynamically controls the temperature of the material to ensure the stability and efficiency of the conveying process.
It effectively avoids material clogging problems, improves filtration efficiency, ensures material purity and precise temperature control, is suitable for temperature-sensitive chemical liquids, and enhances the overall quality of conductive silver paste production.
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Figure CN224180376U_ABST
Abstract
Description
A production filtration device Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of conductive silver paste production technology, and specifically discloses a production filtration device. Background Technology
[0002] Conductive silver paste is a functional material widely used in the electronics, electrical, and optoelectronic fields. It is a paste-like substance composed of silver powder, resin, solvent, and other additives, possessing excellent conductivity and adhesion. Conductive silver paste is commonly used to manufacture electrodes and connecting wires for electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
[0003] Conductive silver paste can be used to make electromagnetic shielding materials to prevent electromagnetic interference. Due to silver's excellent thermal conductivity, conductive silver paste can also be used to manufacture thermally conductive materials. For example, the utility model with authorization announcement number CN221618718U discloses a conductive silver paste filtration device, belonging to the field of conductive silver paste technology. It includes a filter box, a temperature regulating component on the side surface of the filter box, a discharge hopper at the bottom of the filter box, a filter screen inside the filter box, support blocks on both sides of the upper end of the filter box, a support plate on the upper end of the support blocks, and a fixing plate on the upper end of the support plate. This utility model includes a temperature regulating component, which allows the semiconductor cooling chip to be energized to cool and lower the temperature inside the filter box, and the electric heating wire to be energized to raise the temperature inside the filter box, thus facilitating the adjustment of the temperature inside the filter box and maintaining it within a suitable range. This utility model also includes a cleaning component, which uses rotating stirring blades to mix clean water and MEK / MIBK ketone solvents evenly, and then sprays the mixture evenly through a ring pipe and nozzle to dissolve and rinse the residual conductive silver paste inside the filter box. The cleaning effect is good and the operation is convenient.
[0004] Currently, after the conductive silver paste is produced, the liquid reagent used to mix with the silver powder needs to be quantitatively fed after preparation to ensure that it can form silver pastes of different viscosities after mixing with silver powder, resin and other additives. However, after batch preparation, this liquid reagent may carry impurities and some condensate. In order to avoid the impact of these impurities on the quality of the silver paste in the later production, it is necessary to filter it during the transportation process so that the liquid reagent can be directly used for mixing after transportation. Summary of the Invention
[0005] In view of this, the purpose of this utility model is to provide a production filtration device to solve the problem that if the impurities and condensates carried inside the liquid reagent used to prepare conductive silver paste are not filtered during transportation, they can easily affect the quality of the silver paste in the later stage.
[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a production filtration device, including a conveying mechanism, an auxiliary filtration mechanism above the conveying mechanism, and a temperature regulating mechanism on the conveying mechanism.
[0007] Furthermore, the conveying mechanism includes a feeding channel, a bearing is provided through the closed end of the feeding channel, a feeding shaft is provided through the bearing, a spiral blade is provided inside the feeding channel, the inner spiral surface of the spiral blade is welded and fixed to the surface of the feeding shaft, the outer spiral surface of the spiral blade is slidably and tightly attached to the inner wall of the feeding channel, a motor is provided at the outer end of the feeding shaft, a drive shaft is provided inside the motor, the end of the drive shaft is fixedly connected to the end of the feeding shaft by a coupling, and a channel interface is provided through the upper end of the feeding channel near the closed end.
[0008] The upper end of the channel interface is provided with a connector, the upper end of the connector is provided with a filter cylinder, and the bottom of the filter cylinder is provided with a filter plate.
[0009] Furthermore, a baffle is provided at the discharge position of the feeding channel, and a discharge port is provided through the lower end of the baffle. A valve is provided on the discharge port, and the valve core is embedded inside the discharge port.
[0010] Furthermore, the channel interface is provided with a plate frame inside, a filter screen is fixedly embedded on the inner side of the plate frame, and a limit block is provided on the inner wall of the channel interface, with the limit block in contact with the lower end of the plate frame.
[0011] Furthermore, the limiting block has a slot inside, an elastic clip is fixed at the lower end of the plate frame, the elastic clip and the slot are engaged with each other, and a pull head is provided at the upper end of the plate frame.
[0012] Furthermore, the auxiliary filtration mechanism includes a cylinder, which is connected through the upper center of the filter cylinder. The cylinder has a piston rod for driving inside, and a pressing plate is provided at the lower end of the piston rod. The outer ring wall of the pressing plate is slidably sleeved with the inner wall of the filter cylinder. The upper end of the filter cylinder has a through hole that penetrates its interior, and a feed port is provided through one side of the filter cylinder.
[0013] An annular groove is provided on the inner wall of the connector, and a sealing ring is filled inside the annular groove. The inner side of the sealing ring is in close contact with the outer wall of the filter cartridge. The sealing ring is made of water-swellable rubber material, which can seal and reinforce the connection between the filter cartridge and the connector during liquid transportation.
[0014] Furthermore, the outer ring wall of the connecting seat is provided with threaded posts, and the surface of the filter cylinder is provided with collars corresponding to the positions of the threaded posts. The surface of the threaded posts and the interior of the collars are connected through each other, and the upper end of the threaded posts is threadedly connected with a threaded cap.
[0015] Furthermore, the temperature regulating mechanism includes a sleeve, which is tightly fitted to the surface of the feeding channel, and the connection between the sleeve and the feeding channel is fixed by screws. An annular cavity is formed inside the sleeve.
[0016] The upper end of the sleeve is provided with a water outlet, which is connected to the annular cavity. The lower end of the sleeve is provided with a water inlet, which is connected to the annular cavity.
[0017] The working principle and beneficial effects of this solution are as follows: 1. This solution achieves efficient impurity separation of liquid reagents through a dual filtration structure (filter plate and filter screen), which is especially suitable for high viscosity or impurity-containing materials. The first filtration intercepts larger particles through the filter plate, and the second filtration finely screens the material through the filter screen, effectively avoiding the risk of contamination in subsequent transportation or processing. More importantly, the cylinder-driven extrusion plate design in the auxiliary filtration mechanism can apply mechanical pressure to the clogged filter plate or filter screen, forcibly pushing the material through the filter layer, which solves the clogging problem caused by the viscosity of the material in traditional filtration devices.
[0018] 2. As described in 1, the temperature regulation mechanism of this solution achieves dynamic temperature control of the conveyed material through the annular cavity design of the sleeve, combined with the high thermal conductivity of the stainless steel feeding channel and the aluminum alloy sleeve. The hot and cold water circulation can quickly regulate the material temperature (such as heating to prevent solidification or cooling to avoid volatilization), which is especially suitable for temperature-sensitive chemical liquids.
[0019] 3. As described in 2, the symmetrical through-holes at the top of the filter cartridge balance the internal and external air pressure during the extrusion process, avoiding the influence of vacuum resistance on piston movement. The sealing ring expands after contact with the liquid, further enhancing the extrusion sealing effect and ensuring that the pressure is fully applied to the material. This mechanism significantly improves the filtration efficiency of high solid content materials. At the same time, the detachable filter screen (operated by the pull head) and the modular design of the filter cartridge (unlocked by the threaded cap) allow for convenient maintenance of the overall structure during continuous operation.
[0020] Other advantages, objectives, and features of this invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examination and study, or may be learned from practice of this invention. The objectives and other advantages of this invention can be realized and obtained through the following description. Attached Figure Description
[0021] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of the various mechanisms in the embodiment;
[0022] Figure 2 is a front structural diagram of the embodiment;
[0023] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the embodiment;
[0024] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the channel interface in the embodiment;
[0025] Figure 5 is an enlarged schematic diagram of point A in the embodiment;
[0026] Figure 6 is a front view of the inside of the filter cylinder and connector in the embodiment;
[0027] Figure 7 is a partially enlarged schematic diagram of the sealing ring position in the embodiment;
[0028] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the sealing ring shape in the embodiment.
[0029] The following are the markings in the attached diagram: 1. Conveying mechanism; 2. Auxiliary filtration mechanism; 3. Temperature regulation mechanism; 10. Feeding channel; 11. Bearing; 12. Feeding shaft; 13. Spiral blade; 14. Motor; 15. Channel interface; 16. Connecting seat; 17. Filter cylinder; 18. Filter plate; 1001. Baffle; 1002. Discharge interface; 1003. Valve; 1501. Plate frame; 1502. Filter screen; 1503. Limiting block; 1504. Slot; 1505. Elastic clip; 1506. Pull head; 20. Feeding interface; 21. Through hole; 22. Cylinder; 23. Extrusion plate; 24. Annular groove; 25. Sealing ring; 2001. Threaded column; 2002. Collar; 2003. Threaded cap; 30. Sleeve; 31. Annular cavity; 32. Water outlet interface; 33. Water inlet interface. Detailed Implementation
[0030] The following detailed description illustrates the specific implementation method:
[0031] Example
[0032] As shown in Figures 1 to 8, a production filtration device is disclosed, including a conveying mechanism 1, an auxiliary filtration mechanism 2 is arranged above the conveying mechanism 1, and a temperature regulating mechanism 3 is also arranged on the conveying mechanism 1.
[0033] The conveying mechanism 1 includes a feeding channel 10, which is a cylindrical structure with one closed end. A bearing 11 is installed through the closed end of the feeding channel 10, and the bearing 11 is fixed to the feeding channel 10 by welding. The bearing 11 is a sealed bearing structure, and a feeding shaft 12 is installed through the inside of the bearing 11. One end of the feeding shaft 12 is located inside the feeding channel 10, and the other end extends outward through the feeding channel 10. A spiral blade 13 is installed inside the feeding channel 10, and the inner spiral surface of the spiral blade 13 is welded and fixed to the surface of the feeding shaft 12. The outer spiral surface of the spiral blade 13 slides and fits tightly against the inner wall of the feeding channel 10. A motor 14 is installed at the outer end of the feeding shaft 12. The outer wall is fixedly assembled to the surface of the feeding channel 10 by a bracket. The motor 14 is equipped with a drive shaft inside. The end of the drive shaft is fixedly connected to the end of the feeding shaft 12 by a coupling. The upper end of the feeding channel 10 near the closed end is provided with a channel interface 15. The connection position between the channel interface 15 and the feeding channel 10 is fixed by welding. When feeding is required, the power supply of the motor 14 is turned on. The motor 14 can drive the drive shaft, so that the feeding shaft 12 can rotate. Thus, the spiral blade 13 can be rotated, thereby realizing the spiral feeding of liquid reagents. The advantage of spiral feeding is that the mechanical seal between the spiral blade 13 and the feeding channel 10 can ensure quantitative discharge even during long-distance transportation.
[0034] A connecting seat 16 is provided at the upper end of the channel interface 15. The lower end of the connecting seat 16 is connected to the channel interface 15 via a flange. A filter cylinder 17 is provided at the upper end of the connecting seat 16. The outer wall of the filter cylinder 17 is slidably sleeved with the inner wall of the connecting seat 16. The filter cylinder 17 has a cylindrical structure. A filter plate 18 is provided at the bottom of the filter cylinder 17. The edge of the filter plate 18 is fixed to the inner wall of the filter cylinder 17 with screws. The lower end of the filter plate 18 is fitted with the inner bottom of the connecting seat 16. The filter plate 18 can perform initial filtration after the liquid reagent enters, thereby filtering impurities in the reagent. The filter cylinder 17 and the connecting seat 16 adopt a spliced structure, which facilitates the periodic disassembly and cleaning of the filter plate 18.
[0035] A baffle 1001 is provided at the discharge position of the feeding channel 10. The end face of the baffle 1001 is welded and fixed to the end face of the feeding channel 10. A discharge port 1002 is provided through the lower end of the baffle 1001. A valve 1003 is provided on the discharge port 1002. The valve core of the valve 1003 is embedded inside the discharge port 1002. When the liquid material in the feeding channel 10 is fed into the position of the baffle 1001 by the spiral blade 13, the valve 1003 can be opened to allow the liquid material to flow downward through the discharge port 1002. A container can be placed at the lower end of the discharge port 1002 or a pipeline can be connected to ensure the quantitative delivery of the liquid material.
[0036] The channel interface 15 is provided with a plate frame 1501 inside. The outer ring wall of the plate frame 1501 is slidably sleeved with the inner wall of the channel interface 15. A filter screen 1502 is fixedly embedded in the inner side of the plate frame 1501. The filter screen 1502 can perform secondary filtration after the filter plate 18 performs preliminary filtration. A limit block 1503 is provided on the inner wall of the channel interface 15. One end of the limit block 1503 is fixedly assembled with the inner wall of the channel interface 15. There are at least two limit blocks 1503, which are evenly distributed along the inner side of the channel interface 15. The limit block 1503 is in contact with the lower end of the plate frame 1501, which can limit the depth of the plate frame 1501 in the channel interface 15 to avoid excessive depth and difficulty in disassembly and cleaning.
[0037] The limiting block 1503 has a slot 1504 inside. The lower end of the plate frame 1501 is fixed with an elastic clip 1505. The elastic clip 1505 and the slot 1504 are interlocked. The shape of the elastic clip 1505 and the inner shape of the slot 1504 are both regular hexagons. The elastic clip 1505 is made of rubber material. The upper end of the plate frame 1501 is provided with a pull head 1506. One end of the pull head 1506 is welded to the surface of the plate frame 1501. The pull heads 1506 are symmetrically distributed along the upper end of the plate frame 1501. When it is necessary to clean or replace the filter screen 1502, the connecting seat 16 can be removed first. Then, the plate frame 1501 can be disassembled by directly pulling the pull head 1506 to separate the elastic clip 1505 from the slot 1504. Thus, the plate frame 1501 with the filter screen 1502 can be taken out from the channel interface 15.
[0038] The auxiliary filtration mechanism 2 includes a cylinder 22, which is disposed through the upper center of the filter cylinder 17. The connection between the cylinder 22 and the filter cylinder 17 is fixed by screws. A piston rod for driving is disposed inside the cylinder 22, and a pressing plate 23 is disposed at the lower end of the piston rod. The outer wall of the pressing plate 23 is slidably sleeved with the inner wall of the filter cylinder 17. A through hole 21 is provided at the upper end of the filter cylinder 17, symmetrically distributed along the top of the filter cylinder 17. The through hole 21 ensures air pressure balance between the pressing plate 23 and the filter cylinder 17 when the pressing plate 23 moves up and down, avoiding obstruction of advancement or retraction. A feed inlet 20 is disposed through one side of the filter cylinder 17, and the connection between the feed inlet 20 and the filter cylinder 17 is fixed by welding. When liquid materials are conveyed through the feed inlet 20, they can enter... The liquid material falls into the filter cylinder 17 and is then filtered by the filter plate 18 and the filter screen 1502. This process removes impurities from the liquid material. Since the liquid material has a certain viscosity, blockage may occur during filtration. The piston rod of the cylinder 22 can be pushed forward, allowing the extrusion plate 23 to slide and squeeze downwards based on its connection with the inner wall of the filter cylinder 17. This creates an effect similar to syringe injection, squeezing the material through the filter structure and into the feeding channel 10. The inner wall of the connecting seat 16 has an annular groove 24, which is filled with a sealing ring 25. The inner side of the sealing ring 25 is in close contact with the outer wall of the filter cylinder 17. The sealing ring 25 is made of water-swellable rubber material, which can seal and reinforce the connection between the filter cylinder 17 and the connecting seat 16 during liquid transport.
[0039] A threaded post 2001 is provided on the outer ring wall of the connecting seat 16. One end of the threaded post 2001 is fixedly assembled to the surface of the connecting seat 16 through a support frame. The surface of the filter cylinder 17 is provided with collars 2002 corresponding to the positions of the threaded posts 2001. The outer ring wall of the collars 2002 is fixedly assembled to the surface of the filter cylinder 17 through a bracket. The surface of the threaded post 2001 and the interior of the collars 2002 are connected through each other. The upper end of the threaded post 2001 is threadedly connected to a threaded cap 2003. The end face of the threaded cap 2003 is tightly attached to the end of the collar 2002. When it is necessary to separate the connecting seat 16 and the filter cylinder 17, the threaded cap 2003 is rotated first to separate the threaded post 2001 from the threaded post 2001. This allows the threaded post 2001 and the collar 2002 to slide off, thereby enabling quick disassembly and separation of the connecting seat 16 and the filter cylinder 17.
[0040] The temperature regulating mechanism 3 includes a sleeve 30, which is tightly fitted to the surface of the feeding channel 10, and the connection between the sleeve 30 and the feeding channel 10 is fixed by screws. An annular cavity 31 is opened inside the sleeve 30, and hot or cold water can be introduced into the annular cavity 31. A water outlet 32 is provided through the upper end of the sleeve 30, and the connection between the water outlet 32 and the sleeve 30 is fixed by welding. The water outlet 32 is connected to the annular cavity 31. A water inlet 33 is provided through the lower end of the sleeve 30, and the connection between the water inlet 33 and the sleeve 30 is fixed by welding. The water inlet 33 is connected to the annular cavity 31. The feeding channel 10 is made of stainless steel, and the sleeve 30 is made of aluminum alloy. Both have good thermal conductivity. By passing cold or hot water in the annular cavity 31, cooling or heating can be carried out directly during the conveying process when the liquid raw material needs to be heated or cooled, thereby improving the liquid material handling efficiency in the entire thermally conductive silver paste production process.
[0041] In practice
[0042] The conveying mechanism 1 of this solution achieves efficient conveying through the precise cooperation between the spiral blade 13 and the feeding channel 10. When the motor 14 drives the feeding shaft 12 to rotate, the spiral blade 13 welded to the surface of the shaft pushes the liquid material along the cylindrical feeding channel 10 toward the discharge end. The outer edge of the spiral blade 13 slides and adheres tightly to the inner wall of the channel, forming a dynamic mechanical seal, which effectively prevents material backflow or leakage. It is especially suitable for long-distance quantitative conveying of high-viscosity liquids (such as thermally conductive silver paste). The stainless steel feeding channel 10 and the thermally conductive design of the aluminum alloy sleeve 30 further optimize the heat exchange efficiency. The valve 1003 of the discharge port 1002 below the end of the baffle 1001 can accurately control the discharge amount, while the sealing structure of the bearing 11 ensures the stability of the rotating parts under high pressure. This design not only improves the conveying accuracy, but also reduces the maintenance frequency through mechanical seal.
[0043] The auxiliary filtration mechanism 2 adopts a dual filtration design: the liquid material first undergoes coarse filtration through the filter plate 18 at the bottom of the filter cylinder 17 to remove larger particulate impurities, and then undergoes secondary fine filtration through the filter screen 1502 in the channel interface 15 to ensure the purity of the material. The filter plate 18 is fixed with screws for easy disassembly, while the filter screen 1502 is embedded in the sliding plate frame 1501. With the hexagonal snap-fit structure of the elastic clip 1505 and the limiting block 1503, quick disassembly and assembly are achieved. When the filter screen is clogged, the cylinder 22 drives the squeezing plate 23 to press down, simulating the principle of syringe injection, forcibly pushing the viscous material through the filter layer. The water-expanding sealing ring 25 in the annular groove 24 expands in the humid environment, enhancing the sealing performance between the filter cylinder 17 and the connecting seat 16 and preventing side leakage. The locking design of the threaded column 2001, the collar 2002, and the threaded cap 2003 further simplifies the maintenance process of the filter assembly.
[0044] The temperature regulation mechanism 3 achieves real-time temperature control during material conveying through the annular cavity 31 of the sleeve 30. Cold or hot water is injected into the annular cavity 31 from the water inlet 33, flows through the outer wall of the feeding channel 10 and is discharged from the water outlet 32, forming a circulating heat exchange. The high thermal conductivity of the stainless steel feeding channel 10, combined with the rapid heat conduction of the aluminum alloy sleeve 30, can quickly transfer the temperature to the material being conveyed by the internal spiral. This design is particularly suitable for process scenarios that require heating and melting or cooling and solidification (such as the curing control of thermally conductive silver paste), avoiding the efficiency bottleneck of traditional batch temperature control. The enclosed structure of the annular cavity 31 ensures uniform temperature distribution, while the independent water inlet and outlet ports support continuous adjustment to meet the temperature sensitivity requirements of different materials.
[0045] The above description is merely an embodiment of this utility model, and common knowledge such as specific structures and characteristics in the solution is not described in detail here. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of this utility model, and these should also be considered within the protection scope of this utility model. These modifications and improvements will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of this utility model or its practicality.
Claims
1. A production filtration device, characterized in that: The system includes a conveying mechanism, an auxiliary filtration mechanism above the conveying mechanism, and a temperature regulating mechanism. The conveying mechanism includes a feeding channel, with a bearing extending through the closed end of the feeding channel. A feeding shaft extends through the bearing, and a spiral blade is installed inside the feeding channel. The inner spiral surface of the spiral blade is welded and fixed to the surface of the feeding shaft, while the outer spiral surface of the spiral blade slides and fits tightly against the inner wall of the feeding channel. A motor is installed at the outer end of the feeding shaft, and a drive shaft is installed inside the motor. The end of the drive shaft is fixedly connected to the end of the feeding shaft via a coupling. A channel interface extends through the upper end of the feeding channel near the closed end. A connecting seat is installed at the upper end of the channel interface. A filter cylinder is installed at the upper end of the connector, and a filter plate is installed at the bottom of the filter cylinder. The auxiliary filtration mechanism includes a cylinder, which is connected to the upper center of the filter cylinder. A piston rod for driving is installed inside the cylinder, and a pressing plate is installed at the lower end of the piston rod. The outer ring wall of the pressing plate is slidably sleeved with the inner wall of the filter cylinder. A through hole is opened at the upper end of the filter cylinder, and a feed port is provided through one side of the filter cylinder. An annular groove is opened on the inner ring wall of the connector, and a sealing ring is filled inside the annular groove. The inner side of the sealing ring is in close contact with the outer ring wall of the filter cylinder. The sealing ring is made of water-swellable rubber material, which can seal and reinforce the connection between the filter cylinder and the connector during liquid transportation.
2. The production filtration device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The feeding channel is equipped with a baffle at the discharge position. A discharge port is provided through the lower end of the baffle. A valve is provided on the discharge port, and the valve core is embedded inside the discharge port.
3. A production filtration device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The channel interface has a plate frame inside, and a filter screen is fixedly embedded on the inner side of the plate frame. A limit block is provided on the inner wall of the channel interface, and the limit block is in contact with the lower end of the plate frame.
4. A production filtration device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The limiting block has a slot inside, and an elastic clip is fixed at the lower end of the plate frame. The elastic clip and the slot are engaged with each other, and a pull head is provided at the upper end of the plate frame.
5. A production filtration device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The outer ring wall of the connector is provided with threaded posts, and the surface of the filter cylinder is provided with collars corresponding to the positions of the threaded posts. The surface of the threaded posts and the interior of the collars are connected through each other, and the upper end of the threaded posts is threaded with a threaded cap.
6. A production filtration device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The temperature regulating mechanism includes a sleeve, which is tightly fitted to the surface of the feeding channel, and the connection between the sleeve and the feeding channel is fixed by screws. An annular cavity is formed inside the sleeve. A water outlet is provided through the upper end of the sleeve, which is connected to the annular cavity. A water inlet is provided through the lower end of the sleeve, which is connected to the annular cavity.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Conductive silver paste filtering device
CN221618718U