Cable connectors for motor vehicles

Abstract

Cable connectors for motor vehicles comprehensive - a first metal part (20), - a second metal part (40) adjacent to the first metal part (20), - a locking element (60) that moves the two metal parts (20, 40) apart in a respective locking direction (50, 52), - wherein each of the two metal parts (20, 40) has a front impact surface (28, 48) and associated front contact surface (26, 46) located in the locking direction (50, 52) of the respective metal part (20, 40) away from the locking element (60), and each has a rear impact surface (22, 42) and associated rear contact surface (24, 44) located opposite the locking direction (50, 52) of the respective metal part (20, 40) away from the locking element (60), - wherein, in a locked state of the cable connector, the front impact surface (28, 48) of each of the two metal parts (20, 40) rests against the rear impact surface (22, 42) of the respective other metal part (20, 40) and the front contact surface (26, 46) of each of the two metal parts (20, 40) rests against the rear contact surface (24, 44) of the respective other metal part, characterized in that - the surface normals (29) of the front (28, 48) and rear impact surfaces (22, 42) of each of the metal parts (20, 40) run at least partially in the opposite direction to the locking direction (50, 52) of the respective other metal part (20, 40), and - for each of the two metal parts (20, 40) the surface normals (29) of the front impact surfaces (28, 48) run at least partially in the opposite direction to the surface normal (27) of at least a part of the associated front contact surfaces (26, 46), and - for each of the two metal parts (20,40) the surface normals (23) of the rear impact surfaces (22,42) run at least partially in the opposite direction to the surface normal (25) of at least part of the associated rear contact surface (24,44).

Description

[0001] The subject matter relates to a cable connector for motor vehicles and a method for manufacturing a cable connector.

[0002] As the electrification of automobiles increases, ever higher currents are transmitted within vehicles. This is generally done via electrical cables. Cable connectors are also used to enable connections between components such as power electronics, batteries, motors, etc., and cables, as well as connections between two cables.

[0003] Connectors are widely used. Common automotive connectors are mostly based on spring contacts. In these spring-loaded connectors, a first and a second, usually metal, current-carrying base body are connected / clamped together by a spring positioned between them. The spring's restoring force enables permanent mechanical and electrical contact between the spring element and the two base bodies. These often very thin springs are designed so that they have numerous point-like protrusions on at least one contact surface against a base body, where the mechanical and electrical connection is established. The electric current flows between the spring and the base body at these contact points. Due to the limited area of ​​such a textured surface, the contact resistance increases, and Joule heating occurs at the contact point. An increase in current-carrying capacity, or...Reducing contact resistance and thus power loss in such a design is achieved almost exclusively by increasing the number of contact points. Furthermore, the choice of spring material for spring-loaded connectors always represents a compromise between electrical conductivity and mechanical properties such as Young's modulus or relaxation.

[0004] In addition to conducting electrical energy, the cables in modern vehicles increasingly serve to conduct heat, not least because of the excellent thermal conductivity of their conductor materials, such as copper and aluminum. Cables are therefore often an essential component of the vehicle's thermal management system. A coupling between two cables, between cables and electrical components, or between electrical components themselves—for example, between battery cell connectors or battery module connectors, or between a battery cell—a so-called "flying coupling," thus has the task of conducting heat in addition to conducting electricity. However, connectors are poorly suited for this purpose, as such transitions in the wiring harness often generate additional, unwanted heat through Joule losses.Furthermore, heat transfer is hindered by the often thin spring components; even worse, the low heat capacity of the inherently thin springs can lead to rapid heating, which in the worst case can cause cable fires.

[0005] Screw connectors are far better suited for heat transfer. They involve pressing relatively large contact surfaces of two base bodies together with a force generated by a thread. This large contact area reduces ohmic resistance and increases thermal conductivity. Screw connectors also typically have a large thermal mass compared to plug connectors. Therefore, they heat up more slowly than thin springs at high instantaneous currents. This slow thermal response of the connection reduces the risk of overheating. Such a large thermal mass and high thermal conductivity are particularly important in the powertrain of electric vehicles, where high currents can occur during braking (via recuperation), acceleration, or high-current charging.

[0006] A disadvantage of screw connections, however, is that screwing them together is a more complex assembly step compared to push-fit connections. This step is more time-consuming and prone to errors. This is particularly problematic given the increasing automation of manufacturing in the field of electromobility. The increased assembly time required for screw connections makes them unattractive for automated production. For example, in the production of high-current batteries, where numerous battery cells and modules need to be connected, the sheer number of screw connections results in a considerable assembly effort. Furthermore, screw connectors can be susceptible to problems such as defective threads. Therefore, some screw connectors already use contact elements with two adjacent screw components to reduce the likelihood of errors and failure rates. This, however, leads to further assembly effort.

[0007] From DE 10 2012 010 277 A1, it is known to connect two interlocking metal parts with a screw connection. The interlocking metal parts achieve strain relief. However, the arrangement described there still relies on a screw connection, which involves a relatively high assembly effort. Furthermore, only parts of the surfaces of the two metal parts are pressed together with significant forces.

[0008] From DE 101 61 796 C1 it is known to connect conductor sections to each other in a form-fitting manner using locking bolts and recesses provided for this purpose. High forces on conductive connection surfaces are not achieved in this way.

[0009] GB 2 578 832 A concerns a securing element for ropes and other components. This element comprises a pair of interlocking connecting parts, which can be secured by plug-in elements. Forces on the connecting surfaces are neither desired nor achieved.

[0010] DE 27 05 798 A1 relates to a coupling element in which two components interlock. These are held in position relative to each other by a sleeve-like clamp. However, no significant force is exerted on the connecting surfaces in this way.

[0011] US Patent 2,490,316 A discloses an electrical connector comprising two connectable components. Each component has individual undercut connecting pins that can engage with the connecting pins of the other component.

[0012] US Patent 1,975,244 A describes a compound consisting of interlocking elements. These are enclosed and held by sheaths.

[0013] FR 2 580 344 A1 also relates to an electrical connector with interlocking parts which are surrounded by a lockable sheath.

[0014] The underlying objective was therefore to combine the advantages of a screw connection with those of a plug connection. This required pressing large surfaces together with high normal forces to generate good electrical and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the connector needed to have a high heat capacity to absorb a significant amount of heat energy and prevent rapid overheating. Another key focus was on assembly, which should be fast, reproducible, and ideally automatable.

[0015] This problem is solved by a connector according to claim 1 and a manufacturing method according to claim 23.

[0016] The connector in question comprises a first metal part and a second metal part. The metal parts can be made of copper or a copper alloy and / or aluminum or an aluminum alloy. For example, high-strength aluminum alloys such as EN AW 6082 can be used. Other materials, such as other metals or alloys thereof, like steel, silver, gold, lead, etc., can also be used, as well as other conductors such as polymers, semiconductors, or similar materials. Combinations of non-conductors and conductors can also be used, in which conductors are arranged at least at the contact surfaces described later, and the non-conductors perform purely mechanical functions. Combinations of different materials with varying degrees of conductivity, such as different metals like copper and steel, can also be used.This allows for good conductivity on the one hand and high mechanical stability on the other, at reduced costs compared to a single-material version.

[0017] The two metal parts can be made of the same material, especially the same alloy. This has the advantage of preventing contact corrosion caused by the different redox potentials of different metals. Another advantage is that there are no different coefficients of thermal expansion. Therefore, the two metal parts expand to the same extent when heated, and thermal stresses are avoided.

[0018] It is also possible for both metal parts to be made of different materials and / or material combinations, particularly two different metal alloys. For example, one metal part could be made of copper or a copper alloy, and the other of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. This allows aluminum cables, such as solid flat conductors, and copper conductors, such as flexible stranded conductors, to be connected to a single metal part of the cable connector. This reduces or prevents contact corrosion between the cable and the connector.

[0019] At least one of the metal parts can be made from solid material. This is advantageous for the component's heat capacity. It is also possible for at least one of the metal parts to comprise segments of flat sections. This approach allows for high stability with low weight and minimal material usage. Furthermore, the increased surface area can promote heat dissipation, thus enabling a higher maximum heat loss for the cable connector. In any case, the size of the metal parts can be adapted to the conductor diameter and / or current rating, and therefore to the expected heat generation and power loss. A larger size results in a larger surface area for heat radiation and convection. Additionally, a larger volume leads to a higher heat capacity.

[0020] One or both metal parts may be provided with terminals for conductors. These can be round, flat, or otherwise shaped terminals. The terminals may be designed for soldering or welding, e.g., friction welding, ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, laser welding, etc., to cables. The terminals may be roughened, coated, or otherwise surface-treated. One or more holes may also be provided in the terminals. The terminals may also be shaped as sleeves and / or cable lugs. They may be suitable for contacting and / or receiving flat conductors, round conductors, solid conductors, and / or stranded wires. The terminals are preferably made of the same material as the metal part to which they are attached. However, they may also be made of a different material.

[0021] To define the relationships between surfaces, surface normals are used. A surface is initially a connected area on a three-dimensional body that can be divided into several segments. A surface does not have to be flat but can be composed of segments with different spatial orientations. The orientation of a surface segment is characterized by its surface normal. A surface normal is a vector that is exactly perpendicular to the corresponding surface segment. In the following, surface normals of a surface segment of a body point away from the body, so that the vector lies outside the body. The length of the surface normal is irrelevant and is defined as normalized to a value, for example, the value 1 of a specific chosen unit of length. Two vectors are described as pointing in opposite directions if their dot product is less than zero.

[0022] It is possible, but not necessary, for the two vectors to be exactly antiparallel to each other. If the two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their dot product is exactly zero.

[0023] The two metal parts are partially in contact with each other. A locking element is provided that moves the two metal parts apart. This locking element moves each metal part in a specific locking direction. The respective locking direction can be represented by a vector. The locking directions of the two metal parts are opposite to each other (see above, less than zero dot product) and can, in particular, be essentially antiparallel to each other.

[0024] The locking element can be formed as a locking surface on each of the two metal parts, facing opposite directions and separated by a gap. By inserting a third element, a locking component, between the two locking surfaces, the two metal parts can be moved apart. The locking component can be shaped as a cuboid, cylinder, or in other ways; in particular, the locking component can be tapered along a spatial axis. The locking component can thus be wedge-shaped. The locking component is preferably inserted into the gap in an insertion direction that differs from the locking directions of the two metal parts. The insertion direction can be essentially perpendicular to the locking direction of at least one of the two metal parts.To improve grip, the locking element may be roughened, for example, by bumps, grooves, ribbing, a rough coating, etc. At least one of the locking surfaces may also be shaped accordingly. It is also possible that the locking element and / or at least one of the locking surfaces is coated, for example, with non-conductors such as silicone, rubber, or plastic, which can deform elastically and thus absorb mechanical stresses. The locking element and / or at least one of the locking surfaces may also be coated with a conductive coating such as nickel, tin, etc., which may be softer than the rest of the locking element's material.

[0025] The locking element can be made at least partially from a similar or the same material as one or both of the metal parts. This choice of material avoids differing coefficients of thermal expansion and prevents contact corrosion. It is also possible for the locking element to be made from a different material than at least one of the metal parts, which can be either conductive or non-conductive. The locking element can be formed from a solid material. In this case, it can be made from a low-compressibility material such as solid copper or aluminum. It is also possible for the locking element to be formed from an elastic material such as plastic, rubber, silicone, etc., or from material combinations such as rubberized glass or ceramic.A locking element made of solid material can, at least in sections, fit precisely into the gap between the two locking surfaces, the width of which is determined by the other design of the connector as described below.

[0026] It is also possible that the locking element is not formed from a solid material, but rather has an elastic structure with spring-like characteristics. For example, it may include metal brackets. These elastic elements, such as brackets, can absorb mechanical stresses as deformation and flexibly fit into the gap between the locking surfaces. No additional material needs to be placed between the elastic elements. However, it is also possible that the locking element includes other components besides the elastic elements, such as a supporting, electrically conductive or non-conductive filling, which can be rigid or elastic, etc.

[0027] The locking element can be designed as a separate component, completely separable from the two metal parts. Alternatively, it can be guided and attached to one of the two metal parts. For example, a rail can mount the locking element so that it can slide in essentially one direction. It is also possible to mount the locking element so that it can rotate on one of the metal parts and be screwed in to lock it. Since the contact with a screwed-in locking element can be relatively weak compared to a pushed-in locking element, it is particularly advisable to roughen the surface, for example, by creating grooves. The advantage of a guided locking element is that it cannot be lost if the connection is reopened. Furthermore, it can be advantageous during assembly if separate locking elements do not need to be kept in stock.

[0028] The metal parts are in contact with each other in certain areas. For this purpose, contact surfaces are provided. Each of the two metal parts has a front contact surface located behind the locking element in the locking direction of the metal. Each of the two metal parts also has a second, rear contact surface located in front of the locking element in the locking direction. The locking element, or the components of the locking element, which are arranged on the respective metal part, is therefore located between the two contact surfaces of the metal part: the rear and the front. The rear contact surface is spaced away from the locking element in the opposite direction to the locking direction of the metal part, while the front contact surface is spaced away from the locking element in the same direction as the locking direction of the metal part.In this case, the locking element refers to the part of the locking element that is part of the respective metal component. For example, this could be the locking surface on the respective metal component described above.

[0029] Each of the two metal parts has, in addition to the two contact surfaces—the front and the rear—two further surfaces, the butt surfaces. A first, front butt surface is positioned away from the locking element in the locking direction of the respective metal part. A second, rear butt surface is positioned away from the locking element in the opposite direction to the locking direction of the respective metal part. The front butt surface of each metal part is thus located on the same side of the locking element as the front contact surface, along the locking direction. The rear contact surface and the rear butt surface of the same metal part are located on opposite sides of the locking element. The front butt surface may, in certain areas, be positioned further away from the locking element in the locking direction than the front contact surface.The front impact surface can also be located closer to the locking element, at least in some areas, than the front contact surface. The same applies to the rear contact and impact surfaces.

[0030] The front (rear) contact surface and the front (rear) butt surface of at least one metal part can merge directly into one another, so that an uninterrupted line can be drawn from the butt surface into the contact surface. Alternatively, the front (rear) contact and butt surfaces can be separate.

[0031] The two metal parts can be essentially identical in shape to each other.

[0032] A joined state of the two metal parts can now be defined. In this state, the front contact surface of the first metal part rests at least partially against the rear contact surface of the second metal part, and the rear contact surface of the first metal part rests at least partially against the front contact surface of the second metal part. Similarly, the front butt surface of the first metal part rests at least partially against the rear butt surface of the second metal part, and the rear butt surface of the first metal part rests at least partially against the front butt surface of the second metal part. "Restating" here means that the surfaces can exert a force on each other, directly or indirectly. Preferably, a mechanical and an electrical contact is established between the contact surfaces and / or between the end faces by this contact.An additional element, such as a conductor or a non-conductor, can also be positioned between the surfaces. In the case of butt surfaces, such an intermediate layer can, for example, absorb mechanical stress and / or facilitate the sliding of the metal parts against each other. In the case of contact surfaces, such an intermediate layer could, for example, be a conductive, soft film that compensates for unevenness and ensures good contact. The intermediate elements mentioned as examples can also be used on the other surfaces (butt or contact surfaces).

[0033] In any case, large-area contact of the surfaces, especially the contact surfaces of the two metal parts, is advantageous in order to achieve low ohmic resistance and good thermal conductivity.

[0034] When joined, the two metal parts can have a substantially closed outer surface, which can, for example, essentially describe a cuboid, a cylinder, a sphere, an ellipsoid, a wedge, or something similar. The precise interlocking of the two metal parts avoids unnecessary edges, thus reducing the risk of damage to adjacent cables or other components, especially in tightly packed cable harnesses.

[0035] The contact surfaces of each metal part, when joined, serve the purpose of preventing the movement of the other metal part in its locking direction. Thus, when moving in its locking direction, the first metal part abuts the contact surfaces of the second metal part, the front and / or rear, with at least one of its two contact surfaces, preferably both contact surfaces (the rear and the front). For this purpose, the contact surfaces of each of the two metal parts are, at least partially, oriented opposite to the locking direction of the other metal part. Reference is made here to the above definition of "opposite," which states that the dot product between the surface normals of the contact surfaces of one metal part and the vector of the locking direction of the other metal part is negative."At least partially" should be understood to mean that at least part of the surface has a corresponding orientation. Since the surface does not have to consist of a single flat segment, it is conceivable that some areas of the mating surfaces are not oriented opposite to the locking direction of the other metal part, while others are. In particular, those areas of the mating surface should be oriented opposite to the locking direction of the other metal part where the other metal part actually rests in the joined and / or locked state.

[0036] It is also possible for only one of the two contact surfaces in each pair of adjacent contact surfaces, e.g., the rear surface of one metal part and the front surface of the other, to be oriented in the opposite direction to the movement of the other metal part. The other contact surface can also be shaped as a linear, point-like, or otherwise formed local protrusion. Multiple protrusions are also conceivable. Furthermore, the two contact surfaces of a pair can be flat and, when locked, essentially parallel to each other.

[0037] As a further, secondary purpose, the impact surfaces redirect at least part of the force emanating from the locking element towards the contact surface. For this purpose, the respective front contact surface and the respective front impact surface of a metal part are first defined as belonging to the other surface, and the respective rear contact surface and rear impact surface of the same metal part are defined as belonging to each other. The redirection of the force is then achieved by ensuring that each impact surface is not only partially oriented opposite to the locking direction, but also opposite to certain areas of its respective contact surface. Consequently, the contact surface of the respective impact surface is also partially oriented opposite to its corresponding contact surface.

[0038] The locking element exerts a force on the contact surfaces via the abutting surfaces, pressing them against each other with a normal force. The front contact surface of the first metal part is thus pressed against the rear contact surface of the second metal part. Likewise, the rear contact surface of the first metal part is pressed against the front contact surface of the second metal part. A high force is advantageous to ensure good contact with low contact resistance. As described above, it is advantageous if both metal parts and the locking element have similar or identical coefficients of thermal expansion, so that the normal force does not decrease due to differing coefficients of expansion within an expected temperature range of -40°C to 150-180°C.

[0039] As described above, the surfaces, i.e., both contact surfaces and abutment surfaces, need not be perfectly flat and formed from a single flat segment, but can consist of several differently oriented segments. In particular, the contact and / or abutment surfaces can be textured. This texture can be formed as ribs and grooves along which one metal part can slide against the other. For example, these textured structures can be essentially constant along the respective locking direction, especially if the locking direction of a metal part is exactly perpendicular to the surface normal of a textured contact surface. It is also possible for the contact and / or abutment surfaces to be concave and / or convex.In an advantageous embodiment, the relief structures of the two metal parts interlock, thereby increasing the size of the contact area compared to flat surfaces and guiding the metal parts against each other. Specifically, the front contact surface can have concave recesses, and the rear contact surface can engage with these concave recesses via a convex shape. Alternatively, the front contact surface can have convex recesses, and the rear contact surface can engage with these convex recesses via a concave shape. The same applies to the front and rear abutment surfaces. Of course, other surface textures are conceivable, such as serrated, triangular, or interlocking reliefs, etc.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the contact surfaces of a first metal part are aligned, at least partially, parallel to the locking direction of the respective metal part and / or the other metal part. The same can apply to the second metal part. The metal parts can then slide along each other at the contact surfaces.

[0041] The contact surfaces of a metal part, both front and rear, can be essentially parallel to each other, at least partially or entirely. Similarly, the contact surfaces of both metal parts can all be parallel to each other, at least partially or entirely. The same applies to the buttresses, both for one metal part and for both metal parts.

[0042] The contact surfaces of a pair of adjacent contact surfaces, each formed from one contact surface of each of the two metal parts, can also be essentially parallel to each other. This can apply to both pairs of contact surfaces of the cable connector. The same can also apply to the butt surfaces.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, both the locking directions of both metal parts and the surface normals of both contact surfaces and both abutting surfaces of both metal parts run at least partially essentially parallel to a common plane or to each other.

[0044] The mating surfaces and / or contact surfaces may be coated, at least in certain areas. In particular, they may be coated with nickel and / or tin, which may be softer than the main material of the metal parts, thus ensuring better contact. The mating surfaces and / or contact surfaces may also have other surface treatments, such as polishing and being manufactured to be particularly flat.

[0045] As an alternative to the locking element consisting of locking surfaces and a sliding locking part, other designs are conceivable. For example, a screw mechanism could be used, anchored in a thread in one of the two metal parts, which could then be brought close to a locking surface on the other metal part. Both metal parts could also have screw elements that can be extended relative to each other. Snap elements or spring elements permanently attached to the metal parts are also conceivable; these would be tensioned when the two metal parts engage, thus exerting a constant force and maintaining contact between the metal parts in the joined state.

[0046] To protect against moisture and other environmental influences, the cable connector can be provided with a protective sheath. This sheath can consist of a coating on the metal parts, for example, made of plastic, silicone, ceramic, rubber, glass, etc. This coating is preferably applied to the surfaces of the metal parts that are not contact and / or impact surfaces. The coating can also be applied to the area of ​​the locking element, although the surface of the metal parts in this area can also be excluded. To ensure a good seal of the cable connector when assembled, the coating can extend laterally beyond the contact and impact surfaces, so that no gap remains through which water and other chemicals could penetrate.The protruding coating edges can also be arranged as a groove on one metal part and a lip on the other, so that they interlock when the metal parts are joined. The edges of the coatings on both metal parts can also be shaped identically, for example as lips, thickenings, grooves, etc. It can be advantageous to choose a harder coating for one metal part than for the other, so that the coating edge of the first metal part can press into the coating of the other, thus achieving a better seal.

[0047] It is possible that the locking element may leave an opening in the cable connector, for example, if a locking part is recessed between the locking surfaces. To still achieve insulation against moisture and other environmental influences, a cover may be provided to seal the remaining opening. Alternatively, the locking element itself may close the opening created by the two metal elements. For this purpose, the wedge may, for example, have an insulating cap. Closing the opening can, in particular, provide protection against contact, especially with fingers (IPxxB standard) or wires (IPxxD standard), and / or seal the opening watertight and / or airtight and / or hermetically.

[0048] A housing can also be fitted around the entire cable connector, which is placed around it when assembled. The housing can be made of silicone, rubber, preferably harder materials such as plastic, or even ceramic. Alternatively, two or more housing parts can be placed separately around and / or attached to both metal parts, and these can also be fitted together to create a seal when assembled. Snap-in elements and / or a circumferential seal made of a softer material than the housing, such as silicone or rubber, can ensure a permanent seal.

[0049] In a further embodiment, a metal part can have, in addition to the first two contact surfaces, butt surfaces, and parts of a first locking element, two further contact surfaces, two further butt surfaces, and parts of a further locking element. The metal part thus designed can be connected to one, two, or more further metal parts, thereby enabling, for example, a Y-connection. A metal part can also have further connecting surfaces and locking elements, enabling a 4-, 5-, or 6-connection or a connection of more elements and / or cables.

[0050] The metal parts can be manufactured using processes such as die casting, investment casting, or extrusion. These processes allow for a particularly fine, flat, and uniform surface. However, it is also possible to choose other processes, which may be combined with subsequent surface treatment.

[0051] The subject matter is explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing showing an exemplary embodiment. The drawing shows: Fig. 1 Exemplary embodiment of the two metal parts of the cable connector in question; Fig. 2 Exemplary embodiments of a physical metal part with surface normals shown; Fig. 3 Examples of two interlocking metal objects in top view; Fig. 4 Examples of the cable connector in question in isometric view; Fig. 5 Examples of the butt surfaces of the cable connector in question; Fig. 6 Exemplary embodiments of the locking element of the cable connector in question; Fig. 7 Examples of the contours of the butt and contact surfaces of the cable connector in question; Fig. 8 Exemplary embodiment of an insulated, physical cable connector; Fig. 9 Exemplary embodiment of a cable connector with a metal part intended for multiple contacts; Fig. 10 Examples of connection terminals for the cable connector in question.

[0052] The cable connector 1 in question is formed from a first metal part 20 and a second metal part 40. These are in Fig. Figure 1a shows the first metal part 20 having a front impact surface 28, a rear impact surface 22, a front contact surface 26, and a rear contact surface 24. A second metal part 40 is provided analogously. This part, in turn, has a front impact surface 48, a rear impact surface 42, a front contact surface 46, and a rear contact surface 44.

[0053] It can be advantageous to match the external dimensions, especially the thickness, of the two metal parts 20, 40 so that few edges protrude after joining. In particular, it is possible for the two metal parts to be essentially identical in shape.

[0054] Fig. Figure 1b shows the two metal parts 20 and 40 in their joined state. The front contact surface 28 of the first metal part 20 rests against the rear contact surface 42 of the second metal part 40, and the rear contact surface 22 of the first metal part 20 rests against the front contact surface 48 of the second metal part 40. The rear contact surface 24 of the first metal part 20 rests against the front contact surface 46 of the second metal part 40, and the front contact surface 26 of the first metal part 20 rests against the rear contact surface 44 of the second metal part 40. This essentially results in a cuboid.

[0055] The fact that the surfaces are in contact with each other can be understood to mean that they exert a force on each other, at least in certain areas. They can also be in contact indirectly via one or more additional elements arranged between the contacting surfaces.

[0056] The two metal parts 20, 40 are moved relative to each other by means of a locking element 60. In the embodiment shown, a wedge is used as the locking element 66, which is inserted between two locking surfaces 62, 64. A first locking surface 62 is located on the first metal part 20 and a second locking surface 64 on the second metal part 40. By inserting the locking element 66, it comes into contact with both locking surfaces 62 and 64 and pushes them, and thus the metal parts 20, 40, apart. The locking element 66 can preferably be inserted precisely into the gap so that it is in an interference fit between the locking surfaces 62, 64. The locking element 66 can be pressed into the gap between the locking surfaces 62, 64 with a defined pressure or force.

[0057] For the locking element 66, an end position can be defined in which the two metal parts 20, 40 are firmly locked together and the locking element 66 can only be moved with force due to friction on the locking surfaces 62, 64. In this state, the locking element 66 can project beyond the surface of the metal parts 40, 60, be flush with at least one of them, or form a recess in the cable connector 1.

[0058] The first metal part 20 is moved by the locking element 60 in a first locking direction 50, the second metal part 40 is moved in a second locking direction 52. The locking directions 50 and 52 are different from each other, in particular opposite to each other (scalar product < 0), and can in particular be antiparallel to each other.

[0059] Referring to Fig. Paragraph 2 explains that the evaluation of whether two vectors are perpendicular to each other can be carried out by shifting the vectors so that their starting points are identical (see right-hand side). Fig. 2) For the case shown in Fig. 2 it becomes apparent that the surface normals 23, 29 of the butt surfaces 22 and 28 of the first connecting part 20 are opposite to both the locking direction 52 of the second metal part 40 and the surface normals 25, 27 of the contact surfaces 24 and 26.

[0060] Firstly, this ensures that the first metal part 20 restrains the second metal part 40 in the locking direction, since the contact surfaces 42 and 48 of the second metal part 40 bear against the contact surfaces 22, 28 of the first metal part 20, which are directed opposite to the locking direction 52 of the second metal part 40. This applies in exactly the opposite way to the first metal part 20, which is prevented from further movement in its locking direction 50 by the contact surfaces 42, 48 of the second metal part 40.

[0061] Furthermore, the alignment of the abutment surface normals 23, 29 opposite to the corresponding contact surface normals 25, 27 causes the second metal part 40, which is moved by the locking element 60 against the abutment surfaces 22, 28, to be deflected towards the contact surface 24, 26. The second metal part 40 now abuts these contact surfaces 24, 26 with its respective contact surfaces 46, 44, so that it is held at least by force and form locking.

[0062] Fig. Figure 3 shows various possible orientations of the contact surfaces 24, 46, 26, 44 and abutting surfaces 28, 42, 22, 48 of the two metal parts 20, 40. A top view of the cable connector 1 is shown. The contact and abutting surfaces 24, 46, 26, 44 can essentially be flat surfaces with a single orientation perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. They can also each be curved, twisted, or otherwise deformed. For the following considerations, at least one segment of each surface should be oriented essentially perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, so that the seam lines of the Fig. 3 the area-by-area alignment of the surfaces can be seen. The locking directions 50, 52 of the two metal parts 20, 40 are in the in Fig. 3 ac shown embodiments parallel to the contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46, which are aligned parallel to each other in the joined state.

[0063] For a more detailed explanation of the surface orientations, please refer to Fig. 3 referred to, in which the surface normals 23 (perpendicular to rear impact surface 22), 25 (perpendicular to rear contact surface 24), 27 (perpendicular to front contact surface 26), 29 (perpendicular to front impact surface 28) for the first metal part 20 are shown.

[0064] It can be seen that in all exemplary embodiments of the Fig. 3 ac the contact surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48 are directed opposite to the locking direction of the respective other metal part (scalar product between surface normals 23, 25, 27, 29 and locking direction vector 50, 52 < 0).

[0065] It can also be seen that the surface normals 23, 29 of the impact surfaces 22, 28 are directed opposite to their respective associated contact surface.

[0066] In Fig. Figure 3d shows a design in which the contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46 are curved in plan view. They can also be curved so strongly that their surface normals in certain areas no longer oppose the surface normals of the corresponding butt surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48. It is sufficient if the surface normals of the contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46 are in the opposite direction to the surface normals of the respective butt surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48 in certain areas.

[0067] In the exemplary embodiments from Fig. In 3 ad, the butt surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48 are generally located further away from the locking element 60 than the respective corresponding contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46. However, the butt surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48 can also be, as in Fig. 3 e shown, closer to the locking element 60 than at least areas of the associated contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46.

[0068] Contact and impact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46, 22, 28, 42, 48 generally do not have to be formed from a single flat segment but can also comprise segments of different orientations. An exemplary design with such surfaces is shown in Fig. Figure 3f shows that the impact surfaces 22, 48, 26, and 42 were first divided into sub-areas (22a, 22b, 22c, 48a, 48b, 48c, and 28a, 28b, 42a, 42b), each of which has an orientation according to the invention. The horizontal impact surface areas in the figure have a different orientation. The impact surfaces comprise these horizontal sub-areas and the inventively oriented sub-areas (22a, 22b, 22c, 48a, 48b, 48c, and 28a, 28b, 42a, 42b). Impact surface 28 was provided with raised areas. The raised areas 28a and 28b themselves can also be considered impact surface 28. Their surface orientation is irrelevant to the function of the invention. However, at least small segments of the yield will be oriented contrary to both the locking direction 52 of the second metal part 40 and the surface normal of the associated contact surface 26.The alignment of the impact surface 42, more precisely its sub-areas 42a, 42b, already causes the first metal part 20 to be pressed with its contact surface 26 against the contact surface 44 of the second metal part 40. It becomes clear that the partial alignment of the two contacting impact surfaces (22, 48) and (28, 42) is sufficient to press the corresponding contact surfaces (24, 46) and (26, 44) against each other by means of the locking element 60.

[0069] Fig. Figure 3g shows another related embodiment in which the abutment surfaces 22, 48 and 28, 42 are divided into three sub-areas, each with a substantially constant orientation. The horizontally oriented sub-areas (surface normals substantially perpendicular) are aligned according to the invention. The vertically oriented sub-areas (surface normals substantially horizontal) alone would not achieve the desired locking effect. Here, too, the term "abutment surface" can refer either to the horizontally oriented sub-area alone, or to the composite surface consisting of two vertical and one horizontally oriented sub-area.

[0070] Fig. Figure 4 shows two different exemplary designs of the metal parts 20 and 40. In the Fig. 4a Both metal parts 20, 40 are formed from several flat segments. The contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46 and abutting surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48 are each formed from flat segments that are oriented essentially parallel to the respective contact or abutting surface. Perpendicular flat elements are provided to increase mechanical stability. These are optional. One advantage of this design is the reduced material requirement; another is the increased surface area exposed to the environment, allowing heat to be radiated and dissipated in other ways, such as through convection.

[0071] Another design, shown in the Fig. 4b resembles a cylinder. This cylindrical shape facilitates the integration of cable connector 1 into cable harnesses. For example, the connector can be machined to approximately the same diameter as the cable, particularly for cables with a round diameter. This avoids bulges along the cable bundle in the area of ​​cable connector 1. Furthermore, the absence of sharp edges reduces the likelihood of damage to adjacent components, especially cables.

[0072] Fig. 5 describes the exemplary embodiment Fig. 3g goes even further. One of the contact surfaces of two mating surfaces can be shaped not as a flat surface, but as one or more point-like, linear, or otherwise shaped protrusions. The protrusion can be flattened and, in the locked state, have an end face that is essentially parallel to the surface against it. It can also be rounded. A rounded design is in Fig. 5a shown. If the protrusion is rounded, only a very small surface segment of the impact surface 42 is aligned opposite to the locking direction 50 of the first metal part 20 and the surface normal of the contact surface 44. The orientation of the other impact surface, which is formed as a surface, is sufficient to direct the two contact surfaces belonging to the respective impact surfaces towards each other, starting from the force emanating from the locking element 60. The protrusions of one impact surface can, for example, essentially form a line as shown in Fig. Describe 5b. Here, the survey is not as described in Fig. 5a, rounded, but has a flattened front surface. A rounded shape is equally possible, however. Several such linear protrusions, parallel or inclined to each other, are also possible. Alternatively, point protrusions as in Fig. 5c is conceivable. Here, too, single or multiple raised areas distributed in an ordered or unordered manner on the contact surface are conceivable. Alternatively, at least one contact surface can be heavily roughened, resulting in an irregularly shaped surface structure with raised areas and depressions that, when the cable connector 1 in question is locked, partially contact the opposing contact surface of the other metal part and / or are pressed in and / or penetrate the opposing contact surface.

[0073] Fig. Figure 6 shows possible embodiments of locking elements 60, in addition to the one shown in Fig. 1a revealed wedge 66 with locking surfaces 62, 64.

[0074] In particular, several guided embodiments of locking elements 66 are disclosed. The guide 67 can have the property that the locking element 66 can only move in one direction. Furthermore, the guide 67 can connect the locking element 66 to at least one of the metal parts 20, 40 in a captive manner. This has the advantage that only two separate elements, namely the two metal parts 20, 40, need to be handled for the assembly of the cable connector 1 in question. No locking element 66 needs to be kept in stock in a processing machine, etc. Even if the cable connector 1 is opened, the locking element 66 is not at risk of being lost.

[0075] In Fig. Figure 6a discloses a wedge as a locking element 66, which is movable along a guide 67. This guide 67 can comprise a rail or other substantially linear projection in the locking surface 62, which is encompassed by a groove or other substantially linear recess in the locking element 66. Alternatively, the guide can be arranged as a recess in the locking surface 62 of the metal part 20 (or the locking surface 64 of the metal part 40), and the projection can be located on the locking element 66.

[0076] Another example of a locking element 60 with guide 67 is in Fig. Figure 6b shows that the locking element 66 can be rotated about a guide 67 formed as a rotary bearing. By rotating the locking element 66 from the upper to the lower position shown, the Fig. 6b, the locking of the cable connector 1 is achieved. A rounded shape of the locking part 66, as shown, is advantageous here in order to fully engage the locking part 66 in the gap in the lower part of Fig. to be able to move to the end position shown in 6b.

[0077] In both of the locking element configurations shown, as well as in other configurations, it can be helpful to increase the friction between the locking part 66 and the locking surfaces 62, 64. This can be achieved by roughening the surface, by sandblasting, etching, and other processes, or by targeted relief work, such as during casting, which creates grooves, bumps, waves, etc., that can increase the friction between the locking part 66 and the locking surfaces 62, 64. Fig. Figure 6c shows an example of roughened surfaces.

[0078] Alternative locking elements 60 are in Fig. 6 df is shown. In Fig. 6d The locking element 60 comprises a screw guided in a thread of a first metal part 20, which can be turned against the locking surface 64 of the second metal part 40. The locking part 66 is, in this case, the screw.

[0079] Fig. Figure 6e shows a spring element as a locking part 66, which is fixedly or movably attached to the locking surface 62 of the first metal part 20 and is pressed in when the two metal parts 20, 40 are assembled, so that the restoring force of the spring element moves the two metal parts 20, 40 apart. Analogous to Fig. 6e shows Fig. 6f another spring element. The spring element of the Fig. The 6d version has the advantage that lateral insertion does not significantly deflect the spring downwards, allowing it to press the metal part in the locking direction even after insertion. The spring of the Fig. 6f may require additional guidance in the spring direction. Spring elements as locking parts 66 generally have the advantage that the two metal parts 20, 40 can be plugged together and are immediately locked. However, the disadvantage is a significantly reduced force emanating from the locking element 60 compared to, for example, a metal wedge fitted under pressure in an interference fit. This reduces the normal force on impact and contact surfaces, and the contact can become more resistant.

[0080] As already discussed, contact surfaces 24, 26, 44, 46 and buttress surfaces 22, 28, 42, 48, and also the locking surfaces 62, 64 need not be planar with a single orientation but can also have areas of different orientations. Some examples of such surface shapes are shown in Fig. Figure 7 shows a relief such as would be visible through a section through the two metal parts 20 and 40. It is advantageous if the surfaces of the metal parts 20 and 40 can slide against each other in a preferred direction. This can be ensured for the contact surfaces by making the profile constant along the locking direction of at least one of the metal parts in a direction perpendicular to the locking direction. For example, grooves can be formed in the metal along this direction. For the abutment surfaces 22, 28, 42, and 48, a constant relief in the direction of the corresponding contact surface is helpful so that the metal part slides along this profile onto the contact surface. Fig. Figure 7a shows a described advantageous profile profile with an exemplary angular profile.

[0081] Furthermore, it is helpful if the metal parts 20, 40 interlock at the contact and abutment surfaces. This ensures that the metal parts 20, 40 are securely guided. In addition, they hold together better in the locked position, and the contact area is increased compared to flat contact and abutment surfaces. The described profiling is particularly advantageous for the contact surfaces.

[0082] Fig. Figure 7b shows a first wavy profile, in Fig. Figure 7c shows a concave profile of a first surface and a complementary convex profile of a second surface. Fig. Figure 7d shows another embodiment of interlocking surfaces.

[0083] To improve contact between adjacent contact and butt surfaces, these can be coated, particularly with softer metals such as nickel or tin. Other metals such as gold or other conductive materials are also conceivable. Advantageously, a coating is applied only to the contacting contact and butt surfaces; see Coatings 70, 72 in [reference missing]. Fig. 6e.

[0084] The cable connector 1 described so far generally has an unprotected metallic outer surface. This has the disadvantage that it can come into electrical and mechanical contact with other conductors, and is also susceptible to corrosion or other damage from environmental influences. To eliminate these risks, it is advantageous to insulate the cable connector 1 from the outside. This can be achieved by a housing that is placed around the cable connector 1 after it has been connected and locked.

[0085] Fig. Figure 8a shows another advantageous embodiment of insulation from the environment. Here, the metal parts 20, 40 are coated with an insulating layer 80 on at least parts of the outer surfaces that are not contact surfaces, butt surfaces, locking surfaces or other outer surfaces not to be insulated. This insulating layer is preferably non-conducting and can be made of plastic, silicone, rubber, but also of ceramic, glass, etc.

[0086] To ensure complete insulation of the metal parts 20, 40 of the cable connector 1 in the locked state, a cover 82 can close the opening in the area of ​​the locking element 60 after locking. The cover 82 can also be part of the locking part 66, which may have an insulating end that blocks the opening when inserted. The cover can also be formed as part of the housing. It is also possible that the head of the wedge has an insulating coating. The wedge itself can also be formed as part of the housing.

[0087] In the area of ​​the transitions between insulation layer 80 and contact and / or butt surfaces, which must be in direct electrical and mechanical contact with each other, there is an increased risk of moisture ingress. To prevent this, the insulation layer 80 can extend beyond the surfaces as shown in Fig. Figures 8c and 8d show a groove 84 in the projection of the insulating layer 80 on one metal part and a corresponding projection 86 on the insulating layer 80 of the other metal part, engaging in the groove, can enable increased insulation performance at the interface between the two metal parts 20 and 40. Multiple grooves 84 and lips 86 can also be provided, arranged side by side and interlocking, thus increasing the sealing effect.

[0088] It can also be, as in Fig. Figure 8d shows that an insulating layer 80 a,b of a first metal part 20 is softer than the insulating layer 80 c,d of the second metal part 40. Because the protrusion of the harder insulating layer 80 c,d can press into the softer insulating layer 80 a,b, the insulation becomes particularly dense.

[0089] The cable connectors described so far are intended for connecting two cables or other components. It is also possible to extend this connection concept to multiple cables. Fig. Figure 9 shows a physical cable connector 1 in which the second metal part 40 has several docking points for cable connectors 1, each comprising a front butt surface 48, front contact surface 46, rear contact surface 44 and rear butt surface 42. At least parts of locking elements 60 are also provided. Fig. 9a demonstrates a star-shaped design, Fig. 9b a side-by-side building form.

[0090] Connections are required to connect cable connector 1 to cables. This is shown below. Fig. 10 Some examples of cable connection terminals 90. In Fig. Figure 10a shows a tab with a hole for this purpose. This can be used for screw or rivet connections. Fig. Figure 10b shows a flat 90 terminal without a hole, for example for press or solder connections. Fig. Figure 10c shows a round terminal 90. This can be formed from solid material. Cables, for example, can be welded to it, particularly by friction welding, ultrasonic welding, and / or laser welding. A hollow design as a sleeve 90 is also possible, as shown in Figure 10c. Fig. Figure 10d shows a possible example of a cable lug that could accommodate cables or other elements. The sleeve 90 can also have a round cross-section.

Claims

[1] Cable connectors for motor vehicles comprising - a first metal part (20), - a second metal part (40) adjacent to the first metal part (20), - a locking element (60) which moves the two metal parts (20, 40) apart in a respective locking direction (50, 52), - wherein each of the two metal parts (20, 40) has a front abutment surface (28, 48) located away from the locking element (60) in the locking direction (50, 52) of the respective metal part (20, 40) and an associated front contact surface (26, 46), and each has a rear abutment surface (22, 42) located away from the locking element (60) opposite the locking direction (50, 52) of the respective metal part (20, 40) and an associated rear contact surface (24, 44), - wherein, in a locked state of the cable connector, the front abutting surface (28, 48) of each of the two metal parts (20, 40) rests against the rear abutting surface (22, 42) of the respective other metal part (20, 40) and the front contact surface (26, 46) of each of the two metal parts (20, 40) rests against the rear contact surface (24, 44) of the respective other metal part characterized by , that - the surface normals (29) of the front (28, 48) and rear abutment surfaces (22, 42) of one of the metal parts (20, 40) extend at least partially opposite to the locking direction (50, 52) of the other metal part (20, 40), and - for each of the two metal parts (20, 40), the surface normals (29) of the front abutting surfaces (28, 48) extend at least partially opposite to the surface normal (27) of at least some of the associated front contact surfaces (26, 46), and - for each of the two metal parts (20, 40), the surface normals (23) of the rear abutting surfaces (22, 42) extend at least in some areas opposite to the surface normal (25) of at least part of the associated rear contact surface (24, 44). [2] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the front contact surface (26,46) of at least one of the two metal parts (20,40) is in substantially direct contact with the rear contact surface (24,44) of the respective other metal part (20,40) over the width perpendicular to the locking direction (50,52) at least in some areas and the surface profiles of the two contact surfaces are substantially constant along the locking direction (50,52) of at least one of the two metal parts (20,40). [3] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the locking element comprises a first locking surface on the first metal part and a second locking surface on the second metal part, which are opposite to one another and which are spaced apart by a gap, and a locking wedge rests against both locking surfaces (62, 64) so ​​that the locking wedge pushes the two metal parts (20, 40) apart in their respective locking direction (50, 52). [4] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the two metal parts (20,40) are essentially identical in shape to each other. [5] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to claim 1, characterized by , that - the area-wise surface normals (23, 29) of the front (28, 48) and rear abutment surfaces (22, 42) and front (26, 46) and rear contact surfaces (24, 44) of both metal parts (20, 40) and the locking directions (50, 52) of both metal parts (20, 40) run essentially parallel to a common plane. [6] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by , that - the surface normals (25, 27) of the front (26, 46) and / or rear contact surfaces (24, 44) of at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) are directed at least in some areas substantially in the same direction. [7] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the surface normals (23, 29) of the front (28, 48) and rear abutting surfaces (22, 42) of at least one of the two metal parts are directed substantially in the same direction, at least in some areas. [8] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the locking direction (50) of the first metal part (20) is substantially opposite to the locking direction (52) of the second metal part (40), in particular the locking directions (50, 52) of the two metal parts (20, 40) are antiparallel to one another. [9] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the front abutment surface (28, 48) of at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) is at least partially concave and / or the rear abutment surface (22, 42) of the other metal part (20, 40) is at least partially convex or the front abutment surface (28, 48) of at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) is at least partially convex and / or the rear abutment surface (22, 42) of the other metal part (20, 40) is at least partially concave. [10] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the front abutting surface (28, 48) of one of the two metal parts (20, 40) has local, in particular punctual or linear, elevations. [11] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the front contact surface (26,46) of at least a first (20) of the two metal parts (20,40) is at least partially concave and the rear contact surface (24,44) of the other metal part (20,40) is at least partially convex or that the front contact surface (26,46) of at least a first (20) of the two metal parts (20,40) is at least partially convex and the rear contact surface (24,44) of the other metal part is at least partially concave. [12] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least one of the contact surfaces or abutting surfaces of at least one metal part (20, 40) has an electrically conductive coating, in particular a nickel, silver, gold or copper coating. [13] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least one abutting surface of at least one metal part (20,40) indirectly abuts the abutting surface of the other metal part (20,40) and a conductor or a non-conductor is arranged between the abutting surfaces and / or at least one contact surface of at least one metal part (20,40) indirectly abuts a contact surface of the other metal part (20,40) and a conductor is arranged between the contact surfaces. [14] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) is coated on at least one surface which is not a contact or abutting surface with an insulating layer, in particular with a non-conductor. [15] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the insulation layer of at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) projects beyond at least one contact and / or abutting surface and / or that the insulation layer of the first metal part (20) engages in the insulation layer of the second metal part (40) in the joined state, in particular that the insulation layers of both metal parts (20, 40) engage with each other in a watertight manner, at least in sections or all around. [16] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - a cover covers the locking element (60) in the locked state, in particular the cover provides contact protection for the cable connector and / or makes it watertight to the outside. [17] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the locking element (60) is a screw element, a clamping element, a spring element, and / or a wedge. [18] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least one of the metal parts (20, 40) has a connection console, in particular a hole, a connection lug, a plug, a plug socket, a thread, a clamp and / or a welding surface. [19] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the first metal part (20) is made of a first metal material and the second metal part (40) is made of a second metal material, wherein the first metal material is different from the second metal material or the first metal material is the same as the second metal material. [20] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least one of the metal parts (20,40) is at least partially formed as a flat part and / or at least one of the metal parts (20,40) is at least partially formed as a solid material. [21] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - the two metal parts (20, 40) essentially complement each other in the locked state to form a cuboid, a cylinder, a sphere, an ellipsoid or a wedge. [22] Cable connector for motor vehicles according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that - at least the first metal part (20) has at least two further contact surfaces and two further abutting surfaces into which a further metal part can engage and at least a second locking element locks the first metal part (20) to the second metal part (40). [23] Method for producing a cable connector according to one of the preceding claims, in which at least one of the two metal parts (20, 40) and / or a locking part (66) are produced by die casting, investment casting and / or an extrusion process.

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