Manifolds, systems and methods for conducting biological studies under flow - Patents.com

Abstract

Some embodiments of the present disclosure disclose manifolds, microfluidic systems, and methods that provide control of fluid flow distribution to an array of bio-scaffolds housed within the manifold. In some embodiments, multiple perfusion fluids can be injected into the manifold via multiple inlets, the manifold including a bio-assembly having a substrate on which the bio-scaffolds are disposed. Biological studies of the perfusion fluids can then be performed within the vascular components and chambers of the bio-scaffolds.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 248,404, filed September 24, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

[0002] The present specification relates generally to manifolds, microfluidic systems, and methods for conducting biological studies under flow, and more specifically to manifolds, microfluidic systems, and methods that provide controlled distribution of fluid flow to an array of bio-scaffolds contained within the manifold. [Background technology]

[0003] Preclinical research and drug development generally rely on testing the behavior of human cells in flat petri dishes and animal models of human diseases to understand physiology and predict drug performance in the human body. However, the research environment may not adequately represent the complex network interactions that actually occur in the human body. For example, the cellular environment on a plastic plate typically cannot accurately reflect the true cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, the process of testing various drug concentrations to identify the optimal drug concentration can be cumbersome. Thus, improved tools and platforms are needed that accurately reflect the cellular microenvironment and enable more efficient testing processes, such as during drug studies to characterize the efficacy of multiple drug doses. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Some embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a manifold. The manifold includes a plate having one or more partitions, a first partition of the one or more partitions includes a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate. In some cases, the bio-scaffold inlet of the first bio-scaffold is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet, and the bio-scaffold outlet of the first bio-scaffold is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet. In some cases, the first partition further includes an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition for contacting and applying an adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition to secure the substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first partition. Further, the manifold includes a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet that are in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0005] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method. The method includes injecting a first fluid into a common fluid channel of the manifold through a first manifold inlet of the manifold; and injecting a second fluid into the common fluid channel through a second manifold inlet of the manifold. In some cases, the manifold includes a first partition, the first partition having a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate. The common fluid channel is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and configured to direct a first mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the first bio-assembly inlet.

[0006] Some embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method of producing a manifold. The method includes using an additive manufacturing technique to fabricate a plate having one or more partitions, a first partition of the one or more partitions includes a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold. The method further includes chemically functionalizing a substrate with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker by an additive manufacturing technique including contacting with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker to polymerize a first hydrogel precursor to fix the substrate to the first bio-scaffold fabricated thereon. The method further includes providing an adhesive to an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition to contact and apply the adhesive to the substrate when positioning the first bio-assembly on the first partition to attach the substrate to the first partition. The method also includes fabricating, using additive manufacturing techniques, a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0007] Some embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a bio-assembly comprising: a lid; a barrier configured to adhere to the lid when in contact with the lid; a housing including a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet; a gasket positioned between the barrier and the housing and configured to provide an at least substantially airtight seal when the barrier or the lid is secured to the housing; a substrate configured to adhere to the housing when in contact with the housing; and a bio-scaffold fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques with polymerized hydrogel precursors positioned on the substrate, the bio-scaffold secured to the substrate via chemical functionalization of the substrate with a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker in contact with the hydrogel precursor.

[0008] Some embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a system including a manifold. The manifold includes a plate having one or more partitions, the partitions of the one or more partitions including a recess shaped and sized to receive a bio-assembly; and a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet. The system further includes a bio-assembly positioned within the partition, the bio-assembly having a bio-assembly inlet, a bio-assembly outlet, and a bio-scaffold disposed on the substrate, the bio-assembly inlet and the bio-assembly outlet being in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and the manifold outlet. The system further includes an inlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and configured to store a fluid to be provided to the manifold via the manifold inlet. The system also includes a fluid pump configured to pump a fluid from the inlet reservoir into the manifold via the manifold inlet. The system further includes an outlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold outlet and configured to receive and store a fluid released by the manifold via the manifold outlet.

[0009] These and other aspects and embodiments are described in detail below. The foregoing information and the following detailed description contain illustrative examples of the various aspects and embodiments and provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the claimed aspects and embodiments. The drawings are included to illustrate and provide a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every drawing. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary microfluidic system for conducting biological research under flow, according to various embodiments. [Figure 2A]1A-1C show examples of implementations of manifolds having multiple bulkheads and manifold inlets and manifold outlets according to various embodiments. [Figure 2B] 1A-1C show examples of implementations of manifolds having multiple bulkheads and manifold inlets and manifold outlets according to various embodiments. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a manifold having a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet in fluid communication with multiple bio-assembly inlets and bio-assembly outlets, respectively, of a bio-assembly contained within the manifold, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a manifold having bio-assemblies in series and parallel fluid communication with each other, according to various embodiments. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exploded view of a bio-assembly having a bio-scaffold, according to various embodiments. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a perspective view of a bio-assembly having a bio-scaffold access channel, according to various embodiments. [Figure 7] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating bubble outlets for removing gas or air from fluid flowing within fluid channels of a manifold, according to various embodiments. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a bioscaffold having a fluid channel that includes a constriction for regulating fluid flow within the fluid channel, according to various embodiments. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a bio-scaffold showing cleavable labels for removing the bio-scaffold from a bio-assembly, according to various embodiments. [Figure 10A] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a bottom view of a septum of a manifold having a liquid adhesive interface / delivery structure and a fluid delivery structure for delivering fluid to a bio-scaffold contained within the septum, according to various embodiments. [Figure 10B] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a bottom view of a septum of a manifold having a liquid adhesive interface / delivery structure and a fluid delivery structure for delivering fluid to a bio-scaffold contained within the septum, according to various embodiments. [Figure 11] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a manifold having multiple manifold inlets and a mixing region for mixing fluids received in the manifold via the multiple manifold inlets, according to various embodiments. [Figure 12] 1 is a flowchart of a method for mixing multiple fluids in a manifold, in accordance with various embodiments. [Figure 13] 1 is a flowchart of a method for generating a manifold, according to various embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] Small animal models such as mice have been used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs for a variety of diseases that afflict humans. However, because mice do not fully represent human anatomy or physiology, such models may not be ideal for the development of human therapeutics. For example, compounds that show efficacy in mice fail in human clinical trials. There have also been reports of high variability between study results from different small animal models. Such issues could be at least partially addressed by using bioactive scaffolds (i.e., bio-scaffolds) that contain features that mimic human / animal anatomy and physiology, resulting in biomimetic tissue models that may provide more intimate data for use in investigating the safety and efficacy of drug candidates in human treatment.

[0012] In some cases, it may be desirable to perform biological studies, such as investigating drug candidates, using multiple bio-scaffolds in a single setting, i.e., using a single microfluidic system (e.g., manifold) that contains or houses multiple bio-scaffolds. Such a configuration allows researchers to control various parameters of the biological study, which can greatly improve its efficiency. For example, to investigate the effect of different doses of a candidate drug in a drug safety and efficacy study, a researcher may want to direct fluids containing different doses of the candidate drug in a controlled manner to different bio-scaffolds housed within the same microfluidic system or manifold. Furthermore, in doing so, to avoid leakage and complications inherent in such biological studies, a researcher may want to limit the number of connections connecting the manifold to external systems (i.e., limit the number of "world-to-plate" connections).

[0013] The present disclosure discloses embodiments of a bio-scaffold, a bio-assembly housing the bio-scaffold, and a manifold configured to receive and house the bio-assembly for performing biological studies under flow. In particular, disclosed are embodiments of a manifold, a microfluidic system, and a method that provide control of fluid flow distribution to a plurality of bio-assemblies housed within the manifold and a plurality of bio-scaffolds housed within the plurality of bio-assemblies. That is, the manifold may have a fluidic arrangement including one or more manifold inlets, one or more manifold outlets, and fluidic channels extending therebetween, allowing fluid to travel from an inlet reservoir to the bio-assembly and bio-scaffold and then to an outlet reservoir via one or more manifold outlets. The one or more manifold inlets and one or more manifold outlets may be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet, respectively, which are in turn in fluid communication with a bio-scaffold inlet and a bio-scaffold outlet, respectively, for fluid to travel to the bio-scaffold and ultimately exit the manifold. Various embodiments, configurations and implementations of techniques, platforms and methods for conducting biological research under flow are described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 1-3.

[0014] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary microfluidic system 100 for performing biological studies under flow, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the microfluidic system 100 for performing biological studies under flow includes an inlet reservoir 110, a manifold 140, and an outlet reservoir 180. In some cases, the microfluidic system 100 may also include a fluid pump 120. The manifold 140 may include, among other things, a plate 150 having one or more partitions configured to receive or house one or more bio-assemblies 160 that house a bioactive scaffold (i.e., a bio-scaffold). The manifold 140 may also include a manifold inlet 130 in fluid communication with the inlet reservoir 110 and configured to receive fluid (e.g., fluid provided by the fluid pump 120) from the inlet reservoir 110, and a fluidic arrangement, such as a network of fluidic channels, that transports the received fluid throughout the manifold 140 (e.g., to the bio-assemblies 160 housed therein). In some cases, the manifold 140 includes a manifold outlet 170 in fluid communication with the outlet reservoir 180 and configured to receive fluid exiting the bio-assembly 160 and discharge the fluid into the outlet reservoir 180.

[0015] In some embodiments, the inlet reservoir 110 may be or include one or more reservoirs configured to store a fluid (e.g., alternatively referred to herein as a "perfusable medium" or "perfusate") to be introduced or injected into the manifold 140. In some cases, such fluids may be gases, liquids, etc. that may be part of biological studies performed using the microfluidic system 100, examples of which include, but are not limited to, drugs, cell culture media, bioactive factors, etc. For example, the drugs may be or include a fluid form of a chemotherapeutic drug, an antibiotic (e.g., doxycycline), etc. Additionally, the cell culture media may be or include one or more of a glucose solution, serum, antibiotics, amino acids, inorganic salts, vitamins, etc. In some cases, the bioactive factors may be or include a growth factor, an intracellular signaling molecule (e.g., a receptor, a kinase, a transcription factor, etc.), a signaling mimic derived from a synthetic or natural compound, etc.

[0016] In some cases, the inlet reservoir 110 may be two (e.g., two or more) inlet reservoirs, one of the reservoirs may store a first fluid and another of the reservoirs may store a second fluid, and the microfluidic system 100 is used to investigate the effect of the first fluid on the second fluid, or vice versa. For example, the investigation may be to determine the safety and efficacy of a candidate chemotherapeutic drug for treating a certain cancer, and the first and second fluids may be one or more of the chemotherapeutic drug and the cell culture medium mentioned above, respectively. In such a case, both the first and second fluids are directed towards a manifold where the fluids can be mixed, as described below with reference to Figures 11 and 12. As another example, the first fluid may be a bioactivity inhibitor / agnostic and the second fluid may be a solution to be screened for bioactivity.

[0017] In some embodiments, the fluid pump 120 of the microfluidic system 100 may be a syringe pump, a peristaltic pump, a pneumatic pump, a gravity-driven flow pump, or the like configured to pump the perfusable medium stored in the inlet reservoir 110 and direct the perfusable medium to one or more manifold inlets 130 of the manifold 140. In some cases, the fluid pump 120 may be configured to pump the fluid or perfusable medium into the manifold inlet 130 at a flow rate in the range of about 1 nL / min to about 100 mL / min, about 10 nL / min to about 10 mL / min, about 100 nL / min to about 1 mL / min, about 1 μL / min to about 1 mL / min, about 1 μL / min to about 100 μL / min, about 10 μL / min to about 100 μL / min, or about 1 mL / min to about 100 μL / min, including values ​​and subranges therebetween.

[0018] In some embodiments, the manifold 140 may include a plate 150 having one or more partitions, each partition configured to receive a bio assembly 160. For example, the partitions may have a recess (e.g., a cavity or chamber surrounded by walls, and in some cases, a floor) sized and shaped to receive the bio assembly 160, such that when a substrate of the bio assembly 160 is contacted with a lower interface of the partition, at least a substantial portion of the bio assembly 160 may be positioned within the walls of the partition. In some cases, the cross section of the partition may be square, rectangular, etc., and the lateral dimensions of the partition (e.g., the length, width, depth, radius, etc. of the partition) may range from about 1 mm to about 100 mm, about 5 mm to about 80 mm, about 10 mm to about 60 mm, about 20 mm to about 50 mm, about 30 mm to about 40 mm, including values ​​and subranges therebetween. In some cases, the lower interface of the septum can be or include an adhesive interface configured to contact the substrate of the bio-assembly 160 and apply adhesive to the substrate when the bio-assembly 160 is received within the recess or chamber of the septum. In some cases, the number of septums in the manifold can be in the range of about 1 to about 5,000, about 1 to about 1,536, about 2 to about 768, about 4 to about 384, about 6 to about 192, about 8 to about 96, about 12 to about 48, about 16 to about 32, about 24, including values ​​and subranges therebetween.

[0019] In some embodiments, the manifold 140 may also include a manifold inlet 130 and a manifold outlet 170. The manifold inlet 130 may be in fluid communication with the inlet reservoir 110 and / or the fluid pump 120 to receive a fluid or perfusable medium that is introduced or delivered into the manifold 140. Additionally, the manifold inlet 130 may be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly inlet of the bio-assembly 160 such that the perfusable medium received by the manifold inlet 130 is transported to the bio-assembly 160. For example, the manifold 140 may include multiple partitions, each partition housing a bio-assembly 160 therein, and in such case, the manifold inlet 130 may be in fluid communication with a network of inlet fluid channels that transport the received perfusable medium or fluid from the manifold inlet 130 to the inlets of the multiple bio-assemblies within the multiple partitions.

[0020] In some cases, the manifold outlet 170 may be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly outlet of the bio-assembly 160, such that perfusate released by or exiting the bio-assembly 160 via the respective bio-assembly outlet may be discharged outside the manifold 140 via the manifold outlet 170. For example, the manifold outlet 170 may be in fluid communication with a network of outlet fluid channels, i.e., an internal vasculature, configured to collect perfusate from the bio-assembly outlet and direct the perfusate to the manifold outlet 170. In some cases, the manifold outlet 170 may also be in fluid communication with an outlet reservoir 180, such that the perfusate may be directed to the outlet reservoir, which may be configured to store the perfusate.

[0021] In some embodiments, the number of manifold inlets 130 and / or the number of manifold outlets 170 may be small (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.). In some cases, the number of partitions in the manifold 140 can be quite large, e.g., hundreds or thousands (e.g., in the range of about 96 to about 1,536). Thus, embodiments disclose manifolds that have a small number of "world-to-plate connectors" and provide a fluidic arrangement or structure configured to deliver fluids to all or substantially all of the biological assemblies 160 of the manifold 140 in an efficient manner. Such manifold structures have several advantages, including, but not limited to, avoiding or limiting leakage and other complications that may occur in biological studies under flow. Furthermore, since several bio-assemblies, each housing a bio-scaffold, can be used simultaneously (e.g., fluids can be directed to each bio-assembly simultaneously), the disclosed manifold structure can significantly improve the efficiency of the microfluidic system 100 for performing biological studies under flow (e.g., multiple doses of a drug can be studied in a single microfluidic setup).

[0022] In some embodiments, the manifold 140, including the manifold inlet 130, the plate, and the manifold outlet 170, may be formed using additive manufacturing techniques. For example, the manifold 140 may be formed using 3D printing techniques, including, but not limited to, computer axial lithography (CAL) techniques, injection molding techniques, quench casting, and / or sacrificial molding, etc. In some cases, the manifold 140, including the manifold inlet 130, the plate 150, and the manifold outlet 170, may be formed from a plastic material using 3D printing techniques.

[0023] 2A and 2B show examples of implementations of manifolds having multiple partitions, manifold inlets, and manifold outlets, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, as described above, the manifold can have multiple partitions, with one or more partitions (e.g., optionally each partition) configured to receive a bio-assembly having a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet. In some cases, the manifold may have only a single manifold inlet and a single manifold outlet, with the single manifold inlet configured to be in fluid communication with the bio-assembly inlet of one or more bio-assemblies (e.g., optionally each bio-assembly), and the single manifold outlet configured to be in fluid communication with the bio-assembly outlet of one or more bio-assemblies (e.g., optionally each bio-assembly). In some embodiments, the term "fluid communication" may refer to mechanisms such as channels, vascular components, tubes, pipes, or networks thereof extending between a first component and a second component such that fluid may be transported between the first component and the second component with little or no loss or leakage. In some cases, the fluid communication may be one-way or two-way.

[0024] 2A shows an exemplary diagram of a manifold 200 having a single manifold inlet 210 and a single manifold inlet 220 configured to be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet of a bio-assembly that may be received within a partition 230. In some cases, there may be an inlet fluid channel network 240 connecting the manifold inlet 210 to each partition 230 of the manifold 200 via an individual branch 260 of the inlet fluid channel network 240, such that when a bio-assembly is received within the partition 230, the bio-assembly inlet of the bio-assembly received within the partition 230 may be coupled to the manifold inlet 210 via the branch 260 of the inlet fluid channel network 240 connected to the partition 230. Thus, the bio-assembly inlets of multiple bio-assemblies within the same or fewer partitions 230 may be in fluid communication with the single manifold inlet 210 of the manifold 200, such that the bio-assembly inlets are configured to receive fluids injected into the manifold 200 via the single manifold inlet 210.

[0025] In some cases, an outlet fluid channel network 250 is present, connecting the manifold outlet 220 to each bulkhead 230 of the manifold 200 through a respective branch of the outlet fluid channel network 250, such that when a bio-assembly is received within the bulkhead 230, the bio-assembly outlet of the bio-assembly received within the bulkhead 230 may be coupled to the manifold outlet 220 through a branch of the outlet fluid channel network 250 connected to the bulkhead 230. Thus, a single manifold outlet 220 of the manifold 200 may be in fluid communication with the bio-assembly outlets of multiple bio-assemblies within an equal or fewer number of bulkheads 230 such that the single manifold outlet 220 is configured to receive fluids emitted or exiting from the multiple bio-assemblies. In some embodiments, the inlet fluid channel network 240 and / or the outlet fluid channel network 250 may include a constriction configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to regulate the flow of fluid therethrough. For example, the inlet fluid channel network 240 may have multiple branches, some or all of which may have constrictions configured to at least substantially equalize the flow rates or fluidic resistances between the multiple branches. In some cases, the outlet fluid channel network 250 may have multiple branches, some or all of which may have constrictions configured to at least substantially equalize the flow rates or fluidic resistances between the multiple branches.

[0026] In some embodiments, a manifold may have multiple manifold inlets and / or a single manifold inlet. In such cases, despite the multiple manifold inlets and / or multiple manifold inlets, the number of partitions in the manifold may be much greater than the number of manifold inlets and / or manifold outlets. As such, multiple partitions and the bio-assemblies contained therein may be configured to be in fluid communication with the same manifold inlet and / or manifold outlet. For example, FIG. 2B shows a manifold 255 having two manifold inlets 215a, 215b, two manifold inlets 225a, 225b, and 48 partitions 235. It should be understood that FIG. 2B is a non-limiting illustrative example and that a manifold may have any number of manifold inlets, manifold outlets, and partitions.

[0027] In a manifold having two or more inlets 215 and / or two or more outlets 225, in some embodiments, a partition 235 of a manifold 255 can be in fluid communication with one or more of the manifold inlets 215 and / or one or more of the manifold outlets 225 in a manner similar to that described above with reference to Figure 2A. For example, an inlet fluid channel network 245 can connect one or more of the manifold inlets 215a, 215b to a respective partition 235 of the manifold 255 (e.g., a bio-assembly contained therein), such that when a bio-assembly is received within the partition 235, a bio-assembly inlet of a bio-assembly received within the partition 235 can be coupled to and in fluid communication with one or more of the manifold inlets 215a, 215b. Additionally, an outlet fluid channel network 265 can connect one or more of the manifold outlets 225a, 225b to each bulkhead 235 of the manifold 200, such that when a bio-assembly is received within the bulkhead 235, the outlet of the bio-assembly of the bio-assembly received within the bulkhead 235 can be coupled to one or more of the manifold outlets 225a, 225b. As noted above, the number of bulkheads 230, 235 in the manifold 200, 255 can be significantly greater than the number of manifold inlets and / or manifold outlets. In such a case, for example, referring to FIG. 2B , the bio assembly inlets of the multiple bio assemblies within the same or fewer partitions 235 may be fluidly connected to one or more manifold inlets 215a, 215b of the manifold 255, and the bio assembly outlets of the multiple bio assemblies within the same or fewer partitions 235 may be fluidly connected to one or more manifold outlets 225a, 225b of the manifold 255.

[0028] In some embodiments, having a limited number of manifold inlets and manifold outlets in a manifold with multiple partitions configured to receive multiple bio-assemblies can have several advantages. For example, referring to FIG. 2A, in FIG. 2A, there is a single manifold inlet 210 for a manifold 200 with multiple partitions 230, each partition 230 configured to receive a bio-assembly. Because each bio-assembly in the partitions 230 can be in fluid communication with the same single manifold inlet 210, the same fluid can be injected into each bio-assembly of the multiple partitions 230 via the manifold inlet 210, providing the user of the manifold 200 with increased control over the fluid and its properties flowing within each bio-assembly of the partitions 230. For example, the fluid in each bio-assembly can have the same or at least substantially the same fluidic or physical properties, such as, but not limited to, volume / amount, concentration (e.g., concentration of species present therein), viscosity, temperature, flow rate, etc., allowing the user to control the properties of interest of the fluid in the bio-assembly during biological studies.

[0029] Another advantage of having a limited number of manifold inlets and manifold outlets in a manifold having multiple bulkheads configured to receive bio-assemblies is that such manifolds suffer little or no complications, such as leakage, associated with manifolds containing several "world-to-plate" connectors. That is, the manifolds disclosed herein have an internal vasculature, i.e., a network of inlet and outlet fluid channels, that allows the limited number of manifold inlets and manifold outlets to efficiently move fluids to and from the biological tissue of each of the multiple bio-assemblies contained within the same number of bulkheads of the manifold. In some cases, the term "limited number" may be understood in an absolute sense (e.g., a number in the range of 1-10) or in a relative sense (e.g., a small number of manifold inlets and manifold outlets compared to the (large number of) bulkheads, etc.).

[0030] 3 is a schematic diagram of a manifold 300 having the aforementioned internal vasculature, i.e., a network of inlet fluid channels 330, 380 and outlet fluid channels 340, 390, according to various embodiments, which allows efficient fluid flow to and from each bio-assembly housed within the bulkhead 305 of the manifold through a limited number of manifold inlets and outlets (e.g., a single manifold inlet 310 and a single manifold outlet 320). As shown in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the single manifold inlet 310 is configured to be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly inlet 360 of a bio-assembly 350 housed within the bulkhead 305 through the internal inlet vasculature including a network of inlet fluid channels 330, 380. Additionally, the single manifold outlet 320 is also configured to be in fluid communication with a bio-assembly outlet 370 of a bio-assembly 350 through an internal outlet vasculature including a network of outlet fluid channels 340, 390. Although the discussion herein refers to a single bulkhead 305 of the manifold 300 and a bio-assembly 350 received or housed therein, it applies equally to any of the other bulkheads and bio-assemblies of the manifold 300.

[0031] As discussed above, in some embodiments, the internal vasculature of the manifold 300, including a network of inlet and outlet fluid channels, allows a large number of septa and bio-assemblies housed therein (e.g., in the range of about 1 to about 1536) to be in fluid communication with a limited number of manifold inlets and manifold outlets (e.g., one in each case). Such a fluidic structure or arrangement can facilitate fluids injected into the manifold via a limited number of manifold inlets to flow through the network of inlet fluid channels, enter the bio-assemblies via their respective bio-assembly inlets, exit the bio-assemblies via the bio-assembly outlets, enter the network of outlet fluid channels, and finally exit the manifold via a limited number of manifold outlets. That is, with reference to the septa 305 of the manifold 300, fluids injected into the manifold fluid inlet 310 (e.g., from an inlet fluid reservoir) can flow through the inlet fluid channel 330, branch into the inlet fluid channel 380, and enter the bio-assembly 350 housed within the septa 305 via the bio-assembly inlet 360. Fluid may then flow through the bio-assembly 350, then exit the bio-assembly 350 via the bio-assembly outlet 370, enter the bifurcation outlet fluid channel 390 and the outlet fluid channel 340, and finally exit the manifold 300 via the manifold outlet 320, as described below. As noted above, the above discussion applies equally to any of the other partitions of the manifold 300 as well. As such, the internal vasculature of the manifold 300 allows for efficient delivery of fluids to and evacuation of fluids from the manifold 300 using a minimal number of manifold 300 inlets and outlets when the manifold 300 has a large number of partitions (e.g., a number of partitions that far exceeds the number of manifold inlets / outlets).

[0032] 4 is a schematic diagram of a manifold having bio-assemblies in series and parallel fluid communication with each other, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the manifold 400 can have a manifold inlet 410 in fluid communication with a septum that houses a bio-assembly 430 therein, which in turn can be in fluid communication with a manifold outlet 420. As discussed above, the bio-assembly 430 received or housed within the septum of the manifold 400 can have a bio-assembly inlet in fluid communication with the manifold inlet 410 via an inlet vasculature 440 or a network of inlet fluid channels, and a bio-assembly outlet in fluid communication with the manifold outlet 420 via an outlet vasculature 450 or a network of outlet fluid channels. Thus, fluid injected into the manifold 400 from an inlet reservoir via the manifold inlet 410 (e.g., by a fluid pump) can flow from the manifold inlet 410 through the inlet vasculature 440 into the bio-assembly 430, exit the bio-assembly 430 into the outlet vasculature 450, and be released from the manifold 400 via the manifold outlet 420, for example into an outlet reservoir.

[0033] In some embodiments, the network of inlet and outlet fluid channels of the manifold 400 may be arranged such that at least some of the bio assemblies 430 can be in serial fluid communication with one another. In some embodiments, the network of inlet and outlet fluid channels of the manifold 400 may be arranged such that at least some of the bio assemblies 430 can be in parallel fluid communication with one another. In further embodiments, the network of inlet and outlet fluid channels of the manifold 400 may be arranged such that at least some of the bio assemblies 430 can be in a combination of serial and parallel fluid communication with one another. For example, with reference to FIG. 4, a first bio assembly 430a may be in serial fluid communication with a second bio assembly 430b, and the first bio assembly 430a (and the second bio assembly 430b) may be in parallel fluid communication with a third bio assembly 430c. The first bio-assembly 430a, the second bio-assembly 430b, and the third bio-assembly 430c may be in a combination of series and parallel fluid communication with each other.

[0034] In some cases, the internal structure or arrangement of the network of inlet fluid channels 440 and outlet fluid channels 450 that allow serial and / or parallel fluid communication between the bio-assemblies 430 can facilitate the control of the distribution of fluid flow to the various bio-assemblies 430. For example, to perform biological studies including the study of fluid by-products due to any interaction between cell culture and drug perfusate, in some cases, the cell culture perfusate can be injected or otherwise disposed in the scaffold of the bio-assembly 430a, and the drug perfusate can be directed to flow through the bio-assembly 430a (e.g., so as to interact with cells within the bio-scaffold of the bio-assembly 430a) and exit as a fluid by-product via the bio-assembly outlet of the bio-assembly 430a to be sent to the bio-assembly 430b for further study and analysis. As another example, if a biological study includes a study to determine the effect of the same fluid on two different samples, the two different samples may be placed in the bio-scaffolds of the first bio-assembly 430a and the third bio-assembly 430c, and the fluid may be injected into the manifold 400 via the manifold inlet 410. In such a case, since the first bio-assembly 430a and the third bio-assembly 430c are in parallel fluid communication with each other (e.g., where the fluid channel branches 460a and 460b are substantially identical to each other), the fluids reaching the first bio-assembly 430a and the third bio-assembly 430c may be at least substantially similar, i.e., have the same or substantially similar physical properties, including, but not limited to, concentrations (e.g., concentrations of species present therein, e.g., solutes, solvents, etc.), volumes, flow rates, temperatures, viscosities, etc.

[0035] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exploded view of a bio-assembly, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the bio-assembly 500 may include a lid 510, a barrier 520, a seal 530, a housing 560, a bio-scaffold 570, and a substrate 580. In some cases, the barrier 520 may be a transparent barrier configured to be secured to the lid 510 of the bio-assembly 500. For example, the barrier 520 may be a transparent plastic or glass cover slip configured to be secured to the lid 510 via an adhesive. As such, in some cases, the barrier 520 may also function as a window that allows viewing of the interior of the bio-assembly 500 from above the lid 510. In some cases, the barrier 520 may be secured to the lid 510 using other attachment techniques, such as (but not limited to) interlocking latches, configured to attach or secure the barrier 520 to the lid 510. In some cases, the lid 510 may be manufactured from a plastic material. Further, in some cases, the adhesive may include a tape, such as, but not limited to, an acrylic tape adhesive (e.g., 3M LSE9474), a liquid adhesive / glue, such as, but not limited to, a two-part epoxy, a photoactivated epoxy, a cyanoacrylate, an ultraviolet (UV) curable material, a biocompatible, cytocompatible adhesive, etc. Although shown in FIG. 1 as two separate components of the bio-assembly 500, in some cases, the lid 510 and the barrier 520 may be a single component (e.g., a unitary component or a separable component that can be separated into the lid 510 and the barrier 520). In some embodiments, the lateral dimensions (e.g., length, width, depth, radius, etc.) of the bio-assembly 500 may range from about 0.1 μm to about 5 mm, from about 1 μm to about 1 mm, from about 5 μm to about 0.1 mm, from about 10 μm to about 50 μm, from about 20 μm to about 25 μm, including values ​​and subranges therebetween.

[0036] In some embodiments, the seal 530 may be configured to provide an airtight, water / fluid tight, dust tight, etc. seal between the barrier 520 and the housing 560, examples of which include a gasket or an O-ring. For example, the seal 530 may be configured to be secured or attached to the barrier 520 and / or the housing 560 when the seal 530 contacts the barrier 520 and / or the housing 560, respectively. For example, the seal 530 may be a double-sided adhesive that attaches to both the barrier 520 and the housing 560 when positioned between them, thereby forming an airtight, water / fluid tight, dust tight, etc. seal or attachment to prevent air, water / fluid, dust, etc. from entering the bio-assembly 500.

[0037] In some embodiments, the housing 560 may be a hollow component having one or more bio-assembly inlets 540 and one or more bio-assembly outlets 550a, 550b, as well as an interior chamber or void configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to receive the scaffold 570 within the interior space. In some cases, the housing 560 may be fabricated from materials such as, but not limited to, resin (e.g., biocompatible), polycarbonate, acrylic, glass, plastic, etc. In some cases, the housing 560 may have an internal network of bio-assembly inlet fluid channels (i.e., bio-assembly inlet vasculature) in fluid communication with the bio-assembly inlet 540 and configured to direct fluids entering the bio-assembly 500 through the assembly inlet 540 to a desired location within the bio-assembly 500 (such as, but not limited to, the bio-scaffold inlet 575a). That is, for example, when bio-scaffold 570 is positioned within the interior space of housing 560 and fluid flows from a manifold inlet (e.g., manifold inlet 210 in FIG. 2, manifold inlet 310 in FIG. 3, etc.) into bio-assembly 500 via bio-assembly inlet 540, the fluid can pass through bio-assembly 500 via the internal bio-assembly inlet vasculature to reach bio-scaffold inlet 575a and enter bio-scaffold 570.

[0038] In some cases, the housing 560 may have an internal network of bio-assembly outlet fluid channels (i.e., bio-assembly outlet vasculature) in fluid communication with the bio-assembly outlet 550a and configured to direct fluid coming from the bio-assembly outlet 550a (such as, but not limited to, the bio-scaffold outlet 575b) to the bio-assembly outlet 550a and release it to a manifold outlet (e.g., the manifold inlet 220 in FIG. 2, the manifold inlet 320 in FIG. 3, etc.). That is, for example, after a fluid enters the bio-scaffold 570 via the bio-scaffold inlet 575a, the fluid can pass through the bio-scaffold 570 via the bio-scaffold fluid channel or vascular component 590 and exit via the bio-scaffold inlet 575b. In such a case, the bio-assembly outlet vasculature, which may be in fluid communication with the bio-scaffold outlet 575b, can receive the fluid from the bio-scaffold inlet 575b, transport the fluid to the bio-assembly outlet 550a, and release the fluid out of the bio-assembly 500 via the bio-assembly outlet 550a.

[0039] In some embodiments, as described above, the bio-assembly 500 may include two or more bio-assembly outlets 550a, 550b. In some cases, one of these bio-assembly outlets (e.g., bio-assembly outlet 550b) may be coupled to or in fluid communication with a bio-scaffold access channel configured to transport fluid between the interior of the bio-assembly and / or a bulkhead in which the bio-assembly 500 is located and the exterior of the bio-assembly 500. FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a perspective view of a bio-assembly having a bio-scaffold access channel, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the bio-assembly 600 may include a housing 610 having a bio-assembly inlet 620, a first bio-assembly outlet 630, and a second bio-assembly outlet 640. In some cases, the first bio-assembly outlet 630 may be similar or identical to the bio-assembly outlet 550a, and the discussion above regarding the bio-assembly outlet 550a with reference to FIG. 5 may also apply to the first bio-assembly outlet 630. The second bio-assembly outlet 640 may be coupled to a bio-scaffold access channel or fluid line 650 configured to transport fluid between the interior of the bio-assembly 600 and the exterior of the bio-assembly 600 via the second bio-assembly outlet 640.

[0040] For example, biological studies performed using manifolds (such as 200 or 255 shown in FIGS. 2A-2B) in which each bulkhead 230, 235 has a bio-assembly (such as 600 in FIG. 6) therein may include cell culture medium fluid or perfusion fluid flowing through the bio-scaffold of the bio-assembly 600. In some cases, for example, additional fluids or media may need to be added or removed from the interior of the bio-assembly 600, for example, the bio-scaffold of the bio-assembly 600. In some cases, the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may be physically coupled to or in fluid communication with the bio-scaffold, the internal network of bio-assembly inlet fluid channels of the bio-assembly 600, and / or the internal network of bio-assembly outlet fluid channels of the bio-assembly 600. In such cases, the second bio-assembly outlet 640 may be used to introduce additional fluids into the interior of the bio-assembly (e.g., into the bio-scaffold) via the bio-scaffold access channel 650 so that the additional fluids or media can reach the bio-scaffold. For example, a fixative configured to preserve biological tissue within the bio-scaffold of the bio-assembly 600 can be introduced into the bio-assembly 600 upon completion of a biological study and delivered to the bio-scaffold via the bio-scaffold access channel 650.

[0041] In some cases, the second bio-assembly outlet 640 may also be used to extract fluids from the interior of the bio-assembly and / or bio-scaffold to the outside of the bio-assembly 600 via the bio-scaffold access channel 650. For example, a fluid pump in fluid communication with the second bio-assembly outlet 640 and configured to pump fluid out of the second bio-assembly outlet 640 may be used to pump fluids (e.g., leaks) inside the housing 610. For example, during biological studies of cell culture media located within the bio-scaffold of the bio-assembly 600, a researcher may want to access samples of the cell culture media within the bio-scaffold to quantify cellular responses to assays of the cell culture media. In such cases, the researcher may extract samples from the bio-scaffold / bio-assembly 600 via the bio-scaffold access channel 650 and the second bio-assembly outlet 640. As such, the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may provide fluid access to the bio-scaffold, the internal network of inlet fluid channels of the bio-assembly 600, and / or the internal network of outlet fluid channels of the bio-assembly 600, whereby media / fluids may be introduced into and extracted from the interior of the bio-assembly and / or bio-scaffold using the bio-scaffold access channel 650 and the second bio-assembly outlet 640. In some cases, the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may be in fluid communication with an internal network of outlet fluid channels of a manifold in which the bio-assembly 600 is positioned, and as such may direct fluids extracted from the interior of the bio-assembly 600 to these outlet fluid channels such that the fluids are released to the exterior of the manifold via the manifold outlet. It should be understood that the above examples are non-limiting and the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may be used for other purposes such as removal of air bubbles and the like from the interior of the bio-assembly.

[0042] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may include a gravity barrier to prevent or at least reduce leakage between the bio-assemblies or septa in the manifold. In some cases, the bio-scaffold access channel 650 may be configured to allow medium (e.g., phosphate buffered saline (PBS)) to be added to the well or interior of the housing 610 so that the bio-scaffold (e.g., hydrogel) does not dry out over time (e.g., cells within the bio-scaffold may also slowly dry out over time, which may be detrimental). In some cases, the bio-scaffold or hydrogel may be placed in an incubator at a temperature ranging from about 35° C. to about 40° C. (e.g., about 37° C.) without adding medium (e.g., PBS, etc.) to the well or interior of the housing 610 to prevent the bio-scaffold or hydrogel from drying out and the cells within from drying out over time. In some cases, medium may be added periodically or periodically to prevent or at least reduce drying out of the bio-scaffold or hydrogel or the cells therein.

[0043] In some embodiments, air bubbles can be removed from the manifold before reaching the bio-assembly (and therefore before reaching the bio-scaffold) using an air bubble outlet positioned upstream of the bio-assembly relative to the fluid lines or channels of the network of inlet fluid channels of the manifold. In some cases, air bubbles entrained in a microfluidic system such as the manifolds disclosed herein can cause problems during biological studies performed using the manifold, such as, but not limited to, blockage of fluid flow, damage to cells in the cell culture medium or fluid, and / or denaturation of proteins, etc. in the fluid / medium. Figures 7A-7B in Figure 7 show schematic diagrams of air bubble outlets configured to remove gas or air entrained in fluids flowing in the fluid channels of the manifold, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, Figure 7A shows a perspective view of an air bubble trap or outlet 710 having a top cover 715 containing pores 730 and positioned in a fluid channel 720 of the manifold (e.g., a fluid channel of the network of inlet fluid channels 330, 380 of Figure 3). In some cases, the bubble outlet 710 may be positioned at least substantially vertically above the fluid flowing in the fluid channel 720. That is, to facilitate removal of air bubbles entrained in the fluid flowing through the fluid channels or fluid lines of the manifold, the bubble outlet 710 is positioned vertically above the fluid on the fluid channel such that entrained gas can migrate toward the bubble outlet 710 and be removed from the fluid and the manifold.

[0044] In some embodiments, FIG. 7B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an air bubble outlet 710 that includes an inlet fluid line 740a for receiving or directing a fluid 780 (e.g., a fluid having air bubbles entrained therein) from a fluidic channel 720 at or to the air bubble outlet 710. In some cases, the air bubble outlet 710 may also include a well 750 configured to allow the received fluid 780 to pass through the well 750, while air bubbles entrained in the passing received fluid 795 move toward pores 730 on the top surface of the air bubble outlet 710, leaving behind a fluid 790 with few or no air bubbles. Additionally, the air bubble outlet 710 may include an outlet fluid line 740b configured to return or direct the fluid 790 (e.g., after removing at least a substantial portion of the air bubbles entrained in the received fluid) back to the fluidic channel 720 for delivery to a bio-assembly via a bio-assembly inlet (e.g., of a bio-assembly).

[0045] In some cases, the bubble outlet 710 may include a filter membrane 760 positioned between the well 750 and the pores 730 of the top cover 715 and configured to filter air bubbles moving in a direction away from the received fluid 795 passing therethrough. In some cases, the filter membrane 760 may be a hydrophobic membrane having micropores configured to repel liquid in the received fluid 795 passing therethrough and allow air bubbles 770 entrained in the received fluid 795 passing therethrough to escape through the pores of the membrane and the pores 730 of the top cover 715 of the bubble outlet 710. In some cases, the filter membrane 760 may be a hydrophobic membrane such as, but not limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), etc. In some cases, the filter membrane 760 is configured to be secured to the top cover 715 via an adhesive such as, but not limited to, a tape, a liquid adhesive / glue, etc. In some cases, the micropores may have a lateral dimension (e.g., radius, diameter, etc.) in the range of about 0.01 μm to about 100 μm, about 0.02 μm to about 10 μm, about 0.05 μm to about 1 μm, about 0.1 μm to about 0.5 μm, about 0.15 μm to about 0.35 μm, about 0.2 μm to about 0.4 μm, about 0.21 μm to about 0.25 μm, including values ​​and subranges therebetween. Additionally, the surface area of ​​the filter membrane 760 may be configured to enhance or maximize the escape rate of air bubbles from the received fluid 795 passing through the well 750. For example, the surface area of ​​the filter membrane 760 may be equal to or greater than the bottom surface of the top cover 715 including the pores 730, such that the amount of air bubbles escaping through the pores of the filter membrane 760 and the pores 730 of the top cover 715 may be enhanced or optimized.

[0046] Returning to FIG. 5 , in some embodiments, the bio-assembly 500 includes a bio-scaffold 570 configured to be secured or attached to a substrate 580. In some cases, the bio-scaffold 570 may be secured or attached to the substrate 580 via any suitable attachment technique, including but not limited to covalently attaching the bio-scaffold 570 to the top surface of the substrate 580. For example, a heterobifunctional chemical group having two different reactive functional groups can be used to attach the bio-scaffold 570 to the substrate 580, where one functional group is configured to bind to the substrate 580 and the other functional group is configured to bind to the bio-scaffold 570, thereby effectively anchoring the bio-scaffold 570 to the substrate 580. For example, substrate 580 can be chemically functionalized using a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprising trichlorosilane and methacrylate, where the trichlorosilane is configured to bond to substrate 580 and the methacrylate is configured to bond to bio-scaffold 570 when the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker is contacted with bio-scaffold 570 and substrate 580, respectively.

[0047] In some cases, in addition to or instead of using covalent bonding techniques, the bio-scaffold 570 may be attached to the substrate 580 via an adhesive, such as, but not limited to, tape, liquid glue / adhesive, etc. In some cases, the bio-scaffold 570 may be disposed on the substrate 580 without the use of covalent bonds and / or adhesives.

[0048] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 570 can be a gel, a hydrogel, such as a polymerizable hydrogel including water and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) having 6 kDa, 20% by weight, lithium acylphosphinate (LAP) that absorbs in the ultraviolet to visible wavelength range, gelatin methacrylate, or other suitable hydrogel materials including, but not limited to, collagen methacrylate, silk methacrylate, hyaluronic acid methacrylate, chondroitin sulfate methacrylate, elastin methacrylate, cellulose acrylate, dextran methacrylate, heparin methacrylate, NIPAAm methacrylate, chitosan methacrylate, polyethylene glycol norbornene, polyethylene glycol dithiol, thiolated gelatin, thiolated chitosan, thiolated silk, PEG-based peptide conjugates, or any combination thereof. Additionally, the bio-scaffold 570 can include any material that is moldable or 3D printable, including those listed above, for example, by injection molding techniques, quench casting, or sacrificial molding. In some cases, the bio-scaffold 130 can be formed by casting around a pattern, such as needles or structures that can be removed by mechanical, chemical, and / or light-induced decomposition, and then one or more portions can be patterned to bond the pieces together.

[0049] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 570 can be a perfusable hydrogel. In some cases, the bio-scaffold 570 can include a pre-hydrogel aqueous solution including organic materials, such as, for example, tartrazine (yellow food coloring FD&C Yellow 5, E102), curcumin (from turmeric), or anthocyanin (from blueberries), which can result in a hydrogel, and inorganic gold nanoparticles, for example, having a diameter of about 5 nm to 100 nm, for biocompatibility and light attenuation properties, and functionality to act as an effective light absorbing additive, for example, to generate a perfusable hydrogel. In some cases, the bio-scaffold 570 can include a light absorber. In some cases, the light absorber can be hydrophilic. For example, hydrophilic light absorbers include food coloring, tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF (Yellow No. 6), Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue No. 1), Indigo Carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2), Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green No. 3), anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, erythrosine (FD&C Red No. 3), Allura Red AC (FD&C Red No. 40), riboflavin (vitamins B2, E101, E101a, E106), and erythrocin (FD&C Red No. 41). ), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), quinoline yellow WS, carmoisine (azorubine), ponceau 4R (E124), patent blue V (E131), green S (E142), yellow 2G (E107), orange GGN (E111), red 2G (E128), caramel color, phenol red, methyl orange, 4-nitrophenol, NADH disodium salt, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the light absorber may be hydrophobic. For example, the hydrophobic light absorber may be one of curcumin (E100), turmeric, alpha carotene, beta carotene, canthaxanthin (ketocarotenoid), cochineal extract, paprika, saffron, ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), citrus red 2, annatto extract, lycopene, or any combination thereof.

[0050] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 570 is made of any of a variety of materials including silk, collagen, gelatin, fibrin, synthetic peptides, hyaluronic acid, alginate-containing polymers, polyurethanes, polycaprolactone (PCL), elastomers, collagen methacrylate, collagen methacrylamide, gelatin methacrylate, gelatin methacrylamide, silk methacrylate, silk methacrylamide, hyaluronic acid methacrylate, hyaluronic acid methacrylamide, Pluronic® diacrylate, Pluronic methacrylamide, chondroitin sulfate methacrylate, chondroitin sulfate methacrylamide, elastin acrylate, elastin methacrylamide, cellulose acrylate, cellulose methacrylamide, de The biomaterial may be or may comprise a biomaterial comprising xtran methacrylate, dextran methacrylamide, heparin methacrylate, heparin methacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), chitosan methacrylate, chitosan methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol norbornene, polyethylene glycol dithiol, thiolated gelatin, thiolated chitosan, thiolated hyaluronic acid, thiolated silk, PEG-based peptide complexes, decellularized ECM of any tissue / organ, plastic, metal (gallium or indium, or alloys such as field metals, gallium-indium, gallium-tin, gallium-indium-tin, etc.), supercooled liquid metal, or any combination thereof.

[0051] In some embodiments, the bioscaffold 570 may include a bioscaffold inlet 575a, a bioscaffold outlet 575b, and one or more fluid channels or vascular components 590 extending therebetween, configured such that fluid may enter the bioscaffold 570 via the bioscaffold inlet 575a, pass through the bioscaffold 570, and then exit via the bioscaffold outlet 575b. In some cases, the one or more vascular components 590 may include one or more channels that may branch as a tree-like structure within the bioscaffold 570. For example, the one or more channels may include a bifurcation that may be formed, for example, as a torus knot, where the channels reconverge at another point within the bioscaffold 570. As another example, the one or more vascular components 590 may include a bifurcation structure that may extend from various portions of the bioscaffold 570 and terminate at other portions of the bioscaffold 570. In some cases, one or more of the vascular components 590 can have multi-scale vasculature with branches and tapers similar to organs in the human body.

[0052] In some embodiments, one or more of the vascular components 590 may have a constriction thereon configured to regulate the flow of fluid therein. FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of a bio-scaffold having a fluid channel including a constriction for regulating the flow of fluid in the fluid channel, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 810 may have a bio-scaffold inlet 820, a bio-scaffold outlet 830, and a fluid channel 840 extending therebetween. In some cases, the fluid channel 840 may have one or more constrictions 850a, 850b configured to regulate the flow of fluid in the fluid channel 840. For example, the constrictions 850a, 850b may be configured to regulate the flow rate of fluid in the fluid channel 840. In some cases, the constriction 850a may be shaped and sized to regulate the flow rate, volume, etc. of fluid entering the bio-scaffold 810 via the bio-scaffold inlet 820 and transported via the fluid channel 840 towards the bio-scaffold outlet 830. As another example, the constrictions 850b may be shaped and sized to regulate the flow rate, volume, etc. of fluid exiting the bio-scaffold 810 via the bio-scaffold outlet 830 and flowing through the fluid channel 840. In some cases, the constrictions 850a, 850b within a fluid channel 840 may have different shapes, sizes, etc. from one another (e.g., such that the flow rate, volume, etc. of fluid flowing through the constriction is uniform). In some cases, the bio-scaffold 810 may have multiple fluid channels 840, and the constrictions 850a, 850b within each fluid channel 840 may be configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to at least substantially equalize the fluidic resistance or flow rate of fluid among the multiple fluid channels 840. In some cases, the constrictions 850a, 850b within the same fluid channel 840 may be configured to increase the velocity or flow rate of fluid flowing therethrough.

[0053] Returning to FIG. 5, in some cases, one or more vascular components 590 of the bio-scaffold 570 may have a wider cross-sectional area in the interior of the bio-scaffold 570 compared to the cross-sectional area of ​​the bio-scaffold inlet 575a and / or the bio-scaffold outlet 575b. That is, for example, the cross-sectional area of ​​the one or more vascular components 590 may gradually narrow from the interior of the bio-scaffold 570 toward the bio-scaffold outlet 575b. As another example, starting from the bio-scaffold inlet 575a, the cross-sectional area of ​​the one or more vascular components 590 may gradually widen toward the interior of the bio-scaffold 590. In some cases, one or more vascular components 590 in the interior of the bio-scaffold 570 may include a chamber or compartment within the bio-assembly 570 where a fluid (e.g., a fluid suspension of cells) may be collected and within which biological studies may be performed. For example, a fluid injected into the bio-assembly 500 via the bio-assembly inlet 540 may enter the bio-scaffold 570 via the bio-scaffold inlet 575a. The fluid may then flow through one or more vascular components 590 and be collected in a chamber for biological study. Optionally, the fluid may then be released out of the bio-assembly 500 via the bio-scaffold outlet 575b and the bio-assembly outlet 550a.

[0054] In some embodiments, one or more vascular components 590 can have any cross-sectional shape and lateral dimension (e.g., the lateral dimension of the cross-section is the radius or diameter if circular) in the range of about 10 μm to about 1 mm, about 100 μm to about 800 μm, about 200 μm to about 600 μm, about 300 μm to about 700 μm, about 400 μm to about 600 μm, about 450 μm to about 550 μm, including values ​​and subranges therebetween. In some cases, one or more vascular components 590 are perfusable. In some cases, one or more vascular components 590 can change their shape and size (e.g., expand, contract, etc.) in response to changes (e.g., increases or decreases) in pressure, mechanical, electrical, and / or chemical stimuli within one or more vascular components 590.

[0055] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 570 may have a sectioning label thereon configured to facilitate removal of the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly 500. FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of a portion of a bio-scaffold (e.g., 570 or 800) with a sectioning label or feature for removing the bio-scaffold from the bio-assembly (e.g., 500), according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 910 of the bio-assembly may have a sectioning label 920 configured to enable severing the bio-scaffold 910 from other components (e.g., substrate) of the bio-assembly, e.g., to facilitate removal of the bio-scaffold 910 from the bio-assembly. In some cases, the sectioning label 920 may be disposed on the bio-scaffold 910 (e.g., photocrosslinked, covalently bonded, attached, or adjacently disposed without attachment) and may function as or include an indicator that may indicate the presence of a feature configured to enable removal of the bio-scaffold 910 from the bio-assembly. Examples of such cutting labels or features 920 include, but are not limited to, perforations, indentations, protrusions, etc. Such features may enable a bio-scaffold anchored to a substrate, a network of inlet and outlet fluid channels, etc. to be detached, severed, disengaged, or otherwise separated from other components of a bio-assembly, allowing the bio-scaffold to be non-invasively removed from the bio-assembly.

[0056] As an exemplary illustration, a bio-assembly having a bio-scaffold including a cut label (e.g., perforations, indentations, protrusions, etc.) as discussed above may be used in biological research, and a researcher may wish to remove the bio-scaffold (including media, liquids, tissues, etc. contained therein) for further study / analysis. In such a case, the cut label or feature may serve as a label indicating to a researcher a location on the bio-scaffold where the researcher can separate the bio-scaffold and its components from the bio-assembly in order to remove the bio-scaffold from the bio-assembly. For example, with reference to FIG. 5 , the cut label of the bio-scaffold 570 may be configured to be visible from above the bio-assembly 500, such that a researcher may conveniently access the bio-scaffold 570 through the top opening of the housing 560 (e.g., after removing the top cover of the bio-assembly including the lid 510 and the barrier 520). Additionally, the cut label may facilitate removal of the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly 500. This is because the cut labels or features, i.e., perforations, indentations, protrusions, etc., allow the bio-scaffold 570 to be broken or disengaged from other components of the bio-assembly 500 (to which it is connected) and facilitates removal of the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly 500.

[0057] In some embodiments, the bio-scaffold 570 can be removed from the bio-assembly 500 using a variety of methods. Examples of such bio-scaffold cutters include, but are not limited to, optical tools, mechanical tools, chemical tools, and the like. For example, an optical tool, such as a laser, can be used to direct light to a cut label on the bio-scaffold 570 to disengage the bio-scaffold 570 from other components (e.g., substrates) of the bio-assembly 500 to which it is connected and from which it is detached. For example, the light can detach the bio-scaffold 570 at the cut label or feature, separating the bio-scaffold 570 from the other components. Other examples of bio-scaffold cutters that can be used to detach the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly 500 at the cleavage label of the bio-scaffold 570 for removal from the bio-assembly 500 include the involvement of chemicals such as bases (e.g., sodium hydroxide), acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid), proteinases (e.g., collagenase), or competing chemical reactions (e.g., thioester exchange, where an external chemical is introduced to compete with a chemical group / bond to cause dissociation) that are configured when applied thereon to detach the bio-scaffold 570 at the cleavage label and decouple the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly 500. Still other examples include, but are not limited to, mechanical tools such as a scooper that, when used to apply a force to the cleavage label, are also configured to separate the bio-scaffold from the bio-assembly 500 at the cleavage label. Additionally, the bio-scaffold can be removed by temperature changes when a thermoresponsive material such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), pNIPAAm, etc. is used to adhere the bio-scaffold to the bio-assembly.

[0058] In some embodiments, the substrate 580 of the bio-assembly 500 can be a transparent substrate. In some cases, the substrate 580 can be a substrate that includes suitable materials such as, but is not limited to, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, glass, quartz, mica, infrared transparent salts such as calcium bromide, potassium bromide, or any of these materials in combination with thin films of other materials or thin films of metals that enable surface plasmon based measurements, or combinations thereof.

[0059] In some cases, substrate 580 may be configured to mate with a bottom edge of housing 560 such that when substrate 580 with attached bio-scaffold 570 contacts housing 560, an edge of substrate 580 may be attached to the bottom edge of housing 560 forming an air-tight, water / fluid-tight, dust-tight, etc. seal. In some cases, attachment may be facilitated via an adhesive such as, but not limited to, tape, liquid glue / adhesive, UV-curable material or resin, cyanoacrylate adhesive, plasma adhesive, etc.

[0060] In some embodiments, a manifold septum (e.g., septum 305 in FIG. 3) configured to receive a bio-assembly (e.g., 500) may include an interface positioned within the manifold and / or at its bottom edge or surface. In some cases, the interface may be an adhesive interface configured to contact a substrate of the bio-assembly and apply adhesive to the substrate when the bio-assembly is positioned within the septum to attach the substrate of the bio-assembly to the septum. FIG. 10A shows a schematic diagram of a bottom view of a manifold septum configured to receive a bio-assembly and having an adhesive delivery structure, according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the manifold septum is configured to receive a bio-assembly 1000 having a bio-scaffold 1040, a bio-assembly inlet 1010 in fluid communication with a bio-scaffold inlet 1050 of the bio-scaffold 1040, and / or one or more bio-assembly outlets 1020a, 1020b in fluid communication with a bio-scaffold outlet 1060 of the bio-scaffold 1040. As shown in FIG. 10B, in some cases, fluid entering the bio-assembly 1000 via the bio-assembly inlet 1015 reaches the bio-scaffold inlet 1055 via the inlet fluid channel 1035, through which the fluid enters the bio-scaffold (e.g., for biological research). Fluid resulting from the biological research can then be released from the bio-scaffold via the bio-scaffold outlet 1065, which is in fluid communication with the bio-assembly outlet 1025a via the outlet fluid channel 1075, and the resulting fluid can pass through the outlet fluid channel 1075 and exit the bio-assembly 1000 through the bio-assembly outlet 1025a. In some cases, the bio-assembly outlet 1025b may be in fluid communication with a bio-scaffold access channel 1085 similar to the bio-scaffold access channel 650 of FIG. 6 (e.g., the discussion above regarding the bio-scaffold access channel 650 applies equally to the bio-scaffold access channel 1085).

[0061] In some cases, the bio-assembly 1000 may also include a substrate 1070. In some cases, the partition in which the bio-assembly 1000 is positioned may have an interface 1030 at its bottom edge or surface, which may be configured to apply adhesive to the substrate when the bio-assembly 1000 including the substrate 1070 is positioned within the partition and contacts the partition. In some embodiments, the interface 1030 may be a depression or moat in the partition configured to receive adhesive (e.g., liquid adhesive) from an adhesive delivery structure 1080 of the manifold. That is, the manifold having the partition may have an adhesive delivery structure 1080 configured to deliver liquid adhesive to the interface 1030 of the partition, whereby when the bio-assembly 1000 having the substrate 1070 is positioned within the partition, the interface 1030 secures the substrate 1070 (and such bio-assembly 1000) to the partition. For example, a liquid adhesive, when delivered to the interface 1030, can cure in situ and by itself secure or bond the substrate 1070 to the bulkhead (i.e., manifold). Examples of adhesives that can be delivered to the interface 1030 by the adhesive delivery structure 1080 include, but are not limited to, ultraviolet or visible light curable resins, air, cyanoacrylate adhesives, silicone gaskets, polycarboxylate cements, nitrocellulose, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interface 1030 can also be configured to act as a buffer area to collect leaks in the bio-assembly. That is, for example, the interface 1030 can be a gutter configured to capture fluids leaking from the bio-scaffold 1040 and / or a network of inlet or outlet fluid channels connected to the scaffold 140.

[0062] Returning now to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, bio-assembly 500 configured to be placed or positioned within a manifold bulkhead (e.g., bulkhead 230 of manifold 200 or bulkhead 235 of manifold 255 of FIG. 2) may be formed using additive manufacturing techniques (also referred to herein as “3D printing” techniques), such as, but not limited to, injection molding techniques, quench casting, sacrificial molding, and the like. In some embodiments, to fabricate bio-assembly 500, substrate 580 (e.g., transparent glass) may be placed on an additive manufacturing machine (i.e., a “3D printer”), and substrate 580 may be associated with a single bio-assembly 500 (e.g., a single bulkhead configured to receive bio-assembly 500) or substrate 580 may be associated with multiple bio-assemblies, each configured to be received or positioned within a respective bulkhead. That is, in some cases, substrate 580 may function as a substrate for only a single bio-assembly 500. In other cases, the substrate 580 may serve as a substrate for multiple bio assemblies of the manifold. For example, with reference to FIG. 2A, in the former case (i.e., the substrate is associated with a single partition), each bio assembly configured to be positioned within the partition 230 may have a unique substrate (e.g., not shared with other bio assemblies configured to be positioned within other partitions of the manifold 200). However, in the latter case (where the substrate is associated with multiple bio assemblies), multiple bio assemblies configured to be positioned within multiple respective partitions 230 of the manifold 200 may share the same substrate. For example, there may be a single substrate for 12 bio assemblies configured to be positioned within each of the 12 partitions 230 of the manifold 230. In either case, the discussion herein regarding additive manufacturing or 3D printing of bio assemblies applies equally to both bio assemblies having unique substrates and bio assemblies that share one or more substrates among themselves.

[0063] In some embodiments, the substrate 580 may be chemically functionalized by immersing the clean substrate 580 in a desired chemical vapor deposition or vapor deposition. For example, in some cases, the substrate 580 may be chemically functionalized using a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker having two different reactive functional groups, a first functional group of the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker configured to bond to the substrate and a second functional group of the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker configured to provide a bond when a bioscaffold (e.g., or a hydrogel precursor thereof) contacts the substrate 580. For example, the first and second functional groups may include trichlorosilane and methacrylate, respectively, where the former (trichlorosilane) is configured to bond to the substrate and the latter (methacrylate) is configured to bond to the bioscaffold. Other examples of heterobifunctional chemical crosslinkers include, but are not limited to, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate, allyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol, (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, and / or (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, and the like.

[0064] In some cases, after chemical functionalization of the substrate 580 with a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker, a polymerizable hydrogel precursor can be placed in contact with a second functional group of the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker (e.g., methacrylate) configured to provide adhesion to the bio-scaffold 570. The polymerizable hydrogel precursor can then be polymerized (e.g., photopolymerized using visible or UV light) to initiate a polymerization reaction in the polymerizable hydrogel precursor, resulting in the formation of a hydrogel that is disposed on the substrate 580. In some cases, additive manufacturing or 3D printing techniques can then be applied to the hydrogel to form the bio-scaffold 570. In some cases, the hydrogel can be disposed on the substrate, in that the hydrogel can be photocrosslinked, covalently bonded, attached, or disposed adjacent to the substrate 580 without attachment.

[0065] In some cases, additive manufacturing of the hydrogel to form the bio-scaffold 570 includes 3D printing the hydrogel to generate the bio-scaffold 570 having a bio-scaffold inlet 575a, a bio-scaffold outlet 575b, and a bio-scaffold fluidic channel or vascular component 590 extending therebetween. For example, the 3D printing of the hydrogel may generate a bio-scaffold 570 at least substantially similar to the bio-scaffold 800 shown in FIG. 8. For example, the hydrogel may be 3D printed such that the bio-scaffold fluidic channel or vascular component 590 of the printed bio-scaffold 570 may include one or more constrictions configured to regulate the flow of fluid or perfusate therein. Additionally, the 3D printing of the hydrogel may also provide the printed bio-scaffold 570 with cut labels or features (e.g., perforations, indentations, protrusions, etc.) configured to facilitate removal of the bio-scaffold 570 from the bio-assembly in which it is located.

[0066] In some embodiments, during formation of the bio-scaffold 570, the housing 560 including the bio-assembly inlet 540 and the bio-assembly outlets 550a, 550b may also be additively manufactured using a 3D moldable material. For example, the housing 560 may be 3D printed using plastic, resin (e.g., biocompatible), polycarbonate, acrylic, and / or glass, etc. In some cases, the 3D printing of the housing 560 may also include 3D printing of a network of inlet fluid channels and a network of outlet fluid channels of the bio-assembly 500, the former (network of inlet fluid channels) in fluid communication with both the bio-assembly inlet 540 and the bio-scaffold inlet 575a, and the latter (network of outlet fluid channels) in fluid communication with both the bio-assembly outlet 550a and the bio-scaffold outlet 575b. Additionally, the 3D printing of the housing may also include 3D printing of a bio-scaffold access channel (e.g., similar to bio-scaffold access channel 650 of FIG. 6 ), which may be configured to couple to or be in fluid communication with the interior of bio-assembly 500 or housing 560, including a network of bio-assembly inlet and outlet fluid channels, and / or bio-scaffold 570 positioned within housing 560.

[0067] In some cases, 3D printing of the housing 560 can include mating of the housing 560 with a substrate 580 (e.g., with a 3D printed bio-scaffold secured thereon), whereby the inlet fluid channel network of the bio-assembly is coupled to the bio-scaffold inlet 575a and the outlet fluid channel network of the bio-assembly is coupled to the bio-scaffold outlet 575b. In some cases, when the housing 560 is mated with the substrate 580, adhesive can be provided between the housing 560 and the substrate 580 via an adhesive delivery structure (e.g., adhesive delivery structure 1080 of FIG. 10), whereby the housing 560 and the substrate 580 attach and form an air-tight, water-tight / fluid-tight, dust-tight, etc. seal between the housing 560 and the substrate 580.

[0068] In some embodiments, 3D printing of the housing 560 can occur after the bio-scaffold 570 is secured to the substrate 580. However, these embodiments are non-limiting, and in forming the bio-assembly 500, the various components of the bio-assembly 500 can be manufactured or formed in any order. For example, instead of first securing the bio-scaffold 570 to the substrate 580 and then 3D printing the housing 560, in some embodiments, the housing 560 can be 3D printed and then mated to the substrate 580 (e.g., without a priori securing the bio-scaffold 570 thereto), as discussed above. In such a case, once the 3D printed housing 560 is mated and bonded to the substrate 580, computer axial lithography (CAL) techniques can be used to form the bio-scaffold 570. For example, the substrate 580 can be chemically functionalized with a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker, and a polymerizable hydrogel precursor can be placed in contact with the functional groups of the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker, as discussed above. A CAL technique, which involves projecting a series of 2D cross-sectional images of the bioscaffold onto the hydrogel precursor, can then be non-invasively applied to the hydrogel precursor to form a bioscaffold 570 from the hydrogel precursor.

[0069] In some embodiments, the lid 510 and seal 530 can also be additively manufactured. In some cases, the seal 530, which may be a double-sided adhesive seal, can be adhered to both the top surface of the housing 560 and the bottom surface of the barrier 520, and the lid 510 can be secured to the top surface of the barrier 520, resulting in a combined lid-barrier-seal component that can function as an air-tight, water / fluid-tight, dust-proof cover for the top of the bio-assembly 500.

[0070] In some embodiments, a plurality of bio-assemblies 500, 3D additively manufactured as discussed above, may be received or positioned within respective partitions of a manifold plate (e.g., partition 230 of manifold 200) to produce a manifold in which the manifold inlet and manifold outlet are in fluid communication (e.g., via an internal vasculature or a network of inlet / outlet fluid channels) with the inlet and outlet of the bio-assembly 500, respectively (as discussed above with reference to FIG. 3). Such manifolds, including bio-scaffolds housed therein, may provide a cellular environment that mimics human / animal anatomy and physiology and may be used as a biomimetic human / animal tissue model for conducting biological research, as described in Applicant's Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 020,407, filed May 5, 2020, entitled "Microcosm Bio-Scaffold and Application Thereof," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0071] In some embodiments, the plate of the manifold may have multiple manifold inlets and / or multiple manifold outlets, the former (manifold inlets) may be in fluid communication (e.g., via an internal inlet vasculature or a network of inlet fluid channels) with the bio-assembly inlets of the bio-assemblies housed within the bulkheads of the plate, and the latter (manifold outlets) may be in fluid communication (e.g., via an internal outlet vasculature or a network of outlet fluid channels) with the bio-assembly outlets of the bio-assemblies. Such manifolds may provide a cellular environment particularly suitable for conducting drug safety and efficacy studies, where cell culture medium or perfusate and different amounts or doses of candidate drug fluids may be directed in a controlled manner to different bio-scaffolds / bio-assemblies of the microfluidic manifold using the multiple manifold inlets. FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of a manifold having multiple manifold inlets and a mixing region for mixing fluids received in the manifold via the multiple manifold inlets, according to various embodiments.

[0072] In some embodiments, the manifold 1100 may include two manifold inlets 1110, 1120 and one manifold outlet 1180. It should be understood that Figure 11 is a non-limiting illustrative example, and the manifold 1100 may include any number of manifold inlets (e.g., 3, 4, 5, etc.) and any number of manifold outlets (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.), and the description herein of two manifold inlets 1110, 1120 and a single manifold outlet 1180 applies equally to any number of manifold inlets and any number of manifold outlets. In some cases, the manifold 1100 may also include multiple bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n, each received within or positioned within a respective partition of the manifold 1100. In some cases, the assembly inlets of each of the multiple bio assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n may be in fluid communication with both manifold inlets 1110, 1120. Additionally, the bio assembly outlets of each of the multiple bio assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n may be in fluid communication with the manifold outlet 1180. Although FIG. 11 shows a regular rectangular arrangement of septa each containing a bio assembly, it should be understood that the manifold 1100 can have any internal microfluidic structure so long as the bio assemblies are in fluid communication with the inlets and outlets of the manifold.

[0073] In some embodiments, the microfluidic structure of the manifold 1100, including the bulkhead arrangement and the multiple manifold inlets, can be configured to facilitate controlled distribution of fluids (e.g., cell culture media, drugs, etc.) throughout the bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n of the manifold 1100. For example, FIG. 11 shows a rectangular arrangement of 24 bio-assemblies arranged in 4 rows and 6 columns, with the bio-assemblies in the rows in serial fluid communication with each other and the bio-assemblies in the columns in parallel fluid communication with each other. In such a case, the same or different fluids can be injected into the manifold 1100 via the two manifold inlets 1110, 1120 to achieve a desired gradient of the same or different fluid concentrations across the rows and / or columns of bio-assemblies. (For example, all bio-assemblies in the same row may have the same fluid concentration of the fluid injected through one of the inlets, while different rows may have different fluid concentrations). That is, the microfluidic arrangement of the bio-assemblies and / or the number of manifold inlets may be such that a desired distribution or gradient of concentrations of one or both fluids injected into the manifold 1100 may be achieved in some or all of the bio-assemblies in the manifold 1100. It should be understood that the above examples are non-limiting illustrative examples, and that the manifold 1100 may have any number of manifold inlets and that the bio-assemblies may be arranged in any manner (e.g., in serial fluid communication, in parallel fluid communication, or a combination thereof) to allow for a desired differential distribution of concentrations of fluids injected into the manifold 1100. In some cases, fluid concentration may refer to the concentration of species present in the fluid, including solutes, solvents, etc.

[0074] In some cases, the concentration of a fluid in the bio-assembly, and therefore the distribution or gradient of fluid concentration throughout the manifold 1100, can be altered or controlled by varying the flow rates of the same or different fluids injected into the manifold 1110 through the two manifold inlets 1110, 1120. For example, a first flow rate of a first fluid injected through the first manifold inlet 1110 and a second flow rate of a second fluid injected through the second manifold inlet 1120 can be selected to achieve a desired distribution of the ratio of first to second fluids in the bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n of the manifold 1100. For example, the first flow rate and / or the second flow rate may be selected such that the ratio of first fluid to second fluid in the fluids reaching the first row of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n is a first ratio (e.g., 1:1000), while the ratio in the second column of bio-assemblies 1150a-1150n may be a second ratio different from the first ratio (e.g., 1:100), etc. It should be understood that the above examples are non-limiting illustrative examples and that the flow rates of the injected fluids may be varied to control and achieve a desired distribution of fluid concentrations or ratios of fluids reaching the bio-assemblies of the manifold 1100.

[0075] In some embodiments, the first flow rate and / or the second flow rate can be selected or determined based on fluid properties of the first fluid and / or the second fluid, such as, but not limited to, temperature, viscosity, concentration (of the solvent, solutes, etc. of the fluids being injected), etc. In some cases, as described above, there may be one or more fluid pumps coupled to or in fluid communication with the manifold inlet of the manifold 1100, and the one or more fluid pumps may be controlled to provide a desired flow rate of the fluids injected into the manifold 1100 based on the aforementioned fluid properties of the fluids. For example, if the first fluid has a very high concentration of a first solute and the second fluid has a very low concentration of a second solute, the flow rates of the first fluid and the second fluid may be selected based on the relative concentrations of the solutes of the first and second fluids. It should be understood that the above examples are non-limiting illustrative examples and that the flow rate of the injected fluid can also be varied based on the temperature, viscosity, etc. of the fluid to control and achieve a desired differential distribution of the fluid concentration throughout the bio-assembly of manifold 1100.

[0076] For example, in some cases, heaters (e.g., silicone heaters, etc.) can be included in manifold 1100 to regulate the temperature of the infusion fluid, which can affect the release of factors. For example, possible silicone heaters can be placed at manifold inlets, manifold outlets, fluid channels, etc. of manifold 1100 to locally heat membranes, valves, fluids, etc. located therein, thereby causing the internal release of factors into manifold 1100 (e.g., from the membranes, valves, fluids, etc.).

[0077] In some embodiments, fluids injected through the multiple manifold inlets can be mixed via a mixer positioned upstream of the bio-assemblies 1140a-n, 1150a-n, 1160a-n, 1170a-n. For example, a mixer can be positioned in a common fluid channel upstream of the bio-assemblies 1140a-n, 1150a-n, 1160a-n, 1170a-n and in fluid communication with the multiple manifold inlets. In some cases, such a mixer can be configured to efficiently mix fluids over the axial length of the common fluid channel in which it is positioned or disposed. For example, referring to FIG. 11, a mixer may be placed in a common fluid channel 1190 upstream of the bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n, and may mix fluids injected through two manifold inlets 1110, 1120 in a mixing region 1130 of the common fluid channel 1190, and the mixed fluids may then be distributed to the multiple bio-assemblies through a network of inlet fluid channels of the manifold 1100. In some cases, the mixer may have moving parts. Examples of mixers include, but are not limited to, static mixers, magnetic particle mixers, acoustic fluid mixers, and / or electrophoretic mixers. For example, a static mixer may be a mixer that does not have moving parts. That is, in some cases, the mixer may not have moving parts. Also, in some cases, the mixer may include moving parts. In some cases, a static mixer may be configured to mix the fluids flowing through the mixer, including, but not limited to, inverted parallel fins, spirals, fixed surface shapes or topologies configured to disrupt the streamlined fluid flow, and the like.

[0078] As an illustrative, non-limiting example of the use of the manifold 1100 for biological studies of candidate drugs, in some embodiments, the second manifold inlet 1120 may be in fluid communication with a drug reservoir and thus configured to receive a candidate drug from the reservoir into the manifold 1100, examples of which include, but are not limited to, a chemotherapeutic drug, and / or an antibiotic (e.g., doxycycline, etc.). Additionally, the first manifold inlet 1110 may be in fluid communication with a cell culture medium reservoir and thus configured to receive a cell culture medium from the reservoir into the manifold 1100, examples of which include, but are not limited to, a tissue or cell perfusate, serum, etc. Biological studies may include studies aimed at determining the behavior of cells exposed to a candidate drug (e.g., different doses of the candidate drug). For example, different doses of the candidate drug may be combined with cell culture medium and perfused into a bio-scaffold (e.g., a hydrogel) to investigate the behavior of cells when exposed to the candidate drug within the bio-scaffold. As such, such studies can be conducted using a manifold 1100 configured to allow different doses of a candidate drug to be combined with cell culture media.

[0079] In some embodiments, the manifold 1100 can provide a mechanism for biological studies in which multiple samples of cell culture media are exposed to different doses of a candidate drug in a controlled manner within the bio-scaffolds of the bio-assemblies of the manifold 1100. For example, the manifold can have at least as many partitions (i.e., the same number of bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds) as the number of doses of the candidate drug being studied, and the biological study can include differentially dispensing different amounts or ratios of cell culture media and candidate drug perfusate to multiple bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n contained within the multiple partitions of the manifold 1100, where the different amounts or ratios of cell culture media and candidate drug perfusate correspond to the doses of the candidate drug being studied. In other words, the manifold 1100 can be used to mix cell culture medium and candidate drug perfusate and deliver the mixed fluid having different ratios or concentrations of cell culture medium and drug to multiple bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds for conducting biological studies to determine the effect of drug dosages corresponding to different ratios / concentrations of cell culture medium and drug on cell culture samples.

[0080] In some embodiments, one or more fluid pumps in fluid communication with the drug reservoirs and the cell culture medium reservoirs can be used to supply the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate to the manifold 1100 via the second manifold inlet 1120 and the first manifold inlet 1100, respectively. In some cases, the candidate drug flow rate and the cell culture medium flow rate can be determined or selected based on the fluid properties of the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate and / or the microfluidic structure or bio-assembly arrangement of the manifold 1100 to achieve a desired cell culture medium to drug ratio or concentration in the multiple bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds of the manifold 1100.

[0081] 11, as described above, the microfluidic structure or bio-assembly arrangement of manifold 1100 includes a grid of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n arranged in rows and columns, with the bio-assemblies in the rows in serial fluid communication with one another and the bio-assemblies in the columns in parallel fluid communication with one another. In such a case, when conducting biological studies on the efficacy of a candidate drug, a researcher may wish to have different columns of the plurality of bio-assemblies have different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations, as a non-limiting illustrative example. The researcher can then determine or select flow rates of the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate, subject to the fluid properties (e.g., temperature, viscosity, solute concentration, etc.) of the cell culture medium and / or candidate drug and the grid microfluidic structure of the bio-assemblies, to achieve different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations in different rows of the multiple bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds of the manifold 1100. For example, the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate may be injected into the manifold at flow rates such that the candidate and cell culture medium perfusate combined along the common fluidic channel 1190 may have different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations along the axial length of the common fluidic channel, corresponding to different rows of the multiple bio-assemblies of the manifold 1100. In some cases, the flow rates of the candidate drug and / or cell culture medium perfusate may be determined or calculated based on the type of mixer used to mix the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate, the concentration and / or molecular weight of the candidate drug and / or cell culture medium perfusate, etc.

[0082] For example, the combined fluid can have different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations in portions of the common fluid channel 1190 adjacent to different rows of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n. That is, for example, the combined candidate and cell culture medium perfusate configured to flow adjacent to and through a row of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n can be different than the combined candidate and cell culture medium perfusate configured to flow adjacent to and through other rows of bio-assemblies (e.g., 1150a-1150n). It will be understood that the determination or selection of flow rates to achieve different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations in different rows of multiple bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds is a non-limiting illustrative example, and the amount of fluid injected may be determined or selected to have any desired differential distribution of cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations across the multiple bio-assemblies or bio-scaffolds of manifold 1100.

[0083] In some embodiments, the combined candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate in the common fluid channel 1190 may then be mixed into a mixture via a mixer as described above. For example, a mixer positioned in the common fluid channel 1190 upstream of the bio-assemblies 1140a-n, 1150a-n, 1160a-n, 1170a-n may mix the candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate injected into the manifold 1100 via the manifold inlets 1110, 1120 in the mixing region 1130, which may be combined in the common fluid channel 1190 into a combined candidate and cell culture medium perfusate. In some cases, the mixing of the combined candidate drug and cell culture medium perfusate may not substantially change the ratio of cell culture medium to drug or its concentration. As such, after mixing, the mixed fluids in the common fluid channel 1190 adjacent to different columns of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n may have different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations and may flow into different rows of the bio-assemblies, such that the bio-scaffolds of different rows of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n (e.g., bio-assemblies in the same column receiving fluids having at least substantially similar cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations) receive fluids having different cell culture medium to drug ratios or concentrations. In some embodiments, after biological studies on the effectiveness of candidate drugs are performed within the bio-scaffolds of bio-assemblies 1140a-1140n, 1150a-1150n, 1160a-1160n, 1170a-1170n of manifold 1100, the resulting fluids may be released from manifold 1100 into an outlet reservoir via manifold outlet 1180 and the internal outlet vasculature or network of outlet fluid channels of manifold 1100.

[0084] In some embodiments, the resulting fluid collected in the outlet reservoir communicates with another manifold (e.g., similar to manifold 1100) and the resulting fluid can be further investigated on another type of cell culture medium (i.e., cells). For example, after mixing a first cell culture medium (i.e., cells) with different doses of a first compound (e.g., a first candidate drug) in the bio-scaffold of the first manifold to investigate the behavior of the first cells, the first cells are exposed to different doses of the first compound, and the resulting fluid discharged in the outlet reservoir can be sent to a second manifold to investigate the behavior of the second cell culture medium when the second cell culture medium is mixed with the resulting fluid in the bio-scaffold of the second manifold. For example, in a human-on-a-chip setup, the first cells can be hepatocytes or tissues, and the hepatocytes or tissues can be combined with different doses of the first drug in the bio-scaffold of the first manifold to investigate the metabolism of different doses of the first drug by the hepatocytes or tissues. In such cases, the resulting fluid or by-products discharged into the outlet reservoir can be directed to a second manifold where the resulting fluid can be mixed with a different type of cell / tissue (e.g., kidney tissue) to investigate the behavior of kidney tissue when exposed to the resulting liquid (i.e., to investigate a more comprehensive response of the human body to a candidate drug).

[0085] 12 is a flow chart of a method of mixing multiple fluids in a manifold, according to various embodiments. Aspects of method 1200 may be performed by microfluidic system 100 or other suitable means for performing steps. As shown, method 1200 includes a number of recited steps, however, aspects of method 1200 may include additional steps before, after, and between the recited steps. In some embodiments, one or more of the recited steps may be omitted or performed in a different order.

[0086] At block 1210, a first fluid may be injected into a common fluid channel of the manifold via a first manifold inlet of the manifold. In some cases, the manifold includes a first partition having a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold disposed on the substrate (e.g., photocrosslinked, covalently bonded, attached, adjacently disposed without attachment, etc.).

[0087] At block 1220, a second fluid can be injected into the common fluid channel via a second manifold inlet of the manifold. In some cases, the common fluid channel is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and configured to direct a first mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the first bio-assembly inlet.

[0088] 13 is a flow chart of a method of generating a manifold, according to various embodiments. Aspects of method 1200 may be performed at least in part by a manufacturing device or machine, such as a 3D printer using additive manufacturing techniques. As shown, method 1300 includes a number of recited steps, although aspects of method 1300 may include additional steps before, after, and between the recited steps. In some embodiments, one or more of the recited steps may be omitted or performed in a different order.

[0089] At block 1310, additive manufacturing techniques can be used to fabricate a plate having one or more partitions. In some cases, a first partition of the one or more partitions can include a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold.

[0090] At block 1320, the substrate can be chemically functionalized with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker. In some cases, the substrate is chemically functionalized to immobilize the substrate to a first bio-scaffold generated thereon. In some cases, the first bio-scaffold is generated on the substrate by an additive manufacturing technique that includes polymerizing (e.g., photopolymerizing) a first hydrogel precursor in contact with the first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker.

[0091] In block 1330, an adhesive may be provided to an adhesive interface positioned within the first bulkhead such that when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first bulkhead, the adhesive interface contacts the substrate and applies the adhesive to the substrate. In some cases, the adhesive may facilitate attachment of the substrate to the first bulkhead.

[0092] At block 1340, additive manufacturing techniques can be used to fabricate a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet. In some cases, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first bulkhead, the manifold inlet and the manifold outlet can be in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively.

[0093] Description of Various Embodiments of the Disclosure Embodiment 1: A manifold comprising: a plate having one or more partitions, a first partition of the one or more partitions including a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate; an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition and in contact with the substrate of the first bio-assembly and applying adhesive to the substrate when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition to secure the substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first partition; and a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0094] Embodiment 2: A manifold as described in embodiment 1, wherein a second partition of the one or more partitions comprises a second bio assembly inlet, a second bio assembly inlet, and a second recess shaped and sized to receive a second bio assembly having a second bio scaffold, and wherein either or both of: (i) the manifold inlet is in first fluid communication with both the first bio assembly inlet and the second bio assembly inlet; and (ii) the manifold outlet is in second fluid communication with both the first bio assembly outlet and the second bio assembly outlet.

[0095] Embodiment 3: The manifold of embodiment 2, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in series.

[0096] Embodiment 4: The manifold of embodiment 2, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is parallel.

[0097] Embodiment 5: A manifold as described in embodiment 2, wherein a third partition of the one or more partitions includes a third recess shaped and sized to receive a third bio assembly having a third bio assembly inlet and a third bio assembly outlet; the manifold inlet is in third fluid communication with the first bio assembly inlet, the second bio assembly inlet, and the third bio assembly inlet; the manifold outlet is in fourth fluid communication with the first bio assembly outlet, the second bio assembly outlet, and the third bio assembly outlet; and the third fluid communication and / or the fourth fluid communication is a combination of serial and parallel fluid communication.

[0098] Embodiment 6: The manifold of any of embodiments 2-5, wherein the substrate of the second bio-assembly is the same as the substrate of the first bio-assembly.

[0099] Embodiment 7: The manifold of any of embodiments 2-5, wherein the substrate of the second bio-assembly is different from the substrate of the first bio-assembly.

[0100] Embodiment 8: A manifold as described in any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the manifold inlet includes a first manifold inlet and a second manifold inlet, each in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet via a first fluid channel and a second fluid channel, respectively.

[0101] Embodiment 9: A manifold as described in embodiment 8, wherein the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel are connected to a common fluid channel before reaching the first bio-assembly inlet.

[0102] Embodiment 10: A manifold as described in embodiment 9, wherein the common fluid channel includes a mixer positioned therein and configured to mix a first fluid flowing from the first fluid channel to the common fluid channel and a second fluid flowing from the second fluid channel to the common fluid channel.

[0103] Embodiment 11: The manifold of embodiment 10, wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

[0104] Embodiment 12: A manifold as described in embodiment 11, wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

[0105] Embodiment 13: A manifold as described in any of the previous embodiments, wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is an indentation configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0106] Embodiment 14: A manifold according to any of the previous embodiments, wherein the adhesive interface includes a moat configured to prevent leakage of fluid through the first bulkhead.

[0107] Embodiment 15: The manifold of embodiment 14, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

[0108] Embodiment 16: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bioscaffold along a fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey fluid therein.

[0109] Embodiment 17: A manifold as described in embodiment 16, wherein the bubble outlet includes a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape the fluid channel.

[0110] Embodiment 18: A manifold as described in any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to the second bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport fluid between the interior of the first bio-assembly and the exterior of the first bio-assembly via the second bio-assembly outlet.

[0111] Embodiment 19: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between the bioscaffold inlet and the bioscaffold outlet.

[0112] Embodiment 20: A manifold as described in embodiment 19, wherein the fluid channel includes a constriction configured to regulate the flow of fluid therein.

[0113] Embodiment 21: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first bio-scaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface being configured to facilitate removal of the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly after positioning the first bio-assembly within the first bulkhead and attaching a substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first bulkhead.

[0114] Embodiment 22: A manifold as described in embodiment 21, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

[0115] Embodiment 23: A manifold as described in any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the manifold inlet is fluidly connected to the first bio-assembly inlet via a first channel and the manifold outlet is fluidly connected to the first bio-assembly outlet via a second channel, and one or both of the first channel and the second channel include a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

[0116] Embodiment 24: The manifold of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the number of the one or more partitions ranges from about 1 to about 1,536.

[0117] Embodiment 25: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the number of the one or more partitions ranges from about 12 to about 96.

[0118] Embodiment 26: The manifold of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the manifold and / or the first bio-assembly are manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

[0119] Embodiment 27: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first bioscaffold is a hydrogel.

[0120] Embodiment 28: A manifold according to any of the previous embodiments, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate.

[0121] Embodiment 29: A manifold according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first bio-scaffold is crosslinked to the substrate via a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker.

[0122] Embodiment 30: The manifold of embodiment 29, wherein the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bind to the substrate and a methacrylate configured to bind to the first bioscaffold.

[0123] Embodiment 31: A method, the method comprising: injecting a first fluid into a common fluid channel of a manifold through a first manifold inlet of the manifold; and injecting a second fluid into the common fluid channel through a second manifold inlet of the manifold; the manifold comprises a first partition having a first recess, the first recess being shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate, the common fluid channel being in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and configured to direct a first mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the first bio-assembly inlet.

[0124] Embodiment 32: The method of embodiment 31, wherein the first fluid comprises a biologically active compound and the second fluid comprises a cell culture medium.

[0125] Embodiment 33: The method of embodiment 31 or 32, wherein the manifold comprises a second partition having a second recess, the second recess being shaped and sized to receive a second bio-assembly having a second bio-assembly inlet and a second bio-scaffold; the common fluid channel is in fluid communication with the second bio-assembly inlet and configured to direct a second mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the second bio-assembly inlet, the method further comprising varying a property of the first fluid and / or the second fluid to adjust a difference between a first ratio of the first fluid in the first mixture to the second fluid in the first mixture and a second ratio of the first fluid in the second mixture to the second fluid in the second mixture.

[0126] Embodiment 34: The method of embodiment 33, wherein the characteristics of the first fluid and / or the second fluid include a flow rate of the injection of the first fluid and / or the injection of the second fluid.

[0127] Embodiment 35: The method of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the property of the first fluid and / or the second fluid includes a viscosity of the first fluid and / or the second fluid.

[0128] Embodiment 36: The method of any of embodiments 33 to 35, wherein the property of the first fluid and / or the second fluid includes a concentration of a species present in the first fluid and / or the second fluid.

[0129] Embodiment 37: The method of any of embodiments 33-36, further comprising mixing the first fluid and the second fluid via a mixer to form the first mixture.

[0130] Embodiment 38: The method of embodiment 37, wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

[0131] Embodiment 39: The method of embodiment 38, wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

[0132] Embodiment 40: The method of any of embodiments 33 to 39, wherein the second bio-assembly is fixed to a substrate.

[0133] Embodiment 41: The method of any of embodiments 33-40, wherein the substrate is a first substrate and the second bio-assembly is immobilized on a second substrate different from the first substrate.

[0134] Embodiment 42: The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 41, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000.

[0135] Embodiment 43: The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 42, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:1,000.

[0136] Embodiment 44: The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 43, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:100.

[0137] Embodiment 45: The method of any of embodiments 31-44, wherein the manifold includes an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition for contacting a substrate of the first bio-assembly and applying adhesive to the substrate when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0138] Embodiment 46: The method of embodiment 45, wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is a recess configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0139] Embodiment 47: The method of embodiment 45 or 46, wherein the adhesive interface comprises a groove configured to prevent leakage of fluid through the first partition.

[0140] Embodiment 48: The method of embodiment 47, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

[0141] Embodiment 49: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 48, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bioscaffold along the fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey fluid therein.

[0142] Embodiment 50: The method of embodiment 49, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

[0143] Embodiment 51: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 50, wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to a bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport fluid between the interior of the first bio-assembly and the exterior of the first bio-assembly via the bio-assembly outlet.

[0144] Embodiment 52: The method of any of embodiments 31-51, wherein the first bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between the bioscaffold inlet and the bioscaffold outlet.

[0145] Embodiment 53: The method of embodiment 52, wherein the fluid channel comprises a constriction configured to regulate the flow of fluid therein.

[0146] Embodiment 54: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 53, wherein the first bio-scaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface being configured to facilitate removal of the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly after positioning the first bio-assembly within the first bulkhead and attaching a substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first bulkhead.

[0147] Embodiment 55: The method of embodiment 54, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

[0148] Embodiment 56: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 55, wherein the manifold and / or the first bio-assembly are manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

[0149] Embodiment 57: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 56, wherein the first bioscaffold is a hydrogel.

[0150] Embodiment 58: The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 57, wherein the substrate is a transparent substrate.

[0151] Embodiment 59: The method of any of embodiments 31 to 58, wherein the first bioscaffold is photocrosslinked to the substrate via a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker.

[0152] Embodiment 60: The method of embodiment 59, wherein the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bind to the substrate and a methacrylate configured to bind to the first bioscaffold.

[0153] Embodiment 61: A method of producing a manifold, the method comprising the steps of: fabricating a plate having one or more partitions using an additive manufacturing technique, a first partition of the one or more partitions comprising a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold; and contacting a substrate with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker by an additive manufacturing technique comprising polymerizing a first hydrogel precursor by contacting the substrate with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker. The method includes chemically functionalizing the substrate with a crosslinker to secure the substrate to a first bio-scaffold fabricated thereon; providing an adhesive at an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition to contact the substrate and apply the adhesive to the substrate when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition to secure the substrate to the first partition; and fabricating a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet using an additive manufacturing technique, the manifold inlet and manifold outlet being in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0154] Embodiment 62: The method of embodiment 61, wherein the first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises trichlorosilane and methacrylate, and chemically functionalizing the substrate comprises attaching trichlorosilane to the substrate and attaching methacrylate to the first bioscaffold.

[0155] Embodiment 63: A second partition of the one or more partitions includes a second bio assembly inlet, a second bio assembly inlet, and a second recess shaped and sized to receive a second bio assembly having a second bio scaffold, and includes either or both of: (i) a manifold inlet in first fluid communication with both the first bio assembly inlet and the second bio assembly inlet; and (ii) a manifold outlet in second fluid communication with both the first bio assembly outlet and the second bio assembly outlet.

[0156] Embodiment 64: The method of embodiment 63, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in series.

[0157] Embodiment 65: The method of embodiment 63, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in parallel.

[0158] Embodiment 66: The method of embodiment 63, wherein a third partition of the one or more partitions includes a third recess shaped and sized to receive a third bio assembly having a third bio assembly inlet and a third bio assembly outlet, the manifold inlet is in third fluid communication with the first bio assembly inlet, the second bio assembly inlet, and the third bio assembly inlet, and the manifold outlet is in fourth fluid communication with the first bio assembly outlet, the second bio assembly outlet, and the third bio assembly outlet, and the third fluid communication and / or the fourth fluid communication is a combination of serial and parallel fluid communication.

[0159] Embodiment 67: The method of any of embodiments 63 to 66, wherein the substrate of the second bio-assembly is the same as the substrate of the first bio-assembly.

[0160] Embodiment 68: The method of any of embodiments 63 to 66, wherein the substrate of the second bioassembly is different from the substrate of the first bioassembly.

[0161] Embodiment 69: A method as described in any of embodiments 61 to 68, wherein the manifold inlet includes a first manifold inlet and a second manifold inlet, each of which is fluidly connected to the first bio-assembly inlet via a first fluid channel and a second fluid channel, respectively.

[0162] Embodiment 70: The method of embodiment 69, wherein the first fluidic channel and the second fluidic channel are connected to a common fluidic channel before reaching the first bio-assembly inlet.

[0163] Embodiment 71: The method of embodiment 70, wherein the common fluid channel includes a mixer positioned therein, the mixer configured to mix a first fluid flowing from the first fluid channel to the common fluid channel and a second fluid flowing from the second fluid channel to the common fluid channel.

[0164] Embodiment 72: The method of embodiment 71, wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

[0165] Embodiment 73: The method of embodiment 72, wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

[0166] Embodiment 74: The method of any of embodiments 61 to 73, wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is a recess configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

[0167] Embodiment 75: The method of any of embodiments 61-74, wherein the adhesive interface comprises a groove configured to prevent leakage of fluid through the first partition.

[0168] Embodiment 76: The method of embodiment 75, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

[0169] Embodiment 77: The method of any of embodiments 61 to 76, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bioscaffold along the fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey fluid therein.

[0170] Embodiment 78: The method of embodiment 77, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

[0171] Embodiment 79: The method of any of embodiments 61 to 78, wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to the second bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport fluid between the interior of the first bio-assembly and the exterior of the first bio-assembly via the second bio-assembly outlet.

[0172] Embodiment 80: The method of any of embodiments 61-79, wherein the first bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between the bioscaffold inlet and the bioscaffold outlet.

[0173] Embodiment 81: The method of embodiment 80, wherein the fluid channel includes a constriction configured to regulate the flow of fluid therein.

[0174] Embodiment 82: The method of any of embodiments 61-81, further comprising, after positioning the first bio-assembly within the first partition and attaching the substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first partition, removing the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly by separating the first bio-scaffold from the substrate at a cleavable label covalently photocrosslinked on a surface of the substrate and configured to facilitate removal of the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly.

[0175] Embodiment 83: The method of embodiment 82, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

[0176] Embodiment 84: A method according to any of embodiments 61 to 83, wherein the manifold inlet is fluidly connected to the first bio-assembly inlet via a first channel, and the manifold outlet is fluidly connected to the first bio-assembly outlet via a second channel, and one or both of the first channel and the second channel include a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

[0177] Embodiment 85: The method of any one of embodiments 61 to 84, wherein the number of the one or more partitions ranges from about 1 to about 1,536.

[0178] Embodiment 86: The method of any of embodiments 61-85, wherein the number of the one or more partitions ranges from about 12 to about 96.

[0179] Embodiment 87: The method of any one of embodiments 61-86, wherein the substrate is a transparent glass substrate.

[0180] Embodiment 88: A bio-assembly comprising: a lid; a barrier configured to adhere to the lid when in contact with the lid; a housing including a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet; a gasket positioned between the barrier and the housing and configured to provide an at least substantially airtight seal when the barrier or the lid is secured to the housing; a substrate configured to adhere to the housing when in contact with the housing; and a bio-scaffold fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques on polymerized hydrogel precursors positioned on the substrate, the bio-scaffold being secured to the substrate via chemical functionalization of the substrate with a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker in contact with the hydrogel precursors.

[0181] Embodiment 89: A bio-assembly as described in embodiment 88, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the bio-scaffold along a fluid channel configured to convey fluid therein.

[0182] Embodiment 90: The bioassembly of embodiment 89, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

[0183] Embodiment 91: A bio-assembly described in any of embodiments 88 to 90, further comprising: a bio-assembly outlet being a first bio-assembly outlet, and a bio-assembly second bio-assembly outlet; and a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to the second bio-assembly outlet and configured to transport fluid between the interior of the housing and the exterior of the bio-assembly via the second bio-assembly outlet.

[0184] Embodiment 92: A bioassembly according to any of embodiments 88 to 91, wherein the bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between the bioscaffold inlet and the bioscaffold outlet.

[0185] Embodiment 93: The bioassembly of embodiment 92, wherein the fluid channel comprises a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

[0186] Embodiment 94: A bioassembly according to any of embodiments 88 to 93, wherein the bioscaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface being configured to facilitate removal of the bioscaffold from the bioassembly.

[0187] Embodiment 95: The bioassembly of embodiment 94, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a recess, or a protrusion.

[0188] Embodiment 96: A bioassembly described in any of embodiments 88 to 95, wherein the housing is manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

[0189] Embodiment 97: The bioassembly according to any of embodiments 88 to 96, wherein the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bind to the substrate and a methacrylate configured to bind to the bioscaffold.

[0190] Embodiment 98: A bioassembly according to any of embodiments 88 to 97, wherein the bioscaffold is covalently fixed to the substrate.

[0191] Embodiment 99: A bioassembly described in any of embodiments 88 to 98, wherein the substrate is a transparent glass substrate.

[0192] Embodiment 100: A bioassembly described in any of embodiments 88 to 99, wherein the substrate is configured to adhere to the housing by an adhesive or covalent bond when in contact with the housing.

[0193] Embodiment 101: A system including a manifold, the manifold including: a plate having one or more partitions, the partitions of the one or more partitions including a recess shaped and sized to receive a bio-assembly; a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet; a bio-assembly positioned within the partitions and having a bio-assembly inlet, a bio-assembly outlet, and a bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate, the bio-assembly inlet and the bio-assembly outlet being in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and the manifold outlet; an inlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and configured to store a fluid supplied to the manifold via the manifold inlet; a fluid pump configured to pump fluid from the inlet reservoir to the manifold via the manifold inlet; and an outlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold outlet and configured to receive and store a fluid released by the manifold via the manifold outlet.

[0194] Embodiment 102: A manifold as described in embodiment 17, wherein the filter membrane is configured to be fixed to the top cover of the bubble outlet via an adhesive including tape and liquid adhesive / glue.

[0195] Embodiment 103: The method described in embodiment 50, wherein the filter membrane is configured to be fixed to the top cover of the bubble outlet via an adhesive including tape and liquid adhesive / glue.

[0196] Embodiment 104: A manifold as described in embodiment 77, wherein the filter membrane is configured to be fixed to the top cover of the bubble outlet via an adhesive including tape and liquid adhesive / glue.

[0197] Embodiment 105: A bioassembly as described in embodiment 90, wherein the filter membrane is configured to be fixed to the top cover of the bubble outlet via an adhesive including tape and liquid adhesive / glue.

[0198] Embodiment 106: A manifold described in any of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the manifold inlet includes three or more manifold inlets, each communicating with a common fluid channel configured to mix fluids flowing into the three or more manifold inlets.

[0199] Embodiment 107: The manifold of embodiment 1, wherein the substrate is a plastic substrate.

[0200] Embodiment 108: The manifold of embodiment 1, wherein the substrate is fabricated from a first material comprising polycarbonate, polysulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, glass, quartz, mica, an infrared transparent salt, or a combination thereof.

[0201] Embodiment 109: The manifold of embodiment 108, wherein the substrate is made from a combination of a first material and a second material comprising a thin film.

[0202] Embodiment 110: A manifold as described in embodiment 109, wherein the thin film is a metal film configured to enable measurements based on surface plasmons.

[0203] Although this specification contains many details of specific embodiments, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or the subject matter described in the claims, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of a particular invention. Certain features described in the context of separate embodiments herein may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in suitable subcombinations. Furthermore, although features may be described above as acting in a particular combination and initially claimed as such, in some cases one or more features from a claimed combination may be deleted from the combination, such that the claimed combination is directed to a subcombination or a variation of the subcombination.

[0204] Similarly, although operations are shown in the figures in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order or sequential order shown, or that all of the operations shown be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, it should be understood that the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above is not required for such separation in all embodiments, and that the program components and systems described may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged in multiple software products.

[0205] References to "or" may be construed as inclusive, such that any term described using "or" may refer to either one, more than one, and all of the described terms. The labels "first," "second," "third," etc. are not necessarily meant to denote an order, but are generally used merely to distinguish among like or similar items or elements.

[0206] Reference to an element in the singular does not mean "one" but rather "one or more" unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the term "about" when used with respect to a numerical value, or a parameter or characteristic that can be expressed as a numerical value, means within 10 percent of the numerical value. For example, "about 50" means a value in the range of 45 to 55, inclusive.

[0207] Various modifications to the embodiments described in this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A manifold comprising: A plate having one or more partitions, a first partition of the one or more partitions comprising: a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate; a bio-scaffold inlet of the first bio-scaffold in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet, and a bio-scaffold outlet of the first bio-scaffold in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet; and a plate having said one or more partitions, said plate including an adhesive interface positioned within a first partition for contacting said substrate of said first bio assembly and applying adhesive to said substrate when said first bio assembly is positioned within said first partition to attach said substrate of said first bio assembly to said first partition; a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition; Manifold.

2. a second partition of the one or more partitions comprising a second bio-assembly inlet, a second bio-assembly outlet, and a second recess shaped and sized to receive a second bio-assembly having a second bio-scaffold; the manifold inlet is in first fluid communication with both the first bio-assembly inlet and the second bio-assembly inlet; and the manifold outlet is in second fluid communication with both the first bio-assembly outlet and the second bio-assembly outlet; 2. The manifold of claim 1.

3. The manifold of claim 2 , wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in series.

4. The manifold of claim 2 , wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in parallel.

5. a third partition of the one or more partitions comprising a third bio assembly inlet, a third bio assembly outlet, and a third recess shaped and sized to receive a third bio assembly having a third bio scaffold; the manifold inlet is in third fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet, the second bio-assembly inlet, and the third bio-assembly inlet; the manifold outlet is in fourth fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet, the second bio-assembly outlet, and the third bio-assembly outlet; The manifold of claim 2 , wherein the third fluid communication and / or the fourth fluid communication is a combination of series and parallel fluid communication.

6. The manifold of claim 2 , wherein the substrate of the second bio-assembly is the same as the substrate of the first bio-assembly.

7. The manifold of claim 2 , wherein a substrate of said second bio-assembly is different from said substrate of said first bio-assembly.

8. 2. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the manifold inlet includes a first manifold inlet and a second manifold inlet, each in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet via a first fluid channel and a second fluid channel, respectively.

9. 9. The manifold of claim 8, wherein the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel are connected to a common fluid channel before reaching the first bio-assembly inlet.

10. 10. The manifold of claim 9, wherein the common fluid channel includes a mixer positioned therein and configured to mix a first fluid flowing from the first fluid channel to the common fluid channel and a second fluid flowing from the second fluid channel to the common fluid channel.

11. The manifold of claim 10 , wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

12. The manifold of claim 11 , wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

13. 2. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is a recess configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first bulkhead.

14. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the adhesive interface includes a groove configured to prevent leakage of fluid from the first septum.

15. 15. The manifold of claim 14, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

16. The manifold of claim 1 , further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bio-scaffold along a fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey a fluid therein.

17. The manifold of claim 16 , wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

18. 2. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to a second bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport a fluid between an interior of the first bio-assembly and an exterior of the first bio-assembly via the second bio-assembly outlet.

19. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the first bio-scaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between the bio-scaffold inlet and the bio-scaffold outlet.

20. The manifold of claim 19 , wherein the fluid channel includes a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

21. 2. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the first bio-scaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface configured to facilitate removal of the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly after positioning the first bio-assembly within the first partition and attaching the substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first partition.

22. 22. The manifold of claim 21, wherein the cut labels are perforations, depressions, or protrusions.

23. 2. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the manifold inlet is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet via a first channel and the manifold outlet is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet via a second channel, one or both of the first channel and the second channel including a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therethrough.

24. 10. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the number of said one or more partitions ranges from about 1 to about 1536.

25. 10. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the number of said one or more partitions ranges from about 4 to about 96.

26. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the manifold and / or the first bio-assembly are manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

27. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the first bio-scaffold is a hydrogel.

28. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a glass substrate.

29. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the first bio-scaffold is photocrosslinked to the substrate via a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker.

30. 30. The manifold of claim 29, wherein the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bond to the substrate and a methacrylate configured to bond to the first bio-scaffold.

31. 1. A method, comprising: injecting a first fluid into a common fluid channel of a manifold through a first manifold inlet of the manifold; injecting a second fluid into the common fluid channel through a second manifold inlet of the manifold; the manifold includes a first partition having a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate; the common fluid channel is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and is configured to direct a first mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the first bio-assembly inlet. method.

32. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first fluid comprises a bioactive compound and the second fluid comprises a cell culture medium.

33. the manifold includes a second partition having a second bio-assembly inlet and a second recess shaped and sized to receive a second bio-assembly having a second bio-scaffold; the common fluid channel is in fluid communication with the second bio-assembly inlet and is configured to direct a second mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid to the second bio-assembly inlet, the method comprising:

32. The method of claim 31 , further comprising varying a property of the first fluid and / or the second fluid to adjust a difference between a first ratio of the first fluid in the first mixture to the second fluid in the first mixture and a second ratio of the first fluid in the second mixture to the second fluid in the second mixture.

34. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the characteristics of the first fluid and / or the second fluid include a flow rate of the injection of the first fluid and / or the injection of the second fluid.

35. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the properties of the first fluid and / or the second fluid include a viscosity of the first fluid and / or the second fluid.

36. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the property of the first fluid and / or the second fluid comprises a concentration of a species present in the first fluid and / or the second fluid.

37. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising mixing the first fluid and the second fluid via a mixer to form the first mixture.

38. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

39. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

40. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the second bio-assembly is fixed to a substrate.

41. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the substrate is a first substrate and the second bio-assembly is immobilized on a second substrate different from the first substrate.

42. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000.

43. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:1,000.

44. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the relative concentration of the first fluid to the second fluid ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:

100.

45. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the manifold includes an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition for contacting a substrate of the first bio-assembly and applying an adhesive to the substrate when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition.

46. 46. ​​The method of claim 45, wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is a recess configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first bulkhead.

47. 46. ​​The method of claim 45, wherein the adhesive interface includes a groove configured to prevent leakage of fluid through the first septum.

48. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

49. 32. The method of claim 31 , further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bio-scaffold along a fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey fluid therein.

50. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

51. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to a bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport a fluid between an interior of the first bio-assembly and an exterior of the first bio-assembly via the bio-assembly outlet.

52. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between a bioscaffold inlet and a bioscaffold outlet.

53. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the fluid channel includes a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

54. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first bio-scaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface configured to facilitate removal of the first bio-scaffold from the first bio-assembly after positioning the first bio-assembly within the first bulkhead and attaching a substrate of the first bio-assembly to the first bulkhead.

55. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

56. 32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the manifold and / or the first bio-assembly are manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

57. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first bioscaffold is a hydrogel.

58. The method of claim 31 , wherein the substrate is a transparent substrate.

59. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first bioscaffold is photocrosslinked to the substrate via a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker.

60. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bond to the substrate and a methacrylate configured to bond to the first bio-scaffold.

61. 1. A method of generating a manifold, the method comprising: using additive manufacturing techniques to manufacture a plate having one or more partitions, a first partition of the one or more partitions including a first bio-assembly inlet, a first bio-assembly outlet, and a first recess shaped and sized to receive a first bio-assembly having a first bio-scaffold; chemically functionalizing a substrate with a first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker by an additive manufacturing technique comprising contacting a first hydrogel precursor with said first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker to polymerize said first hydrogel precursor and immobilizing said substrate to said first bio-scaffold fabricated thereon; providing an adhesive to an adhesive interface positioned within the first partition to contact the substrate and apply the adhesive to the substrate when the first bio-assembly is positioned on the first partition to secure the substrate to the first partition; and manufacturing, using the additive manufacturing technique, a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet and the first bio-assembly outlet, respectively, when the first bio-assembly is positioned within the first partition. method.

62. The first heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker includes trichlorosilane and methacrylate; 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein chemically functionalizing the substrate comprises bonding the trichlorosilane to the substrate and bonding the methacrylate to the first bio-scaffold.

63. a second partition of the one or more partitions comprising a second bio-assembly inlet, a second bio-assembly outlet, and a second recess shaped and sized to receive a second bio-assembly having a second bio-scaffold; the manifold inlet is in first fluid communication with both the first bio-assembly inlet and the second bio-assembly inlet; and 62. The method of claim 61, comprising either or both of: the manifold outlet being in second fluid communication with both the first bio-assembly outlet and the second bio-assembly outlet.

64. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication is in series.

65. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the first fluid communication and / or the second fluid communication are in parallel.

66. a third partition of the one or more partitions includes a third recess shaped and sized to receive a third bio-assembly having a third bio-assembly inlet and a third bio-assembly outlet; the manifold inlet is in third fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet, the second bio-assembly inlet, and the third bio-assembly inlet; the manifold outlet is in fourth fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet, the second bio-assembly outlet, and the third bio-assembly outlet; 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the third fluid communication and / or the fourth fluid communication is a combination of series and parallel fluid communication.

67. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the substrate of said second bio-assembly is the same as the substrate of said first bio-assembly.

68. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the substrate of said second bio-assembly is different from the substrate of said first bio-assembly.

69. 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the manifold inlets include a first manifold inlet and a second manifold inlet, each in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet via a first fluid channel and a second fluid channel, respectively.

70. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the first fluidic channel and the second fluidic channel are connected to a common fluidic channel before reaching the first bio-assembly inlet.

71. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the common fluid channel includes a mixer positioned therein, the mixer configured to mix a first fluid flowing from the first fluid channel to the common fluid channel and a second fluid flowing from the second fluid channel to the common fluid channel.

72. 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the mixer is a static mixer, a magnetic particle mixer, an acoustic fluid mixer, or an electrophoretic mixer.

73. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the static mixer comprises anti-parallel fins or a spiral.

74. 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the adhesive is a liquid adhesive and the adhesive interface is a recess configured to receive and apply the liquid adhesive to the substrate of the first bio-assembly when the first bio-assembly is positioned within a first bulkhead.

75. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the adhesive interface includes a groove configured to prevent leakage of fluid through the first septum.

76. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the groove comprises a UV or visible light curable resin, air, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, a silicone gasket, or any combination thereof.

77. 62. The method of claim 61, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of the first bio-scaffold along a fluid channel of the manifold configured to convey fluid therein.

78. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

79. 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the first partition further comprises a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to a second bio-assembly outlet of the first bio-assembly and configured to transport fluid between an interior of the first bio-assembly and an exterior of the first bio-assembly via the second bio-assembly outlet.

80. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the first bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between a bioscaffold inlet and a bioscaffold outlet.

81. 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the fluid channel includes a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

82. 62. The method of claim 61, further comprising, after positioning the first bio assembly within the first partition and attaching the substrate of the first bio assembly to the first partition, removing the first bio scaffold from the first bio assembly by separating the first bio scaffold from the substrate at a cleavable label covalently photocrosslinked on a surface of the substrate and configured to facilitate removal of the first bio scaffold from the first bio assembly.

83. 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

84. 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the manifold inlet is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly inlet via a first channel and the manifold outlet is in fluid communication with the first bio-assembly outlet via a second channel, and one or both of the first channel and the second channel include a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

85. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the number of the one or more partitions ranges from about 1 to about 1,536.

86. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the number of said one or more partitions ranges from about 12 to about 96.

87. 62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the substrate is a transparent glass substrate.

88. A bio-assembly, the bio-assembly comprising: The lid and a barrier configured to adhere to the lid when in contact with the lid; a housing including a bio-assembly inlet and a bio-assembly outlet; a gasket positioned between the barrier and the housing and configured to provide an at least substantially airtight seal when the barrier or the lid is secured to the housing; a substrate configured to adhere to the housing when in contact with the housing; a bioscaffold fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques on polymerized hydrogel precursors located on said substrate, said bioscaffold being fixed to said substrate via chemical functionalization of said substrate with a heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker in contact with said hydrogel precursors. Bioassembly.

89. 90. The bio-assembly of claim 88, further comprising a bubble outlet positioned upstream of said bio-scaffold along a fluid channel configured to convey fluid therein.

90. 90. The bioassembly of claim 89, wherein the bubble outlet comprises a hydrophobic filter membrane configured to allow gas entrained in the fluid to escape from the fluid channel.

91. The bio-assembly outlet is a first bio-assembly outlet, the bio-assembly outlet comprising: a second bio-assembly outlet; and 90. The bio assembly of claim 88, further comprising a bio-scaffold access channel coupled to the second bio assembly outlet and configured to transport fluid between an interior of the housing and an exterior of the bio assembly via the second bio assembly outlet.

92. 90. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein the bioscaffold comprises a fluid channel extending between a bioscaffold inlet and a bioscaffold outlet.

93. 93. The bioassembly of claim 92, wherein said fluid channel comprises a constriction configured to regulate fluid flow therein.

94. 90. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein the bioscaffold comprises a surface having covalently photocrosslinked cleavable labels thereon, the surface configured to facilitate removal of the bioscaffold from the bioassembly.

95. 95. The bioassembly of claim 94, wherein the cut label is a perforation, a depression, or a protrusion.

96. 90. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein said housing is manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

97. 90. The bio-assembly of claim 88, wherein said heterobifunctional chemical crosslinker comprises a trichlorosilane configured to bond to said substrate and a methacrylate configured to bond to said bio-scaffold.

98. 89. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein said bioscaffold is covalently fixed to said substrate.

99. 89. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein said substrate is a transparent glass substrate.

100. 90. The bioassembly of claim 88, wherein the substrate is configured to adhere to the housing by an adhesive or a covalent bond when in contact with the housing.

101. 1. A system comprising: a plate having one or more partitions, the partitions of the one or more partitions including a recess shaped and sized to receive a bio-assembly; and a manifold including a manifold inlet and a manifold outlet; a bio-assembly positioned within the partition and having a bio-assembly inlet, a bio-assembly outlet, and a bio-scaffold disposed on a substrate, the bio-assembly inlet and the bio-assembly outlet being in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and the manifold outlet; a bio-scaffold inlet of the bio-scaffold in fluid communication with the bio-assembly inlet, and a bio-scaffold outlet of the bio-scaffold in fluid communication with the bio-assembly outlet; an inlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold inlet and configured to store a fluid to be delivered to the manifold via the manifold inlet; a fluid pump configured to pump the fluid from the inlet reservoir to the manifold through the manifold inlet; an outlet reservoir in fluid communication with the manifold outlet and configured to receive and store fluid discharged by the manifold through the manifold outlet; system.

102. The manifold of claim 17 , wherein a filter membrane is configured to be secured to a top cover of the bubble outlet via an adhesive, including a tape and a liquid adhesive.

103. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the first bio-scaffold is removably attached to the first bio-assembly.

104. 104. The manifold of claim 103, wherein the bio-scaffold is configured to be detached from the first bio-assembly by an optical tool, a temperature change, a mechanical tool, or a chemical tool.

105. The manifold of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a plastic substrate.

106. 10. The manifold of claim 1, wherein the substrate is fabricated from a first material comprising polycarbonate, polysulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, glass, quartz, mica, an infrared transparent salt, or a combination thereof.

107. 107. The manifold of claim 106, wherein the substrate is fabricated from a combination of the first material and a second material that comprises a thin film.

108. 108. The manifold of claim 107, wherein the thin film is a metal film configured to enable surface plasmon based measurements.

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