Method of fabricating diffraction gratings

Abstract

To provide a method of fabricating diffraction gratings.SOLUTION: A method of fabricating a blazed diffraction grating is provided, comprising providing a master template substrate and imprinting periodically repeating lines on the master template substrate in a plurality of master template regions. The periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in different directions. The method additionally comprises using at least one of the master template regions as a master template to imprint at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern on a grating substrate.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 876,241, filed July 19, 2019, and entitled "METHOD OF FABRICATING DIFFRACTION GRATINGS," the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. (Incorporated by reference)

[0002] This application is incorporated by reference into the following patent applications: U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 555,585, filed November 27, 2014, and published on July 23, 2015 as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0205126; U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 555,585, filed April 18, 2015, and published on October 22, 2015 as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0302652; No. 690,401, now U.S. Patent No. 9,417,452, filed March 14, 2014 and issued August 16, 2016, and U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 331,218, filed July 14, 2014 and published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0309263 on October 29, 2015, in their entirety.

[0003] The present disclosure relates to display systems, and more particularly to augmented and virtual reality display systems. [Background technology]

[0004] Description of Related Art Modern computing and display technologies have facilitated the development of systems for so-called "virtual reality" or "augmented reality" experiences, in which digitally reproduced images or portions thereof are presented to a user in a manner that appears or may be perceived as real. Virtual reality, or "VR", scenarios typically involve the presentation of digital or virtual image information without transparency to other actual real-world visual inputs, and augmented reality, or "AR", scenarios typically involve the presentation of digital or virtual image information as an extension to the visualization of the real world around the user. Mixed reality, or "MR", scenarios are a type of AR scenario that typically involve virtual objects that are integrated into and responsive to the natural world. For example, in MR scenarios, AR image content may be perceived as being occluded by or otherwise interacting with objects in the real world.

[0005] 1, an augmented reality scene 10 is depicted in which a user of the AR technology sees a real-world park-like setting 20 featuring people, trees, buildings in the background, and a concrete platform 30. In addition to these items, the user of the AR technology also "sees" and perceives "virtual content," such as a robotic figure 40 standing on the real-world platform 30 and a flying cartoon-like avatar character 50 that appears to be an anthropomorphic bumblebee, although these elements 40, 50 do not exist in the real world. The human visual perception system is complex, and it is difficult to produce AR technology that facilitates a pleasant, natural-feeling, and rich presentation of virtual image elements among other virtual or real-world image elements.

[0006] The systems and methods disclosed herein address various challenges associated with AR and VR technologies. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] In one aspect, a method of fabricating a blazed grating includes providing a master template substrate and imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions. The method additionally includes imprinting at least one blazed grating pattern onto a grating substrate using at least one of the master template regions as a master template.

[0008] In another aspect, a method of fabricating a master template for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating includes providing a master template substrate and providing a primary master template with periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate. The method additionally includes imprinting the periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate using the primary master template in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions.

[0009] In another aspect, a method of fabricating a diffraction grating includes providing a master template substrate. The method additionally includes imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate in one or more master template regions, the periodically repeating lines being formed from a first material. The method additionally includes coating the periodically repeating lines with a second material having a hardness greater than the first material. The method further includes imprinting one or more blazed diffraction grating patterns onto a grating substrate using the one or more master template regions as a master template. The present invention provides, for example, the following: (Item 1) 1. A method for fabricating a blazed diffraction grating, the method comprising: Providing a master template substrate; imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions; imprinting at least one blazed grating pattern onto a grating substrate using at least one of the master template regions as a master template; A method comprising: (Item 2) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in non-orthogonal directions. (Item 3) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the periodically repeated lines in adjacent ones of the master template regions extend in directions that form angles between zero and 90 degrees. (Item 4) Item 1. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in different radial directions relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. (Item 5) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises imprinting in at least four master template regions. (Item 6) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting across a silicon surface of the master template substrate. (Item 7) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting across a silicon oxide surface of the master template substrate. (Item 8) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises sequentially imprinting within different ones of the plurality of master template regions using a same primary master template. (Item 9) Item 10. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Item 10) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise symmetrical opposing side surfaces that form similar angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Item 11) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise asymmetric opposing side surfaces that form different angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Item 12) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have opposing side surfaces having different inclinations relative to a major surface plane of the master template substrate. (Item 13) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeated lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a side surface having a stepped structure. (Item 14) Item 13. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a polymer material. (Item 15) Item 13. The method of item 1, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. (Item 16) Item 10. The method of item 1, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Item 17) Item 10. The method of item 1, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Item 18) Item 10. The method of item 1, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Item 19) Item 10. The method of item 1, further comprising transferring a pattern corresponding to the periodically repeating lines into the master template substrate. (Item 20) 20. The method of claim 19, wherein transferring the pattern comprises dry etching the master template substrate using the periodically repeating lines as a partial mask. (Item 21) 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the dry etching comprises locally dry etching the master template region. (Item 22) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting using a primary master template comprising periodically repeating lines formed on a primary master substrate. (Item 23) Item 23. The method of item 22, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Item 24) Item 23. The method of item 22, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have asymmetrically oriented side surfaces. (Item 25) Item 23. The method of item 22, wherein the primary master substrate comprises a silicon substrate. (Item 26) 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the primary master substrate is a silicon substrate with a major surface having a (311) crystal orientation. (Item 27) Item 27. The method of item 26, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise facets having a (111) crystal orientation. (Item 28) Item 26. The method of item 25, further comprising forming the primary master template by lithographically patterning and etching the silicon substrate. (Item 29) 29. The method of claim 28, wherein etching the silicon substrate comprises wet etching. (Item 30) 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise a polymeric material coated with a dielectric material. (Item 31) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the grating substrate is a transparent substrate. (Item 32) Item 13. The method of item 1, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than about 1.4. (Item 33) Item 10. The method of item 1, wherein the grating substrate comprises a waveguide. (Item 34) Item 34. The method of item 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises an incoupling grating configured to incoupling light into the waveguide. (Item 35) Item 34. The method of item 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises an outcoupling grating configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Item 36) Item 34. The method of item 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises a light dispersive element configured to disperse light to propagate within the waveguide towards an outcoupling element. (Item 37) Item 34. The method of item 33, wherein the blazed grating serves as a combined outcoupling grating and optical dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide and further configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Item 38) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the blazed diffraction grating pattern has a geometry configured to have a first order diffraction efficiency of greater than 50% for at least one polarization of light. (Item 39) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein imprinting at least one blazed grating pattern comprises imprinting two or more blazed grating patterns simultaneously. (Item 40) Item 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than 1.9. (Item 41) The grating substrate is ZrO 2 , TiO 2 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the silicon nitride layer is formed from a SiC or Li-based oxide. (Item 42) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises a plurality of straight lines. (Item 43) Item 10. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises a plurality of discontinuous lines. (Item 44) Item 1. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed grating pattern comprises a plurality of posts protruding from a surface of the grating substrate. (Item 45) Item 10. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises a plurality of straight lines, at least some of which have different widths. (Item 46) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises diffractive features arranged as a one-dimensional (1D) array having periodicity in one lateral direction. (Item 47) Item 47. The method of item 46, wherein the 1D array acts as a 1D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in one direction. (Item 48) Item 2. The method of item 1, wherein the at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises diffractive features arranged as a two-dimensional (2D) array having periodicity in two lateral directions. (Item 49) Item 49. The method of item 48, wherein the 2D array acts as a 2D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in two directions. (Item 50) Item 49. The method of item 48, wherein the 2D array comprises the same number of diffractive features in two different lateral directions. (Item 51) 1. A method of fabricating a master template for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating, the method comprising: Providing a master template substrate; providing a primary master template comprising periodically repeating lines formed on a primary master substrate; imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate using the primary master template in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions; A method comprising: (Item 52) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Item 53) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have asymmetrically oriented side surfaces. (Item 54) Item 52. The method according to item 51, wherein the primary master substrate is a silicon substrate with a major surface having a (311) crystal orientation. (Item 55) Item 55. The method of item 54, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise facets having a (111) crystal orientation. (Item 56) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein providing the primary master template comprises lithographically patterning and etching the periodically repeating lines into a silicon substrate. (Item 57) Item 57. The method of item 56, wherein etching the silicon substrate comprises wet etching. (Item 58) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein providing the primary master template comprises forming the periodically repeating lines comprising a polymer material and coating the periodically repeating lines with a dielectric material. (Item 59) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in non-orthogonal directions. (Item 60) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in radially symmetric directions relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. (Item 61) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate includes imprinting in at least four master template regions. (Item 62) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Item 63) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise asymmetric side surfaces. (Item 64) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have opposing side surfaces having different inclinations relative to a major surface plane of the master template substrate. (Item 65) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a side surface having a stepped structure. (Item 66) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a polymeric material. (Item 67) Item 52. The method of item 51, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. (Item 68) Item 52. The method of item 51, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Item 69) 52. The method of claim 51, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Item 70) Item 52. The method of item 51, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Item 71) Item 52. The method of item 51, further comprising transferring a pattern corresponding to the periodically repeating lines into the master template substrate. (Item 72) Item 72. The method of item 71, wherein transferring the pattern comprises dry etching the master template substrate. (Item 73) Item 73. The method of item 72, wherein the dry etching comprises locally dry etching the master template region. (Item 74) 1. A method for fabricating a diffraction grating, the method comprising: Providing a master template substrate; imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate in one or more master template regions, the periodically repeating lines being formed from a first material; coating the periodically repeating lines with a second material having a hardness greater than that of the first material; imprinting one or more blazed grating patterns onto a grating substrate using one or more master template regions as a master template; A method comprising: (Item 75) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein imprinting the periodically repeated lines comprises imprinting in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions. (Item 76) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in different radial directions relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. (Item 77) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate includes imprinting in at least four master template regions. (Item 78) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise asymmetric side surfaces. (Item 79) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a polymer material. (Item 80) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. (Item 81) Item 75. The method of item 74, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Item 82) Item 75. The method of item 74, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Item 83) Item 75. The method of item 74, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Item 84) Item 75. The method of item 74, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than 1.9. (Item 85) The grating substrate is ZrO 2 , TiO 2 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the silicon nitride layer is formed from a SiC or Li-based oxide. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a user's view of an augmented reality (AR) device.

[0011] [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional display system for simulating a three-dimensional image for a user.

[0012] [Diagram 3] 3A-3C illustrate the relationship between the radius of curvature and the radius of focus.

[0013] [Figure 4A] Figure 4A illustrates a representation of the accommodation-vergence-divergence motor response of the human visual system.

[0014] [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B illustrates examples of different accommodation and convergence states of a pair of eyes of a user.

[0015] [Figure 4C] FIG. 4C illustrates an example of a top-down view representation of a user viewing content through a display system.

[0016] [Figure 4D] FIG. 4D illustrates another example of a top-down view representation of a user viewing content through a display system.

[0017] [Diagram 5]FIG. 5 illustrates aspects of an approach for simulating a three-dimensional image by modifying wavefront divergence.

[0018] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a waveguide stack for outputting image information to a user.

[0019] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an output beam output by a waveguide.

[0020] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a stacked waveguide assembly in which each depth plane contains an image formed using multiple different primary colors.

[0021] [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example of a set of stacked waveguides, each of which includes an internal coupling optical element.

[0022] [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B illustrates a perspective view of the multiple stacked waveguide embodiment of FIG. 9A.

[0023] [Figure 9C] FIG. 9C illustrates a top-down plan view of the multiple stacked waveguide embodiment of FIGS. 9A and 9B.

[0024] [Figure 9D] FIG. 9D illustrates an example of a wearable display system.

[0025] [Figure 10A] FIG. 10A diagrammatically illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary blazed transmissive grating.

[0026] [Figure 10B]FIG. 10B diagrammatically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a waveguide having a transmissive grating disposed thereon configured as an incoupling optical element.

[0027] [Figure 11A] FIG. 11A diagrammatically illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary device master template having multiple device template regions formed thereon, each having grating lines extending in the same direction.

[0028] [Figure 11B] FIG. 11B diagrammatically illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary device master template having multiple device template regions formed thereon having grating lines extending in different directions.

[0029] [Figure 12] 12A-12C diagrammatically illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages in forming a primary master template having grooves with symmetrical facets for fabricating device master templates.

[0030] [Figure 13] 13A-13C diagrammatically illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages in forming a primary master template having grooves with asymmetric facets for fabricating device master templates.

[0031] [Figure 14] 14A-14C diagrammatically illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of fabricating a primary master template having reduced flat surfaces between adjacent grooves.

[0032] [Figure 15] 15A-15C diagrammatically illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of fabricating a primary master template having reduced flat surfaces between adjacent grooves.

[0033] [Figure 16-1] 16A-16E diagrammatically illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate and etching the device template substrate using the imprinted pattern as a partial mask. [Figure 16-2] 16A-16E diagrammatically illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate and etching the device template substrate using the imprinted pattern as a partial mask. [Figure 16E] 16A-16E diagrammatically illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate and etching the device template substrate using the imprinted pattern as a partial mask.

[0034] [Figure 16F] FIG. 16F is a scanning electron microscope image of the blazed grating pattern of the device master template resulting from the fabrication process flow illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16E.

[0035] [Figure 17] 17A and 17B are scanning electron microscope images of a blazed grating pattern formed using the dry etched blazed grating pattern illustrated in FIG. 16F as a device master template.

[0036] [Figure 18]18A-18B diagrammatically illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at different stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate and etching the device template using the imprinted pattern with the substrate as a partial mask.

[0037] [Figure 19A] FIG. 19A illustrates a scanning electron microscope image of the blazed grating pattern of the device master template resulting from the fabrication process flow illustrated above with respect to FIGS. 18A-18B.

[0038] [Figure 19B] FIG. 19B is a scanning electron microscope image of a blazed grating pattern formed using the dry etched blazed grating pattern illustrated in FIG. 19A as a device master template.

[0039] [Figure 20] FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic full-wafer representation of an experimental example grating location fabricated by imprinting using a device master template.

[0040] [Figure 21] 21A-21B diagrammatically illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate, coating the pattern, and imprinting using the device master template to form a blazed diffraction grating on a device substrate.

[0041] [Figure 22]22A-22D diagrammatically illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of intermediate structures at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device template substrate, coating the pattern, and imprinting using the device master template to form a blazed diffraction grating on a device substrate.

[0042] Throughout the drawings, reference numbers may be reused to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate example embodiments described herein and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0043] Detailed Description The AR system may display virtual content to a user or viewer while still allowing the user to see the world around them. Preferably, this content is displayed on a head-mounted display, for example as part of eyewear, that projects image information to the user's eyes. In addition, the display may also transmit light from the surrounding environment to the user's eyes, allowing a view of the surrounding environment. As used herein, it should be understood that a "head-mounted" or "head-mountable" display is a display that can be mounted on the viewer's or user's head.

[0044] Various AR systems disclosed herein include virtual / augmented / composite displays, which in turn can include one or more optical elements formed on or as part of a waveguide. The optical elements may include, for example, in-coupling optical elements that can be employed to couple light into the waveguide, and / or out-coupling optical elements that can be employed to couple light out of the waveguide and into the user's eye. To achieve high efficiency in in-coupling light into the waveguide and / or out-coupling light from it, the optical elements may include diffraction gratings. In some display systems, the relatively high diffraction efficiency of the optical elements may be achieved, in part, by including a blazed grating, which is a type of diffraction grating in which the refractive power is optimized to achieve improved diffraction efficiency for a given diffraction order such that the refractive power is enhanced or maximized for the given diffraction order. Improved diffraction efficiency for a given diffraction order is in turn achieved in some blazed gratings by having faceted features, e.g., faceted lines. Blazed gratings having faceted features such as lines can be fabricated by using a device master template to imprint a blazed grating pattern onto a device substrate, such as a waveguide. As a result, manufacturing throughput may be limited by the number of blazed grating patterns that the device master template can simultaneously imprint onto the device substrate. Advantageously, in the manufacturing techniques described herein, the device master template is configured to simultaneously imprint a relatively large number of blazed grating patterns onto the device substrate, thereby enabling a relatively high manufacturing throughput of blazed gratings. In particular, in the disclosed techniques, device master templates are fabricated having blazed grating patterns that extend in multiple directions, e.g., radially, which allows for efficient use of the area of ​​the device master template for high-throughput parallel imprinting of blazed grating patterns onto device substrates such as waveguides.

[0045] Reference will now be made to the drawings in which like reference numbers refer to like parts throughout. Unless otherwise indicated, the drawings are schematic and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional display system for simulating a three-dimensional image for a user. It should be understood that when a user's eyes are spaced apart and viewing a real object in space, each eye may have a slightly different view of the object and form an image of the object at a different location on each eye's retina. This may be referred to as binocular disparity and may be exploited by the human visual system to provide a perception of depth. Conventional display systems simulate binocular disparity by presenting two distinctly different images 190, 200 with slightly different views of the same virtual object, one for each eye 210, 220, corresponding to the view of the virtual object as it would appear by each eye as if the virtual object were a real object at a desired depth. These images provide binocular cues that the user's visual system may interpret to derive a perception of depth.

[0047] Continuing with reference to FIG. 2, the images 190, 200 are spaced from the eyes 210, 220 by a distance 230 on the z-axis, which is parallel to the optical axis of the viewer when that eye is fixating on an object at optical infinity directly in front of the viewer. The images 190, 200 are flat and at a fixed distance from the eyes 210, 220. Based on slightly different views of the virtual object in the images presented to the eyes 210, 220, respectively, the eyes may necessarily rotate such that the image of the object falls on a corresponding point on the eye's respective retina to maintain single binocular vision. This rotation may cause the line of sight of each of the eyes 210, 220 to converge on a point in space where the virtual object is perceived to reside. As a result, providing three-dimensional images traditionally involves manipulating the convergence and divergence movements of the user's eyes 210, 220 to provide binocular cues that the human visual system interprets to provide the perception of depth.

[0048] However, creating a realistic and comfortable perception of depth is difficult. It should be understood that light from an object at different distances from the eye has a wavefront with different amounts of divergence. Figures 3A-3C illustrate the relationship between distance and divergence of light rays. The distance between the object and the eye 210 is represented in the order of decreasing distances R1, R2, and R3. As shown in Figures 3A-3C, the light rays become more divergent as the distance to the object decreases. Conversely, as the distance increases, the light rays become more collimated. In other words, the light field generated by a point (an object or part of an object) can be said to have a spherical wavefront curvature that is a function of the distance the point is away from the user's eye. The curvature increases with decreasing distance between the object and the eye 210. Although only a single eye 210 is illustrated in Figures 3A-3C and other figures herein for clarity of illustration, the discussion regarding the eye 210 may apply to both eyes 210 and 220 of a viewer.

[0049] 3A-3C, light from an object that a viewer's eye is fixating on may have different wavefront divergences. Due to the different wavefront divergences, the light may be focused differently by the eye's lens, which in turn may require the lens to assume a different shape and form a focused image on the eye's retina. If a focused image is not formed on the retina, the resulting retinal blur acts as an accommodative cue, causing the shape of the eye's lens to change until a focused image is formed on the retina. For example, the accommodative cue may induce relaxation or contraction of the ciliary muscle surrounding the eye's lens, thereby modulating the force applied to the suspensory ligament that holds the lens, thus changing the shape of the eye's lens, thereby forming a focused image of the fixated object on the eye's retina (e.g., fovea) until retinal blur of the fixated object is eliminated or minimized. The process by which the eye lens changes shape may be referred to as accommodation, and the shape of the eye lens required to form a focused image of a fixated object on the eye's retina (e.g., the fovea) may be referred to as the state of accommodation.

[0050] Referring now to FIG. 4A, a representation of the accommodation-vergence response of the human visual system is illustrated. A movement of the eye to fixate an object causes the eye to receive light from the object, which forms an image on each of the eye's retinas. The presence of retinal blur in the image formed on the retina may provide a cue for accommodation, and the relative location of the image on the retina may provide a cue for vergence. The cue for accommodation causes the lens of the eye to assume a particular accommodation state that creates accommodation and forms a focused image of the object on the retina of the eye (e.g., the fovea). On the other hand, the cue for vergence causes a vergence movement (eye rotation) such that the image formed on each retina of each eye is at a corresponding retinal point that maintains single binocular vision. In these positions, the eyes may be said to be in a particular vergence state. Continuing with reference to FIG. 4A, accommodation may be understood to be the process by which the eye achieves a particular accommodation state, and convergence may be understood to be the process by which the eye achieves a particular convergence state. As shown in FIG. 4A, the accommodation and convergence state of the eye may change when the user fixates a different object. For example, the accommodated state may change when the user fixates a new object at a different depth on the z-axis.

[0051] Without being limited by theory, it is believed that a viewer of an object may perceive the object as "three-dimensional" due to a combination of vergence-divergence and accommodation. As noted above, vergence-divergence of the two eyes relative to one another (e.g., rotation of the eyes such that the pupils move toward or away from one another, converging the gaze of the eyes to fixate on the object) is closely coupled to accommodation of the eye's lenses. Under normal conditions, a change in the shape of the eye's lenses to change focus from one object to another at a different distance will automatically produce a corresponding change in vergence-divergence to the same distance, a relationship known as the "accommodation-vergence-divergence reflex." Similarly, a change in vergence-divergence will induce a corresponding change in lens shape under normal conditions.

[0052] 4B, an example of different accommodation and convergence states of the eyes is illustrated. The pair of eyes 222a fixates an object at optical infinity, while the pair of eyes 222b fixates an object 221 at less than optical infinity. Notably, the convergence states of each pair of eyes are different, with the pair of eyes 222a pointing straight ahead, while the pair of eyes 222 converge on the object 221. The accommodation states of the eyes forming each pair of eyes 222a and 222b are also different, as represented by the different shapes of the lenses 210a, 220a.

[0053] Unfortunately, many users of conventional "3-D" display systems may find such conventional systems uncomfortable or may not perceive any depth sensation due to a mismatch between accommodation and vergence states in these displays. As noted above, many stereoscopic or "3-D" display systems display a scene by providing a slightly different image to each eye. Such systems are uncomfortable for many viewers because, among other things, they simply provide different presentations of a scene, causing changes in the vergence states of the eyes, but without a corresponding change in the accommodation states of those eyes. Rather, images are presented by the display at a fixed distance from the eyes, such that the eyes view all image information in a single accommodation state. Such an arrangement counters the "accommodation-vergence-divergence reflex" by causing changes in vergence states without a corresponding change in accommodation state. This mismatch is believed to cause viewer discomfort. Display systems that provide a better match between accommodation and convergence-divergence movements may produce a more realistic and comfortable simulation of a three-dimensional image.

[0054] Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the human eye may typically interpret a finite number of depth planes to provide depth perception. As a result, a highly realistic simulation of perceived depth may be achieved by providing the eye with different presentations of images corresponding to each of these limited number of depth planes. In some embodiments, the different presentations may provide both vergence cues and matching cues for accommodation, thereby providing a physiologically correct accommodation-vergence divergence match.

[0055] 4B, two depth planes 240 are illustrated, corresponding to different distances in space from the eyes 210, 220. For a given depth plane 240, vergence-divergence cues may be provided by displaying appropriately different perspective images for each eye 210, 220. In addition, for a given depth plane 240, the light forming the image provided to each eye 210, 220 may have a wavefront divergence corresponding to the light field generated by a point at the distance of that depth plane 240.

[0056] In the illustrated embodiment, the distance along the z-axis of the depth plane 240 containing the point 221 is 1 m. As used herein, the distance or depth along the z-axis may be measured with the zero point located at the exit pupil of the user's eye. Thus, the depth plane 240 located at a depth of 1 m corresponds to a distance of 1 m away from the exit pupil of the user's eye on the optical axis of those eyes with the eyes pointed towards optical infinity. As an approximation, the depth or distance along the z-axis may be measured from the display in front of the user's eye (e.g., from the surface of the waveguide) and a value for the distance between the device and the exit pupil of the user's eye may be added. That value may be referred to as the pupil distance and corresponds to the distance between the exit pupil of the user's eye and the display worn by the user in front of the eye. In practice, the value for the pupil distance may be a normalized value that is generally used for all viewers. For example, the pupil distance may be assumed to be 20 mm and the depth plane at a depth of 1 m may be at a distance of 980 mm in front of the display.

[0057] 4C and 4D, examples of matched accommodation-vergence-divergence distances and mismatched accommodation-vergence-divergence distances are illustrated, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 4C, the display system may provide an image of a virtual object to each eye 210, 220. The image may cause the eyes 210, 220 to assume a convergence-divergence state in which the eyes converge on point 15 on the depth plane 240. In addition, the image may be formed by light having a wavefront curvature corresponding to a real object in that depth plane 240. As a result, the eyes 210, 220 assume an accommodation state in which the image focuses on the retinas of those eyes. Thus, the user may perceive the virtual object as being at point 15 on the depth plane 240.

[0058] It should be appreciated that each of the accommodation and convergence states of the eyes 210, 220 is associated with a particular distance on the z-axis. For example, an object at a particular distance from the eyes 210, 220 will cause those eyes to assume a particular accommodation state based on the distance of the object. The distance associated with a particular accommodation state is referred to as the accommodation distance A. d Similarly, a particular convergence-divergence distance V associated with the eyes in a particular convergence-divergence state or position relative to one another may be referred to as d If the accommodation distance and the vergence distance match, the relationship between accommodation and vergence is said to be physiologically correct. This is considered to be the most comfortable scenario for the viewer.

[0059] However, in a stereoscopic display, the accommodation distance and the vergence distance may not always coincide. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 4D, the image displayed to the eyes 210, 220 may be displayed with a wavefront divergence corresponding to the depth plane 240, and the eyes 210, 220 may be in a particular accommodation state in which the points 15a, 15b on that depth plane are in focus. However, the image displayed to the eyes 210, 220 may provide a cue for vergence that causes the eyes 210, 220 to converge on a point 15 that is not located on the depth plane 240. As a result, the accommodation distance corresponds in some embodiments to the distance from the exit pupils of the eyes 210, 220 to the depth plane 240, while the vergence distance corresponds to a larger distance from the exit pupils of the eyes 210, 220 to the point 15. The accommodation distance is different from the vergence distance. As a result, there is an accommodation-vergence-divergence mismatch. Such a mismatch may be considered undesirable and may cause discomfort to the user. The mismatch may be related to the distance (e.g., V d -A d ) and can be characterized in terms of diopters.

[0060] It should be understood that in some embodiments, a reference point other than the exit pupil of the eye 210, 220 may be utilized to determine the distance for determining the accommodation-vergence mismatch, so long as the same reference point is utilized for the accommodation distance and the vergence distance. For example, the distance may be measured from the cornea to the depth plane, from the retina to the depth plane, from the eyepiece (e.g., a waveguide in a display device) to the depth plane, etc.

[0061] Without being limited by theory, it is believed that a user may still perceive an accommodation-vergence-divergence mismatch of up to about 0.25 diopters, up to about 0.33 diopters, and up to about 0.5 diopters as physiologically correct, without the mismatch itself causing significant discomfort. In some embodiments, a display system disclosed herein (e.g., display system 250, FIG. 6) presents an image to a viewer having an accommodation-vergence-divergence mismatch of about 0.5 diopters or less. In some other embodiments, the accommodation-vergence-divergence mismatch of the image provided by the display system is about 0.33 diopters or less. In still other embodiments, the accommodation-vergence-divergence mismatch of the image provided by the display system is about 0.25 diopters or less, including about 0.1 diopters or less.

[0062] FIG. 5 illustrates aspects of an approach for simulating a three-dimensional image by modifying the wavefront divergence. The display system includes a waveguide 270 configured to receive light 770 encoded with image information and output the light to a user's eye 210. The waveguide 270 may output light 650 with a defined amount of wavefront divergence that corresponds to the wavefront divergence of a light field generated by a point on a desired depth plane 240. In some embodiments, the same amount of wavefront divergence is provided for all objects presented on that depth plane. In addition, it will be illustrated that the user's other eye may be provided with image information from a similar waveguide.

[0063] In some embodiments, a single waveguide may be configured to output light with a set wavefront divergence corresponding to a single or limited number of depth planes, and / or the waveguide may be configured to output light in a limited range of wavelengths. As a result, in some embodiments, multiple or stacked waveguides may be utilized to provide different wavefront divergence for different depth planes and / or output light in different ranges of wavelengths. As used herein, it should be understood that a depth plane may follow the contour of a flat or curved surface.

[0064] 6 illustrates an example of a waveguide stack for outputting image information to a user. The display system 250 includes a stack of waveguides or a stacked waveguide assembly 260 that can be utilized to provide a three-dimensional perception to the eye / brain using multiple waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. It should be understood that the display system 250 can be considered a light field display in some embodiments. Additionally, the waveguide assembly 260 can also be referred to as an eyepiece.

[0065] In some embodiments, the display system 250 may be configured to provide a substantially continuous cue for convergence and multiple discrete cues for accommodation. The cues for convergence may be provided by displaying different images to each of the user's eyes, and the cues for accommodation may be provided by outputting light forming images with selectable discrete amounts of wavefront divergence. In other words, the display system 250 may be configured to output light with variable levels of wavefront divergence. In some embodiments, each discrete level of wavefront divergence corresponds to a particular depth plane and may be provided by a particular one of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310.

[0066] Continuing with reference to FIG. 6, the waveguide assembly 260 may also include a number of features 320, 330, 340, 350 between the waveguides. In some embodiments, the features 320, 330, 340, 350 may be one or more lenses. The waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 and / or the number of lenses 320, 330, 340, 350 may be configured to transmit image information to the eye with various levels of wavefront curvature or light beam divergence. Each waveguide level may be associated with a particular depth plane and may be configured to output image information corresponding to that depth plane. The image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may act as light sources for the waveguides and may be utilized to input image information into the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, which may each be configured to disperse incident light across each individual waveguide for output towards the eye 210, as described herein. Light exits output surfaces 410, 420, 430, 440, 450 of the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 and is input into corresponding input surfaces 460, 470, 480, 490, 500 of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some embodiments, each of the input surfaces 460, 470, 480, 490, 500 may be an edge of the corresponding waveguide or a portion of a major surface of the corresponding waveguide (i.e., one of the waveguide surfaces that directly faces the world 510 or the viewer's eye 210). In some embodiments, a single beam of light (e.g., a collimated beam) may be launched into each waveguide and output an entire field of cloned collimated beams that are directed toward the eye 210 at a particular angle (and divergence) corresponding to the depth plane associated with the particular waveguide. In some embodiments, a single one of the image launch devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may be associated with and launch light into multiple (e.g., three) waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310.

[0067] In some embodiments, the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 are discrete displays that each generate image information for input into a corresponding waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some other embodiments, the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 are outputs of a single multiplexed display that may send image information to each of the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, for example, via one or more optical conduits (such as fiber optic cables). It should be understood that the image information provided by the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may include light of different wavelengths or colors (e.g., different primary colors as discussed herein).

[0068] In some embodiments, the light injected into the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 is provided by a light projector system 520 comprising a light module 530, which may include light emitters such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). Light from the light module 530 may be directed through a beam splitter 550 to and modified by a light modulator 540, e.g., a spatial light modulator. The light modulator 540 may be configured to vary the perceived intensity of the light injected into the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 and encode the light with image information. Examples of spatial light modulators include liquid crystal displays (LCDs), including liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays. It should be understood that image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 are illustrated diagrammatically and in some embodiments these image injection devices may represent different light paths and locations within a common projection system configured to output light into associated ones of waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some embodiments, the waveguides of the waveguide assembly 260 may act as ideal lenses, relaying light injected into the waveguides to the user's eye. In this concept, the object may be a spatial light modulator 540 and the image may be an image on a depth plane.

[0069] In some embodiments, the display system 250 may be a scanning fiber display comprising one or more scanning fibers configured to project light in various patterns (e.g., raster scan, spiral scan, Lissajous pattern, etc.) into one or more waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 and ultimately to the viewer's eye 210. In some embodiments, the illustrated image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may represent diagrammatically a single scanning fiber or a bundle of scanning fibers configured to inject light into one or more waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some other embodiments, the illustrated image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 may represent diagrammatically multiple scanning fibers or multiple bundles of scanning fibers configured to inject light into associated ones of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, respectively. It should be understood that one or more optical fibers may be configured to transmit light from the optical module 530 to one or more of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. It should be understood that one or more intervening optical structures may be provided between the scanning fiber or fibers and one or more of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, for example, to redirect light exiting the scanning fiber into one or more of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310.

[0070] The controller 560 controls the operation of one or more of the stacked waveguide assemblies 260, including the operation of the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, the light source 530, and the light modulator 540. In some embodiments, the controller 560 is part of the local data processing module 140. The controller 560 includes programming (e.g., instructions in a non-transient medium) that coordinates the timing and provision of image information to the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, for example, according to any of the various schemes disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the controller may be a single integrated device or a distributed system connected by wired or wireless communication channels. The controller 560 may be part of the processing module 140 or 150 (FIG. 9D) in some embodiments.

[0071] Continuing with reference to FIG. 6, the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be configured to propagate light within each individual waveguide by total internal reflection (TIR). Each of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be planar or have another shape (e.g., curved) with major top and bottom surfaces and edges extending between their major top and bottom surfaces. In the illustrated configuration, each of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may include an out-coupling optical element 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 configured to extract light from the waveguide by redirecting light propagating within each individual waveguide out of the waveguide and outputting image information to the eye 210. The extracted light may also be referred to as out-coupled light, and the out-coupling optical element may also be referred to as a light extraction optical element. The extracted beam of light may be output by the waveguide at a location where the light propagating within the waveguide strikes the light extraction optical element. The outcoupling optical element 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be a grating, for example, including diffractive optical features as further discussed herein. Although shown disposed on the bottom major surface of the waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 for ease of explanation and clarity of drawing, in some embodiments the outcoupling optical element 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be disposed on the top and / or bottom major surfaces and / or directly within the volume of the waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, as further discussed herein. In some embodiments, the outcoupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be formed within a layer of material that is attached to a transparent substrate and forms the waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310. In some other embodiments, the waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be a monolithic piece of material and the outcoupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be formed on and / or within that piece of material.

[0072] With continued reference to FIG. 6, as discussed herein, each waveguide 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 is configured to output light and form an image corresponding to a particular depth plane. For example, the waveguide 270 closest to the eye may be configured to deliver collimated light (injected into such waveguide 270) to the eye 210. The collimated light may represent an optical infinity focal plane. The next upper waveguide 280 may be configured to send collimated light that passes through a first lens 350 (e.g., a negative lens) before it can reach the eye 210. Such first lens 350 may be configured to generate a slight convex wavefront curvature such that the eye / brain interprets the light originating from the next upper waveguide 280 as originating from a first focal plane closer inward from optical infinity toward the eye 210. Similarly, the third upper waveguide 290 passes its output light through both the first lens 350 and the second lens 340 before reaching the eye 210. The combined refractive powers of the first lens 350 and the second lens 340 may be configured to produce another incremental amount of wavefront curvature such that the eye / brain interprets the light originating from the third upper waveguide 290 as originating from a second focal plane that is closer inward from optical infinity towards the person than was the light from the next upper waveguide 280.

[0073] The other waveguide layers 300, 310 and lenses 330, 320 are similarly configured, with the highest waveguide 310 in the stack sending its output through all of the lenses between it and the eye for an aggregate focal force that represents the focal plane closest to the person. To compensate the stack of lenses 320, 330, 340, 350 when viewing / interpreting light originating from the world 510 on the other side of the stacked waveguide assembly 260, a compensating lens layer 620 may be placed on top of the stack to compensate for the aggregate force of the lens stacks 320, 330, 340, 350 below. Such a configuration provides as many perceived focal planes as there are waveguide / lens pairs available. Both the outcoupling optical elements of the waveguides and the focusing sides of the lenses may be static (i.e., not dynamic or electroactive). In some alternative embodiments, one or both may be dynamic using electroactive features.

[0074] In some embodiments, two or more of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may have the same associated depth plane. For example, multiple waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be configured to output images set at the same depth plane, or multiple subsets of the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310 may be configured to output images set at the same depth planes, with one set per depth plane. This may provide an advantage for forming tiled images to provide an extended field of view at those depth planes.

[0075] Continuing with reference to FIG. 6, the outcoupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be configured to redirect light out of their respective waveguides and output the light with an appropriate amount of divergence or collimation for the particular depth plane associated with the waveguides. As a result, waveguides with different associated depth planes may have different configurations of outcoupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 that output light with different amounts of divergence depending on the associated depth plane. In some embodiments, the light extraction optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be solid or surface features that may be configured to output light at specific angles. For example, the light extraction optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 may be solid holograms, surface holograms, and / or diffraction gratings. In some embodiments, the features 320, 330, 340, 350 may not be lenses. Rather, they may simply be spacers (eg, cladding layers and / or structures to form an air gap).

[0076] In some embodiments, the outcoupling optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 are diffractive features or "diffractive optical elements" (also referred to herein as "DOEs") that form a diffraction pattern. Preferably, the DOEs have a sufficiently low diffraction efficiency so that only a portion of the light in the beam is deflected toward the eye 210 at each intersection of the DOE, while the remainder continues traveling through the waveguide via TIR. The light carrying the image information is thus split into several related exit beams that exit the waveguide at multiple locations, resulting in a very uniform pattern of exit emission toward the eye 210 for this particular collimated beam bouncing within the waveguide.

[0077] In some embodiments, one or more DOEs may be switchable between an "on" state in which they actively diffract and an "off" state in which they do not significantly diffract. For example, a switchable DOE may comprise a layer of polymer dispersed liquid crystal in which the microdroplets comprise a diffractive pattern within a host medium, and the refractive index of the microdroplets may be switched to substantially match the refractive index of the host material (in which case the pattern does not significantly diffract incident light), or the microdroplets may be switched to a refractive index that does not match that of the host medium (in which case the pattern actively diffracts incident light).

[0078] In some embodiments, a camera assembly 630 (e.g., a digital camera, including visible and infrared light cameras) may be provided to capture images of the eye 210 and / or tissue surrounding the eye 210, for example, to detect user input and / or monitor a physiological condition of the user. As used herein, a camera may be any image capture device. In some embodiments, the camera assembly 630 may include an image capture device and a light source that projects light (e.g., infrared light) onto the eye, which may then be reflected by the eye and detected by the image capture device. In some embodiments, the camera assembly 630 may be mounted to the frame 80 (FIG. 9D) and may be in electrical communication with the processing modules 140 and / or 150, which may process image information from the camera assembly 630. In some embodiments, one camera assembly 630 may be utilized per eye, monitoring each eye separately.

[0079] 7, an example of an output beam output by a waveguide is shown. Although one waveguide is shown, it should be understood that other waveguides in the waveguide assembly 260 (FIG. 6) may function similarly and that the waveguide assembly 260 includes multiple waveguides. Light 640 is launched into the waveguide 270 at the input surface 460 of the waveguide 270 and propagates within the waveguide 270 by TIR. At the point where the light 640 impinges on the DOE 570, a portion of the light exits the waveguide as an output beam 650. The output beams 650 are shown as approximately parallel, but as discussed herein, they may also be redirected to propagate to the eye 210 at an angle (e.g., to form a diverging output beam) depending on the depth plane associated with the waveguide 270. It should be understood that a nearly collimated exit beam may refer to a waveguide with outcoupling optics that outcouples light to form an image that appears to be set on a depth plane at a large distance (e.g., optical infinity) from the eye 210. Other waveguides or other sets of outcoupling optics may output a more divergent exit beam pattern, which would require the eye 210 to accommodate to a closer distance and focus on the retina, and would be interpreted by the brain as light from a distance closer to the eye 210 than optical infinity.

[0080] In some embodiments, a full color image may be formed at each depth plane by overlaying an image on each of the primary colors, for example, three or more primary colors. FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a stacked waveguide assembly in which each depth plane includes an image formed using multiple different primary colors. The illustrated embodiment shows depth planes 240a-240f, but more or less depths are also contemplated. Each depth plane may have three or more primary color images associated with it, including a first image of a first color G, a second image of a second color R, and a third image of a third color B. The different depth planes are indicated in the figure by different numbers for diopters (dpt) following the letters G, R, and B. By way of example only, the numbers following each of these letters indicate the diopters (1 / m), i.e., the inverse distance of the depth plane from the viewer, and each box in the figure represents an individual primary color image. In some embodiments, the exact placement of the depth planes for the different primary colors may be varied to account for differences in the eye's focusing of different wavelengths of light. For example, different primary color images for a given depth plane may be placed on depth planes corresponding to different distances from the user. Such an arrangement may increase visual acuity and user comfort and / or reduce chromatic aberration.

[0081] In some embodiments, light of each primary color may be output by a single dedicated waveguide, such that each depth plane may have multiple waveguides associated with it. In such embodiments, each box in the figure containing the letter G, R, or B may be understood to represent an individual waveguide, and three waveguides may be provided per depth plane, with three primary color images provided per depth plane. The waveguides associated with each depth plane are shown adjacent to each other in this drawing for ease of illustration, but it should be understood that in a physical device, the waveguides may all be arranged in a stack with one waveguide per level. In some other embodiments, multiple primary colors may be output by the same waveguide, such that, for example, only a single waveguide may be provided per depth plane.

[0082] 8, in some embodiments, G is green, R is red, and B is blue. In some other embodiments, other colors associated with other wavelengths of light, including magenta and cyan, may be used in addition to or in place of one or more of red, green, or blue.

[0083] It should be understood that references throughout this disclosure to a given color of light will be understood to encompass one or more wavelengths of light within the range of wavelengths of light that are perceived by a viewer as being of that given color. For example, red light may include one or more wavelengths of light within a range of about 620-780 nm, green light may include one or more wavelengths of light within a range of about 492-577 nm, and blue light may include one or more wavelengths of light within a range of about 435-493 nm.

[0084] In some embodiments, the light source 530 (FIG. 6) may be configured to emit light at one or more wavelengths outside the range of visual perception of a viewer, e.g., infrared and / or ultraviolet wavelengths. Additionally, the waveguide in-coupling, out-coupling, and other light redirecting structures of the display 250 may be configured to direct and emit this light from the display toward the user's eye 210, e.g., for imaging and / or user stimulation applications.

[0085] 9A, in some embodiments, light impinging on a waveguide may need to be redirected to in-couple the light into the waveguide. An in-coupling optical element may be used to redirect and in-couple the light into its corresponding waveguide. FIG. 9A illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an example of a plurality or set 660 of stacked waveguides, each including an in-coupling optical element. The waveguides may each be configured to output light of one or more different wavelengths or one or more different wavelength ranges. It should be understood that the stack 660 may correspond to the stack 260 (FIG. 6), and that the illustrated waveguides of the stack 660 may correspond to a portion of the plurality of waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, except that light from one or more of the image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 is input into the waveguide from a position that requires the light to be redirected for in-coupling.

[0086] The illustrated set 660 of stacked waveguides includes waveguides 670, 680, and 690. Each waveguide includes an associated incoupling optical element (which may also be referred to as the light input area on the waveguide), for example, incoupling optical element 700 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., the top major surface) of waveguide 670, incoupling optical element 710 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., the top major surface) of waveguide 680, and incoupling optical element 720 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., the top major surface) of waveguide 690. In some embodiments, one or more of the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be disposed on a bottom major surface of an individual waveguide 670, 680, 690 (particularly if one or more of the incoupling optical elements is a reflective turning optical element). As shown, the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be disposed on the upper major surfaces of the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690 (or on top of the next lower waveguide), particularly if the incoupling optical elements are transmissive deflecting optical elements. In some embodiments, the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be disposed within the body of the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690. In some embodiments, as discussed herein, the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 are wavelength selective, such that they selectively redirect one or more wavelengths of light while transmitting other wavelengths of light. Although illustrated on one side or corner of the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690, it should be understood that the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be disposed within other areas of the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690 in some embodiments.

[0087] As shown, the in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be laterally offset from one another. In some embodiments, each in-coupling optical element may be offset to receive light without that light passing through another in-coupling optical element. For example, each in-coupling optical element 700, 710, 720 may be configured to receive light from different image input devices 360, 370, 380, 390, and 400 as shown in FIG. 6, and may be separated (e.g., laterally spaced) from the other in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 so as to not substantially receive light from others of the in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720.

[0088] Each waveguide also includes an associated optically dispersive element, for example, optically dispersive element 730 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide 670, optically dispersive element 740 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide 680, and optically dispersive element 750 is disposed on a major surface (e.g., a top major surface) of waveguide 690. In some other embodiments, optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 may be disposed on the bottom major surfaces of associated waveguides 670, 680, 690, respectively. In some other embodiments, optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 may be disposed on both the top and bottom major surfaces of associated waveguides 670, 680, 690, respectively, or optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 may be disposed on different ones of the top and bottom major surfaces in different associated waveguides 670, 680, 690, respectively.

[0089] The waveguides 670, 680, 690 may be spaced apart and separated, for example, by gas, liquid, and / or solid layers of material. For example, as shown, layer 760a may separate the waveguides 670 and 680, and layer 760b may separate the waveguides 680 and 690. In some embodiments, layers 760a and 760b are formed from a low index material (i.e., a material having a lower index of refraction than the material forming the immediately adjacent ones of the waveguides 670, 680, 690). Preferably, the index of refraction of the material forming layers 760a, 760b is 0.05 or more, or 0.10 or less than the index of refraction of the material forming the waveguides 670, 680, 690. Advantageously, the lower refractive index layers 760a, 760b may act as cladding layers to promote total internal reflection (TIR) ​​of light through the waveguides 670, 680, 690 (e.g., TIR between the top and bottom major surfaces of each waveguide). In some embodiments, the layers 760a, 760b are formed from air. Although not shown, it should be understood that the top and bottom of the illustrated set of waveguides 660 may include adjacent cladding layers.

[0090] Preferably, for ease of manufacturing and other considerations, the materials forming the waveguides 670, 680, 690 are similar or the same, and the materials forming the layers 760a, 760b are similar or the same. In some embodiments, the materials forming the waveguides 670, 680, 690 may vary between one or more of the waveguides, and / or the materials forming the layers 760a, 760b may differ while still maintaining the various refractive index relationships described above.

[0091] 9A, light rays 770, 780, 790 are incident on the set of waveguides 660. It should be understood that light rays 770, 780, 790 may be injected into the waveguides 670, 680, 690 by one or more image injection devices 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 (FIG. 6).

[0092] In some embodiments, the light beams 770, 780, 790 have different properties, e.g., different wavelengths or different wavelength ranges, that may correspond to different colors. Each of the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 deflects the incident light such that the light propagates through a respective one of the waveguides 670, 680, 690 by TIR. In some embodiments, each of the incoupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 selectively deflects one or more particular wavelengths of light while transmitting other wavelengths to the underlying waveguide and associated incoupling optical element.

[0093] For example, incoupling optical element 700 may be configured to selectively deflect light beam 770 having a first wavelength or wavelength range while transmitting light beams 780 and 790 having different second and third wavelengths or wavelength ranges, respectively. The transmitted light beam 780 impinges on and is deflected by incoupling optical element 710, which is configured to deflect light of the second wavelength or wavelength range. Light beam 790 is deflected by incoupling optical element 720, which is configured to selectively deflect light of the third wavelength or wavelength range.

[0094] 9A, the deflected light rays 770, 780, 790 are deflected to propagate through the corresponding waveguides 670, 680, 690. That is, the incoupling optical element 700, 710, 720 of each waveguide deflects the light into its corresponding waveguide 670, 680, 690 and incouplings the light into the corresponding waveguide. The light rays 770, 780, 790 are deflected at an angle that causes the light to propagate through the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690 by TIR. The light rays 770, 780, 790 propagate through the respective waveguides 670, 680, 690 by TIR until they impinge on the corresponding optical dispersive element 730, 740, 750 of the waveguide.

[0095]

[0046] Referring now to Figure 9B, a perspective view of the multiple stacked waveguide embodiment of Figure 9A is illustrated. As described above, the in-coupled light rays 770, 780, 790 are deflected by the in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720, respectively, and then propagate by TIR within the waveguides 670, 680, 690, respectively. The light rays 770, 780, 790 then impinge on the optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750, respectively. The optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 deflect the light rays 770, 780, 790 to propagate towards the out-coupling optical elements 800, 810, 820, respectively.

[0096] In some embodiments, the optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 are orthogonal pupil expanders (OPEs). In some embodiments, the OPEs deflect or disperse the light to the out-coupling optical elements 800, 810, 820, and in some embodiments may also increase the beam or spot size of this light as it propagates to the out-coupling optical elements. In some embodiments, the optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 may be omitted and the in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 may be configured to deflect the light directly to the out-coupling optical elements 800, 810, 820. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the optically dispersive elements 730, 740, 750 may be replaced with the out-coupling optical elements 800, 810, 820, respectively. In some embodiments, the outcoupling optical elements 800, 810, 820 are exit pupils (EPs) or exit pupil expanders (EPEs) that direct light into the viewer's eye 210 (FIG. 7). It should be understood that an OPE may be configured to increase the size of the eyebox in at least one axis, and an EPE may increase the eyebox in an axis that intersects, e.g., perpendicular to, the axis of the OPE. For example, each OPE may be configured to redirect a portion of the light striking the OPE to an EPE of the same waveguide, while allowing the remaining portion of the light to continue propagating down the waveguide. Again, in response to striking the OPE, another portion of the remaining light is redirected to the EPE, which continues to propagate further down the waveguide, and so on. Similarly, in response to striking the EPE, a portion of the impinging light is directed out of the waveguide towards the user, which continues to propagate through the waveguide until it again strikes the EP, at which point another portion of the impinging light is directed out of the waveguide, and so on. As a result, a single beam of internally coupled light may be "replicated" each time a portion of that light is redirected by an OPE or EPE, thereby forming a cloned beam field of light, as shown in Figure 6. In some embodiments, the OPE and / or EPE may be configured to modify the size of the beam of light.

[0097] Thus, referring to Figures 9A and 9B, in some embodiments, a set of waveguides 660 includes, for each primary color, a waveguide 670, 680, 690, an in-coupling optical element 700, 710, 720, an optical dispersion element (e.g., OPE) 730, 740, 750, and an out-coupling optical element (e.g., EP) 800, 810, 820. The waveguides 670, 680, 690 may be stacked with an air gap / cladding layer between each one. The in-coupling optical element 700, 710, 720 redirects or deflects the incoming light into its waveguide (with different in-coupling optical elements receiving different wavelengths of light). The light then propagates at an angle that will result in TIR within the individual waveguides 670, 680, 690. In the illustrated embodiment, light ray 770 (e.g., blue light) is deflected by the first in-coupling optical element 700 in the manner previously described, then continues to bounce back down the waveguide, interacting with the optically dispersive element (e.g., OPE) 730 and then the out-coupling optical element (e.g., EP) 800. Light rays 780 and 790 (e.g., green and red light, respectively) pass through the waveguide 670, where light ray 780 impinges on and is deflected by the in-coupling optical element 710. Light ray 780 then proceeds via TIR back down the waveguide 680, to its optically dispersive element (e.g., OPE) 740 and then to the out-coupling optical element (e.g., EP) 810. Finally, light ray 790 (e.g., red light) passes through the waveguide 690 and impinges on the optically in-coupling optical element 720 of the waveguide 690. The light in-coupling optical element 720 deflects the light beam 790 such that it propagates by TIR to a light dispersive element (e.g., OPE) 750 and then by TIR to an out-coupling optical element (e.g., EP) 820. The out-coupling optical element 820 then finally out-couples the light beam 790 to a viewer, who also receives the out-coupled light from the other waveguides 670, 680.

[0098] FIG. 9C illustrates a top-down plan view of an example of the multiple stacked waveguides of FIGS. 9A and 9B. As shown, the waveguides 670, 680, 690 may be vertically aligned with each waveguide's associated light dispersive element 730, 740, 750 and associated out-coupling optical elements 800, 810, 820. However, as discussed herein, the in-coupling optical elements 700, 710, 720 are not vertically aligned. Rather, the in-coupling optical elements are preferably non-overlapping (e.g., laterally spaced apart, as seen in the top-down view). As discussed further herein, this non-overlapping spatial arrangement facilitates the injection of light from different sources into different waveguides on a one-to-one basis, thereby allowing a specific light source to be uniquely coupled to a specific waveguide. In some embodiments, an arrangement including non-overlapping spatially separated in-coupling optical elements may be referred to as a shifted pupil system, and the in-coupling optical elements in these arrangements may correspond to sub-pupils.

[0099] 9D illustrates an example of a wearable display system 60 into which the various waveguide and associated systems disclosed herein may be integrated. In some embodiments, the display system 60 is the system 250 of FIG. 6, which diagrammatically illustrates some portions of the system 60 in greater detail. For example, the waveguide assembly 260 of FIG. 6 may be part of the display 70.

[0100] 9D, the display system 60 includes a display 70 and various mechanical and electronic modules and systems to support the functionality of the display 70. The display 70 may be coupled to a frame 80 that is wearable by a display system user or viewer 90 and configured to position the display 70 in front of the eye of the user 90. The display 70 may be considered an eyepiece in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a speaker 100 is coupled to the frame 80 and configured to be positioned adjacent to the ear canal of the user 90 (in some embodiments, another speaker, not shown, may optionally be positioned adjacent the user's other ear canal to provide stereo / shapeable sound control). The display system 60 may also include one or more microphones 110 or other devices to detect sound. In some embodiments, the microphones may be configured to allow the user to provide input or commands (e.g., voice menu command selections, natural language questions, etc.) to the system 60 and / or enable audio communication with other persons (e.g., other users of a similar display system). The microphone may further be configured as an ambient sensor to collect audio data (e.g., sounds from the user and / or the environment). In some embodiments, the display system may also include an ambient sensor 120a that is separate from the frame 80 and may be attached to the body of the user 90 (e.g., on the head, torso, limbs, etc. of the user 90). The ambient sensor 120a may, in some embodiments, be configured to obtain data that characterizes a physiological state of the user 90. For example, the sensor 120a may be an electrode.

[0101] 9D, the display 70 is operably coupled by a communication link 130, such as wired or wireless connectivity, to a local data processing module 140, which may be mounted in a variety of configurations, such as fixedly attached to the frame 80, fixedly attached to a helmet or hat worn by the user, built into headphones, or otherwise removably attached to the user 90 (e.g., in a backpack configuration, in a belt-connected configuration). Similarly, the sensor 120a may be operably coupled to the local processor and data module 140 by a communication link 120b, such as wired or wireless connectivity. The local processing and data module 140 may comprise a hardware processor and digital memory, such as non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory or hard disk drive), both of which may be utilized to aid in processing, caching, and storing data. Optionally, the local processor and data module 140 may include one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), dedicated processing hardware, and the like. The data may include (a) data captured from sensors (e.g., which may be operatively coupled to the frame 80 or otherwise attached to the user 90), such as image capture devices (such as cameras), microphones, inertial measurement units, accelerometers, compasses, GPS units, wireless devices, gyroscopes, and / or other sensors disclosed herein, and / or (b) data obtained and / or processed using the remote processing module 150 and / or remote data repository 160 (including data related to virtual content), possibly for passing to the display 70 after processing or retrieval. The local processing and data module 140 may be operatively coupled to the remote processing module 150 and the remote data repository 160 by communication links 170, 180, such as via wired or wireless communication links, such that these remote modules 150, 160 are operatively coupled to each other and available as resources to the local processing and data module 140.In some embodiments, local processing and data module 140 may include one or more of an image capture device, a microphone, an inertial measurement unit, an accelerometer, a compass, a GPS unit, a wireless device, and / or a gyroscope. In some other embodiments, one or more of these sensors may be mounted to frame 80 or may be a stand-alone structure that communicates with local processing and data module 140 by a wired or wireless communication path.

[0102] 9D , in some embodiments, remote processing module 150 may comprise one or more processors configured to analyze and process data and / or image information, including, for example, one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), dedicated processing hardware, etc. In some embodiments, remote data repository 160 may comprise a digital data storage facility, which may be available through the Internet or other networking configurations in a "cloud" resource configuration. In some embodiments, remote data repository 160 may include one or more remote servers that provide information, for example, information for generating augmented reality content to local processing and data module 140 and / or remote processing module 150. In some embodiments, all data is stored and all calculations are performed in the local processing and data module, allowing for fully autonomous use from the remote modules. Optionally, an external system (e.g., one or more processors, one or more computer systems), including a CPU, GPU, etc., may perform at least a portion of the processing (e.g., generating image information, processing data) and provide information to and receive information from modules 140, 150, 160, e.g., via a wireless or wired connection. (Waveguide integrated with optical element with blazed grating)

[0103] Providing an immersive experience to users of waveguide-based display systems, such as the various translucent or transparent display systems configured for virtual / augmented / mixed reality display applications described above, relies on, among other things, various properties of the light coupling into and out of the waveguides of the display system. For example, a virtual / augmented / mixed reality display having high light in-coupling and out-coupling efficiency for one or more polarizations of light may enhance the viewing experience by providing relatively high brightness and / or clarity.

[0104] For example, as described above with reference to Figures 6 and 7, a display system according to various embodiments described herein may include optical elements, such as an in-coupling optical element, an out-coupling optical element, and / or an optical dispersion element, which in turn may comprise a diffraction grating or a diffractive optical element (DOE). An in-coupling optical element, such as an in-coupling grating (ICG), may be employed to couple light into the waveguide, and an out-coupling optical element, such as an exit pupil expander (EPE), may be employed to couple light out of the waveguide into a user's eye. For example, as described above with reference to Figures 6 and 7, light 640 injected into the waveguide 270 at the input surface 460 of the waveguide 270 propagates within the waveguide 270 by total internal reflection (TIR). At the point where the light 640 impinges on the out-coupling optical element 570, a portion of the light exits the waveguide as a beamlet 650. In some implementations, any of the optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 can include or be configured as a diffraction grating or a DOE.

[0105] To achieve desired properties of incoupling of light into (or outcoupling of light from) the waveguides 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, the optical elements 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, configured as diffraction gratings or DOEs, can be formed from suitable materials and have suitable structures to control various optical properties, including diffractive properties. Desirable diffractive properties include spectral selectivity, angular selectivity, polarization selectivity, high spectral bandwidth, wide field of view, and high diffraction efficiency, among other properties.

[0106] To achieve one or more of these and other advantages, including relatively high diffraction efficiency of the optical elements, various exemplary optical elements described herein include blazed diffraction gratings. Blazed diffraction gratings refer to a type of diffraction grating that is configured (e.g., optimized) to achieve enhanced diffraction efficiency for a given diffraction order (e.g., first order) such that the refractive power is enhanced or maximized for the given diffraction order, while the residual refractive power in other orders (e.g., the zeroth order) is reduced or minimized. For example, a blazed diffraction grating pattern has a geometry that is configured to have a first-order diffraction efficiency of greater than 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% for at least one polarization of light. Such configuration or optimization of the grating occurs for a particular wavelength, referred to as the blaze wavelength, for which the blazed diffraction grating is designed, configured, and / or optimized.

[0107] Enhanced diffraction efficiency for a given diffraction order is achieved in some blazed gratings by having faceted features, e.g., faceted lines. Blazed gratings with faceted lines can be fabricated by imprinting a blazed grating pattern onto a device substrate, e.g., a waveguide, using a device master template as an imprint mold. In such a fabrication process, the manufacturing throughput may be limited by the number of blazed grating patterns that the device master template can imprint onto a given device substrate. Advantageously, in the fabrication techniques described herein, the device master template is configured to imprint a relatively large number of blazed grating patterns onto a device substrate, thereby enabling a relatively high manufacturing throughput of blazed gratings. In particular, in the disclosed techniques, a device master template is fabricated having blazed grating patterns that extend in multiple directions, e.g., radially, which allows for efficient use of the area of ​​the device master template for high-throughput parallel, e.g., simultaneous, imprinting of blazed grating patterns onto device substrates, such as waveguides.

[0108] 10A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary blazed transmissive grating 1008 that may be included as part of an optical element, such as an in-coupling optical element and / or an out-coupling optical element or both. The blazed grating 1008 has a constant pitch d. In operation, an incident light beam 1016 incident at an angle α relative to a normal direction 1002 (e.g., the z-direction) is diffracted at a blaze angle β relative to the normal direction 1002 with relatively high or maximum efficiency as a diffracted light beam 1024. A blazed grating, such as the illustrated blazed transmissive grating 1008, can be characterized by the blaze angle β, the blaze wavelength, and the diffraction order for which the blazed grating is designed or optimized. Although a transmissive diffraction grating 1008 is shown, in other configurations the diffraction grating may act as a reflective diffraction grating, diffracting light reflected therefrom, for example, coupling light into a waveguide to be guided therein by total internal reflection, or coupling light out of a waveguide, and / or performing other functions.

[0109] A blazed grating, such as the illustrated blazed transmissive grating 1008, can have grating features (e.g., lines) with a sawtooth shape, e.g., with a triangular cross-sectional shape. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the cross-sectional shape has a triangular sawtooth shape forming a tilted step structure. The steps can be tilted at a facet angle δ, also referred to as the blazed angle, with respect to a horizontal plane, e.g., an xy plane normal to the grating normal direction 1002 (e.g., z-direction).

[0110] In some implementations, the blazed transmissive grating 1008 can have a particular arrangement known as the Littrow configuration, which is a geometry in which the diffraction angle β, the incidence angle α, and the facet angle δ are the same. Thus, in the Littrow configuration, α=β=δ.

[0111] The blaze angle δ can be designed or optimized to improve or maximize the efficiency of light having a particular wavelength. As described above, the blazed transmissive grating according to the embodiments is configured to diffract visible light incident thereon into the respective waveguides such that the visible light diffracted into the waveguides is guided within each of the waveguides, for example, by total internal reflection (TIR). In some implementations, the grating can be configured to diffract visible light into the respective waveguides when the visible light is incident thereon within a respective angle or field of view (FOV). In some other implementations, the grating can also be configured to diffract visible light out of the respective waveguides into a respective angle or field of view. In some other implementations, the grating can be configured as an optically dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide towards an external coupling element. In yet some other implementations, the grating can act as a combined external coupling grating and optically dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguides, and further configured to externally couple light out of the waveguides.

[0112] 10A, the diffraction grating 1008 comprises a plurality of blazed grating lines 1012 that are elongated in a first horizontal or y-direction and are periodically repeated in a second horizontal or x-direction. The diffraction grating lines 1012 can be, for example, straight, continuous lines extending in the y-direction. However, the embodiment is not so limited.

[0113] In some implementations, the grating lines 1012 can be discontinuous lines, for example in the y-direction. In some other implementations, the discontinuous lines can form multiple posts that protrude from the surface of the grating substrate. In some implementations, at least some of the grating lines 1012 can have different widths in the x-direction.

[0114] In the illustrated example, the grating lines 1012 have a profile, e.g., a sawtooth profile, with asymmetric opposing side surfaces that form different angles with respect to the plane of the substrate, however, the embodiment is not so limited and in other implementations the grating lines 1012 can have symmetric opposing side surfaces that form a similar angle with respect to the plane of the substrate.

[0115] In the illustrated examples, the grating lines 1012 are arranged as a one-dimensional (1D) array having periodicity in one lateral direction, e.g., the x-direction. In these configurations, the 1D array can act as a 1D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in one direction. However, the embodiments are not so limited, and in other configurations, the grating lines 1012, e.g., discontinuous lines or protrusions, can be arranged as a two-dimensional (2D) array having periodicity in two lateral directions. In these configurations, the 2D array acts as a 2D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in two directions. In certain implementations, the 2D array can have the same number of diffractive features in two different lateral directions, forming, for example, a square array.

[0116] FIG. 10B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display device 1000 comprising a waveguide 1004 and a blazed transmissive grating 1008 formed on the waveguide 1004, according to some embodiments. The blazed transmissive grating 1008 is configured to diffract light having wavelengths within the visible spectrum such that the light is guided within the waveguide 1004 by TIR. The waveguide 1004 may correspond, for example, to one of the waveguides 670, 680, 690 described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-9C. As described above, the blazed transmissive grating 1008 may correspond, for example, to an internal coupling optical element (700, 710, 720, FIGS. 9A-9C), also referred to herein as an internal coupling grating (ICG). The display device 1000 may additionally include various other optical elements, including external coupling optical elements, as part of the display device described above. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, display device 1000 additionally includes light dispersing elements 730, 740, 750, similar to those described above with respect to Figures 9A-9C. Display device 1000 can include other elements, including, for example, outcoupling optical elements (800, 810, 820, Figures 9A-9C).

[0117] In operation, when an incident light beam 1016, e.g., visible light, is incident on the blazed grating 1008 at an incidence angle α measured with respect to a surface normal 1002 that is normal or orthogonal to a surface 1008S extending in the yx plane, the blazed grating 1008 at least partially diffracts the incident light beam 1016 as a diffracted light beam 1024 at a diffraction angle θ measured with respect to the surface normal 1002, while at least partially transmitting the incident light as a transmitted light beam 1020. The diffracted light beam 1024 is incident at a critical angle θ due to the occurrence of total internal reflection within the waveguide 1004. TIRUpon diffracting at a diffraction angle θ greater than θ, the diffracted light beam 1024 is guided within the waveguide 1004 via total internal reflection (TIR) ​​along the x-axis until the diffracted light beam 1024 reaches, for example, one of the optical dispersion elements 730, 740, 750 or, for example, one of the outcoupling optical elements (800, 810, 820, FIGS. 9A-9C). (Machining a blazed lattice structure using a master template)

[0118] In some fabrication techniques, the blazed grating is fabricated by imprinting a blazed grating pattern directly onto a substrate, e.g., a device substrate such as a waveguide. In some other fabrication techniques, the blazed grating is fabricated by imprinting a patterned layer, which is then used to pattern the blazed grating pattern into the substrate. In these techniques, the imprint process can utilize a master template. The master template can have a blazed grating structure similar to and corresponding to the final blazed grating pattern, such as the pattern of the blazed transmissive grating 1008 illustrated in FIG. 10A. Thus, in various embodiments, the blazed grating pattern can serve as a master template for fabricating the final blazed grating. For example, a blazed grating structure, such as the blazed grating 1008 illustrated in FIG. 10A, can serve as a master template for imprinting a photoresist pattern, which can be used as the blazed grating pattern or a patterned layer, which is used as a partial mask to etch the blazed grating pattern into the substrate underneath.

[0119] In yet other manufacturing techniques, the blazed grating structure can also serve as a master template for fabricating another master template. For example, a blazed grating structure such as the blazed transmissive grating 1008 illustrated in FIG. 10A can serve as a master template for imprinting a photoresist pattern with a blazed grating pattern or patterned layer for patterning the blazed grating pattern into an underlying substrate, and the resulting substrate with the blazed grating pattern formed thereon can then be used as a master template for forming another master template for fabricating the final blazed grating.

[0120] As described herein, a first master template used to imprint a structure used to fabricate another master template is referred to as a primary master template. As described herein, a final master template used to imprint a structure on a device substrate, e.g., a waveguide, is referred to as a device master template. There may be additional master templates involved in forming a blazed grating on a device substrate. When more than two master templates, including a primary master template and a device master template, are used to fabricate the final imprinted structure of a device, the intervening master template may be referred to herein as an intermediate master template, e.g., an nth intermediate master template, where n=1, 2, etc.

[0121] Various process flows for fabricating display devices having optical elements such as blazed gratings integrated thereon may utilize manufacturing platforms, substrates, and tools similar to those used in semiconductor or display device fabrication. For example, some master templates for imprinting blazed grating structures may be formed on semiconductor substrates such as silicon wafers. Semiconductor wafers such as silicon wafers may be advantageous for forming master templates, e.g., primary master templates, with blazed grating structures such as the sawtooth blazed grating structure described above with respect to FIG. 10A, because single crystal substrates such as silicon wafers have naturally occurring crystallographic planes that lead to the formation of facets that are arranged at specific angles, as illustrated in the blazed transmissive grating 1008 of FIG. 10A. For example, as described in detail below, silicon wafers contain different crystallographic planes that have different wet etch rates when exposed to certain chemicals. Different etch rates of different crystallographic planes of silicon can be advantageously used to form blazed grating patterns having facets such as those illustrated for the blazed transmissive grating 1008 illustrated in Figure 10A. For example, wet etching silicon wafers in certain chemicals such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) can naturally form trenches, grooves, or lines with preferential crystalline facets, which can be adapted as a blazed grating pattern for a master template, e.g., a primary master template, for fabricating blazed gratings.

[0122] Because a substrate such as a silicon wafer is circular in shape and because silicon crystals have cubic crystal symmetry, when a blazed grating pattern is formed in silicon using preferential crystalline facets as described above, the formed faceted lines of the blazed grating pattern may extend in a predetermined direction, e.g., a direction predefined by a crystallographic direction. These directions may have a particular angular relationship therebetween, e.g., parallel or orthogonal or horizontal or vertical directions due to the cubic symmetry and rhomboidal cubic crystal structure of crystalline silicon. However, forming multiple identical master templates each having a blazed grating pattern extending in these predetermined directions may result in a relatively inefficient use of the overall footprint of the silicon wafer. This is illustrated with reference to FIG. 11A. FIG. 11A illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary master template 1100A that may include a master template substrate 1100, such as a {100} oriented silicon wafer, having multiple device template regions 1104 formed thereon. Each of the device template regions 1104 includes a blazed grating pattern region 1108. Each of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108, in turn, includes blazed grating lines that extend in the same predetermined direction, e.g., the x-direction or the y-direction, which may be a preferential direction of facet elongation in a silicon crystal. If the lines of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108 are restricted to extend in the same direction, as shown, for different blazed grating pattern regions 1108, then use of the substrate footprint in defining the device template regions 1104 may not be as efficient as in an arrangement in which the lines of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108 are allowed to extend in different directions that are not limited to crystallographic directions, e.g., approximately radial directions. An example arrangement in which device template region 1104 has blazed grating lines of blazed grating pattern region 1108 extending in different directions is illustrated in a top-down view of example master template 1100B in FIG. 11B, according to an embodiment.Similar to the master template 1100A, the illustrated master template 1100B includes a master template substrate 1100 having a plurality of device template regions 1104 formed thereon. Each of the device template regions 1104 includes a blazed grating pattern region 1108. However, unlike the device template regions 1104 of the master template 1100A illustrated in FIG. 11A , in which the lines of different blazed grating pattern regions 1108 extend in the same direction, the blazed grating regions 1108 of the different device template regions 1104 extend in different directions, including but not limited to crystallographic directions. In particular, the device template region 1104 and the blazed grating pattern region 1108 are defined in a radial (possibly even symmetrical) manner relative to the central axis of the master template substrate 1100 such that the lines of different ones of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108 may be parallel to one another within the blazed grating pattern region 1108, but extend in different radial directions relative to others of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108 on the same master template substrate 1100. When the sets of lines of the blazed grating pattern region 1008 are allowed to extend in different directions that are not limited to the crystallographic directions of crystalline silicon, for example, as in the "pinwheel" arrangement illustrated in FIG. 11B, substrate area can be utilized to define the device template region 1104 in a much more efficient manner compared to the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 11A, in which the sets of lines of different ones of the blazed grating pattern regions 1108 extend in the same direction. For illustrative purposes only, when the master template substrate 1100 is a 150 mm diameter silicon wafer, and when the device template regions 1104 have dimensions of 40 mm by 50 mm, the arrangement of the master template 1100A illustrated in FIG. 11A may be able to accommodate only a maximum of four device template regions 1104, while the pinwheel arrangement of the master template 1100B illustrated in FIG. 11B can accommodate a maximum of six device template regions 1104, thereby increasing manufacturing throughput by 50%.Thus, in recognition of this and other advantages, the inventors have discovered the following manufacturing techniques in which the lines of different blazed grating pattern regions 1108 extend in different directions, as described herein. Fabrication of a Primary Master Template to Imprint a Blazed Pattern onto a Master Template Substrate

[0123] For example, single crystal substrates such as single crystal silicon (Si) and single crystal germanium (Ge) wafers possess certain crystallographic attributes that can be advantageously used to fabricate a primary master template for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating pattern onto a master template substrate. Single crystal substrates have a major substrate surface with a certain crystallographic orientation. Single crystal Si and Ge have a rhomboid lattice structure, which is two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattice structures separated by ¼ of the lattice constant along each axis of the unit cell. The crystallographic planes or facets of single crystals of Si and Ge can be designated as (hkl) for an individual plane or facet, or as {hkl} for a system of planes or facets, where h, k, and l are known as Miller indices. Any two planes of crystallographic planes or faces of single crystal Si and Ge can be defined by an angle (θ) between them. Different crystallographic planes of single crystal Si and Ge wafers have different surface densities of atoms and bonding angles between them. As a result, different crystallographic planes have different physical properties, such as etching removal rates in certain etchants. The different etching rates and angular relationships between different crystallographic planes in single crystal substrates, such as Si and Ge wafers, can be used to fabricate a primary master template having the desired line shape for imprinting a blazed grating pattern onto a master template substrate, according to various embodiments, as described below.

[0124] Some single crystal substrates, such as Si and Ge wafers, can be anisotropically etched in certain etchants, such as aqueous KOH solutions and mixtures of ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol and hydrazine water, to form preferential crystal facets. The etching process can advantageously exploit the property that some crystal planes, such as the {111} crystal planes, have a relatively high atomic density and a relatively low removal rate during these etches, compared to certain other crystal planes, such as the {100}, {110}, {211}, or {311} planes. Due to the different etching rates of different crystal planes, when the surface of a single crystal Si or Ge substrate is exposed to a suitable etchant, such as KOH, the initial etching profile may include multiple different crystal facets, but after a period of time, the etching profile becomes more dominated by the crystal planes with the slowest etching rate, which for Si and Ge is the {111} crystal plane. Combined with suitable masking techniques, the differential etch rates of different crystallographic planes can be used to form three-dimensional structures, e.g., blazed grating lines, with features that are asymmetric (e.g., having facets such as asymmetric facets similar to those in the blazed grating 1008 illustrated in FIG. 10A).

[0125] 12A-12C illustrate intermediate structures at different stages of an exemplary process for fabricating a primary master template by utilizing different etching rates of different crystallographic planes in a Si or Ge single crystal substrate, according to an embodiment. With reference to FIG. 12A, intermediate structure 1200A includes a single crystal substrate 1204, e.g., a single crystal Si substrate. The single crystal substrate 1204 can be oriented to have a surface having a particular crystallographic plane, e.g., a crystallographic plane belonging to one of the {111}, {211}, {311}, {511}, {711}, or {100} systems of crystallographic planes. In the illustrated example, the single crystal substrate 1204 is a Si wafer having a {100} surface orientation. The substrate 1204 can initially have a blanket etch mask layer 1208 formed thereon. The blanket etch mask layer 1208 can be formed by one or more dielectric layers, e.g., SiO 2 layer and / or Si 3 N 4 The dielectric layer can include a dielectric layer. The dielectric layer can be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition or thermally grown. To pattern the underlying blanket etch mask layer 1208, a photoresist layer 1212 can first be spin-coated onto the blanket etch mask layer 1208 and subsequently patterned using lithographic techniques such as, for example, nanoimprint or optical lithography techniques.

[0126] Referring to intermediate structure 1200B in FIG. 12B, using patterned photoresist layer 1212, blanket etch mask layer 1208 can be patterned to form patterned etch mask layer 1208 with openings exposing substrate 1204. To take advantage of the different etch rates of different crystallographic planes to form faceted structures, etch mask layer 1208 can be patterned to have edges aligned with certain crystallographic directions. For example, to form faceted structures with relatively slow-etching {111} planes, the edges of etch mask layer 1208 can be oriented parallel to the intersection of one of the four {111} planes with the surface plane. For example, on a {100} oriented silicon wafer, the four planes of the {111} system of planes intersect with the {100} wafer surface at an angle of 54.7°. Thus, etch mask layer 1208 can be patterned such that its edges are aligned with any of these intersecting lines.

[0127] FIG. 12C illustrates an intermediate structure 1200C that results after the substrate 1204 exposing the {100} surface is exposed to an etching solution, such as a solution comprising KOH in an isopropanol-water mixture, at a suitable temperature, such as about 70° C. When the etching mask layer 1208 is arranged in a striped pattern with a side parallel to one of the intersections of the {001} and {111} planes, as described above, etching of the exposed surface of the substrate 1204 can result in the formation of a triangular moat or V-groove once the facets of the etch profile become dominated by the rate-limiting slow-etch {111} planes, where the facets of the triangular moat or V-groove can be symmetric and include one of the {111} facets. As illustrated in FIG. 12C, the facets of the triangular moat can form a symmetric angle with respect to the surface of the substrate or the xy plane due to the angular relationship between the {111} and {100} planes of the substrate surface. However, the embodiments are not so limited, and by selecting substrates with different surface orientations, the moats or grooves can be made asymmetric and / or non-triangular. Figures 13A-13C illustrate an example embodiment in which the facets of a triangular moat are asymmetric.

[0128] Some single crystal silicon or germanium substrates can be prepared or cut to have surfaces with a crystallographic orientation that is less common than the commonly available {100}, {110}, or {111} orientations. These substrates are sometimes referred to as "off-axis" wafers and can be oriented to have surfaces such as {211} or {311} surfaces. When these substrates are etched using an etchant as described above, different crystal facets can be formed that have different angles relative to the substrate surface. Such etching characteristics can be utilized to form asymmetric structures, such as primary master templates with triangular lines or V-grooves with asymmetric surface angles that can be used to fabricate device master templates or intermediate master templates.

[0129] 13A-13C illustrate intermediate structures 1300A-1300C at different stages of an exemplary process of fabricating a primary master template substrate using an off-axis wafer substrate, according to an embodiment. With reference to FIG. 13A, intermediate structure 1300A shows a single crystal substrate 1304, e.g., a single crystal Si substrate, having an off-axis surface. In the illustrated example, single crystal substrate 1304 may represent a Si wafer having a {311} surface orientation. Etch mask layer 1308 may be patterned and have openings exposing substrate 1304, as similarly described above with respect to FIGS. 12A and 12B, and a detailed description of the process steps will not be repeated here for brevity. FIG. 13C illustrates intermediate structure 1300C, which is the result after substrate 1304, exposing the {311} surface, is exposed to an etchant, e.g., a solution including KOH in an isopropanol-water mixture, at a suitable temperature, e.g., about 70° C. When the etch mask layer 1308 is arranged in a striped pattern with parallel sides with some intersections formed by one of the {311} surface planes and the {111} planes, as described above, etching of the exposed surface of the substrate 1304 can result in the formation of triangular moats or V-grooves once the facets of the etch profile become dominated by the rate-limiting slow etch {111} planes. For example, <110> Intersections extending along the system direction can be used. Unlike the triangular trench or V-groove illustrated in intermediate structure 1200C (FIG. 12C), in which the facets of the triangular trench or V-groove are symmetric {111} facets, in intermediate structure 1300C the {111} facets are at 70.5° to each other. o As illustrated in Figure 13C, the facets of the triangular moat may form an asymmetric angle with respect to the surface of the substrate due to the angular relationship of the {111} planes relative to the {311} orientation of the substrate surface.

[0130] Above, with respect to Figures 12A-12C and Figures 13A-13C, two exemplary process flows that result in two different triangular moats or V-grooves in a Si substrate are described for illustrative purposes only. However, the inventors have found that other blaze angles are also achievable based on the same concept of the present invention. Table 1 illustrates some examples of different facet angles that are achievable using Si wafers oriented at different angles to provide some examples. [Table 1]

[0131] 12C and 13C, in the illustrated embodiment, due to the finite width in the x-direction of the etching mask layers 1208, 1308, adjacent triangular trenches or V-grooves are separated by a flat surface on top of the respective substrates 1204, 1304. However, the embodiments are not so limited, and for various applications it may be desirable to reduce or eliminate the flat surface between adjacent triangular trenches or V-grooves on top of the substrates 1204, 1304. Thus, according to some embodiments, the width of the flat surface between adjacent triangular trenches or V-grooves may be reduced. Exemplary processes for reducing or eliminating the flat surface between adjacent triangular trenches or V-grooves are described below with respect to FIGS. 14A-14C and 15A-15C.

[0132] 14A-14C illustrate an exemplary process for reducing the flat surface between adjacent triangular moats. With reference to FIG. 14A, a relatively wide section of an initial etching mask layer 1308 is first formed on the substrate 1304. With reference to FIG. 14B, prior to etching the substrate 1304, the relatively wide etching mask layer 1308 may be trimmed or laterally shrunk to a desired width, for example, by isotropic etching. With reference to FIG. 14C, after trimming and forming an etching mask layer 1308 having a desired width, the substrate 1304 may be etched as described above to form triangular moats or V-grooves until the facets comprise primarily {111} facets.

[0133] 15A-15C illustrate another exemplary process for reducing the flat surface between adjacent triangular moats, which may be employed in addition to or instead of the exemplary process described with respect to FIGS. 14A-14C. In the illustrated exemplary process, after the flat region width may be reduced by forming an etch mask layer 1308 and forming {111} facets as illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B, similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 14A-14C, the substrate 1304 may be further over-etched until a triangular moat or V-groove is laterally etched beneath the etch mask layer 1308, as illustrated in FIG. 15C. In some embodiments, the etching of the substrate 1304 may proceed until the edges of two adjacent triangular moats or grooves contact each other, such that the flat surface between adjacent triangular moats is negligible, minimal, or nonexistent. Fabrication of a device master template using the imprinted blazed diffraction pattern as a partial dry etch mask to etch the device master template substrate.

[0134] 16A-16F, a method of fabricating a master template, e.g., a device master template, for fabricating a blazed grating of a final device or an intermediate master template for fabricating another master template is described using a primary master template fabricated according to the methods described above with respect to FIGS. 12A-12C, 13A-13C, 14A-14C, and 15A-15C. The method of fabricating a device master template includes providing a device master template substrate 1100 (FIG. 16A) and imprinting periodically repeated lines 1614 (FIG. 16B) corresponding to a blazed grating pattern on the device master template substrate 1100 in a plurality of blazed grating regions 1604 (FIG. 16B), the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the blazed grating regions 1604 extending in different directions. A pattern of periodically repeating lines 1614 corresponding to the blazed grating pattern is then transferred into the master template substrate, for example by dry etching, using the imprinted lines as an etching template or partial mask (FIG. 16D). Advantageously, because the periodically repeating lines are printed in a desired direction and then transferred to the master template substrate 1100 by dry etching, the resulting blazed grating pattern can have lines in different ones of the blazed grating regions 1604 that are extended in any direction, instead of being limited to directions defined by crystallographic planes when fabricating the primary master template, as described above. Thus, as described above with respect to FIG. 11B, a more efficient use of substrate area is realized, thereby increasing the throughput for fabricating optical elements having blazed gratings. Additional details of the method of fabricating the master template are described below with respect to each of FIGS. 16A-16F.

[0135] 16A-16E illustrate top-down and cross-sectional views of an intermediate structure at various stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a device master template substrate and etching the device master template substrate using the imprinted pattern as a partial mask, according to an embodiment. FIG. 16A illustrates an intermediate structure 1600A for fabricating a device master template, including a device master template substrate 1100. The top view illustrates a top-down view of the intermediate structure 1600A, and the bottom view illustrates a side view of an area in which a blazed grating region 1604 (FIG. 16B) will be defined. The device master template substrate 1100 can be formed from any suitable material on which features can be imprinted. Advantageously, the device master template substrate 1100 does not need to be a crystalline substrate, such as crystalline silicon, because the disclosed method for forming the blazed grating pattern of the device master template does not rely on facet formation in the substrate by wet etching. That is, the device master template substrate 1100 can be a crystalline substrate, e.g., a single crystalline substrate such as a silicon wafer or a germanium wafer, although embodiments are not so limited. The device master template substrate 1100 can also be formed from other suitable crystalline or amorphous materials, including, for example, compound semiconductors, quartz, silica glass (e.g., doped silica glass), aluminum oxide (e.g., sapphire), plastics, polymers, or other materials suitable for imprinting features thereon, e.g., photoresist structures that can serve as mask features or partial mask features, as described below.

[0136] Similar to the device master template 1100B described above with respect to FIG. 11B, the illustrated intermediate structure 1600A includes a device master template substrate 1100 having a plurality of device template regions 1104 defined thereon upon which various optical elements, e.g., incoupling and / or outcoupling optical elements, will be formed. Different ones of the device template regions 1104 are arranged or extend in different non-orthogonal directions, e.g., radially as shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the device template regions 1104 are arranged radially about a center with six-fold symmetry, such that in this example, the device template regions 1104 are arranged in a windmill configuration. As an example, adjacent ones of the six device template regions 1104 are, on average, 60 degrees apart relative to one another. o However, the embodiment is not so limited, and the device template regions 1104 may be rotated, on average, 360 degrees relative to one another, depending on the relative sizes of the device template regions 1104 and the size of the substrate 1100. o 11, 12, etc.) or any value between these values. That is, the device template regions 1104 can be disposed in n slices of the substrate 1100, each of the n slices being 360° to 360°. o11 / n。 Thus, in various implementations, the device template regions 1104 may have rotational symmetry, such as n-fold symmetry, such as 2-fold symmetry, 3-fold symmetry, 4-fold symmetry, 5-fold symmetry, 6-fold symmetry, 7-fold symmetry, 8-fold symmetry, 9-fold symmetry, 10-fold symmetry, 11-fold symmetry, 12-fold symmetry, etc., or any combination and other values ​​thereof. When adjacent device template regions 1104 are rotated 90 degrees relative to each other, the number of device template regions 1104 in the layout of the device master template 1100B illustrated in FIG. 11B may be four, which matches the number of device template regions 1104 in the layout of the device master template 1100A illustrated in FIG. 11A. If the device template regions 1104 are rotated by angles less than 90 degrees relative to one another, the number of device template regions 1104 in the layout illustrated in FIG. 11B may exceed the number of device template regions 1104 in the device master template 1100A (FIG. 11A). In the illustrated embodiment, only one device template region 1104 is located in 360 of the substrate 1100. o 1100. The device template regions 1104 are arranged per 360 / n areas or sections (n=6). However, the embodiment is not so limited, and in other embodiments, the device template regions 1104 are arranged per 360 / n areas or sections of the substrate 1100. o / n zones or sections. Thus, depending on the number of zones or sections, the substrate area is divided and depending on the number of device template regions 1104 per zone (m), there may be at least 2m number of device template regions 1104, e.g., 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m, 10m, 11m, 12m, etc. (m is at least 1).

[0137] In the illustrated embodiment, the device template regions 1104 are arranged with rotational symmetry. However, the embodiment is not so limited, and in other embodiments, the device template regions 1104 can be arranged asymmetrically. For example, adjacent device template regions 1104 may be spaced apart by irregular angular separations or formed at different radial distances from a central axis of the substrate 1100.

[0138] 16B, intermediate structure 1600B represents intermediate structure 1600A after blazed grating regions 1604 have been defined in or at corresponding locations for each of the device template regions 1104, thereby forming blazed grating patterns 1614 in each of the blazed grating regions 1604. The top view illustrates a top-down view of intermediate structure 1600B, and the bottom view illustrates a side view of a region including a portion of blazed grating region 1604. As explained above, blazed grating pattern 1614 may be formed by a suitable imprinting technique, for example a nanoimprinting technique, which includes depositing a suitable blanket imprint mask layer 1608 (FIG. 16A), followed by imprinting a pattern using primary master template 1612 as an imprint mold. The primary master template 1612 may be fabricated by forming faceted lines in crystalline silicon, for example, according to the process described above with respect to Figures 12A-12C, 13A-13C, 14A-14C, and 15A-15C. The primary master template 1612 serves as a nanoimprint mold, which has a predetermined topology pattern configured to imprint a blazed grating pattern. The primary master template 1612 is brought into contact with and pressed into the blanket etch mask layer 1608. The blanket etch mask layer 1608 may be formed from a suitable deformable material, for example, a polymeric material such as photoresist. For example, the blanket etch mask layer 1608 may include a thermoplastic polymer. The primary master template 1612 may be pressed into the blanket etch mask layer 1608 at a temperature, for example, above the glass transition temperature of the blanket etch mask layer 1608. As a result, the pattern of the primary master template 1612 is transferred into the softened blanket etch mask layer 1608 , thereby forming an imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 .After cooling, for example to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the blanket etch mask layer 1608, the primary master template 1612 is separated from the substrate 1100 while the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 is left on the substrate 1100. In the illustrated embodiment, the primary master template 1612 is rolled into the blanket etch mask layer 1608 n times, where n represents the number of blazed grating regions 1604 formed. The blazed grating pattern 1614, comprising periodically repeating lines, can thus be imprinted in different locations corresponding to the device template regions 1104, sequentially, by repeatedly contacting and pressing the primary master template 1612 into different locations. After forming the n number of blazed grating regions 1604, in some techniques, the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 may be solidified by cross-linking under UV light after pressing into the blanket etch mask layer 1608.

[0139] Still referring to FIG. 16B, the blazed grating region 1604 thus formed defines a substrate area in which the lines of the blazed grating pattern 1614 are formed. As discussed above, advantageously, because the blazed grating pattern 1614, comprising periodically repeating lines, is imprinted rather than wet etched into the crystalline substrate, the lines of the blazed grating pattern 1614 can be extended in any suitable direction, as described above with respect to FIG. 11B, instead of being limited to the crystallographic direction of the crystalline substrate, in which the lines of each of the blazed grating regions 1008 extend in the same direction, as described above with respect to FIG. 11A. Advantageously, as described above with respect to FIG. 11B, because the blazed grating pattern 1614 is printed, different ones of the blazed grating regions 1604 can extend in different directions in any suitable manner. In the illustrated embodiment, the lines of different ones of the blazed grating regions 1604 extend in different radial directions. When the lines of the blazed grating region 1604 are allowed to extend in different directions, the device template regions 1104 can be arranged such that the area of ​​the substrate 1104 is utilized much more efficiently, such as in the illustrated "windmill" configuration, similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 11B. In some such configurations, the angular separation between adjacent device template regions 1104 may be equal, however, in other configurations, the angular separation between adjacent device template regions 1104 may be unequal. For example, the angular spacing between two or more (possibly all) of the device template regions 1104 may be unequal.

[0140] 16C, an intermediate structure 1600C is shown that represents intermediate structure 1600B (FIG. 16B) after covering substantially the entire surface of substrate 1104 with masking layer 1618, for example by spin-coating a photoresist layer, and locally opening masking layer 1618 in areas corresponding to blazed grating regions 1604, thereby exposing imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614, while leaving other areas uncovered by masking layer 1618. The openings may be formed, for example, by locally exposing the blazed grating regions and developing to locally remove masking layer 1618 from blazed grating regions 1604. The top view illustrates a top-down view of intermediate structure 1600C, and the bottom view illustrates a side view of an area that includes a portion of blazed grating region 1604.

[0141] After locally exposing the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614, the intermediate structure 1600C (FIG. 16C) is placed in an etching reactor, for example a plasma reactor configured for gas-phase plasma etching. In the plasma reactor, the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 is used as a partial etching mask layer to transfer the structure of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 into the underlying substrate 1100, at least partially, in the exposed areas of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614. The remaining areas remain covered by a masking layer 1618, which serves as a complete etching mask layer and protects the remaining areas outside the blazed grating area 1604.

[0142] As described herein, a partial etching mask layer refers to a mask layer having at least a portion of the layer that is not intended to maintain coverage of the underlying substrate against the etching solution throughout the duration of the etching process. Instead, at least some portions of the partial etching mask layer are designed to be completely removed at some point during the etching process, such that the corresponding underlying substrate is partially removed during the etching process. For example, in FIG. 16C, when the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 is exposed to an etching solution under conditions that can remove the materials of both the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 and the substrate 1100, the portion of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 that has a relatively small thickness is removed first, thereby exposing the corresponding underlying substrate 1100 relatively early during the etching process. In response to the exposure, the exposed substrate area begins to be etched. Thereafter, different portions of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 having greater thicknesses are removed at different times, thereby exposing the corresponding underlying substrate at relatively different times later during the etching process. The result is that the pattern of the imprinted grating pattern 1614 is at least qualitatively transferred to the underlying substrate 1100.

[0143] 16D, intermediate structure 1600D represents intermediate structure 1600C (FIG. 16C) after substantially transferring imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 (FIG. 16C) into underlying substrate 1100 using imprinted grating pattern 1614 as a partial mask. The resulting intermediate structure 1600D comprises a dry-etched blazed grating pattern 1620. The top view illustrates a top-down view of intermediate structure 1600D, and the bottom view illustrates a side view of an area, including a portion of blazed grating region 1604, comprising dry-etched blazed grating pattern 1620 patterned into substrate 1100.

[0144] 16C and 16D , in the illustrated process, the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 is substantially transferred to the underlying substrate 1100 such that the resulting dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 has substantially the same shape as the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614. However, embodiments are not so limited, and in other embodiments, the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 can deviate from the original shape of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614. For example, by controlling the relative etch rates of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 versus the material of the substrate 1100, the final shape of the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 can be controlled. For example, depending on the etch chemistry, parameters such as the blaze angle δ, the line width, and / or the width of the flat area between adjacent facets in the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 may be different, e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or any percentage therebetween or outside of these, smaller than the corresponding features in the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614. Additionally, the corners of the lines of the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 may be smoothed relative to the corresponding corners of the lines of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614.

[0145] Referring to FIG. 16E, intermediate structure 1600E represents intermediate structure 1600D (FIG. 16D) after removal of masking layer 1618 from remaining areas outside of dry-etched blazed grating pattern 1620. The top view illustrates a top-down view of intermediate structure 1600E, and the bottom view illustrates a side view of the area including a portion of blazed grating area 1604 with dry-etched blazed grating pattern 1620. Masking layer 1618 may be removed using suitable dry and / or wet processes. For example, when masking layer 1618 is formed from photoresist, it may be removed by a resist stripping or ashing process in which reactive oxygen or fluorine species, e.g., oxygen or fluorine free radicals, are used to form volatile gases and are pumped away. The ashing or stripping process may be performed at a relatively high temperature to remove the bulk of photoresist, followed by a descumming process used to remove the remaining photoresist in the moats. After removing the masking layer 1618, the intermediate structure 1600E may be cleaned in a suitable wet cleaning solution.

[0146] FIG. 16F illustrates a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the actual dry etched blazed grating pattern resulting from the fabrication process flow described above with respect to FIGS. 16A-16E.

[0147] Thus, the fabricated dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 on an individual one of the portions of the blazed grating region 1604 of intermediate structure 1600E can then be used as a master template to form a blazed grating pattern on a final device substrate, e.g., a waveguide. The blazed grating pattern on the final device substrate may be formed using a suitable imprinting technique, e.g., a nanoimprinting technique similar to that described above with respect to Figures 16A-16B. Other processes are also possible.

[0148] In various embodiments disclosed herein, the final device substrate can be formed from a high index material. A high index device substrate can provide various advantages. For example, when the high index substrate serves as a waveguide, having a relatively high index of refraction, e.g., a refractive index of 2.0 or greater, the high index substrate can provide a relatively high field of view, among other advantages. In some embodiments, to efficiently couple light into the high index waveguide, the diffractive optical coupling element also has a correspondingly high refractive index. To achieve this goal, among other advantages, some displays for AR systems according to the embodiments described herein include a waveguide including a relatively high index (e.g., greater than or equal to 2.0) material with a respective diffraction grating formed thereon, such as a Li-based oxide, with a correspondingly high refractive index. For example, the diffraction grating may be formed on the waveguide by patterning a surface portion of the waveguide formed from the high index material. As described herein, the high index material can have a refractive index of at least 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, or a value within a range defined by any of these values. Diffraction gratings can be fabricated by patterning high refractive index material-based waveguides with blazed geometries, for example ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , SiC, or Li-based oxide waveguides such as lithium niobate or lithium tantalate.

[0149] 17A and 17B illustrate SEM images of an actual blazed grating pattern formed on a device substrate imprinted using a dry etched blazed grating pattern similar to that shown in FIG. 16F as a device master template. The blazed grating pattern can be part of an optical element, such as, for example, an internal coupling optical grating (ICG), as discussed above.

[0150] In the above examples, the lines of the dry-etched blazed grating pattern, such as those described with respect to Figures 16A-16F, have a relatively simple blazed grating structure with two major inclined facets, with or without flatness between the regions. However, the embodiment is not so limited, and the blazed grating pattern can have lines with different shapes. Figures 18A-18B illustrate cross-sectional views of intermediate structures 1814, 1820 at different stages of forming a device master template by imprinting a pattern onto a substrate and etching the substrate using the imprinted pattern as a partial mask to produce lines with alternating shapes, according to an embodiment. Figures 18A and 18B illustrate intermediate structures 1814, 1820 corresponding to the processing steps described above with respect to Figures 16C and 16D. 16C and 16D, the lines of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1814 (FIG. 18A) and the corresponding dry-etched blazed grating pattern 1820 (FIG. 18B) have a stepped structure. Although the shapes are different, the principles and steps of its fabrication are similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 16A-16F, and the details thereof will not be repeated here for the sake of brevity.

[0151] FIG. 19A shows an SEM image of an actual intermediate structure resulting from a fabrication process flow similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 18A-18B resulting in a device master template in which the lines of the blazed grating pattern have a stepped structure. The lines shown have two steps, but the embodiment is not so limited and additional steps may be formed. As shown and described above, by controlling the relative etch rate of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1814 versus the material of the substrate 1100, the final shape of the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1820 can be controlled. For example, depending on the etch chemistry, parameters such as the step angle and width and the overall line width between the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1820 may differ from the corresponding features in the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1814. Additionally, the corners of the lines of the dry etched blazed grating pattern 1820 may be smoothed relative to the lines of the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1814. The left and right SEM images represent intermediate structures resulting from two different dry etching recipes from the same imprinted blazed grating pattern.

[0152] FIG. 19B is an SEM image of an actual blazed grating pattern, which may be part of an internal coupling optical grating (ICG), formed using the dry etched blazed grating pattern illustrated in FIG. 19A as a device master template.

[0153] FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic full-wafer representation of the location of an experimental exemplary blazed grating 2004 ("dual replicated internal coupling (IC) optical grating") fabricated by imprinting using a device master template fabricated according to an embodiment. The blazed gratings 2004 were each fabricated on a 1,500 mm high index glass wafer (n~1.8) using a device master template similar to that shown in FIG. 17A and 17B and fabricated using a process similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 16A-16E. As a comparison, a control grating 2008 ("control internal coupling (IC) optical grating") was also fabricated on the same wafer substrate from a primary master template using a direct imprint technique. On average, the experimental blazed gratings 2004 fabricated using a device master template fabricated according to an embodiment of the process described herein showed matching performance compared to the control grating 2008 fabricated directly from the primary master template. Fabrication of a device master template by coating with an imprinted blazed diffraction pattern.

[0154] For example, as described above with respect to Figures 16C and 16D, the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614, formed from a material that can serve as an etch mask, e.g., a photoresist material, can be advantageously used as a partial etch mask to etch the underlying substrate. The resulting dry etched blazed grating pattern 1620 serves as a rigid device master template for imprinting the blazed grating pattern onto a device substrate. As an alternative process, instead of dry etching to etch the blazed grating pattern into the substrate, the imprinted blazed grating pattern 1614 itself can be made rigid, e.g., by coating, as described below, and used as a device master template for imprinting the blazed grating pattern onto a device substrate.

[0155] 21A and 21B illustrate a process flow for fabricating a device master template by imprinting a blazed grating pattern onto a device master substrate, coating the pattern with a hard thin film, and using the resulting device master template to imprint a blazed grating onto a device substrate, according to an embodiment. With reference to FIG. 21A, the process includes providing a primary master template 2104 (cross-sectional view) including a blazed grating pattern that is fabricated by forming faceted lines in crystalline silicon according to a process similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 12A-12C, 13A-13C, 14A-14C, and 15A-15C (details of which are not repeated here for brevity). The primary master template 2104 serves as a nanoimprint mold, which has a predetermined topology pattern (represented as regions with faceted triangular topology) configured for imprinting a blazed grating pattern, as described above with respect to FIG. 16A. In the illustrated embodiment, the primary master template 2104 includes a blazed grating pattern, including faceted lines, as well as other device patterns (represented as regions with rectangular topology). The blazed grating pattern may serve as a mold for one of the optical elements, e.g., an incoupling optical element, while the other device patterns may include a variety of other optical or non-optical elements. For example, the other optical elements may include light dispersive elements (730, 740, 750, FIGS. 9A-9C) and / or outcoupling optical elements (800, 810, 820, FIGS. 9A-9C).

[0156] Still referring to Fig. 21A, the primary master template 2104 is used to fabricate intermediate structures 2108A / 2108B of the device master template, which comprise a plurality of device template regions 1104. The lower intermediate structure 2108B represents a top view showing the entire substrate of the device master template, including the plurality of device template regions 1104, while the upper intermediate structure 2108A represents a side view showing a portion of one of the device template regions 1104, including a blazed diffraction grating pattern region 2112A and a pattern region 2112B for other optical elements. The intermediate structures 2108A / 2108B include an imprinted pattern layer 2112, which may be formed using the primary master template 2104 through a nanoimprint process similar to that described above with respect to Figs. 16A and 16B (details of which are not repeated here for brevity). Unlike Figure 16B, in the illustrated embodiment, the imprinted pattern 2112 of the intermediate structure 2108A / 2108B includes a pattern region 2112B for other optical elements in addition to the blazed grating pattern region 2112A (1604 in Figure 16B). When the blazed grating pattern region 2112A is configured to form one of the optical elements, e.g., an incoupling optical element, the pattern region 2112B can be configured to form a variety of other optical elements or non-optical elements, e.g., a light dispersive element and / or an outcoupling optical element.

[0157] As described above with respect to Figure 16A, the primary master template 2104 is pressed into a blanket etch mask layer, e.g., a photoresist layer, n times at different portions of the blazed grating region, where n represents the number of device template regions 1104 to be formed. When the device template regions 1104 are arranged in a pinwheel configuration, similar to that described above with respect to Figure 16B, the primary master template 2104 may be rotated around the substrate between the different presses into the blanket etch mask layer, in the manner described above with respect to Figure 16B (the details of which are not repeated here for brevity).

[0158] 21B, after forming n number of device template regions 1104 including imprinted patterned layers 2112, each including a blazed diffraction grating region 2112A and a patterned region 2112B for other optical elements, the surface of the imprinted patterned layer 2112 is coated with a coating 2120 to complete the fabrication of a device master template 2116. The illustrated device master template 2116 represents the intermediate structure 2108A illustrated in FIG. 21A after forming the coating layer 2120. The coating 2120 may be formed from any suitable material that provides suitable hardness and rigidity to the imprinted patterned layer 2112 such that the resulting coated imprinted patterned layer 2112 can serve as a device master template. Suitable materials include, for example, SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , SiC, HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3The coating 2120 may be a dielectric material, including, for example, silicon, germanium, etc., a semiconductor material, including, for example, tungsten, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, chromium, etc., a metal, a metal nitride, including, for example, tin, or a metal alloy, including, for example, AuPd and PdAgCu. Suitable processes for forming the coating 2120 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), high-density chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD), thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD), spin-on dielectric process (SOD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD), among others. A suitable process for forming the coating 2020 may be a low temperature (e.g., <450° C.) process so that the imprinted pattern layer 2112 is not damaged or excessively oxidized during the coating process. The coating 2120 provides sufficient mechanical rigidity and hardness so that the coated imprinted pattern layer 2112 can serve as a device master template pattern. The step of forming a coating 2120 completes the processing of the device master template 2116 .

[0159] Still referring to FIG. 21B, a final device pattern layer 2132 may be formed on the device substrate 2124A / 2124B using the device master template 2116 having the coated imprinted pattern layer 2112 formed thereon. The lower device substrate 2124B represents a top view of the device substrate including a plurality of device regions 2128, while the upper device substrate 2124A represents a side view of the device substrate showing a portion of one of the device regions 2128. The device substrate 2124A shows the device pattern layer 2132 including a blazed grating region 2132A and a region 2132B including other optical elements. The device pattern layer 2132 may be formed using the device master template 2116 through a nano-imprint process similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 16A and 16B (the details of which are not repeated here for brevity). Thus, the device substrate 2124A / 2124B to be fabricated has n number of device regions 2128 formed thereon, including a device pattern layer 2132 including a blazed grating region 2132A and a region 2132B including other optical elements. For example, the blazed grating region 2132A can form part of one of the internal coupling optical elements, e.g., ICG, and external coupling optical elements, e.g., EPE, while the region 2132B can form part of the other of the internal coupling optical elements, e.g., ICG, and external coupling optical elements, e.g., EPE, and light dispersive elements and other optical elements.

[0160] 22A-22D illustrate an alternative process flow for fabricating a device master template and a blazed grating on a device substrate. Similar to the process flow described above with respect to FIGS. 21A and 21B, the process flow includes imprinting a blazed grating pattern on a device master substrate, coating the pattern with a hard thin film, and using the resulting device master template to imprint a blazed grating on a device substrate. However, unlike the process flow of FIGS. 21A and 21B, in the process flow described with respect to FIGS. 22A-22D, the blazed grating pattern area 2112A (FIG. 21A) and the pattern area 2112B (FIG. 21A) for other optical elements are formed in separate process steps using an intermediate master template, as described below.

[0161] 22A, the process includes providing a primary master template 2204 (cross-sectional view) including a blazed grating pattern fabricated by forming faceted lines in crystalline silicon according to a process similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 12A-12C, 13A-13C, 14A-14C, and 15A-15C (details of which are not repeated here for brevity). The primary master template 2204 serves as a nanoimprint mold for imprinting the blazed grating pattern as described above with respect to FIG. 21A. However, unlike the master template described above with respect to FIG. 21A, in the illustrated embodiment, the primary master template 2204 includes a blazed grating pattern including faceted lines, but does not include other device patterns. Using the primary master template 2204, intermediate structures 2208A, 2208B of the intermediate master template are fabricated, which include a plurality of device template regions. The lower intermediate structure 2208B represents a top view showing the entire substrate of the device master template, including multiple device template regions, while the upper intermediate structure 2208A represents a side view showing a portion of one of the device template regions, including a blazed diffraction grating pattern region. The intermediate structures 2208A / 2208B include an imprinted pattern layer, which may be formed using the primary master template 2204 through a nanoimprint process similar to that described above with respect to Figures 16A and 16B (the details of which are not repeated here for brevity). As described above with respect to Figure 16A, the primary master template 2204 is pressed into a blanket etching mask layer, e.g., a photoresist layer, n times at different portions of the blazed diffraction grating region, where n represents the number of device template regions to be formed.When the device template regions are arranged in a windmill configuration, similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 16B, the primary master template 2204 may be rotated around the substrate between different presses into the blanket etch mask layer in the manner described above with respect to FIG. 16B (the details of which are not repeated here for brevity).

[0162] Referring to FIG. 22B, after forming n number of device template regions, each including a blazed diffraction grating region, the surface of the imprinted pattern layer is coated with a coating (represented by a thick black line) using a process and material similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 21B (details of which are not repeated here for brevity). The coating completes the intermediate master template, the second master template 2212. Using the second master template 2212, intermediate structures 2216A (side view) / 2216B (top view) for the third master template are fabricated. The intermediate structures 2216A / 2216B are fabricated by imprinting a blazed diffraction grating pattern onto a substrate, with a preformed pattern region thereon similar to the pattern region 2112B (FIG. 21A) for the other optical elements.

[0163] Referring to FIG. 22C, after the intermediate structure 2216A / 2216B is fabricated by imprinting a blazed grating pattern on a substrate with a preformed pattern area thereon, the surface of the imprinted pattern layer is coated with a coating (represented by a thick black line) using a process similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 21B (details of which are not repeated here for brevity). The coating completes the intermediate master template, the third master template 2220. Using the third master template 2220, the intermediate structure 2108A (side view) / 2108B (top view) for the fourth master template is fabricated. The intermediate structure 2108A / 2108B is fabricated by imprinting a blazed grating pattern and a pattern on the device master substrate. At this stage, the intermediate structure 2108A / 2108B is the same as the intermediate structure 2108A / 2108B described above with respect to FIG. 21A, which includes a blazed diffraction grating pattern region 2112A and a pattern region 2112B for other optical elements.

[0164] 22D, a coating 2120 is formed on the intermediate structure 2108A / 2108B, similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 21A and 21B, to form a device master template 2116. Thereafter, using the device master template 2116 having the coated imprinted pattern layer 2112 formed thereon, a final device pattern layer 2132 can be formed on the device substrate 2124A / 2124B, similar to that described above with respect to FIGS. 21A and 21B (the details of which are not repeated here for brevity). When so processed, the device substrate 2124A / 2124B has n number of device regions 2128 formed thereon, each including a device pattern layer 2132 including a blazed grating region 2132A and a region 2132B including other optical elements. For example, the blazed diffraction grating region 2132A can form part of one of the internal coupling optical elements, e.g., ICG, and external coupling optical elements, e.g., EPE, while region 2132B can form part of the other of the internal coupling optical elements, e.g., ICG, and external coupling optical elements, e.g., EPE, and light dispersive elements and other optical elements. (Blazed grating structure fabricated using a device master template fabricated by imprinting)

[0165] The blazed gratings fabricated using the device master template described above can have various dimensions and configurations, as described with reference to FIG. 10A. Referring back to FIG. 10A, the blazed grating lines 1012 can have a height (H) that is 5 nm to 50 nm, 50 nm to 100 nm, 100 nm to 150 nm, 150 nm to 200 nm, 200 nm to 250 nm, or a height within a range defined by any of these values, according to embodiments. The blazed grating lines 1012 can be periodically repeated with a pitch d of 100 nm to 200 nm, 200 nm to 300 nm, 300 nm to 400 nm, 400 nm to 500 nm, 500 nm to 600 nm, 600 nm to 700 nm, 700 nm to 800 nm, 800 nm to 900 nm, 900 nm to 1 μm, or a pitch within any range defined by any of these values, according to various embodiments.

[0166] As explained above, the blazed grating lines 1012 can have one of a number of facets, for example, two facets, formed at a relatively shallow angle δ with respect to the plane of the substrate, in the illustrated embodiment, at an angle of about 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, or any value within the range defined by these values. For example, as illustrated in Table 1, when the substrate is a silicon wafer in which the facets are formed to form lines 1012 cut to have {211}, {311}, {511}, {711}, or {100} surface planes, the resulting angle δ can be about 22.4°, 29.5°, 38.9°, 43.3°, or 54.7°, respectively. Values ​​outside the angles shown above are also possible.

[0167] According to various embodiments, when configured as an in-coupling optical element or in-coupling grating, the blazed grating structure so formed can diffractively couple light incident into a substrate 1004, which may be a waveguide as described above, as illustrated in FIG 10B On the other hand, when configured as an out-coupling optical element, the blazed grating structure so formed can diffractively couple light from the substrate 1004, which may be a waveguide as described above, into a user's field of view.

[0168] A wide range of variations are possible. For example, although a blazed diffraction grating is discussed above, the diffractive features may be different and the diffraction grating need not be blazed. In addition, in any of the processes described herein, the features formed may be positive or negative. For example, in any of the processes described herein, the features formed may correspond to or be the negative of the diffraction pattern of the diffraction grating. Such negative patterns may be used to form positive patterns in the intermediate template or the diffraction grating itself. In addition, any number of intermediate structures, such as intermediate master templates, may be used in a given process. Such intermediate structures, for example, intermediate master templates, may include positive or negative versions of the diffraction pattern to be formed in the final device. Still other variations are possible. Additional Examples Example 1 1. A method for fabricating a blazed diffraction grating, comprising the steps of: Providing a master template substrate; imprinting periodically repeated lines onto a master template substrate in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions; imprinting at least one blazed grating pattern onto a grating substrate using at least one of the master template regions as a master template; A method comprising: Example 2 2. The method of example 1, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in non-orthogonal directions. Example 3 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines in adjacent ones of the master template regions extend in a direction that forms an angle between zero and 90 degrees. Example 4 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in different radial directions relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. Example 5 13. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises imprinting in at least four master template regions. Example 6 13. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting across a silicon surface of a master template substrate. Example 7 20. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting across a silicon oxide surface of the master template substrate. Example 8 2. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises sequentially imprinting within different ones of a plurality of master template regions using a same primary master template. Example 9 20. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have a sawtooth profile. Example 10 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have symmetrical opposing side surfaces that form similar angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. Example 11 20. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise asymmetric opposing side surfaces that form different angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. Example 12 13. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have opposing side surfaces that have different inclinations relative to a major surface plane of the master template substrate. Example 13 13. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a side surface having a stepped structure. Example 14 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a polymer material. Example 15 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. Example 16 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Example 17) The method of any one of Examples 1-15, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Example 18) The method of any one of Examples 1-15, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Example 19) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising transferring a pattern corresponding to the periodically repeating lines into a master template substrate. (Example 20) 20. The method of example 19, wherein transferring the pattern comprises dry etching the master template substrate using the periodically repeating lines as a partial mask. Example 21 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the step of dry etching comprises locally dry etching the master template region. Example 22 2. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting the periodically repeating lines comprises imprinting using a primary master template comprising the periodically repeating lines formed on a primary master substrate. Example 23 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have a sawtooth profile. Example 24 24. The method of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have asymmetrically oriented side surfaces. (Example 25) 25. The method of example 22 or 24, wherein the primary master substrate comprises a silicon substrate. (Example 26) The method of any one of Examples 22-25, wherein the primary master substrate is a silicon substrate with a major surface having a (311) crystal orientation. Example 27 27. The method of example 26, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise facets having a (111) crystal orientation. (Example 28) The method of any one of Examples 25-27, further comprising forming a primary master template by lithographically patterning and etching a silicon substrate. (Example 29) 29. The method of example 28, wherein the step of etching the silicon substrate comprises wet etching. (Example 30) 24. The method of example 22 or 23, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise a polymeric material coated with a dielectric material. (Example 31) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the grating substrate is a transparent substrate. Example 32 The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than about 1.4. (Example 33) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the grating substrate comprises a waveguide. (Example 34) 34. The method of example 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises an internal coupling grating configured to internally couple light into the waveguide. Example 35 34. The method of example 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises an outcoupling grating configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 36) 34. The method of example 33, wherein the blazed grating comprises a light dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide towards the outcoupling element. (Example 37) 34. The method of example 33, wherein the blazed grating serves as a combined outcoupling grating and optical dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide and further configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 38) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the blazed grating pattern has a geometry configured to have a first order diffraction efficiency of greater than 50% for at least one polarization of light. (Example 39) 13. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein imprinting at least one blazed grating pattern comprises imprinting two or more blazed grating patterns simultaneously. (Example 40) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the at least one blazed grating pattern comprises a plurality of straight lines. (Example 41) The method of any one of examples 1-39, wherein at least one blazed grating pattern comprises a plurality of discontinuous lines. (Example 42) The method of any one of Examples 1-39, wherein at least one blazed grating pattern comprises a plurality of posts protruding from a surface of the grating substrate. (Example 43) The method of any one of examples 1-39, wherein at least one blazed diffraction grating pattern comprises a plurality of straight lines, at least some of the straight lines having different widths. (Example 44) The method of any one of Examples 1-39, wherein at least one blazed grating pattern comprises diffractive features arranged as a one-dimensional (1D) array having periodicity in one lateral direction. (Example 45) 45. The method of example 44, wherein the 1D array acts as a 1D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in one direction. (Example 46) The method of any one of Examples 1-39, wherein at least one blazed grating pattern comprises diffractive features arranged as a two-dimensional (2D) array having periodicity in two lateral directions. (Example 47) 47. The method of example 46, wherein the 2D array acts as a 2D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in two directions. (Example 48) The method of example 46, wherein the 2D array comprises the same number of diffractive features in two different lateral directions. (Example 49) 1. A method for fabricating a master template for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating, comprising the steps of: Providing a master template substrate; Providing a primary master template comprising periodically repeating lines formed on a primary master substrate; imprinting periodically repeating lines onto a master template substrate using a primary master template in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions; A method comprising: (Example 50) 41. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Example 51) 51. The method of embodiment 40 or 50, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate have asymmetrically oriented side surfaces. (Example 52) The method of any one of Examples 40-51, wherein the primary master substrate is a silicon substrate with a major surface having a (311) crystal orientation. (Example 53) 53. The method of example 52, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the primary master substrate comprise facets having a (111) crystal orientation. (Example 54) The method of any one of Examples 40-53, wherein providing a primary master template comprises lithographically patterning and etching periodically repeating lines into a silicon substrate. (Example 55) 55. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the step of etching the silicon substrate comprises wet etching. (Example 56) The method of any one of Examples 40-51, wherein the step of providing a primary master template includes forming periodically repeating lines comprising a polymer material, and coating the periodically repeating lines with a dielectric material. (Example 57) The method of any one of Examples 40-56, wherein the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in non-orthogonal directions. (Example 58) The method of any one of Examples 40-57, wherein the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in a radially symmetric direction relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. (Example 59) The method of any one of Examples 40-58, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises imprinting in at least four master template regions. (Example 60) The method of any one of Examples 40-59, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have a sawtooth profile. (Example 61) The method of any one of Examples 49-60, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have symmetrical opposing side surfaces that form similar angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Example 62) The method of any one of Examples 40-60, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise asymmetric opposing side surfaces that form different angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Example 63) The method of any one of Examples 40-61, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have opposing side surfaces that have different inclinations relative to the major surface plane of the master template substrate. (Example 64) The method of any one of Examples 40-63, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have a side surface having a stepped structure. (Example 65) The method of any one of Examples 40-64, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a polymeric material. (Example 66) The method of any one of Examples 40-65, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. (Example 67) The method of any one of Examples 40-66, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Example 68) The method of any one of Examples 40-66, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Example 69) The method of any one of Examples 40-66, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Example 70) The method of any one of Examples 49-69, further comprising transferring a pattern corresponding to the periodically repeating lines into a master template substrate. (Example 71) 71. The method of embodiment 70, wherein transferring the pattern comprises dry etching the master template substrate. (Example 72) 72. The method of example 71, wherein the step of dry etching comprises locally dry etching the master template region. (Example 73) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising an internal coupling grating configured to internally couple light into a waveguide. (Example 74) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising an outcoupling grating configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 75) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising a light dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide towards the external coupling element. (Example 76) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured to imprint a blazed diffraction grating that serves as a combined outcoupling grating and light dispersing element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide, and further configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 77) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising a plurality of straight lines. (Example 78) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising a plurality of discontinuous lines. (Example 79) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising a plurality of posts protruding from a surface of the grating substrate. (Example 80) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating comprising a plurality of straight lines, at least some of the straight lines having different widths. (Example 81) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating having diffractive features arranged as a one-dimensional (1D) array having periodicity in one lateral direction. (Example 82) 82. The method of example 81, wherein the 1D array acts as a 1D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in one direction. (Example 83) The method of any one of Examples 49-72, wherein the master template region is configured for imprinting a blazed diffraction grating having diffractive features arranged as a two-dimensional (2D) array having periodicity in two lateral directions. (Example 84) 84. The method of example 83, wherein the 2D array acts as a 2D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in two directions. (Example 85) The method of example 83, wherein the 2D array comprises the same number of diffractive features in two different lateral directions. (Example 86) 1. A method for fabricating a diffraction grating, comprising the steps of: Providing a master template substrate; imprinting periodically repeating lines onto a master template substrate in one or more master template regions, the periodically repeating lines being formed from a first material; coating the periodically repeating lines with a second material having a hardness greater than that of the first material; imprinting one or more blazed grating patterns onto a grating substrate using one or more master template regions as a master template; A method comprising: (Example 87) 87. The method of example 86, wherein the step of imprinting the periodically repeated lines includes a step of imprinting in a plurality of master template regions, the periodically repeated lines in different ones of the master template regions extending in different directions. (Example 88) 88. The method of example 86 or 87, wherein the periodically repeating lines in different ones of the master template regions extend in different radial directions relative to a central axis of the master template substrate. (Example 89) 89. The method of any one of Examples 86-88, wherein imprinting periodically repeating lines onto the master template substrate comprises imprinting in at least four master template regions. (Example 90) The method of any one of Examples 86-89, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have symmetrical opposing side surfaces that form similar angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Example 91) The method of any one of Examples 86-89, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate have asymmetric opposing side surfaces that form different angles with respect to the plane of the master template substrate. (Example 92) The method of any one of Examples 86-91, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template comprise a polymeric material. (Example 93) The method of any one of Examples 86-91, wherein the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate comprise a dielectric material. (Example 94) The method of any one of Examples 86-91, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a dielectric material. (Example 95) The method of any one of Examples 86-91, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal oxide or metal nitride. (Example 96) The method of any one of Examples 86-91, further comprising coating the periodically repeating lines formed on the master template substrate with a metal or metal alloy. (Example 97) The method of any one of Examples 86-96, wherein the blazed grating comprises an outcoupling grating configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 98) The method of any one of Examples 86-96, wherein the blazed diffraction grating comprises an optically dispersive element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide towards the external coupling element. (Example 99) The method of any one of Examples 86-96, wherein the blazed diffraction grating serves as a combined outcoupling grating and optical dispersion element configured to disperse light and propagate within the waveguide, and further configured to outcouple light from the waveguide. (Example 100) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed diffraction grating patterns comprise a plurality of straight lines. (Example 101) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed diffraction grating patterns comprise a plurality of discontinuous lines. (Example 102) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed diffraction grating patterns comprise a plurality of posts protruding from a surface of the grating substrate. (Example 103) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed diffraction grating patterns comprise a plurality of straight lines, at least some of which have different widths. (Example 104) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed grating patterns comprise diffractive features arranged as a one-dimensional (1D) array having periodicity in one lateral direction. (Example 105) The method of example 104, wherein the 1D array acts as a 1D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in one direction. (Example 106) The method of any one of Examples 86-99, wherein the one or more blazed grating patterns comprise diffractive features arranged as a two-dimensional (2D) array having periodicity in two lateral directions. (Example 107) The method of example 106, wherein the 2D array acts as a 2D grating configured to diffract light preferentially in two directions. (Example 108) The method of example 106, wherein the 2D array comprises the same number of diffractive features in two different lateral directions. (Example 109) The method of any one of Examples 1-48, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than 1.9. (Example 110) The lattice substrate is ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , SiC, or a Li-based oxide. (Example 111) The method of any one of Examples 86-108, wherein the grating substrate has a refractive index greater than 1.9. (Example 112) The lattice substrate is ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , SiC, or a Li-based oxide. (Additional Considerations)

[0169] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be apparent that various modifications and changes can be made therein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, therefore, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

[0170] Indeed, it should be understood that the systems and methods of the present disclosure each have several innovative aspects, none of which is solely responsible for or required for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. The various features and processes described above may be used independently of one another or may be combined in various ways. All possible combinations and subcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0171] Certain features described herein in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, although features may be described above as acting in a combination and may even be initially claimed as such, one or more features from the claimed combination may, in some cases, be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of the subcombination. No single feature or group of features is necessary or essential to every embodiment.

[0172] In particular, conditional statements used herein, such as "can," "could," "might," "may," "eg," and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise or understood otherwise within the context as used, should be understood to be generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include certain features, elements, and / or steps, while other embodiments do not include them. Thus, such conditional statements are generally not intended to imply that features, elements, and / or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments, or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for determining whether those features, elements, and / or steps should be included or performed in any particular embodiment, with or without authorial input or prompting. The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and the like, are synonymous and used inclusively in a non-limiting manner and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, etc. Also, the term "or," for example, when used to connect a list of elements, is used in its inclusive sense (and not its exclusive sense) so that the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. In addition, the articles "a," "an," and "the," as used in this application and the appended claims, should be interpreted to mean "one or more" or "at least one," unless otherwise specified. Similarly, although operations may be depicted in the figures in a particular order, it should be recognized that such operations need not be performed in the particular order depicted, or in sequential order, or that all of the illustrated operations need not be performed to achieve desirable results. Additionally, the figures may diagrammatically depict one or more exemplary processes in the form of a flow chart. However, other operations not depicted may also be incorporated within the diagrammatically illustrated exemplary methods and processes. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously with, or during any of the illustrated operations.In addition, operations may be rearranged or reordered in other embodiments. In some situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the program components and systems described may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.

[0173] Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the present disclosure, the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

[Claim 1] The invention as depicted in the drawings of this application.

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