Cover paper processing device

Abstract

The utility model provides a cover paper processing device which is used for forming a reinforcing layer at a preset position of cover paper and comprises a feeding device, a conveying device, a positioning sensor and a pasting device. Wherein the cover paper is contained in the feeding device, and the feeding device outputs the cover paper outwards by taking the cover paper as a unit. The conveying device is arranged on the downstream of the feeding device and drives the cover paper to move. The positioning sensor is arranged along the conveying device and can obtain the pose of the cover paper on the conveying device. The pasting device is arranged along the conveying device and located on the downstream of the positioning sensor, and the pasting device is configured to paste a reinforcing layer at the preset position of the cover paper. According to the embodiment of the utility model, the reinforcing layer can be formed at the preset position of the cover paper, a positioning line does not need to be printed, automatic production can be realized, the cover paper processing cost is reduced, and the cover paper processing efficiency and the quality stability of the cover paper are higher.

Description

Cover paper handling device Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of bookbinding technology, and in particular to a cover paper processing device. Background Technology

[0002] Hardcover books require a cover paper on the inside of the cover to serve as an lining for the front and back covers. In existing technology, during the cover forming process, the cover paper is prone to problems such as ink bleeding or tearing at the spine or book grooves. The spine refers to the two corners where the spine connects to the front and back covers. During hardcover book manufacturing, book grooves need to be formed. When the cover paper is pressed during forming, its relatively low strength can lead to damage or the cover not being able to completely wrap around it, affecting product quality.

[0003] To address this technical issue, existing hardcover binding processes typically involve introducing hot steam during the binding process to moisten the cover paper near the printing holes, reducing the risk of ink splattering or paper damage. However, this cannot completely eliminate the problem, impacting the yield rate. Another method involves manually applying a reinforcing layer to the cover paper. This requires printing positioning lines on the cover paper and then manually applying the reinforcing layer at those lines. This method is inefficient and incurs additional printing and labor costs.

[0004] The content of the background section is merely the technology known to the inventor and does not necessarily represent the prior art in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address one or more deficiencies in the prior art, this utility model provides a cover paper processing device for forming a reinforcing layer at a predetermined position on the cover paper. The cover paper processing device includes:

[0006] A feeding device, wherein the cover paper is housed inside the feeding device, and the feeding device outputs the cover paper outward in sheets;

[0007] A conveying device is located downstream of the feeding device and drives the cover paper to move.

[0008] A positioning sensor is provided along the conveying device, and the positioning sensor can acquire the position of the cover paper on the conveying device;

[0009] An adhesive applicator is disposed along the conveying device and located downstream of the positioning sensor, and the adhesive applicator is configured to adhesiveally attach a reinforcing layer at a predetermined position on the cover paper.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present invention, the cover paper processing device further includes:

[0011] A reinforcing device is disposed downstream of the adhesive device and applies positive pressure to the cover paper to bond and fix the reinforcing layer to the cover paper.

[0012] According to one aspect of the present invention, the reinforcing device includes a first roller and a second roller, the first roller and the second roller being disposed opposite to each other, the cover paper passing between the first roller and the second roller, and the first roller and the second roller applying positive pressure to the cover paper.

[0013] According to one aspect of the present invention, the cover paper processing device further includes an adjustment device, which is disposed downstream of the positioning sensor along the movement direction of the conveying device. The adjustment device adjusts the position of the cover paper on the conveying device in a direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the conveying device and / or adjusts the position of the cover paper in a direction parallel to the movement direction of the conveying device based on the position of the cover paper on the conveying device obtained by the positioning sensor.

[0014] According to one aspect of the present invention, the adjustment device includes one or more of a pull gauge, a differential wheel, a lever, and a suction cup.

[0015] According to one aspect of the present invention, the pasting device includes at least one sub-pasting device, the at least one sub-pasting device being arranged side by side along a direction of movement perpendicular to the conveying device, and the position of the at least one sub-pasting device corresponding to the side position of the cover paper perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device.

[0016] According to one aspect of the present invention, the sub-adhesive device includes:

[0017] A receiving wheel, wherein the reinforcing layer is rolled up and disposed on the receiving wheel, and one end of the reinforcing layer is led out from the receiving wheel;

[0018] A guide wheel, the axis of which is parallel to the axis of the receiving wheel, and the reinforcing layer is extended from the receiving wheel and attached to the circumference of the guide wheel;

[0019] A cutting blade is positioned near the cover paper and configured to cut the reinforcing layer, after which the cut reinforcing layer is pasted at a predetermined position on the cover paper.

[0020] According to one aspect of the present invention, the reinforcing layer is located near the sides of the cover paper on both sides perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device, and close to the middle of the sides.

[0021] According to one aspect of the present invention, the cover paper processing apparatus further includes a receiving device located downstream of the pasting device and configured to stack the cover papers with their sides aligned.

[0022] According to one aspect of the present invention, the positioning sensor communicates with the pasting device, the pasting device acquires the position of the cover paper on the conveying device obtained by the positioning sensor, and forms the reinforcing layer at a preset position on the cover paper.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the embodiments of this utility model provide a cover paper processing device that can form a reinforcing layer at a preset position on the cover paper, which is convenient for subsequent hardcover processing. The device obtains the position of the cover paper on the conveying device through a positioning sensor, eliminating the need to print positioning lines and enabling automated production. This reduces the cost of cover paper processing and improves the efficiency and quality stability of the cover paper. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the present invention and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of the present invention to explain the present invention, but do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0025] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the cover paper processing device in some embodiments of this utility model;

[0026] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the adhesive device in some embodiments of this utility model;

[0027] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the cooperation between the cover paper and the cover in some embodiments of this utility model. Detailed Implementation

[0028] In the following description, only certain exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the described embodiments can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention. Therefore, the drawings and description are considered exemplary in nature and not restrictive.

[0029] In the description of this utility model, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship, are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings and are only for the convenience of describing this utility model and simplifying the description. They do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this utility model. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the stated features. In the description of this utility model, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0030] In the description of this utility model, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or a connection that allows for mutual communication; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this utility model according to the specific circumstances.

[0031] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can include direct contact between the first and second features, or contact between the first and second features through another feature between them. Furthermore, "above," "over," and "on top" of the second feature includes the first feature directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature includes the first feature directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0032] The following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples for implementing various structures of this invention. To simplify the disclosure, specific examples of components and arrangements are described below. These are merely examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, reference numerals and / or letters may be repeated in different examples; such repetition is for simplification and clarity and does not in itself indicate a relationship between the various embodiments and / or arrangements discussed. In addition, examples of various specific processes and materials are provided in this invention, but those skilled in the art will recognize the application of other processes and / or the use of other materials.

[0033] The embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0034] Figure 1 shows the structure of a cover paper processing apparatus 100 according to some embodiments of the present invention. In this embodiment, the cover paper processing apparatus 100 is used to form a reinforcing layer 210 (see Figures 2 and 3) at a predetermined position on the cover paper 200 (see Figures 2 and 3). The cover paper processing apparatus 100 will now be described with reference to Figure 1.

[0035] Referring to Figure 1, the cover paper processing device 100 includes a feeding device 110, a conveying device 120, a positioning sensor 130, and a pasting device 140.

[0036] The cover paper is contained in a feeding device 110, which outputs the cover paper in sheets. In some embodiments, the feeding device 110 includes, for example, a hopper, in which the cover papers are stacked within the hopper. An output wheel is positioned near the processing position of the feeding device 110, pressing against the uppermost or lowermost cover paper. Through rolling friction, a single cover paper is output from the feeding device 110. In some embodiments, a limiting structure is also provided near the output position of the feeding device 110 to limit the thickness of the output cover paper, ensuring that the cover paper is output in sheets.

[0037] Furthermore, the cover paper can be replenished into the feeding device 110 manually or mechanically. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the cover paper in the feeding device 110 and the outlet position can be adjusted to make the cover paper processing device 100 suitable for processing cover paper of different sizes.

[0038] The conveying device 120 is located downstream of the feeding device 110 and drives the cover paper to move. The conveying device includes, for example, a conveyor belt, on which the cover paper is laid flat and moves along the direction of movement of the conveyor belt. In some embodiments, a negative pressure mechanism is also provided below the conveyor belt of the conveying device. The conveyor belt has through holes, and the negative pressure mechanism can adsorb the cover paper onto the surface of the conveyor belt, reducing the risk of the cover paper moving on the surface of the conveyor belt and improving the accuracy of cover paper processing.

[0039] The positioning sensor 130 is disposed along the conveying device 120, and the positioning sensor 130 can acquire the pose of the cover paper on the conveying device 120. In some embodiments, the positioning sensor 130 includes an image sensor, which can acquire an image of the cover paper on the conveying device 120, and the pose of the cover paper on the conveying device 120 can be determined by combining image processing and image analysis.

[0040] In some embodiments, the positioning sensor 130 further includes a through-beam sensor, which can acquire the position of the cover paper on the conveying device 120. For example, when the cover paper moves to a preset position, the signal of the through-beam sensor is blocked. The change in the electrical signal of the through-beam sensor can indicate the position of the cover paper.

[0041] In some embodiments, the cover paper processing apparatus 100 includes a plurality of positioning sensors 130. The plurality of positioning sensors 130 are disposed at different positions along the conveying device 120. By acquiring the pose of the cover paper at multiple positions on the conveying device 120, the risk of cover paper pose deviation is reduced, and the accuracy of cover paper processing is improved. The plurality of positioning sensors 130 can be of the same type or different types, used to acquire pose information of the cover paper at different positions.

[0042] The adhesive applicator 140 is disposed along the conveying device 120 and is located downstream of the positioning sensor 130. The adhesive applicator 140 can apply a reinforcing layer at a predetermined position on the cover paper. In some embodiments, the reinforcing layer comprises a transparent adhesive tape with one-sided adhesion, and the adhesive applicator 140 can output the transparent adhesive tape and adhere it to the predetermined position on the cover paper.

[0043] In some embodiments, the adhesive applicator 140 may also include an adhesive applicator and an adhesive applicator, wherein the adhesive applicator applies adhesive to a preset position on the cover paper and the adhesive applicator applies the reinforcing layer to the applied adhesive position.

[0044] In some embodiments, the pasting device 140 communicates with the positioning sensor 130, and the pasting device 140 can acquire the position of the cover paper on the conveying device 120 obtained by the positioning sensor 130, and form a reinforcing layer at a preset position on the cover paper according to the position of the cover paper on the conveying device 120. For example, the position of the pasting device 140 relative to the conveying device 120 is adjustable, and it is adjusted to correspond to the preset position of the cover paper according to the position information of the cover paper obtained by the positioning sensor 130. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the pasting device 140 is activated after the positioning sensor 130 acquires the position information of the cover paper.

[0045] In some embodiments, the adhesive device 140 may also form a reinforcing layer on the cover paper at a fixed frequency. The relative position of the cover paper and the adhesive device 140 may be adjusted by an adjustment device, which will be described in detail in subsequent embodiments.

[0046] In this embodiment, the cover paper processing device 100 can automatically form a reinforcing layer at a preset position on the cover paper. This eliminates the need to print positioning lines on the cover paper, reduces manual labor intensity, and improves work efficiency and accuracy. Using the cover paper processing device 100 in this embodiment can increase the strength of the cover paper at the corresponding position in the book's binding, reducing the occurrence of ink bursting or paper tearing at the binding points in hardcover books, and improving the product quality of hardcover books.

[0047] Referring to Figure 1, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cover paper processing apparatus 100 further includes a reinforcing device 150. The reinforcing device 150 is disposed downstream of the adhesive device 130 and can apply positive pressure to the cover paper to adhere and fix the reinforcing layer to the cover paper. The reinforcing device 150 can reduce the risk of the reinforcing layer detaching from the cover paper and provides bonding strength between the reinforcing layer and the cover paper.

[0048] In some embodiments, referring to FIG1, the reinforcement device 150 includes a first roller 151 and a second roller 152. The first roller 151 and the second roller 152 are disposed opposite to each other, and further, the axial directions of the first roller 151 and the second roller 152 are perpendicular to the movement direction of the conveying device 120. A gap exists between the first roller 151 and the second roller 152, through which the cover paper can pass. The first roller 151 and the second roller 152 apply positive pressure to the cover paper.

[0049] In some embodiments, the gap between the first roller 151 and the second roller 152 is adjustable so that the reinforcing device 150 can be adapted to cover paper of different thicknesses. In some embodiments, one of the first roller 151 and the second roller 152 is a driving roller and the other is a driven roller. The rolling method can not only improve the bonding strength between the reinforcing layer and the cover paper, but also occupy less space and provide the power to drive the cover paper to move.

[0050] In some embodiments, the reinforcing device 150 may also apply positive pressure to the cover paper in a flat pressing manner. Referring to Figures 2 and 3, the reinforcing layer 210 has a small proportion on the cover paper 200. The flat pressing method is less likely to deform the cover paper and has a better pressure holding effect.

[0051] Referring to Figure 1, in some embodiments, the cover paper processing apparatus 100 further includes an adjustment device 160. The adjustment device 160 is disposed downstream of the positioning sensor 130 along the movement direction of the conveying device 120. The adjustment device 160 can adjust the pose of the cover paper on the conveying device 120 based on the pose of the cover paper acquired by the positioning sensor 130. Furthermore, the adjustment device 160 can adjust the pose of the cover paper in a movement direction perpendicular to the conveying device 120, and / or in a movement direction parallel to the conveying device 120.

[0052] In some embodiments, the adjusting device 160 is located upstream of the pasting device 140 and can adjust the orientation of the cover paper so that a preset position on the cover paper corresponds to the position of the pasting device 140. This improves the accuracy of processing the cover paper.

[0053] For example, the adjusting device 160 can adjust the position of the cover paper in the direction of movement perpendicular to the conveying device 120, so as to change the position of the cover paper in the direction of movement of the conveying device 120, and align the position of the cover paper with the pasting device 140 in the direction of movement of the conveying device 120.

[0054] In some embodiments, the adjusting device 160 can adjust the position of the cover paper in a direction parallel to the movement of the conveying device 120 to change the distance between the cover paper and the pasting device 140. For example, the adjusting device 160 can be used to enable the pasting device 140 to form a reinforcing layer on the cover paper at a fixed frequency, thereby reducing the control difficulty of the cover paper processing device 100.

[0055] In some embodiments, the adjusting device 160 may also adjust the orientation of the cover paper simultaneously in a direction of movement perpendicular to the conveying device 120 and in a direction of movement parallel to the conveying device 120. For example, the adjusting device 160 may adjust the angle of the cover paper to prevent the cover paper from tilting relative to the conveying device 120.

[0056] According to some embodiments of this utility model, the adjustment device 160 includes one or more of the following: a pull gauge, a differential wheel, a lever, and a suction cup. For example, the pull gauge can adjust the angle of the cover paper on the conveying device 120, reducing the risk of the cover paper tilting. The differential wheel can adjust the position of the cover paper on the conveying device 120 by controlling the movement speed of the cover paper at different positions. The lever and the suction cup can adjust the position of the cover paper on the conveying device 120 by moving the cover paper on the conveying device 120.

[0057] In some embodiments, the pasting device 140 includes at least one sub-pasting device 141. Specifically, referring to FIG2, in some embodiments, the pasting device 140 includes two sub-pasting devices 141, which are arranged side by side along a direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the conveying device 120, and the positions of the two sub-pasting devices 141 correspond to the side positions of the cover paper 200 on both sides perpendicular to the movement direction of the conveying device 120. For example, the two sub-pasting devices 141 are close to the long side of the cover paper 200.

[0058] In some embodiments, the pasting device 140 may further include a plurality of sub-pasting devices 141, which are arranged side by side along a direction of movement perpendicular to the conveying device 120. A reinforcing layer 210 may be formed at multiple locations on the cover paper 200. Preferably, the reinforcing layer 210 is located near the edge of the cover paper 200 perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device 120, corresponding to the location of the binding slot or book groove.

[0059] In hardcover books, the spine is prone to paper tearing and fraying at the seams, which are located near the top and bottom sides of the spine. In this embodiment, the cover paper processing device 100 forms a reinforcing layer 210 at the corresponding position of the seam. Furthermore, the preset position of the cover paper 200 is near the sides of the cover paper 200 on both sides perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device 120, and close to the middle of the sides (i.e., the position corresponding to the spine). The reinforcing layer 210 is formed at the position shown in Figure 2.

[0060] Referring to Figure 3, in some embodiments, the length of the reinforcing layer 210 along the movement direction of the conveying device 120 can be adjusted according to the spine thickness of the hardcover book. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reinforcing layer 210 is greater than the spine thickness and extends 10mm-20mm to both sides of the spine, for example, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 16mm, 18mm, 20mm, etc. The reinforcing layer 210 fully covers the binding area, which helps reduce the risk of ink spillage or paper damage at the binding area.

[0061] In some embodiments, the sub-adhesive device 141 includes a receiving wheel 142, a guide wheel 143, and a cutting blade 144. The reinforcing layer 210 is rolled up and housed on the receiving wheel 142, with one end of the reinforcing layer 210 extending from the receiving wheel 142. In some embodiments, the reinforcing layer 210 comprises transparent adhesive tape with adhesive applied to one side, rolled up and housed on the receiving wheel 142. The receiving wheel 142 may not be connected to a power source and is only used to support and house the reinforcing layer 210.

[0062] The axial direction of the guide wheel 143 is parallel to the axial direction of the receiving wheel 142, for example, both are perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveyor 120. The reinforcing layer 210, after being extended from the receiving wheel 142, is attached to the circumference of the guide wheel 143. The guide wheel 143 may not be connected to a power source. The guide wheel 143 guides the extension direction of the reinforcing layer 210 and provides tension to prevent the reinforcing layer 210 from loosening or sticking.

[0063] The cutting blade 144 is positioned close to the cover paper 200 and can cut the reinforcing layer 210. The cut reinforcing layer 210 is then pasted onto the cover paper 200 at a predetermined position.

[0064] In some embodiments, the sub-adhesive device 141 can apply pressure to the cut reinforcing layer 210 to improve the bonding strength between the reinforcing layer 210 and the cover paper 200. For example, as the cover paper 200 moves along the conveyor 120, a preset position of the cover paper 200 moves directly below the sub-adhesive device 141, and the sub-adhesive device 141 applies pressure to adhere one end of the reinforcing layer 210 to the cover paper 200. As the cover paper 200 continues to move a preset distance along the conveyor 120, the cutter 144 cuts the reinforcing layer 210, forming the reinforcing layer 210 at the preset position on the cover paper 200.

[0065] Referring to Figure 1, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cover paper processing apparatus 100 further includes a receiving device 170. The receiving device 170 is disposed downstream of the pasting device 130 and can align and stack the cover papers by their sides. In some embodiments, the receiving device 170 is disposed downstream of the reinforcing device 150.

[0066] The receiving device 170 can align and stack the cover paper with the reinforced layer. For example, it can stack and transport the paper in piles for direct use in subsequent binding steps.

[0067] Finally, it should be noted that the above descriptions are merely embodiments of this utility model and are not intended to limit the utility model. Although the utility model has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model.

Claims

1. A cover paper processing device, characterized in that, The cover paper processing device, used to form a reinforcing layer at a predetermined position on the cover paper, includes: a feeding device, in which the cover paper is housed and outputs the cover paper in sheets; a conveying device, located downstream of the feeding device and driving the cover paper to move; a positioning sensor, disposed along the conveying device and capable of acquiring the position of the cover paper on the conveying device; and an adhesive device, disposed along the conveying device and located downstream of the positioning sensor, configured to adhesively adhere the reinforcing layer at the predetermined position on the cover paper.

2. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cover paper processing device further includes a reinforcement device, which is disposed downstream of the pasting device and applies positive pressure to the cover paper to fix the reinforcement layer to the cover paper.

3. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that, The reinforcement device includes a first roller and a second roller, which are arranged opposite to each other. The cover paper passes between the first roller and the second roller, and the first roller and the second roller apply positive pressure to the cover paper.

4. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cover paper processing device further includes an adjustment device, which is disposed downstream of the positioning sensor along the movement direction of the conveying device. The adjustment device adjusts the position of the cover paper on the conveying device according to the position of the cover paper obtained by the positioning sensor in the direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the conveying device and / or adjusts the position of the cover paper in the direction parallel to the movement direction of the conveying device.

5. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, The adjustment device includes one or more of the following: pull gauge, differential wheel, lever, and suction cup.

6. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pasting device includes at least one sub-pasting device, which is arranged side by side along the direction of movement of the conveying device, and the position of the at least one sub-pasting device corresponds to the side position of the cover paper perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device.

7. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that, The sub-adhesive device includes: a receiving wheel, on which the reinforcing layer is rolled up and one end of the reinforcing layer is led out from the receiving wheel; a guide wheel, the axis of which is parallel to the axis of the receiving wheel, and the reinforcing layer is led out from the receiving wheel and adhered to the circumference of the guide wheel; and a cutting blade, which is located near the cover paper and configured to cut the reinforcing layer, and the cut reinforcing layer is adhered to a predetermined position on the cover paper.

8. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that, The reinforcing layer is located near the sides of the cover paper on both sides perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveying device, and close to the middle of the sides.

9. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cover paper processing apparatus further includes a receiving device located downstream of the pasting device and configured to stack the cover papers with their sides aligned.

10. The cover paper processing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The positioning sensor communicates with the pasting device, and the pasting device acquires the position of the cover paper on the conveying device obtained by the positioning sensor, and forms the reinforcing layer at a preset position on the cover paper.

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