Isolation tube

Abstract

To provide a separation container for extracting a portion of a sample for use or testing, and to provide a method for preparing samples for use or testing at the downstream.SOLUTION: A separation container 100 for extracting a portion of a sample for use or testing includes a body 105 defining an internal chamber 108. The body defines an opening, and the body is configured to receive the sample within the internal chamber. The separation container further includes a seal 120 disposed across the opening and configured to seal the opening of the body, and a plunger 110 is movably disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber. The plunger may be configured to be operated to open the seal and extrude the portion of the sample.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 537,731, entitled "Microbial Isolation Tube," filed July 27, 2017, and this application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 643,918, entitled "Microbial Isolation Tube," filed March 16, 2018. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THEINVENTION

[0002] The present disclosure relates to separation vessels and associated systems and methods for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing. [Background technology]

[0003] 2. Background of the Invention Sample preparation devices can typically separate microorganisms from the surrounding sample material (e.g., a blood sample) by centrifugation. Traditionally, these systems require separate lysis, washing, decanting, and spinning steps, and require the sample to be repeatedly washed, decanted, and spun until a final concentrated microorganism is obtained. Most, if not all, of these steps require separate user processing and different containers and equipment to perform.

[0004] Furthermore, due to the wide variety of possible microorganisms that may be tested in the same separation vessel, it may be difficult to predict the final properties of the concentrated microorganisms (density, viscosity, mass, etc.). Many existing devices and methods require delicate handling and precise application of forces to transfer the microorganisms to other testing devices after centrifugation. These processes are highly dependent on user training and experience to obtain precise and accurate results. Furthermore, when dealing with hazardous microorganisms from sample materials, it is often preferred to minimize human interaction with the sample as much as possible.

[0005] The present inventors have identified several additional deficiencies and problems associated with conventional microbial isolation products and other related systems and methods. Through dedicated effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many of these identified problems have been resolved by developing solutions that are included in embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are described in detail herein. Summary of the Invention

[0006] A quick overview Embodiments of the invention herein include separation vessels, centrifugation assemblies, and associated methods and systems for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing. In some embodiments, a separation vessel for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing may be provided. The separation vessel may include a body defining an internal chamber. The body may define an opening at a first end, and the body may be configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber. The separation vessel may further include a seal disposed across the opening, such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body. The separation vessel may also include a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber. The plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal and extract a portion of the sample.

[0007] The body may define an axis extending from the first end to the second end. The longitudinal member of the plunger may be disposed on the axis. In some implementations, the interior chamber may define a radial diameter relative to the axis, the diameter may narrow from the collection diameter to the pellet diameter in a direction extending axially from the second end to the first end. At least a portion of the plunger may be configured to sealingly engage with the body at a portion of the body corresponding to the pellet diameter. At least a portion of the plunger may define a radial plunger diameter relative to a length of the longitudinal member, the plunger diameter may be greater than the pellet diameter, defining an interference fit between the plunger and the pellet region. In some implementations, the plunger diameter may be less than the collection diameter. At least a portion of the plunger may include a sealing rib disposed circumferentially around the longitudinal member of the plunger, the sealing rib may be configured to engage with the body at a portion of the body corresponding to the pellet diameter.

[0008] In some embodiments, the plunger may be configured to allow a portion of the sample to pass through the plunger from the second end toward the first end during centrifugation, and the plunger may be configured to prevent a remaining portion of the sample from moving toward the first end during actuation of the plunger, such that the internal chamber can be divided into two sub-chambers during actuation.

[0009] In some embodiments, the plunger may be buoyant in water or in the density cushioning material. In some further embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for the water or density cushioning material of 0.95 or less. The plunger may further define a specific density for the water or density cushioning material of 0.9 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may be buoyant in a mixture of water and density cushioning material.

[0010] In some embodiments, the plunger may include one or more sealing ribs near the distal end that engage the narrow pellet region of the separation vessel to seal the pellet region and apply pressure to the microorganism sample. A blade or other pointed region of the plunger may then pierce the seal of the separation vessel from within the pressurized pellet region and force the microorganisms out of the separation vessel under pressure. The sealing ribs may ensure that the pellet is completely forced out of the pellet region while sealing off remaining liquid above the plunger from the microorganism sample, thereby preventing contamination of the sample.

[0011] In some embodiments, the plunger may define a point at a first distal end of the longitudinal member of the plunger, which may be configured to pierce the seal at the first opening and enable fluid communication between the internal chamber and an area outside the body through the opening.

[0012] The separation container may further include a flexible sealing member disposed at a second end of the body, and the second distal end of the plunger may be configured to extend at least partially into the flexible sealing member such that compression of the flexible sealing member may actuate the plunger. The separation container may further include a cap secured to the body at the second end, and a portion of the flexible sealing member may be configured to be disposed between the cap and the body, and the cap may define an opening through which the second portion of the flexible sealing member and the second distal end of the plunger may be configured to extend. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member may include a bellows gasket defining an open end configured to receive a portion of the plunger therein. The bellows gasket may further define a closed end configured to seal the interior chamber of the body.

[0013] In some embodiments, the separation container can include a sample collection container configured to removably engage the body. The sample collection container can be configured to surround the opening such that it can be configured to collect a portion of the sample that passes through the seal. The sample collection container can include a liquid to facilitate resuspension, testing, and / or growth of cells recovered from the sample portion.

[0014] The separation vessel may also include a rheology control member disposed within the interior chamber of the body. The rheology control member may define a barrier configured to reduce mixing of the sample with the density cushion. In some embodiments, the barrier of the rheology control member may define an annular structure disposed about the plunger. In some embodiments, the rheology control member may be buoyant in water and in the density cushion material.

[0015] In some embodiments, the seal can include a membrane, and in some embodiments, the membrane can include a foil sheet.

[0016] In another embodiment, a centrifuge assembly may be provided. The centrifuge assembly may include a separation container for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing. In such an embodiment, the separation container may include a body defining an internal chamber. The body may define an opening at a first end, and the body may be configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber for centrifugation. The separation container of the centrifuge assembly may further include a seal disposed across the opening, such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body. The separation container may also include a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber, and the plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal and extract a portion of the sample. The centrifuge assembly may also include a centrifuge cup configured to receive the separation container. The centrifuge cup may include a sidewall configured to abut the body and a bottom wall configured to abut the first end of the body. The bottom wall may be configured to support a seal of the separation container during centrifugation.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, a method for preparing a viable and / or non-viable portion of a sample for testing may be provided. The method may include disposing a sample portion in a separation container. The separation container may include a body defining an internal chamber, and the body may define an opening at a first end. The separation container may further include a seal disposed across the opening, such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body. The separation container may also include a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber, and the plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal. The separation container may further include a density cushion disposed within the internal chamber of the body. The method may include centrifuging the separation container to create a pellet from a portion of the sample in the internal container, and forcing the pellet out of the opening of the body by depressing the plunger.

[0018] In some embodiments of the method, centrifuging the separation vessel to create a pellet can include passing a portion of the sample through a plunger and collecting at a first end of the body. Extruding the pellet can include depressing the plunger into sealing engagement with a portion of the body to create pressure between the plunger and a seal, and opening the seal to expel the pellet under pressure through the opening.

[0019] In some embodiments, the pellet may contain a viable portion of the sample suitable for the culturing process.

[0020] In some embodiments, the pellet may contain a viable portion of the sample suitable for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) and phenotypic identification methods.

[0021] In some embodiments, the pellet may contain a portion of the sample suitable for identification by mass spectrometry (eg, MALDI-TOF).

[0022] In some embodiments, the pellet may contain a portion of the sample that is suitable for other uses, such as, for example, nucleic acid amplification techniques, spectroscopic techniques (eg, Raman, FTIR), immunoassay techniques, probe-based assays, agglutination tests, etc.

[0023] In some embodiments, a rheology control member may be used that can seal between the plunger and the wall of the body to prevent mixing of the density cushion and the sample. In such embodiments, the rheology control member may be released by the wall as the wall expands outward during centrifugation.

[0024] In another embodiment, a separation vessel for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing may be provided. The separation vessel may include a body defining an internal chamber. The body may include a wall at least partially bounding the internal chamber. The body may include an opening at a first end, and the body may define an axis extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the internal chamber defines a radial diameter relative to the axis, and the wall may be at least partially flexible such that the diameter of the internal chamber is a first diameter at rest, and the diameter of the internal chamber may expand to a second diameter during centrifugation. The body may be configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber. The separation vessel may further include a seal disposed across the opening, such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body, and such that the plunger may be movably disposed, at least partially, inside the internal chamber. A longitudinal member of the plunger may be disposed on the axis of the body. The plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal and extract a portion of the sample. The separation vessel may further include a rheology control member disposed within the internal chamber. The rheology control member may define a bore in which the longitudinal member of the plunger is disposed such that the rheology control member may be disposed between the longitudinal member and the wall. In some embodiments, the rheology control member may define an outermost diameter radially relative to the axis of the body. The outermost diameter of the rheology control member may be greater than the first diameter, and the second diameter may be greater than the outermost diameter of the rheology control member.

[0025] In some embodiments, the body can include a collection region defining a diameter. The body can include an expansion region defining a diameter larger than the diameter of the collection region, and the larger diameter of the expansion region can be larger than an outermost diameter of the rheology control member.

[0026] The wall may include an annular shoulder across which the diameter of the interior chamber changes. The first diameter may be defined at a narrow side of the annular shoulder in a resting state, and the annular shoulder may be configured to engage the rheology control member.

[0027] In some embodiments, the rheology control member can include a second annular shoulder including a wide side and a narrow side that define an outermost diameter.

[0028] The separation vessel may include a gasket circumferentially disposed about the longitudinal member, and the gasket may be configured to seal an opening between the bore of the rheology control member and the plunger.

[0029] In another embodiment, a separation container and end cap assembly for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing may be provided. The assembly may include a body, a seal, an end cap, and a plunger. The body may define an interior chamber, and the body may define an opening at a first end. The body may be configured to receive a sample within the interior chamber. The seal may be disposed across the opening such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body. The end cap may be at the first end, and the end cap may be attachable to the body. In some embodiments, the seal may be disposed between the end cap and the body. The plunger may be movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber, and the plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal and extract a portion of the sample.

[0030] In another embodiment, a separation container for separating a sample via centrifugation and extracting a portion of the sample for use or testing may be provided. The separation container may include a body, a seal, a plunger, and a flexible sealing member. The body may include an internal chamber, the body may define a first opening at a first end and a second opening at a second end. The body may be configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber. In some embodiments, the seal may be disposed across the opening such that the seal may be configured to seal the opening of the body. The plunger may be disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber, the plunger may be configured to be actuated to open the seal to extract a portion of the sample. The flexible sealing member may at least partially cover the second opening. At least a portion of the plunger may be configured to extend at least partially into the flexible sealing member such that compression of the flexible sealing member may actuate the plunger.

[0031] In some implementations, the flexible sealing member may define a wall configured to at least partially surround a portion of the plunger. The wall may define an inwardly concave shape such that the wall may be configured to bend outwardly from the plunger when the plunger is actuated. The flexible sealing member may include a first peripheral wall segment connected to a top of the flexible sealing member, a second peripheral wall segment connected to the first peripheral wall segment, and a third peripheral wall segment connected to the second peripheral wall segment. The second peripheral wall segment may be concentric about a longitudinal axis of the plunger. The first peripheral wall segment and the second peripheral wall segment may each angle at least partially inwardly toward the plunger from their respective connections to the second peripheral wall segment. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0032] Having thus described the disclosure in general terms, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, which are not drawn to scale. [Figure 1]1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Diagram 2] 2 shows a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] 3 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 1. [Diagram 5] 2 illustrates another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 1, showing the plunger in the raised position and the seal intact. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. [Figure 7] 7 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and the first distal end of the plunger of Detail B of FIG. 6. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 illustrates a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 1 with the plunger in the depressed position and the seal open. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. [Figure 10] FIG. 9 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 8. [Figure 11] 9 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 8. [Figure 12] 12 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of FIG. 11. [Figure 13] 13 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and the first distal end of the plunger of Detail A of FIG. 12. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 illustrates a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 14 with the plunger in the raised position and the seal intact. [Figure 16] 16 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 15 taken along section AA. [Figure 17] 15 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 18] 15 illustrates another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 14, showing the plunger in the raised position. [Figure 19]19 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the separation vessel of FIG. 18. [Figure 20] 19 shows another cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the separation vessel of FIG. 18. [Figure 21] 21 shows a detailed view of the rheology control member of Detail A in FIG. 20. [Figure 22] FIG. 20 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and the first distal end of the plunger of Detail B of FIG. 19. [Figure 23] 15A-15C show various views of the barrier ripple of the rheology control member of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 24] 15A-15C show various views of the barrier ripple of the rheology control member of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Diagram 25] 15A-15C show various views of the barrier ripple of the rheology control member of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 26] 15A-15C show various views of the barrier ripple of the rheology control member of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 27] 15 shows various views of the adapter of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 28] 15 shows various views of the adapter of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Figure 29] 15 shows various views of the adapter of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Diagram 30] 15 shows various views of the adapter of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Diagram 31] 15 shows various views of the adapter of the separation vessel of FIG. 14. [Diagram 32] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Diagram 33] FIG. 33 illustrates a side elevation view of the separation vessel of FIG. 32 with the plunger in the raised position and the seal intact. [Diagram 34] 34 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 33 taken along section AA. [Diagram 35] 33 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 32. [Diagram 36] 33 illustrates another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 32, showing the plunger in the raised position. [Figure 37]37 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the separation vessel of FIG. 36. [Figure 38] FIG. 38 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and the first distal end of the plunger of Detail B of FIG. 37. [Figure 39] 33 shows a side elevational view of the body and cap of the separation container of FIG. 32. [Diagram 40] 40 shows a cross-sectional view of the body, cap, and rheology control member of FIG. 39 taken along section AA. [Diagram 41] A top view of the body, cap, and rheology control member of Figure 40 is shown. [Diagram 42] 33 shows a side elevational view of the body and cap of the separation container of FIG. 32. [Diagram 43] 43 shows a cross-sectional view of the body, cap, and rheology control member of FIG. 42 taken along section BB. [Diagram 44] FIG. 44 shows a detailed view of a first end of the body of detail A of FIG. 43. [Diagram 45] A cross-sectional view of the rheology control member of Figure 32 is shown. [Figure 46] 33 shows a side elevation view of the rheology control member of FIG. 32. [Figure 47] 33 shows another cross-sectional view of the rheology control member of FIG. 32. [Figure 48] 33 shows an exploded view of the rheology control member of FIG. 32. [Figure 49] 33 shows a perspective cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 32. [Figure 50] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 51] FIG. 51 shows a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 50 with the plunger in the raised position and the seal intact. [Figure 52] 52 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 51 taken along section AA. [Diagram 53] 51 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 50. [Figure 54] 51 illustrates another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 50, showing the plunger in the raised position. [Figure 55] 55 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the separation vessel of FIG. 54. [Figure 56] FIG. 56 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and first distal end of the plunger of Detail B of FIG. [Figure 57] 1 shows a perspective view of a plunger 110 according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 58] 1 shows a side view of a plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 59] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 60] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 61] 1 shows a top view of a plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 62] 1 shows a bottom view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 63] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 64] 1 shows a side view of a plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 65] 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 66] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 67] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 110 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 68] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 69] 69 illustrates a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 68, showing the plunger in the raised position and the seal intact. [Figure 70] 70 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 69 taken along section AA. [Figure 71] 69 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 68. [Figure 72] 71 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and first distal end of the plunger of Detail A of FIG. 70. [Figure 73] FIG. 69 illustrates a side elevational view of the separation container of FIG. 68 with the plunger in the depressed position and the seal open. [Figure 74] 74 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 73 taken along section AA. [Figure 75] 74 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 73. [Figure 76] 75 shows a detailed view of the pellet area and first distal end of the plunger of Detail B of FIG. 74. [Figure 77] 1 shows a perspective view of a plunger 115 according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 78] 1 shows a side view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 79] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 80] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 81] 1 shows a side view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 82] 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the plunger 115 looking downward according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 83] 1 shows a detailed view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 84] 1 shows a bottom view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 85] 1 shows a top view of plunger 115 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 86] 1, 14, 32, 50, and 68 show various views of the flexible sealing member of the separation container. [Figure 87] 1, 14, 32, 50, and 68 show various views of the flexible sealing member of the separation container. [Figure 88] 1, 14, 32, 50, and 68 show various views of the flexible sealing member of the separation container. [Figure 89] 1, 14, 32, 50, and 68 show various views of the flexible sealing member of the separation container. [Figure 90] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a separation vessel and centrifuge cup according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 91] 91 shows a side elevational view of the body of the separation vessel of FIG. 90. [Figure 92] 92 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 91. [Figure 93] 92 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section DD of the body of FIG. 91. [Figure 94] 93 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body and cap screw of Detail B of FIG. 92. [Figure 95] 93 shows a detailed view of the pellet region of the body of Detail A of FIG. 92. [Figure 96] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 97] 97 shows a bottom view of the body of FIG. 96. [Figure 98] 98 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section EE of the body of FIG. 97. [Figure 99] 91 shows a side elevational view of the separation vessel and centrifuge cup of FIG. 90. [Figure 100] 99 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel and centrifuge cup taken along section AA of FIG. [Figure 101] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 102] 102 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 101. [Figure 103] 103 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail A of FIG. 102. [Figure 104]103 shows a detailed view of the first end of the body and pellet area of ​​Detail B of FIG. 102. [Figure 105] 104 shows a detailed view of the wall of the body of detail C of FIG. 103. [Fig. 106] 102 shows a perspective view of the main body of FIG. 101. [Figure 107] 107 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 106. [Figure 108] 108 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section CC of the body of FIG. 107. [Fig. 109] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 110] 109A shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. [Figure 111] 111 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail A of FIG. 110. [Figure 112] 111 shows a detailed view of the first end of the body and pellet area of ​​Detail B of FIG. 110. [Figure 113] 109A and 109B are perspective views of the main body of FIG. [Fig. 114] 114 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 113. [Figure 115] 115 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section CC of the body of FIG. 114. [Fig. 116] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 117] 117 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 116. [Fig. 118] 118 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail A of FIG. 117. [Figure 119] 118 shows a detailed view of the first end of the body and pellet area of ​​Detail B of FIG. 117. [Figure 120] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 121] 121 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 120. [Figure 122] 122 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section CC of the body of FIG. 121. [Figure 123]1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 124] 125 shows another side elevational view of the body of FIG. 124. [Fig. 125] 125 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 124. [Fig. 126] 126 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail A of FIG. 125. [Figure 127] 126 shows a detailed view of the first end of the body and pellet area of ​​Detail B of FIG. 125. [Figure 128] 124 shows a perspective view of the main body of FIG. 123. [Figure 129] 124 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 123. [Fig. 130] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 131] 131 shows another side elevational view of the body of FIG. 130. [Fig. 132] 132 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 131. [Fig. 133] 133 shows a detailed view of the first end and pellet region of the body of Detail A of FIG. 132. [Fig. 134] 133 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail B of FIG. 132. [Fig. 135] 131 shows a perspective view of the main body of FIG. 130. [Fig. 136] 131 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 130. [Fig. 137] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 138] 138 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 137. [Figure 139] 138 shows a perspective view of the main body of FIG. 137. [Fig. 140] 138A shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail A of FIG. 138. [Fig. 141] 138 shows a detailed view of the first end of the body and pellet area of ​​Detail B of FIG. 138. [Fig. 142]1 illustrates a perspective view of a body of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 143] 143 shows a side elevational view of the body of FIG. 142. [Fig. 144] 144 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 143. [Fig. 145] 144 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the body of FIG. 143. [Fig. 146] 143 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 142. [Fig. 147] 145 shows a detailed view of the first end and pellet area of ​​the body of Detail A of FIG. 144. [Fig. 148] 145 shows a detailed view of the second end of the body of detail B of FIG. 144. [Figure 149] 143 shows a side elevational view of the body of FIG. 142 having a pull tab according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 150] 150 shows a cross-sectional view taken along section AA of the body of FIG. 149. [Fig. 151] 150 shows a perspective view of the main body of FIG. 149. [Fig. 152] 150 shows a bottom view of the main body of FIG. 149. [Fig. 153] 151 shows a detailed view of the pull tab, first end of the body, and pellet area of ​​Detail C of FIG. 150. [Fig. 154] 1A-1D show various views of a sample collection container according to some of the embodiments described herein. [Fig. 155] 1A-1D show various views of a sample collection container according to some of the embodiments described herein. [Fig. 156] 1A-1D show various views of a sample collection container according to some of the embodiments described herein. [Fig. 157] 1A-1D show various views of a sample collection container according to some of the embodiments described herein. [Fig. 158] 1 shows the results of MALDI-TOF ID of the suspension recovered in Example 1. [Fig. 159]1 shows a comparison of historical colony control results and VITEK2 AST card results for the suspension of Example 1. [Fig. 160] 1 shows a comparison of historical colony control results and VITEK2 AST card results for the suspension of Example 1. [Fig. 161] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a separation vessel having an elevated plunger according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 162] 162 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 161. [Fig. 163] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 161 is shown. [Fig. 164] 162 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 161. [Fig. 165] 162 shows another cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 161. [Fig. 166] FIG. 165 is a portion of a cross-section showing detail B. [Fig. 167] 162 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 161. [Fig. 168] 162 shows another top view of the separation container of FIG. 161. [Fig. 169] 162 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 161. [Fig. 170] 169A shows a cross-sectional view taken along section BB of the separation container of FIG. 169 with the plunger in a penetrating position according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 171] FIG. 170 is a portion of a cross-section showing detail C. [Fig. 172] 162 illustrates another side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 161 with the plunger in the down position according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 173] 173 shows a top elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 172. [Fig. 174] 173 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 172 taken along section AA. [Fig. 175] 173 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 172. [Fig. 176]176 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 175 taken along section BB. [Fig. 177] FIG. 177 is a portion of a cross-section of FIG. 176, showing detail A. [Fig. 178] 162 shows an exploded view of the separation container of FIG. 161. [Fig. 179] 162 shows another exploded view of the separation container of FIG. 161. [Fig. 180] 1 illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 181] FIG. 180 is a portion of an exploded view of the same. [Fig. 182] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 183] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 184] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 185] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 186] 182-185 and 187-193 inserted into the body according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 187] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 188] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 189] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 190] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 191] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 192]1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 193] 1 illustrates a plunger and retainer according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 194] 1 illustrates a separation vessel having a sample collection container according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 195] 195 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 194. [Fig. 196] 195 shows a perspective view of the separation container of FIG. 194. [Figure 197] FIG. 195 is a portion of a cross-section showing detail F. [Figure 198] 1 illustrates an exploded view of a two-piece interlocking cap according to some embodiments described herein. [Figure 199] 199 shows a side elevational view of the two-piece connecting cap of FIG. 198. [Figure 200] 199 is a cross-sectional view of the two-piece connecting cap of FIG. 198. [Figure 201] 14 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a body and connecting cap according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 202] 202 shows a cross-sectional view of the main body and connecting cap of FIG. 201. [Fig. 203] FIG. 203 is a portion of a cross-sectional view of FIG. 202, showing detail A. [Fig. 204] FIG. 205 is a portion of a side view of FIG. 205, showing detail B. [Fig. 205] 202 shows another side view of the body and connecting cap of FIG. 201. [Fig. 206] 14 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a body and connecting cap according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 207] 207 shows a cross-sectional view of the body and connecting cap of FIG. 206. [Fig. 208] FIG. 208 is a portion of a cross-sectional view of FIG. 207, showing detail A. [Fig. 209] 207 shows another side view of the body and connecting cap of FIG. 206. [Fig. 210]209A is a partial side elevation view of the body and connecting cap of FIG. 209, showing detail B. [Fig. 211] 207 shows an exploded view of the main body and connecting cap of FIG. 206. [Fig. 212] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of yet another embodiment of a separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 213] 213 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 212. [Fig. 214] 213 is a partial cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 212, showing detail A. [Fig. 215] 213 shows another side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 212. [Fig. 216] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 215 is shown. [Fig. 217] FIG. 217 is a portion of a cross-section of FIG. 216, showing detail B. [Fig. 218] 213 illustrates a side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 212 with the plunger in the down position according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 219] 219 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 218 showing a rheology control member floating on top of the body according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 220] 213 shows an exploded view of the separation container of FIG. 212. [Fig. 221] A side elevational view of the plunger, retainer, and rheology control member of Figure 213 is shown. [Fig. 222] A cross-sectional view of the plunger, retainer, and rheology control member of Figure 221 is shown. [Fig. 223] 1 shows a finite element analysis of the deformation of a low density polyethylene body during centrifugation. [Fig. 224] 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of another separation vessel according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 225] 225 shows a side elevational view of the separation vessel of FIG. 224. [Fig. 226] 226 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation vessel of FIG. 225 taken along line AA. [Fig. 227] 225 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 224. [Fig. 228] 226 shows a side elevation view of the separation vessel of FIG. 225 rotated 90 degrees. [Fig. 229] 229 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 228 taken along line BB. [Fig. 230] FIG. 229 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the separation vessel designated as Detail B. [Fig. 231] 225 shows a top view of the separation vessel of FIG. 224. [Fig. 232] 225 illustrates a side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 224 without the cap, according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 233] 233 shows a side elevation view of the separation vessel of FIG. 232 rotated 90 degrees. [Fig. 234] 234 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 233 taken along line BB. [Fig. 235] FIG. 234 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the separation vessel designated as Detail C. [Fig. 236] 225 illustrates a side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 224 with the cap removed and the plunger depressed, according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 237] 237 shows a side elevation view of the separation vessel of FIG. 236 rotated 90 degrees. [Fig. 238] 238 shows a cross-sectional view of the separation container of FIG. 237 taken along line BB. [Fig. 239] FIG. 238 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of a separation vessel designated as Detail A. [Fig. 240] 225 shows a side elevational view of the body and connecting member of the separation container of FIG. 224 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 241] 241 shows an exploded view of the main body and connecting member of FIG. 240. [Fig. 242] 241 shows a partial side elevational view of the body and a portion of the connecting member shown as Detail A in FIG. 240. [Fig. 243] 225 shows a perspective view of the body of FIG. 224 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 244] 244 shows a top view of the main body of FIG. 243. [Fig. 245] 244 shows a side elevational view of the body of FIG. 243. [Fig. 246] 245A shows a cross-sectional view of the body of FIG. 245 taken along line AA. [Fig. 247] A bottom view of the main body of FIG. 243 is shown. [Fig. 248] FIG. 246 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the body designated as detail A. [Fig. 249] FIG. 246 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of the body designated as detail B. [Fig. 250] FIG. 245 shows a partial side elevational view of a portion of the body designated as Detail C. [Fig. 251] FIG. 244 shows a partial top view of a portion of the body designated as detail D. [Fig. 252] 245. FIG. 245 shows a cross-sectional view taken along line CC of the body of FIG. [Fig. 253] 245. A cross-sectional view of the body of FIG. 245 taken along line DD is shown. [Fig. 254] 241 illustrates a perspective view of the coupling member of FIG. 240 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Figure 255] 255 shows a side elevational view of the connecting member of FIG. 254. [Fig. 256] 256 shows a cross-sectional view of the connecting member of FIG. 255 taken along a plane perpendicularly bisecting the connecting member. [Fig. 257] 241 shows a bottom view of the connecting member of FIG. 240. [Fig. 258] FIG. 255 shows a partial side view of a portion of the connecting member designated as Detail A. [Fig. 259] 225 illustrates a side elevation view of the plunger of the separation container of FIG. 224 according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 260] FIG. 259 shows a partial side elevation view of a portion of the plunger designated as Detail A. [Fig. 261] A perspective view of the plunger seal of the plunger of Figure 259 is shown. [Fig. 262] 259 shows a perspective view of the plunger of FIG. 259 without a plunger seal according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 263] A bottom view of the plunger of FIG. 262 is shown. [Fig. 264] 263 shows a top view of the plunger of FIG. 262. [Fig. 265] A side elevational view of the plunger of FIG. 262 is shown. [Fig. 266] FIG. 265 shows a partial side elevation view of a portion of the plunger designated as Detail A. [Fig. 267] 266 shows a side perspective view of the plunger of FIG. 265 rotated 90 degrees. [Fig. 268] FIG. 265 shows a partial side elevation view of a portion of the plunger designated as Detail B. [Fig. 269] A perspective view of a flexible sealing member of the separation container of Figure 224 is shown. [Fig. 270] A side elevational view of the flexible sealing member of Figure 269 is shown. [Fig. 271] 271 shows a cross-sectional view of the flexible sealing member of FIG. 270 taken along a plane that vertically bisects the flexible sealing member. [Fig. 272] 270 shows a top view of the flexible sealing member of FIG. 269; [Fig. 273] A side elevational view of the flexible sealing member of FIG. 269 in operation. [Fig. 274] 274 is a cross-sectional view of the flexible sealing member of FIG. 273; [Fig. 275] 244-239 show side elevational views of the separation vessel of FIGS. 244-239 with the flexible sealing member and plunger actuated according to certain embodiments described herein. [Fig. 276] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 275 is shown. [Fig. 277] 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of another separation vessel with end caps according to some embodiments described herein. [Fig. 278] 278 shows a side elevation view of the separation vessel of FIG. 277. [Fig. 279] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 277 is shown. [Fig. 280] FIG. 279 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as Detail B. [Fig. 281] FIG. 280 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as detail B. [Fig. 282] 278 shows a top view of the flexible sealing member of FIG. 277. [Fig. 283] 278 shows a side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 277 without the end cap, according to some embodiments. [Fig. 284] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 283 is shown. [Fig. 285] FIG. 284 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as detail C. [Fig. 286] 278 shows a side elevation view of the separation container of FIG. 277 having a plunger actuated according to some embodiments. [Fig. 287] A cross-sectional view of the separation container of Figure 286 is shown. [Fig. 288] FIG. 287 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as detail A. [Fig. 289] 1 illustrates a side elevational view of a flexible sealing member according to some embodiments. [Fig. 290] 289A and 289B are cross-sectional views of the flexible sealing member of FIG. [Fig. 291] 289A and 289B are perspective views of the flexible sealing member of FIG. [Fig. 292] 289A and 289B are cross-sectional and top views of the flexible sealing member of FIG. [Fig. 293] FIG. 290 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as detail A. [Fig. 294] FIG. 290 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as Detail B. [Fig. 295] FIG. 290 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a separation vessel shown as detail C. [Fig. 296] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a plunger according to some embodiments. [Fig. 297] 297 shows a perspective view of the plunger seal of the plunger of FIG. 296 according to some embodiments. [Fig. 298] FIG. 296 shows a partial side elevation view of the plunger designated as Detail A. [Figure 299] 297 shows another side elevational view of the plunger of FIG. 296. [Figure 300] 297 shows yet another side elevational view of the plunger of FIG. 296. [Fig. 301] A perspective view of the plunger of FIG. 296 is shown. [Fig. 302] FIG. 299 shows a partial side elevation view of the plunger designated as Detail A. [Fig. 303] FIG. 299 shows a partial side elevation view of the plunger designated as Detail B. [Fig. 304] FIG. 299 shows a partial side elevational view of the plunger designated as Detail C. [Fig. 305] 297 is a top view of the plunger of FIG. 296; [Fig. 306] 297 is a bottom view of the plunger of FIG. 296; [Fig. 307] 1 illustrates a perspective view of an end cap according to some embodiments. [Fig. 308] 308 shows another perspective view of the end cap of FIG. 307. [Fig. 309] A side elevation view of the end cap of FIG. 307 is shown. [Fig. 310] 308 shows another side elevation view of the end cap of FIG. 307. [Fig. 311] 309A shows a cross-sectional view of the end cap taken along line AA of FIG. [Fig. 312] 311 shows a cross-sectional view of the end cap of FIG. 310 taken along line BB. [Fig. 313] 308 shows a top view of the end cap of FIG. 307. [Fig. 314] 308 shows a bottom view of the end cap of FIG. 307. [Fig. 315] 311 shows a cross-sectional view taken along line CC of the end cap of FIG. 310. [Fig. 316] 309A shows a cross-sectional view of the end cap taken along line DD of FIG. 309. [Fig. 317] 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a body of a separation vessel having a connecting member according to some embodiments. [Fig. 318]318 shows a partial side elevational view of the body and connecting member of FIG. 317. [Fig. 319] 318 shows an exploded perspective view of the main body and connecting member of FIG. 317. [Fig. 320] 318 shows a perspective view of the body of FIG. 317 according to some embodiments. [Fig. 321] 321 shows a side elevational view of the body of FIG. 320. [Fig. 322] 322 shows a cross-sectional view of the body of FIG. 321 taken along line AA. [Figure 323] FIG. 322 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the body shown as detail B. [Fig. 324] FIG. 322 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the body designated as detail A. [Fig. 325] FIG. 321 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the body shown as detail C. [Fig. 326] A bottom view of the main body of FIG. 320 is shown. [Fig. 327] 320A and 320B show top views of the main body of FIG. [Fig. 328] 322 shows a cross-sectional view of the body of FIG. 321 taken along line DD. [Fig. 329] 322 shows a cross-sectional view taken along line CC of the body of FIG. 321. [Fig. 330] 318 shows a perspective view of the connecting member of FIG. 317 according to some embodiments. [Fig. 331] A side elevational view of the connecting member of Figure 330 is shown. [Fig. 332] A cross-sectional view of the connecting member of Figure 330 is shown. [Figure 333] FIG. 331 shows a partial side elevation view of a connecting member designated as Detail A. [Fig. 334] 331 shows a top elevation view of the connecting member of FIG. 330. [Figure 335] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a rheology control member according to some embodiments. [Fig. 336] Another perspective view of the rheology control member of FIG. 335 is shown. [Figure 337] A bottom view of the rheology control member of Figure 335 is shown. [Figure 338]A cross-sectional view of the rheology control member of FIG. 337 taken along line BB is shown. [Figure 339] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a retainer according to some embodiments. [Fig. 340] 340 is a perspective view of the retainer of FIG. 339; FIG. [Fig. 341] A side elevational view of the retainer of FIG. 339 is shown. [Fig. 342] 339A and 339B are top and bottom views, respectively, of the retainer shown in FIG. [Figure 343] 339A is a bottom view of the retainer of FIG. [Fig. 344] 343 shows a cross-sectional view of the retainer of FIG. 342 taken along line AA. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0033] Detailed Description The present invention will now be described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0034] Biological testing of microorganisms is a delicate, time-sensitive and often dangerous process that requires accuracy, precision and preferably speed. Testing and analysis are carefully controlled using reproducible and robust processes and equipment that allow the operator to easily, safely, aseptically and quickly manipulate samples, especially when dealing with pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, one technical problem that would be useful to solve is to provide controlled and reproducible processes and equipment that preferably allow the operator to easily, safely, aseptically and quickly obtain samples for further testing.

[0035] Disclosed herein are methods and devices for recovering microorganisms from a test sample. Some methods of characterizing and / or identifying microorganisms in a sample may require first separating (e.g., separating, isolating, or pelleting) the microorganisms and then recovering them for downstream testing. The methods described herein may include using a separation vessel to separate, recover, characterize, and / or identify the sample. The separation vessel may be configured to separate the microorganisms from the sample via centrifugation and recover a portion of the sample for use or testing. The sample may include a liquid culture (e.g., blood culture) from which the microorganisms may be separated. Embodiments of the present invention also allow whole blood to be used as a sample without prior culturing. In some further embodiments, a medium may be used in the sample collection vessel to culture any organisms present after the separation and recovery steps. In some embodiments, the resulting separated microorganisms may be tested in their isolated form or resuspended in a solution in one or more downstream tests, which may be performed in the sample collection vessel attached to the body of the separation vessel or may be performed separately (e.g., the sample may be deposited separately on a downstream testing device).

[0036] As used herein, the term "pellet" is intended to encompass a sample of microorganisms that has been compacted or deposited into a mass of microorganisms. For example, microorganisms from a sample can be compacted or deposited at the bottom of a tube by centrifugation. In one embodiment, the term includes the collection of microorganisms (and / or components thereof) on the bottom and / or sides of a container after centrifugation. In accordance with the present invention, microorganisms can be pelleted (e.g., as a substantially purified microbial pellet) from non-microbial components that may otherwise interfere with characterization and / or identification. Non-microbial components separated from the microorganisms can include non-microbial cells (e.g., blood cells or other tissue cells, and / or soluble fractions thereof) and / or any components thereof.

[0037] Conventional separation devices and techniques suffer from many deficiencies that impede the testing process. For example, microorganisms can be separated by lysing the sample and then repeatedly washing, decanting, and spinning the sample until the microorganisms are substantially separated. These processes often require multiple devices, additional user handling, and extensive expertise and training, resulting in suboptimal results. For example, when exposed to centrifugal forces, different types of microorganisms can result in pellets of various consistencies. Conventional devices may not consistently recover the pellets depending on the pellet's consistency. Furthermore, they require significant training to successfully recover the pellets without contaminating the sample, losing the sample, or exposing the user to the microorganisms. Furthermore, conventional separation and recovery techniques are very harsh on microorganisms, making it difficult to obtain highly viable microbial cells, which are necessary for certain downstream tests, such as antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), growth-based identification methods, or culturing of microorganisms recovered from whole blood. Conventional separation devices also often damage microorganisms, making downstream testing using viable samples inaccurate or impossible. The present separation vessels (eg, separation vessel 100) may enable untrained users to recover pellets with greater consistency than conventional devices, with minimal training and effort.

[0038] The present inventors have developed a separation vessel and associated devices, systems, and methods that aim to address one or more of these deficiencies. That is, the separation vessel and associated devices, systems, and methods described herein allow a user to separate microorganisms from a sample with only a single centrifugation step and fewer manipulations. The separation vessel and associated devices, systems, and methods described herein allow a user to separate and test a sample without handling and without destroying the microorganisms, so that viable samples can be grown and tested downstream.

[0039] Test samples that can be separated (e.g., separated, isolated, or pelleted) using the separation container of the present invention include both clinical and non-clinical samples in which the presence and / or growth of a microorganism is or may be suspected, as well as samples of material that are routinely or occasionally tested for the presence of a microorganism. For example, the test sample can be a culture broth from a culture of a clinical or non-clinical specimen sample. In some embodiments, the test sample is a sample taken from a patient without further culture, such as a whole blood sample, a urine sample, a nasal sample, a buccal swab sample, etc. The present invention finds use in both medical and veterinary applications. Typical specimen samples that are cultured and subjected to separation techniques for separation, isolation, or pelleting of the microorganisms contained therein include blood, serum, plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, blood fractions, joint fluid, urine, nasal samples, semen, saliva, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric contents, vaginal secretions, tissue homogenates, bone marrow aspirates, bone homogenates, sputum, aspirates, swabs and swab washes, other bodily fluids, and the like. Examples of non-clinical samples include foodstuffs (e.g., milk, meat products, vegetables, fruits, beverages, puddings), cell cultures, biopharmaceuticals, cosmetics, water, parenteral administration fluids, and the like. The above specimen types may be used as samples of the present invention without prior culture. As further described herein, the separation containers may generate viable samples suitable for direct downstream testing without the need for additional culture and washing steps.

[0040] In one embodiment, as described further herein, a separation device or container may be used with a density cushion (e.g., density cushion 101 shown in FIG. 3) to separate microorganisms from a test sample. For example, the density cushion may have a density less than the microorganisms to be separated, but greater than the remainder of the sample. For example, a test sample known to contain or likely to contain microorganisms may be placed on top of the density cushion contained within the device or container, and the container or device may be centrifuged to separate (e.g., separate, isolate, or pellet) the microorganisms from other elements of the test sample. According to this embodiment, the separation device or container will have a volume sufficient to hold the density cushion and the test sample. In one embodiment, the container fits or can fit into a centrifuge rotor.

[0041] The volume of the container can be about 0.1 ml to about 50 ml, e.g., about 0.5 ml to about 25 ml, about 1 ml to about 15 ml, e.g., about 1.5 ml to about 8 ml. If the separation is performed on a microscale, the volume of the container can be about 2 μl to about 100 μl, e.g., about 5 μl to about 50 μl. In some embodiments using a deformable or squeezable container described below, the volume of the container can be less than 2 ml. In some embodiments using a plunger, the volume of the container can be 10 ml to 15 ml, 10 ml to 50 ml, 15 ml to 50 ml, 10 ml or more, or 50 ml or less.

[0042] In some embodiments, the separation device or container can be preloaded with a density cushion, as described in more detail herein. In some embodiments, a rheology control member (liquid or solid) can be placed on top of the density cushion before the sample is placed or layered on top to prevent any mixing of the density cushion with the sample. For example, an annular barrier (e.g., rheology control member 200 described below) can be placed on top of a prepackaged density cushion to prevent mixing of the density cushion with the test sample added at a later time. In yet another embodiment, the separation device or container can be preloaded with a density cushion followed by preloading with the lysate. In some embodiments, the separation container can be hermetically sealed to prevent contamination.

[0043] Separation of microorganisms may be performed by a centrifugation process, in which a test sample (e.g., a lysed sample) is placed on top of a density cushion in a separation vessel and centrifuged under conditions that allow the vessel to isolate the microorganisms (e.g., the microorganisms can form a pellet on the bottom and / or sides of the vessel). The separation vessel is centrifuged at a sufficient acceleration and for a sufficient time that the microorganisms pass through the density cushion and are separated from other components of the test sample (e.g., a pellet is formed). The centrifugal acceleration can be from about 1,000xg to about 20,000xg, such as from about 2,000xg to about 15,000xg, such as from about 3,000xg to about 10,000xg. The centrifugation time can be from about 30 seconds to about 60 minutes, such as from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, such as from about 2 minutes to about 10 minutes. Centrifugation can be performed at a temperature of from about 2°C to about 45°C, such as from about 15°C to about 40°C, such as from about 20°C to about 30°C. According to this embodiment, other components of the sample (e.g., non-microorganisms or components thereof that may be present in the sample) remain on or within the upper part of the density cushion. This separation step isolates the microorganisms from the remaining substances in the sample, such as plasma, medium, cell debris, and / or other components, such as enzymes, sugars, nucleic acids, that may interfere with the testing of the recovered microorganisms. In one embodiment, the density cushion serves to separate live microorganisms from dead microorganisms (which do not pass through the density cushion). In another embodiment, the density cushion does not include a density gradient, either before or after centrifugation. In other words, the separation vessel is not centrifuged for a time and / or acceleration sufficient for the material that constitutes the density cushion to form a density gradient. In an arrangement in which a density cushion is used, the density cushion may include or be composed of a solution having a uniform density throughout. The density of the cushion can be in the range of about 1.025 to about 1.220 g / ml, or about 1.025 to about 1.120 g / ml, for example, about 1.030 to about 1.070 g / ml, about 1.040 to about 1.060 g / ml, or any range therebetween of about 1.025 to about 1.120 g / ml.

[0044] First embodiment Referring to the drawings, embodiments of the separation vessel described herein are shown. Referring to FIG. 1-89, a first embodiment of a separation vessel 100 is shown. As described herein, the entire separation vessel 100 or a separable portion thereof can be placed in a centrifugation assembly to separate microorganisms from a sample placed in the vessel. In some embodiments, the separation vessel 100 can include a body 105 in which a sample can be placed and plungers 110, 115 within the body for extracting the separated microorganisms after centrifugation. The separation vessel 100 can further include a seal 120 for sealing a first end 106 of the body 105 and retaining the sample in the body 105 until a user activates the plungers 110, 115. The separation vessel 100 can include an assembly of a flexible sealing member 125 and a cap 130 that closes a second end 107 of the body 105 while allowing a user to activate the plungers 110, 115. In some embodiments, the separation vessel 100 can include a sample collection vessel 135 from which the separated microorganisms can be extracted, and the vessel 135 can be attached to the body 105 via an adapter 140 and a threaded connector 145. After the pellet of microorganisms is extruded into the sample collection vessel 135, the vessel 135 can be vortexed to dissolve the pellet in the medium (e.g., saline) within the vessel. Further views of the sample collection vessel 135 are shown in Figs. 154-157. In some further embodiments, the body 105 can include one or more brackets (e.g., the hexagonal bracket 150 shown in Fig. 1) for engaging a centrifuge assembly and providing support for the separation vessel. The hexagonal bracket 150 allows a user to firmly grip the separation vessel and can support the separation vessel within a centrifuge holder. In some embodiments, the hexagonal bracket 150 can accommodate the separation vessel to one or more different centrifuge holders, and in some embodiments, the hexagonal bracket 150 can suspend the base of the separation vessel above the base of the centrifuge. The protrusions may also aid in the manufacture of the separation container. For example, the protrusions may be alignment aids. In some embodiments, the protrusions are designed to have one or more flat surfaces.For example, instead of a hexagonal geometry, two opposing flat surfaces may be used, with one or more flat surfaces engaging a socket configured to apply a consistent torque when securing a seal (e.g., a nut) to the bottom of the separation vessel.

[0045] 1-13, a separation container 100 is shown having a body 105 with a plunger 110 disposed therein. The body 105 includes a first end 106 that defines an opening in the body and a second end 107 that defines a second opening. The body 105 may include an interior chamber 108 that is sealed at the first end 106 by a seal 120. The interior chamber 108 of the body 105 may be sealed at the second end 107 by a cap 130 and / or a flexible sealing member. In some embodiments, the body of the separation container (e.g., body 105, 505, 705, 905) may be molded, blown, or formed using other techniques known in the art. In general, any known plastic, glass, or transparent material, etc., may be used for the separation device. In some embodiments, the body 105 may be made of a rigid material, such as polypropylene, or a flexible material, such as low density polyethylene. In embodiments using plungers 110, 115 described herein, body 105 may be rigid or substantially rigid.

[0046] The internal chamber 108 of the body 105 can define a radial diameter relative to the longitudinal axis 155 (shown in FIGS. 2, 8, and 11). In some embodiments, the diameter of the internal chamber 108 can narrow from a collection diameter at the second end 107 to a pellet diameter at the first end 106. In some embodiments, the collection diameter can be defined at the collection region 102 of the internal chamber 108, and the pellet diameter can be defined at the pellet region 104 of the internal chamber 108, and the tapered region 103 can connect the pellet region with the collection region. In some embodiments, the diameter of the internal chamber 108 at the collection region 102 is larger than the diameter of the internal chamber 108 at the pellet region 104. The wall 109 of the body 105 at the tapered region 103 can have an included angle of about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees, for example, about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle of the wall 109 of the body 105 at the tapered region 103 is preferably 40 degrees or less. In some embodiments, the angle between the wall 109 of the body 105 and the longitudinal axis of the body 105 at the tapered region is preferably 20 degrees or less. In some embodiments, the included angle of the wall 109 of the body 105 at the tapered region 103 is preferably 10 degrees to 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle between the wall 109 of the body 105 and the longitudinal axis of the body 105 at the tapered region is preferably 5 degrees to 20 degrees. In one embodiment, the lower narrow portion is less than half the total height of the vessel, for example, less than about 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% of the total height of the vessel. The pellet region 104 can be a "capillary" portion of the first end 106 of the body, and the pellet region 104 can be the narrowest portion of the body 105 configured to collect microorganisms during centrifugation.

[0047] In each of the embodiments described herein, the seal 120 may be disposed across the opening defined at the first end 106 of the body 105, and the seal 120 may be configured to seal the opening and prevent sample from leaking prior to actuating the plunger 110, 115. In some embodiments, the seal 120 may be an openable membrane (e.g., as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1-89) that may be pierced by the plunger 110, 115 or torn by other mechanical means. For example, the membrane may include a foil seal or other pierceable membrane (e.g., foil, paper, wax, etc.) or a thin plastic wall molded with the remainder of the body 105. In some embodiments, the membrane is a film, tape, or frangible seal configured to cover the opening at the first end 106 of the body 105. The membrane may be adhered or otherwise attached to the end surface of the body 105 (e.g., an annular surface surrounding the opening at the first end 106). In one embodiment, the first end 106 includes a textured surface to enhance adhesion of the seal 120 to the annular surface surrounding the opening at the first end 106. In some embodiments, the seal 120 can be a thin layer of molded material formed at the first end 106 of the body 105 during molding of the body. The molded material can be integral with the body 105 or can be formed secondarily to the body 105. In one embodiment, a force multiplier is associated with the seal 120, for example formed from the molded material, to direct the opening of the seal 120 when pierced by the plunger 110, 115.

[0048] In some other embodiments, the seal may include a nut 510 and a gasket 520 (e.g., as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 90-136). In some further embodiments, the seal may include a removable portion 720 that may be permanently cut or removed (e.g., as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 137-144). In still other embodiments, the seal may include a molded breakaway or pull tab 920 that is torn by a user to open the interior chamber 108 (e.g., as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 142-153).

[0049] The flexible sealing member 125 can be disposed at the second end 107 of the body 105 and can be configured to seal the opening of the body while allowing a user to actuate the plunger 110 thereby. The flexible sealing member 125 can seal against the body 105, such as by contacting an annular surface of the second end 107 surrounding the opening. With reference to FIGS. 86-89, detailed views of an exemplary flexible sealing member 125 according to embodiments described herein are shown. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 125 can include an open end 126 and a closed end 127. A plunger (e.g., plungers 110, 115 shown in FIGS. 1-22, 32-38, 49-85) can have a second end (e.g., second distal end 114 shown in FIG. 3) that is inserted into the open end 126 of the flexible sealing member 125 to allow a user to depress the flexible sealing member to actuate the plunger. In any of the embodiments described herein, the plungers 110, 115 may be further attached or adhered to a flexible sealing member 125.

[0050] In some implementations, the flexible sealing member 125 may define a bellows gasket having a cylindrical body 129 with corrugated side walls (e.g., a bellows wall segment). The illustrated body 129 may terminate in a flange 128 that may be disposed across the second end 107 (shown in FIG. 3) of the body 105 to seal an opening at the second end. In operation, the cylindrical body 129 of the flexible sealing member 125 may collapse by bending in a corrugated manner when a user applies force to the closed end 127. During actuation, the closed end 127 moving downward may cause the flexible sealing member 125 to push the plungers 110, 115 downward (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 8-13 and 73-76).

[0051] Returning to FIGS. 1-13 , the flexible sealing member 125 may be retained on the body 105 using a cap 130. The cap 130 may include an opening 131 through which a second portion of the flexible sealing member 125, including a portion of the cylindrical body 129 and the closed end 127, may extend. The cap 130 may then be threaded or otherwise attached to the body 105, leaving the closed end 127 of the flexible sealing member 125 in a user-actuable state. In such an embodiment, the second distal end 114 of the plunger 110 may extend through the opening 131 while being disposed within the cylindrical body 129 of the flexible sealing member 125.

[0052] The separation container 100 may further include a sample collection container 135 for receiving the discharged pellet for downstream testing. In this way, the separation container 100 may collect and retain the separated microorganisms without the need to push the sample pellet into a different container, which may risk spillage or contamination. The sample collection container 135 may be attached to the body 105 such that the seal 120 may be internal to the sample collection container 135 and the container may be configured to collect discharge from the interior chamber 108 via the first end 106 of the body, surrounding an opening at the first end 106. As described below, the sample collection container 135 may be preloaded with saline or another diluent to prepare a suspension of the isolated sample.

[0053] 1-13, the adapter 140 may be connected to the body 105 by being glued, welded, or otherwise secured to the body 105, or integrally molded therewith. The adapter 140 may engage a cone-shaped portion of the body 105. In some embodiments, the adapter 140 may engage a threaded connector 145 by being glued, welded, or otherwise secured to the body 105, or integrally molded therewith. The sample collection container 135 of the illustrated embodiment is threaded into the threaded connector 145 to secure the container to the body 105. With reference to FIGS. 27-31, detailed views of the adapter 140 are shown. The adapter 140 may include a lower flange 146 portion into which the threaded connector 145 (e.g., shown in FIG. 3) may be inserted. The adapter 140 may further include a ridge 147 (e.g., shown in FIG. 31) in the lower flange 146 configured to engage the threaded connector 145. The V-shaped ridge 147 may define an energy director for sonic welding that may allow for a better seal between the ridge 147 and the threaded connector 145. As described herein, the adapter 140, body 105, and threaded connector 145 may be welded (e.g., induction, heat, or sonic), glued, or otherwise fused or attached to one another, or may be integrally formed. In such an embodiment, the end cap 1250 may be used to apply an upward force to the body 1205 during welding.

[0054] In some embodiments, the adapter 140 and threaded connector 145 may terminate above the seal 120 and first end 106 of the body 105 (e.g., vertically above in the orientation of Figs. 2-3). In other words, the adapter 140 and threaded connector 145 may be axially disposed between the first end 106 and the second end 107, which may allow the first end 106 and the seal 120 to rest on the surface of the centrifuge device during centrifugation to prevent premature failure of the seal. In the adapter-free separation vessel embodiments shown herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that an adapter according to any of the embodiments described herein may be attached or molded with any of the disclosed separation vessels. The body 105 may further include a hexagonal bracket 150 for supporting the separation vessel 100 in the centrifuge device or during downstream (e.g., post-separation) testing.

[0055] 14-26, the embodiment of FIG. 1-13 is shown having a rheology control member 200 defined around the longitudinal member 112 of the plunger 110 and within the internal chamber 108 of the body 105. Unless otherwise noted herein, the features of the embodiment of FIG. 14-26 may be the same as the embodiment of FIG. 1-13. The rheology control member 200 may define a barrier 205 that partially restricts flow through the internal chamber 108. The barrier 205 may be an annular structure disposed around the longitudinal member 112 of the plunger 110. With reference to FIG. 23-26, detailed views of an exemplary barrier 205 of the rheology control member 200 are shown. In particular, the barrier 205 may include an inner annular ring 206 and an outer annular ring 207 connected by one or more vanes 208, which may restrict flow within the internal chamber 108 while still allowing a portion of the sample to pass through.

[0056] The rheology control member 200 may further include a filter 210 to further restrict flow. The filter 210 may fit into the annular space 209 of the barrier 205 to form a single unit. The rheology control member 200 may define an outer radius of the outer annular ring 207 that is smaller than the radius of the collection area 102 of the internal chamber 108, allowing the rheology control member to move freely within the body 105. The rheology control member 200 may further define an inner radius of the inner annular ring 206 that is larger than the diameter of the plunger 110 above the shelf 175, allowing the rheology control member 200 to move freely relative to both the body 105 and the plunger 110.

[0057] In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may prevent mixing of the sample with the density cushion described herein to maintain the dual separation and purification properties of the density cushion. For example, if a user pours a sample into the collection area 102 and a liquid density cushion is present in the interior chamber 108, the sample may mix with the density cushion and impair the separation of microorganisms from non-microorganism components during centrifugation. The rheology control member 200 allows the sample to settle on the density cushion with little or no mixing. An exemplary density cushion 101 is shown in FIG. 3, and one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any embodiment disclosed herein may include a density cushion in the same manner as illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0058] In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may be buoyant in water and / or in a density cushion material. This may allow the rheology control member 200 to float upward (e.g., away from the seal 120) during centrifugation. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for water of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for water of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for water of 0.85 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.85 or less. In some further embodiments, the rheology control member 200 may be buoyant in a mixture of water and density cushion material.

[0059] 32-49, the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13 is shown having an alternative embodiment of the rheology control member 300. Unless otherwise noted herein, the features of the embodiment of FIGS. 32-49 may be the same as the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13. Although not shown in FIGS. 32-49, the embodiment of FIGS. 32-49 may also include a seal 120, an adapter 140, a threaded connector 145, and / or a sample collection container 135 according to any of the embodiments described herein.

[0060] 45-49, a detailed view of the rheology control member 300 is shown. The rheology control member 300 may define a barrier 305 that partially restricts flow through the internal chamber 108. The barrier 305 may be an annular structure disposed around the longitudinal member 112 of the plunger 110. In particular, the barrier 305 may include an inner annular ring 306 (shown in FIG. 49) and an outer annular ring 307 (shown in FIG. 49) connected by one or more vanes 308, which may restrict flow within the internal chamber 108 while still allowing a portion of the sample to pass through during centrifugation. In some embodiments, the inner annular ring 306 may seal against the plunger 110 and the outer annular ring 307 may seal against the wall 109 of the body 105, such that fluid must flow between the rings.

[0061] The rheology control member 300 may further include a frustoconical portion 310 configured to snap the flange 311 onto the barrier 305 and engage the inner annular ring 306 of the barrier. The frustoconical portion 310 may further include a first annular seat 317 under the flange 311 to retain the barrier 305. In some embodiments, the frustoconical portion 310 may include a cone 313 that deflects the fluid flow radially outward to further reduce mixing of the sample with the density cushion. The rheology control member 300 may further include a second annular seat 318 and a lower annular member 315 that engages the lower abutment 316 of the frustoconical portion 310. The lower annular member 315 may allow the fluid to flow radially outward on itself while reducing turbulence in the sample flow.

[0062] In some embodiments, the frustoconical portion 310 of the rheology control member 300 may include an annular bore 312 extending therethrough. The bore 312 may receive the plunger 110, 115 therein, allow the rheology control member 300 to slide relative to the plunger, and may form a seal between the rheology control member and the plunger. With reference to FIGS. 45-47, the frustoconical portion 310 may include an outwardly angled flange 314 configured to allow fluid flow through the barrier 305 between the outer annular ring 307 and the inner annular ring 306, through the vanes 308, and then the fluid may be deflected outwardly by the flange 314, lengthening the fluid flow path and reducing the risk of direct contact between the sample and the density cushion when the sample is loaded into the body.

[0063] In some embodiments, the frustoconical portion 310 can be a flexible valve made of silicone or other elastomeric material. The frustoconical portion 310 may be sealed against the barrier 305 during loading (e.g., in the unstretched normally closed position of FIG. 47, fluid may not pass between the barrier 305 and the frustoconical portion 310), and the barrier 305 may be pressed into the separation vessel. This allows the separation vessel to be loaded without any concern of disturbing the density cushion. However, during centrifugation, the frustoconical portion 310 may stretch downward (e.g., to the open position shown in FIG. 45) under the weight of the lower annular member 315 during centrifugation to allow fluid to pass over the flange 314 and through the frustoconical portion 310. The lower annular member 315 may be a retainer disposed on the flexible frustoconical portion 310, which may weigh the frustoconical portion 310 such that the frustoconical portion expands during centrifugation. In this configuration, the rheology control member 300 prevents fluid communication between the sample and the density cushion until centrifugation.

[0064] As detailed above, in some embodiments, the rheology control member 300 may prevent mixing of the sample with the density cushion described herein to maintain the filtering properties of the density cushion. For example, if a user pours a sample into the collection area 102 and a liquid density cushion is present in the internal chamber 108, the sample may mix with the density cushion and prevent separation of microorganisms during centrifugation. The rheology control member 300 allows the sample to settle in the internal chamber 108 with little or no mixing. In the embodiment shown in Figures 45-49, the barrier 305, the frustoconical portion 310, and the lower annular member 315 may combine to reduce mixing of the sample with the density cushion.

[0065] 50-56, the embodiment of FIG. 1-13 is shown with an alternative embodiment of the rheology control member 400. Unless otherwise noted herein, the features of the embodiment of FIG. 32-49 may be the same as the embodiment of FIG. 1-13. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 50-56, the rheology control member 400 includes a substantially annular ring that performs the rheology control function described herein. In the embodiments described herein, the rheology control member may be any flow restriction that prevents mixing of the density cushion with the sample, which would destroy the effectiveness of the density cushion, while allowing microorganisms to pass through during centrifugation. For example, the rheology control member may also include a plurality of polypropylene beads disposed in the interior chamber 108. Although not necessary in the hands of a skilled user, the rheology control member may improve the robustness and accuracy of the devices, systems, and methods described herein.

[0066] In particular, in some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may prevent mixing of the sample with the density cushion described herein to maintain the filtering properties of the density cushion. For example, if a user pours a sample into the collection area 102 and a liquid density cushion is present in the interior chamber 108, the sample may mix with the density cushion and interfere with the separation of microorganisms during centrifugation. The rheology control members described herein (e.g., rheology control members 200, 300, 400) allow the sample to settle on the density cushion with little or no mixing.

[0067] In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may be coupled to the plunger 110, for example, by creating an annular ring having an inner diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the plunger 110. In such embodiments, the ring may be buoyant and may assist in the buoyancy of the plunger 110 during centrifugation. In some other embodiments, the annular ring is held loosely around the plunger 110 and is free to move along the axis 155 (shown in FIG. 3 ) of the plunger 110 during operation.

[0068] In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may be buoyant in water and / or in the density cushion material. This allows the rheology control member 400 to float upward (e.g., away from the seal 120) during centrifugation, allowing the rheology control member to be positioned above the density cushion. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for water of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for water of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for water of 0.85 or less. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may define a specific density for a density cushion material of 0.85 or less. In some further embodiments, the rheology control member 400 may be buoyant in a mixture of water and dense cushioning material.

[0069] 163, 165, 170, 174, 176, 178-180, 195, 213-214, 216-217, and 219-222, another rheology control member 1042 is shown. The illustrated rheology control member 1042 can include a central bore 1080 for receiving the plunger 1010. The outer surface of the rheology control member 1042 can be configured to engage the wall 1009 of the body 1005 of the separation vessel 1000. Between the central bore 1080 and the outer surface, the rheology control member 1042 can be a substantially solid body through which fluid cannot pass.

[0070] In operation, the rheology control member 1042 may be interference-fitted within the body 1005 prior to centrifugation. In other words, the outermost diameter of the rheology control member 1042 may be greater than the diameter of the body 1005. The interference fit may prevent fluid from passing around the outside of the rheology control member 1042 between the rheology control member and the wall 1009. In a quiescent state (e.g., when the separation vessel 1000 is not being centrifuged), the interior chamber 1011 of the body 1005 may define a first diameter radial to a longitudinally extending axis of the plunger 1010. The outermost diameter of the rheology control member 1042 may be greater than the first diameter.

[0071] During centrifugation, the body 1005 of the separation vessel can bend slightly radially outward under the pressure of the liquid within the separation vessel 1000 (e.g., as shown in the displacement diagram of FIG. 223), increasing the diameter of the interior chamber 1011 and the wall 1009 of the body 1005 to a second diameter. In such an embodiment, the body 1005 can be made at least partially of a flexible material (e.g., low density polyethylene). With reference to FIG. 223, the displacement visualization shows a displacement of 0.66 mm in the x (radial) direction. The finite element analysis of FIG. 223 is of a low density polyethylene body 1005 having a volume of 15 mL. The pressure applied during the FEA was 3.2 MPa at the base of the body 1005. The second diameter can be larger than the outermost diameter of the rheology control member 1042 such that the deformation of the wall 1009 releases the interference fit between the rheology control member 1042 and the wall 1009, allowing fluid to flow therebetween.

[0072] In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1042 may be buoyant in the water and / or within the density cushion (e.g., may have the same buoyant properties as described herein with respect to some plungers 110, 115 and / or may include a cavity therein). In such embodiments, the rheology control member 1042 may float out of the way toward the second distal end 1007 of the body 1005. In some further embodiments, the rheology control member 1042 may be retained in an expanded region 1008 of the body 1005 near the second distal end 1007 once the diameter of the body 1005 narrows sufficiently to prevent the rheology control member from moving freely in its original position. In some embodiments, a retention notch or other friction mechanism may be used to retain the rheology control member 1042 at or near the second distal end 1007. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1042 may be disposed adjacent to the retainer 1032 after centrifugation.

[0073] In some embodiments, an annular shoulder 1061 may be formed in the wall 1009 to ensure that the rheology control member 1042 is held in a particular axial position of the body 1005. For example, the rheology control member 1042 may be held in a position that allows the full density cushion to be filled below the rheology control member in the amount described in various embodiments herein while leaving space for pouring the sample above the rheology control member 1042 to allow the most usable volume in the separation vessel while preventing mixing of the density cushion and sample prior to centrifugation. The diameter of the interior chamber of the body is radial to the axis of the body that is collinear with the length of the longitudinal member 1012 of the plunger 1010 and may vary across the annular shoulder 1061. In some embodiments, the annular shoulder 1061 may include a narrow side and a wide side relative to the axial direction such that the diameter of the interior chamber of the body 1005 narrows when moving in a direction from the second distal end 1007 to the first distal end. In some embodiments, the annular shoulder 1061 acts as an axial limit to the movement of the rheology control member 1042 such that the rheology control member 1042 is free to move upward but will not block the space in the density cushion.

[0074] The rheology control member 1042 may further have an annular shoulder 1062 that further improves the interference fit at the axial location where the two shoulders 1061, 1062 meet (e.g., as shown in FIG. 217). The outermost diameter of the rheology control member 1042 may be defined by the wide side of the annular shoulder 1062.

[0075] The central bore 1080 of the rheology control member 1042 may be a slip fit with the outer diameter of the plunger 1010 such that the plunger can move relative to the rheology control member. In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 213, 214, 216, 219, and 220-222, a gasket 1043 may be provided that seals the gap between the rheology control member 1042 and the plunger 1010 prior to centrifugation. The gasket 1043 may be a flexible circumferential component that extends around the plunger 1010. A protrusion 1053 of the gasket 1043 may engage a corresponding circumferential groove 1054 to prevent slippage. In some embodiments, the gasket 1043 may include an angled engagement surface 1051 that is directed downward (e.g., axially toward the first distal end 1006) and radially outward from the plunger. The rheology control member 1042 may have a corresponding angled engagement surface 1052 at its distal end. During operation, the weight of the sample on the rheology control member 1042 may compress the angled engagement surface 1052 of the rheology control member 1042 onto the angled engagement surface 1051 of the gasket 1043, which may compress the gasket and increase the strength of the seal between the two. When centrifugation begins, the rheology control member 1042 may be lifted away from the gasket 1043 towards the second distal end 1007, as described above.

[0076] When the rheology control member 1042 is in its centrifugation position (e.g., the position shown in FIG. 213), the density cushion cannot mix with the sample prior to centrifugation because fluid flow between the space above the rheology control member 1042 and the space below the rheology control member 1042 is limited or not permitted at all. In some embodiments, the separation vessel 1000 may be packaged, stored, and / or shipped with the density cushion, rheology control member 1042, and plunger 1010 in place without leakage. In some embodiments, the separation vessel may be pre-spun prior to loading the sample to settle the density cushion within the internal chamber 1011. As detailed above, the rheology control member 1042 may be substituted for any of the rheology control members described herein and may be attached to any of the plungers 110, 115, 1010 described herein. Similarly, other rheology control members described herein may be applied to the plunger 1010 shown in FIGS. 166-223.

[0077] Returning to FIGS. 1-67, in some embodiments, the plunger 110 may include a longitudinal member 112 extending along an axis 155 (shown in FIG. 2) of the body 105. The plunger 110 may have a point 113 at a first distal end of the longitudinal member 112 configured to pierce the seal 120. The plunger 110 may further have a second distal end 114 that is actuatable by a user to pierce the seal 120 and expel a pellet, as described herein. In a centrifugation configuration (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 2-7), the seal 120 is intact and the plunger 110 may be sealed within the body 105. As described herein, the plunger 110 can be actuated by depressing a flexible sealing member 125 that contacts and depresses the second distal end 114 of the plunger to break the seal 120 and expel a pellet from the first end 106 of the body 105 (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 8-13 ).

[0078] 57-67, detailed views of the plunger 110 of the embodiment of FIGS. 1-56 are shown. The plunger 110 may include a longitudinal member 112 that generally extends from a point 113 at a first distal end to a second distal end 114. The point 113 may be defined on a blade 160 at the first distal end of the longitudinal member 112. By comparison of FIGS. 59 and 67, the blade 160 may define a first, wider diameter in a first radial direction (e.g., radial to the longitudinal axis 155 shown in FIG. 2) and a second, narrower diameter in a second radial direction perpendicular to the first radial direction and the axis (e.g., the width of the blade in FIG. 59). For example, Figures 3, 9, 16, 34, 49, 52, 57, 58, and 59 each show an end-on view of the blade 160 with a second, narrower diameter shown, while Figures 6, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 37, 38, 55, 56, 64, and 67 show the blade's wider diameter.

[0079] In some embodiments, the point 113 is shaped to efficiently break the seal 120 when the plunger 110 is actuated. For example, the point 113 may be cone-shaped and may have a range of bevel angles relative to the elasticity of the seal 120. In some embodiments, the point 113 is knife-shaped, chisel-shaped, hypodermic needle-shaped, or has multiple planes, such as an X-shaped cross section. In one embodiment, the point 113 is shaped to create a gap around the edge of the opening when the seal is pierced. In this embodiment, the gap reduces the capture of microorganisms between the pierced seal 120 and the body 105. In a further embodiment, the point 113 is designed to pierce the seal 120 but not tear off any portion of the seal 120 that would contaminate the collected sample. For example, the point 113 may be shaped to reflect or reinforce a force multiplier within the seal 120 to pierce the seal 120 without peeling off any portion of the seal after rupture.

[0080] The plunger 110 may further include one or more ribs 165, 170 for engaging the wall 109 of the body 105 that defines the internal chamber 108. In particular, the ribs 165, 170 may be configured to engage the pellet region 104 (shown in FIG. 3) of the body 105 to facilitate extrusion of the pellets (e.g., isolated microorganisms). At least one rib (e.g., the stabilizing rib 165) may extend only partially around the circumference of the plunger 110 and, in some embodiments, may be located on either side of the first wider diameter of the blade 160 (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 7, 22, 38, and 56). At least one of the ribs (e.g., the upper sealing rib 170) may be defined on the blade 160 and may extend circumferentially around the longitudinal member 112 of the plunger 110. In such embodiments, the sealing rib 170 may be on the opposite side of the blade 160 from the point 113. The sealing rib 170 may define a plunger diameter d, which may be a generally circular sealing surface that seals uniformly around the plunger regardless of the angular position of the blade 160. The sealing rib 170 may be configured to engage the wall 109 of the body 105 and seal a portion of the interior chamber 108 below the rib 170 from a portion of the interior chamber above the rib. In particular, the plunger diameter d of the sealing rib 170 may be an interference fit with the pellet diameter (e.g., slightly larger than the diameter of the body 105 at the pellet region 104) such that the plunger 110 engages the pellet region 104 through the rib 170 during actuation of the plunger. In this manner, the plunger 110 may fluidly isolate the pellet region 104 from the tapered region 103 and the collection region 102 when the plunger is actuated.

[0081] For example, Figures 7, 22, 38, and 56 show detailed views of plunger 110 at first end 106 of body 105. In each figure, sealing rib 170 is configured to engage wall 109 of body 105 narrowing to the pellet diameter (e.g., the beginning of pellet region 104). In such an embodiment, the distance between sealing rib 170 and point 113 can be equal to or less than the length of pellet region 104 such that the pellet region is fluidly isolated from the remainder of interior chamber 108 prior to opening seal 120.

[0082] In some further embodiments, the plunger 110 may further include a ledge 175 at the point where the diameter of the plunger 110 increases to be substantially larger than the pellet diameter, and larger than the plunger diameter d. This ledge 175, shown in Figures 3, 6-7, 9, 12, 16, 19, 20, 22, 34, 37, 38, 49, 52, 55-58, and 64, may engage the transition between the tapered region 103 and the pellet region 104 of the body 105 to retain the plunger 110 within the separation vessel 100 and limit the downward stroke of the plunger to only the distance required to push the separated microorganisms out of the body 105.

[0083] The axial distance from the tip of point 117 to the ledge 175 of the plunger 110 may be greater than the axial length of the pellet region 104 to allow the plunger 110 to open the seal 120 without falling completely out of the body 105 or contaminating the separated sample in the sample collection container 135. Additionally, the axial distance from the tip of point 117 to the sealing rib 170 may be less than or equal to the axial length of the pellet region 104 to allow the plunger 110 to seal the pellet region 104 from the remainder of the internal chamber 108 before opening the seal 120. Additionally, the distance between the ledge 175 and the sealing rib 170 may be less than ...

[0084] 68-89, an embodiment of a separation container 100 is shown having a second plunger 115 and a threaded adapter 240 integral with the body 105. Unless otherwise noted herein, the embodiment of FIGS. 68-89 is identical to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13. As shown in FIGS. 70, 72, 74, 76-79, 81, and 84, the plunger 115 may include a tapered conical first distal end 118 having a conical point 117 rather than a flat blade (e.g., the blade 160 shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-67). The plunger 115 may define a sealing rib 270 and a ledge 275 that operate in substantially the same manner as the sealing rib 170 and ledge 175 of the plunger 110 of FIGS. 1-67 shown and described herein. In particular, the pellet region 104 of the body 105 may be defined by a substantially cylindrical portion of the body 105 through which the sealing rib 270 may move during actuation of the plunger 115. As explained above, the pellet region 104 may be a “capillary” portion of the first end 106 of the body, such that the pellet region 104 may be the narrowest portion of the body 105.

[0085] In some embodiments, when the sealing rib 270 engages the cylindrical wall 109 of the body 105 at the pellet region 104, the portion of the interior chamber 108 on the side of the first end 106 of the body 105 can be fluidly isolated from the remainder of the interior chamber 108 by the sealing action of the sealing rib 270. With reference to FIG. 79, the sealing rib 270 can define a plunger diameter d2. As also explained above, the plunger diameter d2 can be larger than the pellet diameter at the pellet region 104. In one embodiment, the plunger diameter can be an interference fit within the cylindrical wall 109 at the pellet region to form a seal therewith.

[0086] Also, as noted above, the plunger 115 may include a ledge 275 that limits the downward movement of the plunger 115 within the body 105. For example, with reference to FIG. 76, the ledge 275 may define a wider portion of the longitudinal member 116 of the plunger 115. In particular, the ledge 275 may define a diameter that is greater than the diameter of the body 105 in the pellet region and less than the diameter of the body in the collection region 102. In such an embodiment, the ledge 275 may engage the wall 109 of the body 105 at the tapered region 103 proximate the beginning of the pellet region 104 to prevent the point 117 of the plunger 115 from continuing further out of the body 105.

[0087] As explained above with respect to the plunger 110 shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1-67, the axial distance from the tip of the point 117 to the ledge 275 may be greater than the axial length of the pellet region 104 to allow the plunger 115 to open the seal 120 without falling completely out of the body 105 or contaminating the separated sample in the sample collection container 135. Also as explained above, the axial distance from the tip of the point 117 to the sealing rib 270 may be less than or equal to the axial length of the pellet region 104 to allow the plunger 115 to seal the pellet region 104 from the remainder of the internal chamber 108 before opening the seal 120. Additionally, the distance between the ledge 275 and the sealing rib 270 may be less than the axial length of the pellet region 104 to allow the plunger 115 to seal the pellet region 104 from the remainder of the internal chamber 108 before opening the seal 120.

[0088] 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19-22, 32, 34, 37, 38, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57-68, 70, 72, 74, and 76-85, in some embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may include one or more stabilizers 180, 280 that align and center the longitudinal members 112, 116 of the plunger 110, 115 within the body 105. In some embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may include two or more stabilizers 180, 280. In some embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may include three or more stabilizers 180, 280. In some embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may include four or more stabilizers 180, 280. The two stabilizers 180, 280 in the above-mentioned embodiment may be disposed opposite each other with respect to the longitudinal members 112, 116 of the plunger. In some embodiments, each stabilizer 180, 280 may extend perpendicular to the axis 155 of the longitudinal members and perpendicular to the stabilizers on either side of each stabilizer. The stabilizers 180, 280 may extend perpendicular to the axis 155 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2, 69) and may extend from the longitudinal members 112, 116 to a position proximate to the body 105. The stabilizers 180, 280 may thereby include a gap (e.g., a slip fit or a larger gap) between the stabilizer and the wall 109 of the body 105 to prevent misalignment of the plunger 110, 115 without impeding the actuation of the plunger or preventing fluid from flowing through the internal chamber 108. In some embodiments, the stabilizers 180 , 280 may be disposed on the longitudinal members 112 , 116 at an axial location of the collection area 102 , which may define the widest portion of the interior chamber 108 relative to the axis 155 .

[0089] In some further embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may be buoyant in water and / or in the density cushion material. This may allow the plunger 110, 115 to float upward (e.g., away from the seal 120) during centrifugation. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for water of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for the density cushion material of 0.95 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for water of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for the density cushion material of 0.90 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for water of 0.85 or less. In some embodiments, the plunger may define a specific density for the density cushion material of 0.85 or less. In some further embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may be buoyant in a mixture of water and density cushion material. In some embodiments, the plungers 110 , 115 may be sufficiently rigid so as not to deform excessively when engaging the pellet region 104 .

[0090] In some embodiments, the illustrated plunger need not be buoyant. For example, referring to the plunger 1010 shown in FIGS. 161-223, the plunger 1010 may be supported by a retainer 1032 secured within the body 1005 of the separation container 1000. In the illustrated embodiment, the retainer 1032 is press-fit into the second distal end 1007 of the body 1005 of the separation container 1000. The body 1005 may additionally or alternatively include an expansion region 1008 at the second distal end 1007 that prevents the retainer 1032 from sliding further into the body. In operation, the retainer 1032 may hold and support the plunger 1010 so that the plunger does not puncture the seal 1020 during centrifugation. For example, during centrifugation, the fluid within the separation vessel can exert a pressure of 350 psi against the seal 1020 at 3000 rcf (relative centrifugal force, 3000 times gravity). In some embodiments, the body 1005 can include a bracket 1050 for supporting the separation vessel as described with respect to the hexagonal bracket 150 herein.

[0091] The retainer 1032 and plunger 1010 may have a retention mechanism that allows the plunger to be supported by the retainer during centrifugation, but is also actuatable by the user after separation. Referring to FIGS. 182-192, detailed views of the retainer 1032 and plunger 1010 are shown. In particular, the retainer 1032 includes one or more retention members 1033 that engage with corresponding support members 1015 on the plunger 1010. The support members 1015 may include one or more locking projections 1016 that engage with respective retention members 1033 of the retainer 1032. In the illustrated embodiment, the retainer 1032 includes two retention members 1033 and the plunger 1010 includes two locking projections 1016 that are 180 degrees apart from each other about the longitudinal axis of the plunger 1010.

[0092] 184-185, the retaining member 1033 can include a support protrusion 1034 extending from an inner wall of the retainer 1032, with a stop wall 1036 at one end of the support protrusion. The support protrusion 1034 can further include one or more locking tabs 1035. Referring to FIG. 193, the locking protrusion 1016 can include a substantially C-shaped receiving area defined by a bottom wall 1017, a lateral wall 1018, a top wall 1019, and a lip 1021. These features can be combined to receive and engage a corresponding retaining member 1033 of the retainer 1032. For example, the support protrusion 1034 (shown in FIGS. 184-185) of the retaining member 1033 can be received in the locking protrusion 1016 (shown in FIG. 193) with an upper surface of the bottom wall 1017 engaging a lower surface of the support protrusion 1034. When the retaining member 1033 engages with the locking projection 1016, the locking tab 1035 (shown in FIGS. 184-185) and / or the lip 1021 may deflect such that the locking tab 1035 may be positioned in the space between the side wall 1018, the top wall 1019, and the lip 1021 to retain the plunger 1010.

[0093] In operation, the plunger may be inserted into the central opening of the retainer 1032 with the locking projection 1016 out of rotational alignment with the retaining member 1033. Once the locking projection 1016 and the retaining member 1033 are axially aligned, the plunger 1010 may be rotated about its longitudinal axis to engage the support projection 1034 of the retainer 1032 with the locking projection 1016 of the support member 1015. Once engaged, the support member 1015 is held in a predetermined axial position such that the plunger 1010 cannot move up or down the separation container relative to the retainer 1032, and the stop wall 1036 of the retaining member 1033 prevents the plunger 1010 from rotating in one of two rotational directions. The gap between the plunger 1010 and the retainer 1032 may allow for the addition of sample material and / or density cushion while the plunger 1010 and the retainer 1032 are engaged. The retainer 1032 can also radially center the longitudinal member 1012 of the plunger 1010 within the body 1005 while the plunger is engaged with the retainer. The plunger 1010 can subsequently be removed by rotating the plunger in the opposite rotational direction about its longitudinal axis, allowing the plunger to move freely axially through the retainer 1032 when the locking projection 1016 is not aligned with the retention member 1033.

[0094] The plunger 1010 may include a tab 1022 at its second distal end 1014. The tab 1022 may impart a non-cylindrical shape to the second distal end 1014 of the plunger 1010 that allows a user to grip and rotate the plunger through the sealing member 1025. For example, radial pressure applied to the tab 1022 at an angular position between the widest and narrowest points of the second distal end 1014 may cause the plunger 1010 to rotate. Thus, during centrifugation, the plunger 1010 may be supported by the retainer 1032, after which the user may release the plunger 1010 to eject the pellet as described herein. Although shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 161-223, the retainer 1032 and support member 1015 may be applied to any of the plungers 110, 115, 1010 in any of the embodiments shown and described herein.

[0095] As described below, the plunger 1010 shown in FIGS. 161-223 can eject pellets in substantially the same manner as the plungers 110, 115 described in connection with one or more other embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the plunger can include one or more ribs 1065, 1070, and 1072, as described herein. In some further embodiments, the plunger can include two sealing ribs 1070, 1072 that are vertically separated from one another and extend circumferentially around the plunger 1010 in a position where each rib 1070, 1072 contacts the wall 1009 around its periphery and seals the area above each rib from the area below each rib. In embodiments having two or more sealing ribs 1070, 1072, as shown in FIG. 177, one of the sealing ribs (e.g., the most distal rib 1070) may protrude through the body 1005 and out of the central opening 1044 of the connecting cap 1040 (if used) to ensure that the pellet is completely pushed out while preventing the density cushion and other remaining sample above the top sealing rib 1072 from exiting the body 1005 and contaminating the sample collection container 1038.

[0096] In some embodiments, the separation container 100 may use a density cushion to facilitate separation and purification of microorganisms from a sample during centrifugation. The separation container 100 may be loaded with a density cushion or may be prepackaged with a density cushion in the internal chamber 108 of the body 105. The volume / height of the density cushion in the internal chamber 108 must be sufficient to achieve separation of the microorganisms that pass through the density cushion and are physically separated from other sample components. The volume will depend on the size and shape of the separation container. Generally, volumes of about 0.1 to about 25 ml may be used. In some embodiments, volumes of about 0.2 to about 3 ml may be used. In some embodiments, volumes of about 0.2 ml to about 0.5 ml may be used. If the separation is performed on a microscale, the volume of the density cushion may be about 1 μl to about 100 μl, and in some embodiments about 5 μl to about 50 μl. The amount of sample placed or layered on the density cushion must be sufficient to provide enough microorganisms to generate a pellet suitable for testing. Generally, any volume that fits into the container may be used. For example, volumes of about 0.1 ml to about 50 ml can be used. In some embodiments, volumes of about 0.2 ml to about 15 ml can be used. In some embodiments, volumes of about 0.2 ml to about 1.5 ml can be used. When separation is performed on a microscale, the volume of the sample can be about 1 μl to about 100 μl, and in some embodiments about 5 μl to about 50 μl. The available space in the container for the sample depends on the size and shape of the container. In some embodiments, an intermediate layer (liquid or solid) can be placed on top of the density cushion before the sample is placed or layered on top to prevent any mixing of the density cushion with the sample. In one embodiment, the intermediate layer can be polyethylene beads. In another embodiment, small air bubbles can be placed between the density cushion and the sample to prevent mixing. In a further embodiment, the density cushion can be layered on top of a high density material (e.g., a perfluorocarbon fluid) such that during separation, the microorganisms pass through the density cushion and collect at the interface between the density cushion and the high density material.

[0097] The density of the cushion is selected such that microorganisms in the sample pass through the cushion while other components of the sample (plasma, blood culture fluid, enzymes, sugars, nucleic acids, etc.) remain on top of the cushion or do not pass through the density cushion completely. In other words, the density cushion can have a density smaller than the microorganisms to be separated and larger than the remaining sample material. The density cushion can also be selected to separate live microorganisms (which pass through the cushion) from dead microorganisms (which do not pass through the cushion). The appropriate density will depend on the material used for the density cushion and the sample to be separated. In one embodiment, the density of the cushion can be in the range of about 1.025 to about 1.220 g / ml, for example, about 1.030 to about 1.070 g / ml, about 1.040 to about 1.060 g / ml, or any range between about 1.025 to about 1.220 g / ml. In another embodiment, the density of the cushion is about 1.025, 1.030, 1.035, 1.040, 1.045, 1.050, 1.055, 1.060, 1.065, 1.070, 1.075, 1.080, 1.085, 1.090, 1.095, 1.100, 1.105, 1.110, 1.115, 1.120, 1.130, 1.140, 1.150, 1.160, 1.170, 1.180, 1.190, 1.200, 1.210, or 1.220 g / ml.

[0098] The material of the density cushion can be any material having a density range suitable for the method of the present invention. In one embodiment, the material is colloidal silica. The colloidal silica can be uncoated (e.g., Ludox® (WR Grace, CT)), or can be coated with silane (e.g., PureSperm® (Nidacon Intl, Sweden) or Isolate® (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, Calif.)) or coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g., Percoll™, Percoll™ Plus (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)). In one embodiment, a colloidal silica is selected that exhibits minimal interference with spectroscopic examination. The colloidal silica can be diluted with any suitable medium to form the appropriate density, such as balanced salt solution, saline, and / or 0.25 M sucrose. A suitable density can be obtained by colloidal silica at a concentration of about 15% to about 80% v / v, for example about 20% to about 65% v / v. Another suitable material for the density cushion is iodine contrast agents, for example iohexol (Omnipaque™, NycoPrep™ or Nycodenz®) and iodixanol (Visipaque™ or OptiPrep™). A suitable density can be obtained by iohexol or iodixanol at a concentration of about 10% to about 25% w / v, for example about 14% to about 18% w / v, for blood culture samples. Sucrose can be used as the density cushion at a concentration of about 10% to about 30% w / v, for example about 15% to about 20% w / v, for blood culture samples.Other suitable materials that can be used to prepare the density cushion include low viscosity, high concentration oils, such as microscope immersion oil (e.g., Type DF; Cargille Labs, New York), mineral oil (e.g., Drakeol® 5, Draketex 50, Peneteck®; Penreco Co., Pennsylvania), silicone oil (polydimethylsiloxane), fluorosilicone oil, silicone gel, metrizoate-Ficoll® (LymphoPrep™) (e.g., at a concentration of about 75% to about 100% for blood culture samples), diatrizoate-dextran (PolymorphoPrep™) (e.g., at a concentration of about 25% to about 50% for blood culture samples), carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyethylene oxide (high molecular weight), Pluronic® F127, Pluronic® F68, mixtures of Pluronic® compounds, Examples of suitable fluoropolymers include polyacrylic acid, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidine, PEG methyl ether methacrylate, pectin, agarose, xanthan, gellan, Phytagel®, sorbitol, Ficoll® (e.g., Ficoll® 400 at a concentration of about 10% to about 15% for blood culture samples), glycerol, dextran (e.g., at a concentration of about 10% to about 15% for blood culture samples), glycogen, cesium chloride (e.g., at a concentration of about 15% to about 25% for blood culture samples), perfluorocarbon liquids (e.g., perfluoro-n-octane), hydrofluorocarbon liquids (e.g., Vertrel XF), and the like, as are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the density cushion is selected from one or more of any combination of colloidal silica, iodixanol, iohexol, cesium chloride, metrizoate-Ficoll®, diatrizoate-dextran, sucrose, Ficoll® 400, and / or dextran. The density cushion can also be composed of a combination of materials, for example, a combination of colloidal silica and oil. Certain combinations of the above compounds may be beneficial for the separation and downstream testing steps of the present invention.For example, a combination of compounds with different UV quenching properties, such as cesium chloride and iohexol.

[0099] In operation, the separation container 100 containing the density cushion can be loaded with a sample containing one or more microorganisms for separation. As described herein, the sample can be lysed prior to loading the sample into the body. To load the sample, a user can remove the cap 130 and flexible sealing member 125 and pour the sample along the plungers 110, 115 into the second end 107 of the body.

[0100] During loading, the rheology control member 200, 300, 400, if any, may prevent mixing of the density cushion with the sample and allow the sample to settle on top of the density cushion. The separation vessel 100 may then be centrifuged to separate the microorganisms from the sample and concentrate the microorganisms. In particular, a separation step may be performed to separate the microorganisms from other components of the sample (e.g., non-microorganisms or components thereof) and concentrate the microorganisms into a separated (e.g., isolated or pelleted) sample that may be recovered for culture and / or identification and characterization purposes. The separation or pelleting step need not be complete, i.e., it is not required that 100% separation occurs. All that is required is that the separation of the microorganisms from other components of the sample is sufficient to allow downstream testing of the microorganisms without substantial interference from the other components. For example, the separation may result in a microbial pellet that is at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% pure or more.

[0101] The separation vessel 100 may be centrifuged without the sample collection vessel 135 attached to the threaded connector 145 or threaded adapter 240, respectively. In such an embodiment, the seal 120 may be placed against the flat interior bottom of a centrifuge cup (e.g., similar to centrifuge cup 540 shown in FIG. 90) and held in place by the flat surface of the centrifuge cup.

[0102] In some embodiments, the seal 120 need not be disposed relative to the centrifuge cap. For example, referring to FIGS. 166-223, an embodiment of the seal 1020 is shown with a connecting cap 1040, 1140 that connects and holds the seal to the first distal end 1006 of the separation container 1000. Additionally or alternatively, the seal 1020 may be sonic welded, heat welded or thermally welded, induction welded, or otherwise fused to the first distal end 1006. In some embodiments, the seal 1020 may be made of the same material (e.g., polypropylene) as the body 1005. The connecting cap 1040, 1140 and / or sonic weld may prevent the weight of the sample in the separation container 1000 from opening the seal 1020 prematurely during centrifugation.

[0103] 161-177, 194-197, and 212-220, a connection cap 1040 may be placed on the first distal end 1006 of the body 1005 of the separation container 1000 around the pellet region 1004. The connection cap 1040 may secure the seal 1020 to the body 1005 via compression between a lower flange 1041 (shown in FIGS. 166, 171, 177, 197, and 200) of the connection cap 1040 and the first distal end 1006 of the body 1005. In such an embodiment, the connection cap 1040 may apply uniform pressure around the periphery of the seal 1020 to prevent premature opening. In some embodiments, the connection cap 1040 may be sonically welded or otherwise fused to the body 1005.

[0104] The connection cap 1040 may further include a central opening 1044 through which the plunger 1010 can push the pellet during operation. In some embodiments, the central opening 1044 may define a diameter equal to or greater than the diameter of the pellet region 1004. The connection cap 1040 may further include a circumferential V-shaped ridge 1047 on the flange 1041. The V-shaped ridge 1047 may focus sonic energy during attachment to the body 1005 for better bonding. In practice, the V-shaped ridge 1047 may flatten during the bonding process between the connection cap 1040 and the body 1005.

[0105] 194-197, in some embodiments, the connection cap 1040 can include one or more protrusions 1046 (e.g., circumferential rings) extending from an outer surface of the connection cap 1040. The protrusions 1046 can engage the sample collection container 1038 and frictionally hold the sample collection container 1038 to the remainder of the separation container 1000. The connection cap 1040, including the protrusions 1046, can define an outer diameter that is larger than an inner diameter of the sample collection container 1038 such that the connection cap 1040 and the sample collection container are held together by an interference fit.

[0106] 180-181 and 198-200, the connecting cap 1040 is shown formed in two pieces. In some embodiments, the connecting cap 1040 may include an outer sealing member 1049 including a protrusion 1046 and an inner cap 1048 including a flange 1041 and engaging the first distal end 1006 of the body 1005. The inner cap 1048 may include one or more cap protrusions 1039 that engage corresponding recesses in the outer sealing member 1049 to hold the two together. In some embodiments, the inner cap 1048 may be fused to the body 1005 (e.g., the inner cap 1048 may be made of the same material as the body 1005), while the outer sealing member 1049 may be made of a softer, more pliable material (e.g., an elastomeric material) than the inner cap 1048 such that the outer sealing member deforms against the inner cap 1048 and the sample collection container 1038 to provide a better seal. The outer sealing member 1049 may be overmolded onto the inner cap 1048 and / or the body 1005. The connection cap 1040 may otherwise operate in substantially the same manner as detailed above with respect to Figures 161-177, 194-197, and 212-220.

[0107] 201-205, an embodiment of a connecting cap 1140 having an enlarged inner cap 1148 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the inner cap 1148 includes a frustoconical portion 1146 that abuts the tapered region 1003 of the body 1005. The frustoconical portion 1146 can include a flange 1143 for resting or supporting the separation container 1000, and the frustoconical portion 1146 can include a gripping portion 1142 that can be a circumferential portion of the inner cap 1148 that engages at an angle toward the body 1005. Otherwise, the operation of the connecting cap 1140 can be the same as that disclosed with respect to the connecting cap 1040 above. Each of the connecting caps 1040, 1140 described above herein can be applied in connection with any of the separation containers detailed herein, and the connecting caps 1040, 1140 can be replaced or added to the foil fastening methods described in connection with any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0108] In some embodiments, with reference to FIGS. 206-211, the seal 1020 can be attached directly to the first distal end 1006 of the body 1005. For example, in some embodiments, the seal 1020 can be sonically welded to the first distal end 1006. Fusing the seal 1020 directly to the body 1005 can simplify manufacturing and increase the contact area between the seal 1020 and the body 1005 since a contact area for the connecting cap 1040, 1140 is not required. In such embodiments, the seal 1020 can be made from or coated with the same material as the body 1005. With continued reference to FIGS. 206-211, the outer sealing member 1049 can be used without an inner cap to seal the pellet region 1004 to the sample collection container 1038. In such embodiments, the body 105 may include one or more cap projections 1039 for securing the outer sealing member 1049 in substantially the same manner as described above with respect to the inner cap 1048 .

[0109] The container 100 may be centrifuged with the second end 107 of the body positioned radially inward relative to the centrifuge's axis of rotation and the first end 106 positioned radially outward, such that apparent centrifugal force causes the heavier portions of the sample (e.g., microorganisms) to collect at the first end 106.

[0110] As the sample is centrifuged, the microorganisms may pass through the density cushion and collect at the first end 106 of the body 105, accumulating first in the pellet region 104, and in some embodiments subsequently filling the tapered region 103 at least partially with the microorganisms. The wall 109 of the body 105 at the tapered region 103 may direct the microorganisms radially inward toward the pellet region 104. The centrifugation process may separate the microorganisms into a concentrated pellet that rests on the seal 120 at the first end 106. As the sample is being centrifuged, the plunger 110, 115 may float with an upward buoyant force toward the second end 107 of the body 105. The buoyant force may be provided by the density of the plunger relative to the density of the sample and the density cushion, as detailed above. In some embodiments, the plunger 110, 115 may include one or more flotation attachments to assist in lifting the plunger. In any of the embodiments described above, the buoyancy of the plungers 110, 115 may prevent the plungers from penetrating the seal 120 prematurely and may prevent the plungers from separating the pellet region from the remainder of the internal chamber 108 prematurely (e.g., sealing ribs 170, 270 engaging the wall 109 prematurely to prevent fluid flow into the pellet region 104).

[0111] In some embodiments, after centrifugation is completed, a concentrated pellet of microorganisms having the purity described above is disposed in at least the pellet region 104 of the body 105 and no washing or further centrifugation steps will be necessary. The user may remove the separation vessel 100 from the centrifuge and perform downstream analysis of the microorganisms via any of the methods and techniques described herein.

[0112] In some embodiments, the pellets can be removed from the body 105 of the separation container 100 by actuating the plungers 110, 115, which can extract the pellets without compromising the purity or viability of the microorganisms. In particular, the plungers 110, 115 can be depressed to push the pellets of separated microorganisms out of the body 105. A user can press downward on the flexible sealing member 125, which is positioned such that the second distal ends 114, 119 of the plungers 110, 115 actuate the plungers axially downward towards the first end 106.

[0113] As the plungers 110, 115 are depressed, they may initially seal against the wall 109 of the pellet region 104 to prevent fluid communication between the pellet and the remainder of the sample and the density cushion described above. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1-89, the sealing ribs 170, 270 may be lowered to contact the cylindrical wall 109 at the pellet region 104, thereby sealing the fluid below the ribs from the fluid above the ribs as two separate subcompartments.

[0114] Continued downward movement of the plungers 110, 115 after sealing can cause pressure to build up in the pellet area 104 between the sealing surfaces of the plungers (e.g., sealing ribs 170, 270) and the seal 120 at the first end 106 of the body 105. As the pressure builds and the plungers 110, 115 continue to move downward, the plunger points 113, 117 contact the seal 120 and open it by penetrating the seal or separating it from the body 105. In some embodiments, the plungers 110, 115 can require approximately 2 lbf of force to push the pellet out. Opening the seal 120 allows the pellet to be pushed out of the interior chamber 108 under the pressure created by the plungers 110, 115 sealing against the wall 109 of the body 105. This back pressure can ensure that the pellets are cleanly and efficiently ejected from the body 105.

[0115] In some embodiments, the pressure generated by the plunger 110, 115 is optimized by controlling the volume of the internal chamber 108, the distance between the point 113 of the plunger 110, 115 and the seal 120, and the position of the sealing surface (e.g., sealing rib 170, 270) on the plunger. For example, the aforementioned distance, and therefore the stroke of the plunger 110, 115, can be 5 to 15 mm from the initial movement of the plunger to the final contact between the ledge 175, 275 and the wall 109. In one embodiment, the pressure is optimized to push the microorganisms out of the opening with a pressure appropriate to capture the microorganisms within the tube. For example, the pressure can be sufficient to ensure that the majority of the microorganisms are pushed out of the tip without remaining on the edge of the opening (e.g., on the remainder of the punctured seal). The pressure can be low enough that the microorganisms are released in a controlled spray without causing an explosion that could aerosolize the microorganisms. In one embodiment, the ratio of the plunger, the internal chamber, and the sealing surface is configured to generate pressure to push the microorganisms out and disperse them in a spray into a downstream sample collection device without causing a spray outside the downstream sample collection device.

[0116] After the seal 120 is opened, a portion of the seal may continue to restrict or prevent flow from the opening at the first end 106 (e.g., the remaining seal 120 narrows, restricting the annular opening between the plunger 110, 115 and the body 105). In some embodiments, the additional flow resistance provided by the portion of the seal 120 that remains intact may apply additional back pressure on the pellet. This resistance increases the internal pressure within the pellet area 104, and the microbial pellet may be neatly ejected from the pellet area 104 under pressure without leaving a significant amount of microorganisms within the body. Also, the recovered microorganisms may be viable, which may be required for AST and / or further culture. Furthermore, due to the known distance traveled by the plunger after sealing against the wall 109 of the body 105 and before opening the seal 102, the back pressure provided by the plunger 110, 115 is substantially consistent between operations. Because the backpressure provided by plungers 110, 115 and / or seal 120 is substantially predictable between uses, users may more easily predict the force and timing of pellet ejection to avoid dangerous spillage or dispersion of microorganisms.

[0117] The viability of the expelled and recovered microorganisms depends on a variety of parameters, including the age of the positive culture, the chemical makeup of the selective lysis buffer and density cushion reagents. These reagents and their methods of use can be tailored to provide a microbial suspension of high viability and vitality, as required for sensitive growth-based techniques such as antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), or can be prepared to deliver a cell suspension of higher purity, but potentially compromised viability, as required for other downstream techniques such as MALDI-TOF and molecular, immunological, and immunochemical techniques. The viability of the recovered microbial suspension can be determined using, for example, culturing a known dilution of the recovered suspension on an agar plate, a technique common to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the recovered microorganisms may be viable, and in some embodiments, the recovered microorganisms may not be viable.

[0118] In some embodiments, after the pellet is pushed out of the body 105, and before the sealing portion of the plunger 110, 115 (e.g., the sealing ribs 170, 270 in the embodiments detailed above) breaks the opening in the first end 106, the ledge 175, 275 can engage the wall 109 of the body 105 to stop further downward movement of the plunger. In embodiments where the seal of the plunger 110, 115 (e.g., the sealing ribs 170, 270 in the embodiments detailed above) is not broken, the remaining contents of the internal chamber 108 cannot flow into the sample collection container 135 or other receiving device. In this way, the pellet can be pushed out without risk of contaminating the sample due to inadvertent leakage or improper operation. Additionally, keeping the pellet under pressure from the plunger 110, 115 creates a positive pressure system that ensures that leakage will flow from the pellet area 104 into the remainder of the internal chamber 108. Thus, any failure of the seal between the plungers 110, 115 and the wall 109 during pellet ejection will result in the loss of microorganisms back into the inner chamber 108 but will not result in microbial contamination of the pellet region 104 for downstream testing.

[0119] To further avoid the risk of contamination or exposure to microorganisms, the sample collection container 135 can surround an opening at the first end 106 of the body 105 to receive the pellet without risk of exposure to the user. In some embodiments, the sample collection container 135 can be screwed onto the body 105 (e.g., via the adapter 140 / threaded connection 145 or the threaded adapter 240). Upon actuation of the plungers 110, 115 and ejection of the pellet, the pellet can be collected in the sample collection container 135 for downstream testing, including in situ culture. In some embodiments, the sample collection container 135 can be glass, clear plastic, or any other material suitable for the downstream testing needs of the user. In one embodiment, for example, the sample collection container 135 can be made of any optically transparent material for later examination of the optical density of the microorganisms through the wall of the sample collection container 135. In some other embodiments, the pellet can be directly ejected into any other microorganism containment or storage container or any other testing device, as will be understood by those of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

[0120] In some embodiments, the pellet collected in the sample collection container 135 may be analyzed and / or tested in its concentrated form. In some other embodiments, the sample collection container 135 may contain a diluent (e.g., saline or microbial medium) to dilute and resuspend the microorganisms for downstream analysis and / or testing. The diluent may be prepackaged in the sample collection container 135 or may be loaded into the sample collection container by a user at a predefined ratio of diluent to microorganisms. The volume of the pellet 104 may be known and may be predictable from sample to sample. In particular, the volume of the pellet may be substantially the same as the volume of the pellet region 104 minus the volume of the first distal end 118, 160 of the plunger 110, 115 below the sealing portion (e.g., below the sealing rib 170, 270), minus certain predictable losses due to leakage into the internal chamber 108 and microorganisms remaining in the pellet region 104 after the pellet is pushed out. Because the pellet volume is predicted and the downstream test is known, it may be possible to prepare the amount of diluent in advance and pre-package the separation container 100 and the sample collection container 135 specific to the downstream test being used. For example, antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) may require a relatively dilute sample compared to other tests, and a precise amount of diluent can be provided in the sample collection container paired with the AST to produce the desired concentration of microorganisms for the test.

[0121] In some embodiments, the axial position where the plunger 110, 115 seals against the wall 109 of the body 105 depends on the axial length of the pellet area 104 (e.g., the sealing ribs 170, 270 may engage the wall 109 at the beginning of the pellet area 104). Thus, as explained above, in some embodiments, the volume pushed out of the pellet area 104 may also be known and fixed, and may depend on the volume of the pellet area. In the aforementioned embodiments, it is preferable that the separation container 100 is loaded with enough sample to fill the pellet area 104 with separated microorganisms. For example, if some of the density cushion remains in the pellet area below the sealing ribs 170, 270 after centrifugation, this additional fluid may be pushed out by the concentrated pellet of microorganisms. Thus, in some embodiments, in order to better predict the concentration of the recovered microorganisms, it is necessary to use enough sample material with a given size of separation container 100, containing a sufficient amount or concentration of microorganisms, to obtain a separated microorganism pellet at least large enough to fill the pellet area 104.

[0122] Second embodiment 90-136, a second embodiment of a separation container 500 without a plunger assembly is shown. The separation container 500 can include a body 505 having a deformable wall 509, allowing a user to squeeze the body to push out the microorganisms after centrifugation. In such an embodiment, the separation body 505 can be made of a flexible plastic, such as low density polyethylene (LDPE) or other flexible material. Similar to the body 105 described above in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 1-89, the body 505 shown in FIG. 90-136 can include a first end 506 that can include an opening for pushing out the microorganism pellet. Similarly, the body 505 can include a second end 507 that can include an opening for the body to receive the sample for centrifugation. The body 505 can define a collection region 502 and a pellet region 504, with a tapered region 503 connecting the two. Collection region 502 can define a wider radial diameter about axis 555 than pellet region 504, and walls 509 of tapered region 503 can angle radially inward from collection region 502 to pellet region 504 to direct microorganisms to the pellet region during centrifugation. Body 505 can further define one or more protrusions (e.g., rounded protrusions 550) that operate in substantially the same manner as hexagonal bracket 150 described herein to facilitate centrifugation, and one or more support posts 560 for stabilization and strength.

[0123] In some embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 92, 95, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 110, 112, 115, 117, 119, 122, 125, 129, 132, and 135), the wall 509 may taper inwardly for some or all of the axial length of the wall of the pellet region 504. In other words, in some embodiments, the radial diameter of the pellet region 504 may be smaller at the first end 506 than at the transition between the tapered region 503 and the pellet region 504. In some embodiments, the wall 509 may taper uniformly from the transition between the tapered region 503 and the pellet region 504 to the first end 506, as shown in FIGS. 117, 119, 122, 125, 129, 132, and 135. In some embodiments, the diameter of the pellet region may narrow rapidly proximate the first end 506, as shown in Figures 92, 95, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 110, 112, 115. In yet some further embodiments, the narrowing rapidly may include a less tapered portion immediately adjacent the first end 506, as shown in Figures 92, 95, 98, 100, 110, 112, and 115. In each of the foregoing embodiments, the wall 509 may gradually taper in the remainder of the pellet region 504 or may define a constant radius in the remainder.

[0124] 90 and 99-100, the body 505 may include threads 512 or other attachment mechanism on its exterior surface. The threads 512 may engage a nut 510 to cover and seal an opening to the pellet area 504 at the first end 506 of the body 505. The nut 510 may include a gasket 520 or other sealing surface therein to prevent leakage from the interior chamber 508 of the body 505. As shown in FIG. 100, threading the nut 510 onto the body 505 may compress the gasket 520 at the first end 506 to form a tight seal. The gasket 520 may be an RTV silicone gasket, an expanded PTFE gasket, or other sealing gasket material.

[0125] The separation vessel 500 may be inserted into an open end of a centrifuge cup 540, and a nut 510 may be placed within a cavity 541 of the cup against a closed end of the cup. In particular, the cup 540 may define a bottom wall 543 and a side wall 544 for supporting and stabilizing the separation vessel 500. As shown in FIG. 100, the nut 510 may rest on the bottom wall 543 of the centrifuge cup 540. During centrifugation, the centrifuge cup 540 hangs from one or more pivots 542 such that a first end 506 of the body 505 rotates radially outward and a second end 507 of the body 505 rotates radially inward.

[0126] 100, a rheology control member, shown here as a sphere 600, may be used in the interior chamber 508 for the same purposes as the embodiments described above. In particular, the sphere 600 may prevent mixing of the density cushion and sample during loading of the sample into the body 505. As with the embodiments described above, in some embodiments, the sphere 600 may be replaced with a ring structure, multiple smaller spheres, or any other rheology control member. The sphere 600 may be buoyant within the density cushion and sample in accordance with other embodiments of the rheology control members described herein.

[0127] In operation, the loading and centrifugation process occurs in substantially the same manner as described in the above embodiments. In some embodiments, the sample can be lysed and loaded into the internal chamber 508 while the rheology control member (e.g., sphere 600) can prevent mixing of the density cushion with the sample. The density cushion can include substantially the same characteristics as described above in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 1-89. The separation vessel 500 can then be centrifuged in a cup 540 having a nut 510 and gasket 520 sealing the opening at the first end 506. During centrifugation, the heavier microorganisms can pass through the density cushion and settle in the pellet region 504 where they can form a microbial pellet.

[0128] After centrifugation, the separation vessel 500 can be removed from the cup 540 and the nut 510 and gasket 520 can be removed by the user. To push out the pellets, the user can then squeeze the deformable wall 509 of the body 505 to expel the pellets into a container or testing device. In some embodiments, the user can squeeze the deformable wall 509 at any point above the pellet area 504. In such embodiments, the wall 509 can be made of a flexible material that can be deformed by the user's hand.

[0129] As with the embodiments described above, the body 905 can be configured to engage a sample collection container 135 to receive a pellet after centrifugation. For example, the body 905 shown in connection with the embodiment of FIGS. 142-153 can include an adapter for engaging the container 135 (e.g., the adapter 140 and threaded connector 145 shown in FIG. 1 or the threaded adapter 240 shown in FIG. 68) or the body 905 can be structured to engage a collection device. Those skilled in the art will recognize in light of this disclosure that unless otherwise indicated, the characteristics of the separation container 500 and related methods and devices can include substantially the same features and steps as other embodiments described herein.

[0130] Third embodiment 137-141, there is shown a third embodiment of a separation container 700 having substantially the same features as the separation container 500 shown in connection with FIGS. 70-136, except that a first distal end 706 of a body 705 is removable and does not otherwise include a fluid flow path therethrough.

[0131] A sealed first distal end 706 of the body 705 can ensure that fluid does not leak from the body 705 during centrifugation, and the first distal end 706 can include a removable portion 720. The removable portion 720 can be removed, for example, by cutting the end at the entrance to the pellet region 704, after which the pellet can be squeezed or otherwise pushed out of the body 705. As with the embodiment described above, the wall 709 of the pellet region 704 can taper inwardly at any or all points between the transition from the tapered region 703 to the pellet region 704 and the first distal end 706.

[0132] As with the embodiments described above, the body 705 can be configured to engage a sample collection container 135 to receive a pellet after centrifugation. For example, the body 705 shown in connection with the embodiments of Figures 142-153 can include an adapter for engaging the container 135 (e.g., the adapter 140 and threaded connector 145 shown in Figure 1 or the threaded adapter 240 shown in Figure 68) or the body 705 can be structured to engage a collection device.

[0133] Fourth embodiment

[0134] 142-153, a fourth embodiment of a separation container 900 is shown having substantially the same features as the separation containers 500, 700 shown in connection with FIGS. 90-141, except that a first distal end 906 of a body 905 includes a pull tab 920 (shown in FIGS. 149-153) and does not otherwise include a fluid flow path through the first distal end.

[0135] A sealed first distal end 906 of the body 905 can ensure that fluid does not leak from the body 905 during centrifugation, and the pull tab 920 can be torn to expose an entrance to the pellet region 904, allowing a user to then squeeze or otherwise push the pellets out of the body 905. FIGS. 142-148 show an example of a separation container 900 after the pull tab 920 has been removed. Similar to the embodiments described above, the walls 909 of the pellet region 904 can taper inwardly at any or all points between the transition from the tapered region 903 to the pellet region 904 and the first distal end 906.

[0136] As with the embodiments described above, the body 905 can be configured to engage a sample collection container 135 to receive a pellet after centrifugation. For example, the body 905 shown in connection with the embodiments of Figures 142-153 can include an adapter for engaging the container 135 (e.g., the adapter 140 and threaded connector 145 shown in Figure 1 or the threaded adapter 240 shown in Figure 68) or the body 905 can be structured to engage a collection device.

[0137] Fifth embodiment 166-223, a fifth embodiment of a separation container 1000 is shown having a body 1005 including a first distal end 1006 and a second distal end 1007. The body 1005 may include a wall 1009 that defines an interior chamber 1011 divided into several regions including a collection region 1002 (shown in FIG. 165), an expansion region 1008 between the collection region and the second distal end 1007, a tapered region 1003, and a pellet region 1004. The plunger 1010 may include distal ends 1013, 1014 and a shelf 1075 to prevent the plunger from falling out of the pellet region. In some embodiments, the portion of the wall 1009 in the pellet region 1004 may be reinforced with one or more ribs 1045 extending axially along the length of the body 1005 for structural support. Each of the regions and features of body 1005 may be formed and operative in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein.

[0138] Unless otherwise stated, the separation vessel 1000 operates in the same manner, has the same characteristics, and can be made of the materials and configurations of any of the embodiments described herein. The fifth embodiment separation vessel 1000 illustrates a non-buoyant plunger 1010 held by a retainer 1032 as described above. The illustrated separation vessel 1000 also includes a rheology control member 1042 and a gasket 1043 as described herein. Additionally, the illustrated separation vessel 1000 can include a coupling cap 1040, 1140 for securing the seal 1020 (e.g., a foil or other sealing membrane) to the body 1005 and coupling the body 1005 with a sample collection vessel 1038, which can operate in the same manner as the sample collection vessels 135, 1038 described herein.

[0139] During assembly, the separation container 1000 may be assembled in the following sequence of steps: (1) add a density cushion to the internal chamber 1011; (2) connect the plunger 1010 to the retainer 1032; (3) insert the rheology control member 1042 into the plunger 1010; (4) slide the gasket 1043 onto the plunger 1010 below the rheology control member 1042; and (5) press the retainer 1032 into the tube while forming an interference fit between the rheology control member 1042 and the body 1005. In some embodiments, the seal 1020 may be attached to the body 1005 prior to adding the density cushion. The interference fit may be created by inserting a rod into the gap between the retainer 1032 and the plunger 1010 to push the rheology control member 1042 downward.

[0140] During testing, the separation vessel 1000 may be operated in the following sequence of steps: (1) the cap 1030 and flexible sealing member 1025 may be removed to add the dissolved sample to the tube; (2) the sample is then transferred to the tube and the rheology control member 1042 may prevent bulk mixing of the sample with the density cushion since it is positioned between the two fluids; (3) the separation vessel may be optionally pre-spun before adding the sample to dislodge any density cushion that may have migrated to the upper chamber during shipping or storage. The rheology control member 1042 may be constructed for a small gap between it and the wall 1009 of the body 1005 and may include an interference fit when not centrifuged as described above. The rheology control member 1042 may also be constructed to not get stuck in the tube by bottoming out at the tapered region 1003 of the body 1005. Testing may further include: (4) during sample addition, the rheology control member 1042 may float, optionally providing mixing protection if not an interference fit. The rheology control member 1042 may also have a recessed ring on top, which may trap settling components such as resin or other particulates. These particles may remain in the recessed area as the layering aid floats up the tube during sample addition or centrifugation. Testing may further include: (5) after the sample is added, the cap 1030 and flexible sealing member 1025 may be placed back onto the tube; and (6) the entire separation vessel 1000 may be placed in a centrifuge and spun. In embodiments where the rheology control member 1042 is sealed to the body 1005 and plunger 1010, the sample may be added directly to the inner chamber 1011 along with a lysing agent, and the entire separation vessel 1000 may be vortexed to lyse the sample prior to the centrifugation step.

[0141] In operation, the process for extruding the pellets is the same actuation and foil piercing process as described herein for each of the other embodiments, and in embodiments using a retainer 1032, an additional step of applying horizontal pressure to tab 1022 of plunger 1010 can be used to separate the plunger from the retainer. Unless otherwise noted, features having the same reference number, name, or purpose within an assembly may be interchanged in any of the embodiments described herein.

[0142] Sixth embodiment

[0143] 224-276, a sixth embodiment of a separation vessel 1200 is shown. Referring to FIG. 224, an exploded view of the separation vessel 1200 is shown, showing a body 1205 having a seal 1220 closing an opening at one end, and a cap 1230 and a flexible sealing member 1225 at the other end. As described below, the separation vessel 1200 may include a plunger 1210 having a plunger seal 1290, a rheology control member 1242, and a retainer 1232 attached thereto to ensure smooth operation and reduce contamination of the sample pellet. The separation vessel 1200 may further engage an end cap 1250 for supporting the body 1205 and the seal 1220 during centrifugation, and the separation vessel may include a coupling member 1240 for coupling and sealing the body to a sample collection vessel (e.g., a sample collection vessel 135, 1038 described herein).

[0144] 225-230, an assembly diagram of the separation vessel 1200 is shown. In some embodiments, the separation vessel 1200 may engage an end cap 1250 that supports the seal 1220 and the body 1205 during centrifugation, allowing the separation vessel to fit many different centrifuge cups while improving manufacturability and quality. The end cap 1250 may hold the seal 1220 in place during induction welding if the seal is induction welded to the tube. If the seal 1220 is heat sealed, the seal may be installed before the end cap 1250 is applied. In each of the embodiments described herein, the end cap 1250 may support the seal 1220 from expanding and bursting during centrifugation.

[0145] The end cap 1250 can include a tapered portion 1251, which can be solid or include one or more ribs 1252 with gaps therebetween. The end cap 1250 can include a substantially flat distal end 1253 and a flat flange 1254 at an opposite end. The flat distal end 1253 can be configured to engage flat or rounded bottoms of various types and models of centrifuge cups, and the distal end 1253 can be narrower than the flange 1254 at the opposite end, with the tapered portion 1251 narrowing the diameter of the end cap between the two ends. In some embodiments, the tapered portion 1251 can be configured to engage the walls of a cone-shaped centrifuge cup. Thus, the end cap 1250 can be structured to engage different models and configurations of centrifuges without requiring different adapters or sacrificing stability.

[0146] In some embodiments, the body 1205 may include a flange 1255 configured to engage with the flange 1254 of the end cap. As shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 225, 226, 228-234, and 236-238, in some embodiments, the flange 1255 may be circumferentially disposed around the tapered region 1203 of the body 1205 and oriented toward the flange 1254 of the end cap 1250. In some embodiments, the flanges 1254, 1255 may be removably or semi-permanently attached to one another. For example, in some embodiments, a threaded connection (not shown), a snap connection (not shown), or other removably engagement may be formed between the body flange 1255 and the end cap flange 1254. In some embodiments, the flanges 1254, 1255 may be glued, welded, molded, or otherwise semi-permanently fused to one another such that the bond between the flanges must be mechanically broken to remove the end cap 1250. In some embodiments, the end cap 1250 may be press-fit onto the coupling member 1240 such that the end cap does not have to be welded to the body 1205. In each case, the end cap 1250 may optionally be welded to the body 1205.

[0147] In some embodiments, the end cap 1250 may include a hexagonal recess 1257 at the distal end 1253. The recess 1257 may be used to hold the separation vessel 1200 when not in use, when filling the vessel, or during centrifugation (e.g., by standing the separation vessel and end cap 1250 on a vertical post (not shown)). In some embodiments, a post or other rigid object (not shown) may be inserted into the recess 1257 to aid in removal of the end cap 1250 after centrifugation. For example, in embodiments in which the end cap 1250 has a flange 1254 semi-permanently attached to the body flange 1255, the post or other rigid object may be correspondingly hexagonal such that it may be inserted into the recess 1257 and used to twist or torque the semi-permanent connection. Mechanical separation of the end cap 1250 with a tool (e.g., the post or other rigid object referenced above) may reduce sample agitation and prevent inadvertent contamination.

[0148] In some embodiments, the end cap 1250 may further include an internal platform 1256 upon which the first distal end 1206 of the pellet region 1204 may rest, with the body 1205 contacting the platform 1256 or with the seal 1220 sandwiched therebetween. The platform 1256 may support the seal and prevent inadvertent rupture before the user is ready to extrude the final enriched pellet, including during manufacturing, assembly, packaging, loading, and centrifugation. Additionally, the platform 1256 of the end cap 1250 allows the full size seal 1220 to be attached to the entire surface area of ​​the distal end of the pellet region 1204, providing improved manufacturability and an improved seal between the seal 1220 and the body 1205.

[0149] 224, 226, 229, 230, 232-242, and 254-258, a coupling member 1240 may be disposed on the body 1205 at or near the pellet region 1204 to facilitate coupling of the separation container 1200 to a sample collection container (e.g., sample collection container 135, 1038, detailed herein) and / or to provide an additional seal within the end cap 1250 to prevent leakage of the contents of the body 1205. The coupling member 1240 may include one or more circumferential ridges 1241 to provide a seal against the sample collection container. The coupling member 1240 may further include a first distal sealing surface 1243 and a second upper sealing surface 1244, which may be pointed (e.g., like ridge 1241) or flat. The sealing surfaces 1243, 1244 and ridges 1241 may have progressively smaller diameters as they move toward the first distal end 1206 of the pellet region 1204. For example, the first sealing surface 1243 may be the narrowest sealing surface of the coupling member 1240 and the second sealing surface 1244 may be the widest sealing surface of the coupling member, with each ridge 1241 therebetween having a progressively larger diameter, which may facilitate insertion of the separation container into the sample collection container and provide a strong seal.

[0150] 230, in some embodiments, the second sealing surface 1244 may be wider than the inner diameter of the sample collection container (not shown) (e.g., sample collection container 135, 1038 shown herein) and may include a chamfer 1245 for engaging with the top rim of the sample collection container. The chamfer 1245 may compress the second sealing surface 1244 inward to conform to the second sealing surface within the sample collection container while forming a seal against the top rim of the sample collection container or reducing the force required for engagement. In some embodiments, any other connector or coupling may be used to engage the body 1205 with the sample collection container. The other connector or coupling may be attached to either the body 1205 or the sample collection container, or may be a separate device.

[0151] The end cap 1250 may include a narrow first wall 1246 near or adjacent to the platform 1256 and a wider second wall 1247 above the first wall opposite the platform. The first wall 1246 and second wall 1247 (inner and / or outer surfaces) may be parallel to the walls of the pellet region 1204 or may taper slightly inwardly such that the distal end closest to the platform 1256 is narrower than the opposite end of either wall segment 1246, 1247. The first wall 1246 and second wall 1247 may define a diameter less than or equal to the diameter of the respective first and second sealing surfaces 1243, 1244, at least at the same respective axial location on the platform 1256.

[0152] 230, the body 1205 may include one or more circumferential ribs 1248, 1249 that provide structural rigidity to the connection between the body and the connecting member 1240. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 230, the body includes two circumferential ribs 1248, 1249, one disposed proximate the tapered region 1203 of the body and the other disposed proximate the first distal end 1206 of the pellet region 1204. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 230, the first circumferential rib 1248 is recessed into a corresponding recess in the first sealing surface 1243 of the connecting member 1240. Similarly, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 230, the second circumferential rib 1249 is recessed into a corresponding recess 1260, 1261 in the second sealing surface 1244 of the connecting member 1240. The connecting member 1240 and body 1205 can be attached by overmolding, elastically stretching the connecting member 1240 over the body 1205, or fusing multiple pieces of the connecting member 1240 together around the body 1205. In some embodiments, the connecting member 1240 can be made of a flexible material such as an elastomer. The connecting member 1240 can be overmolded onto the body 1205. In some embodiments, the connecting member 1240 can be made of a thermoplastic elastomer such as silicone or Medalist® MD-12140.

[0153] 241, 243, 245, 248, 250, 252, 256, and 257, the body 1205 may also include one or more vertical ribs 1262 and the connecting member 1240 may include one or more corresponding recesses 1263 for receiving and engaging the vertical ribs 1262. In some embodiments, the body 1205 may include a base flange 1264 at a distal end of the pellet region 1204 for retaining the connecting member 1240 on its upper surface and engaging the seal 1220 (e.g., via sonic welding) on ​​its lower surface.

[0154] The end of the connecting member 1240 opposite the base flange 1264 may further abut a portion of the outer surface of the tapered region 1203 such that a combination of upward retention from the base flange and downward retention from the tapered region urges the connecting member 1240 into a stable position (e.g., the position shown in FIG. 242). In some embodiments, the connecting member 1240 may be disposed between the flange 1255 of the body 1205 of the tapered region 1203 and the base flange 1264 such that the connecting member 1240 fits within the end cap 1250. The connecting member 1240 may include bidirectional (e.g., vertical) recesses (e.g., recesses 1260, 1261, 1263) for engaging corresponding bidirectional ribs (e.g., ribs 1248, 1249, 1262) of the body and may prevent both axial and rotational movement of the connecting member.

[0155] As described in connection with other embodiments herein, the body 1205 may include a first distal end 1206, a second distal end 1207, a tapered region 1203, a pellet region 1204, a collection region 1202, an expansion region 1208, and a wall 1209, each of which may operate and be structured as described in each embodiment herein. The separation container 1200 may further include a retainer 1232 attached to the body 1205 in the expansion region 1208. In some embodiments, with reference to FIGS. 243, 244, 249, and 251, the expansion region 1208 of the body 1205 may include one or more slots 1265 that may receive and secure the retainer 1232 therein. The retainer 1232 may be otherwise structured and operable, as described above with respect to the retainer 1032, to secure the plunger 1210 in a predetermined vertical position (e.g., a position in which an upper edge of the retainer 1232 is flush with the second distal end 1207 of the body 1205). For example, with reference to FIG. 259, the plunger 1210 may include a support member 1215 having the features and structure shown and described in association with the support member 1015 of the plunger 1010, and the retainer 1232 may include a retention member 1233 and corresponding features having the features and structure shown and described in association with the retainer 1032 of the plunger 1010.

[0156] 259-268, a plunger 1210 is shown according to some embodiments described herein. The plunger 1210 may include a longitudinal member 1216 that reaches a conical point 1217 at a first distal end 1218. The plunger may include a penetrating portion 1270 that defines a cylindrical portion of the longitudinal member 1216 that terminates in a tapered shape at the point 1217. The penetrating portion 1270 may operate in substantially the same manner as the blade 160 or point 117 described herein, and the penetrating portion 1270 and point 1217 may be narrower than the remainder of the longitudinal member 1216 or plunger 1210 to allow for collection of additional sample within the pellet region 1204. As such, the relative diameters and sizes of the components shown in the figures are intended to be accurate as an exemplary embodiment (e.g., the penetrating portion 1270 is depicted as narrower than the remainder of the longitudinal member 1216).

[0157] In some implementations, the plunger 1210 can include at least one sealing rib 1272 formed circumferentially around the longitudinal member 1216 and can include a tapered region 1271 between the sealing rib 1272 and the piercing portion 1270. The sealing rib 1272 can define a plunger diameter d, and the sealing rib can be a generally circular sealing surface that seals uniformly around the plunger. The sealing rib 1272 can be configured to engage the wall 1209 of the body 1205 and seal a portion of the interior chamber 1211 below the rib 1272 from a portion of the interior chamber above the rib. In particular, the plunger diameter d of the sealing rib 1272 can be an interference fit to the pellet diameter (e.g., slightly larger than the diameter of the body 1205 at the pellet region 1204) such that the plunger 1210 engages the pellet region 1204 via the rib 1272 during actuation of the plunger. In this manner, the plunger 1210 can fluidly isolate the pellet region 1204 from the tapered region 1203 and the collection region 1202 when the plunger is actuated. The sealing rib 1272 can be molded and made from the same, generally rigid, material as the plunger.

[0158] In some embodiments, the plunger 1210 may further include a plunger seal 1290 attached to the plunger over the sealing rib 1272 (e.g., the sealing rib 1272 may be disposed between the plunger seal 1290 and point 1217). The plunger seal 1290 may define a diameter equal to or greater than the diameter of the sealing rib 1272 and the diameter of the pellet region 1204. As described herein, when the plunger 1210 is fully depressed, the plunger seal 1290 may seal the interior chamber 1211 of the body at the pellet region 1204 to prevent leakage of the density cushion when the sealing rib 1272 emerges from the first distal end 1206 of the body 1205.

[0159] In some embodiments, the plunger 1210 may define a recess 1273 in the longitudinal member 1216 in which a portion of the plunger seal 1290 is disposed. The recess 1273 may include a first shoulder 1274 and a second shoulder 1275 that abut either side of the plunger seal 1290 to retain the plunger seal within the recess and may extend radially from the inner diameter of the recess to the diameter of the longitudinal member 1216. In some embodiments, an additional protuberance (referred to herein as a chamfer) (shown in FIG. 260) or change in diameter may be used to retain the plunger seal 1290.

[0160] In some embodiments, the plunger 1210 may further define a through passage 1276 in the recess 1273 through which a corresponding locking arm 1277 of the plunger seal 1290 passes to prevent rotational or axial movement of the plunger seal. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1290 may be overmolded onto the plunger 1210 such that the locking arm 1277 is fixedly and permanently formed within the through passage 1276. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1290 may be formed from a softer material (e.g., an elastomeric material) than the plunger 1210 to provide an additional seal against the wall 1209 when the plunger is depressed. The plunger seal 1290, like the coupling member 1240, may be made from an elastomer such as silicone or a thermoplastic elastomer. In some embodiments, the material of the plunger seal 1290 should be flexible (e.g., a TPE having a 50 Shore A durometer). The plunger seal 1290 may mitigate molding imperfections (e.g., imperfections in the seal of the sealing rib 1272) in the more rigid plunger 1210. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1290 may deform more easily than the rib 1272 and may require less force to move along the wall 1209. The plunger seal 1290 may include chamfered edges near the shoulders 1274, 1275 for easier actuation.

[0161] In some embodiments, the plunger's longitudinal member 1216 may include a further tapered region 1278 above the recess 1273 such that the portion of the longitudinal member 1216 above the further tapered region 1278 is wider (e.g., the recess 1273 is disposed between the point 1217 and the further tapered region 1278). The further tapered region 1278 and the greater side of the further tapered longitudinal member 1216 may define a diameter substantially larger than the pellet region 1204.

[0162] In some embodiments, the longitudinal member 1216 may include a step 1279 that may help reduce the required actuation force of the plunger 1210 due to the relatively narrow diameter of the step compared to the surrounding body of the plunger.

[0163] 259, 262-265, and 267, a second distal end 1219 of the plunger opposite point 1217 may include a grip 1280 to allow a user to depress (e.g., move the plunger axially in a longitudinal direction) and / or twist (e.g., rotate the plunger about a longitudinal axis to, e.g., release support member 1215 and retainer 1232) the plunger 1210. The grip 1280 may be generally cylindrical (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1210) such that a user may rotate the plunger 1210 by rolling the grip 1280 between their fingers. In some embodiments, the grip 1280 may be asymmetric (e.g., rectangular like tab 1022 detailed above).

[0164] 224-239 and 269-272, the gripping portion 1280 of the plunger 1210, which may be sealed in the separation container 1200, may be manipulated through the flexible sealing member 1225 to prevent leakage or contamination. The flexible sealing member 1225 may be made of an elastomeric material, and in some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 1225 may be made of an at least partially transparent material. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 1225 may be held by a cap 1230, which functions in substantially the same structure as the caps described herein (e.g., caps 130, 1030) having an opening 1231 (shown in FIG. 224) through which the flexible sealing member 1225 may extend. The cap 1230 may then be screwed onto the body 1205 to secure the flange 1281 of the flexible sealing member therebetween. In some embodiments shown herein (e.g., as shown in Figs. 225, 228, 231-233, 236-237), the flexible sealing member 1225 is illustrated as being transparent to allow visibility of the plunger 1210 therein. However, in some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 1225 can be transparent, opaque, or partially transparent or opaque.

[0165] 269-271, the flexible sealing member 1225 can include a top 1282 that a user can press down to also press down the plunger 1210 (shown in FIG. 224). The top 1282 and the flange 1281 can be connected by a wall 1283 of the flexible sealing member 1225. With reference to FIGS. 273-276, upon actuation by a user, the top 1282 can translate downward toward the flange 1281 and the remainder of the separation container, causing axial movement of the plunger 1210. In some implementations, the top 1282 can collapse slightly around the user's finger. As the top 1282 and the flange 1281 approach each other, the wall 1283 collapses and hinges, allowing the top 1282 to remain in contact with the plunger. In some embodiments, wall 1283 at least partially deforms outwardly to allow top 1282 to push plunger 1210 down into a completely flush position with cap 1230.

[0166] 269-274, in some embodiments, the wall 1283 includes multiple segments 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287 that can be vertical (e.g., vertical segments 1285, 1287) or non-vertical (e.g., non-vertical segments 1284, 1286). In some embodiments, the wall 1283 can define an at least partially inwardly concave shape (e.g., the semicircular shape shown in FIG. 271) such that the wall deviates from the path of the plunger. For example, in some embodiments, the wall can include a vertical segment 1285 adjacent to two non-vertical segments 1284, 1286. The vertical wall segment 1285 can be generally concentric about the longitudinal axis of the plunger 1210, with the surface of the vertical wall segment 1285 defining at least a partial cylinder that shares a common axis with the plunger. The two non-vertical segments 1284, 1286 may each be angled radially inward from their respective circumferential junctions with the vertical segment 1285. In such an embodiment, the travel distance of the plunger 1210 and the range of deformation of the flexible sealing member 1225 may be greater than a bellows design of comparable height.

[0167] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 271, the apex 1282 is connected to a first non-vertical wall segment 1284 that is angled downward and outward from the apex. The first non-vertical wall segment 1284 is then connected to a first vertical wall segment 1285. The first vertical wall segment 1285 is then connected to a second non-vertical wall segment 1286 that is angled downward and inward from the first vertical wall segment. The second non-vertical wall segment 1286 is then connected to a second vertical wall segment 1287 that abuts the flange 1281. In some embodiments, the wall segments may smoothly transition between each other. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member of any of the other embodiments (e.g., flexible sealing member 125, 1025) may be used in place of the flexible sealing member 1225.

[0168] In some embodiments, the wall 1283 can hinge about the non-vertical wall segments 1284, 1286 while the vertical wall segments 1285, 1287 remain substantially vertical, such that during operation, the first vertical wall segment 1285 moves outward, the non-vertical wall segments 1284, 1286 hinge, and the apex 1282 moves downward. For example, FIGS. 273-276 show an embodiment of the flexible sealing member 1225 in an actuated position. In the illustrated embodiment, the apex 1282 of the flexible sealing member 1225 is pressed downward, causing the wall 1283 to hinge about the joint between the first non-vertical wall segment 1284 and the first vertical wall segment 1285, with the apex 1282 and / or portions of the wall 1283 extending as needed under the force of actuation. In some embodiments, as described herein, the flexible sealing member 1225 can deform far enough to push the top of the plunger 1210 to a position parallel, above, below, parallel or below, or parallel or above the plane of the cap 1230, the plane of the top of the body 1205, and / or the plane of the flange 1281.

[0169] 224-239, the separation vessel 1200 can include a rheology control member 1242 that can be structured and operated according to any of the embodiments described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the rheology control member 1242, body 1205, and plunger 1210 can be structured and cooperate in substantially the same manner as the rheology control member 1042, body 1005, and plunger 1010 of FIG. 165 or FIG. 213, and can include a gasket 1043 and corresponding structure and operation described therewith. In some other embodiments, the rheology control member 1242 can be structured and operated as shown and described with respect to the embodiments of FIGs. 14-31, 32-49, or 50-67.

[0170] Unless otherwise stated, the separation vessel 1200 operates in the same manner, has the same properties, and can be made of the materials and configurations of any of the embodiments described herein. The sixth embodiment separation vessel 1200 shows a non-buoyant plunger 1210 held by a retainer 1232 as described above. The illustrated separation vessel 1200 also includes a rheology control member 1242 as described herein. In addition, the illustrated separation vessel 1200 can engage an end cap 1250 for securing a seal 1220 (e.g., a foil or other sealing membrane) to the body 1205 and supporting the separation vessel during centrifugation. The separation vessel 1200 can further include a coupling member 1240 for coupling the body 1205 with a sample collection vessel 135, 1038, which can be used in a similar manner to the sample collection vessels 135, 1038 described herein.

[0171] During assembly, the separation container 1200 may be assembled in the following sequence of steps: (1) add a density cushion to the interior chamber 1211; (2) connect the plunger 1210 to the retainer 1232; (3) insert the rheology control member 1242 onto the plunger 1210; (4) slide the gasket 1043 onto the plunger 1210 below the rheology control member 1242 (for embodiments using a gasket); (5) attach the retainer 1232 to the plunger 1210. (5) engaging the retainer 1232 with the slot 1265 of the body 1205 while forming an interference or slip fit between the rheology control member 1242 and the body 1205; (6) inserting the flexible sealing member 1225 into the opening 1231 of the cap 1230; and (7) securing the flexible sealing member 1225 and the cap 1230 to the body 1205 while encapsulating the plunger within the separation vessel (e.g., sealing the separation vessel before or after inserting a sample for testing). The interference fit may be created by inserting a rod into the gap between the retainer 1232 and the plunger 1210 to press the rheology control member 1242 downward. In some embodiments, the seal 1220 may be attached to the body 1205 before adding the density cushion. According to some embodiments described herein, the rheology control member may be initially inserted with an interference fit before being released by outward deformation of the wall 1209 of the body 1205 during centrifugation.

[0172] During testing, the separation vessel 1200 may be operated in the following sequence of steps: (1) the cap 1230 and flexible sealing member 1225 may be removed to add the lysed sample to the tube; (2) the sample is then transferred to the body 1205, and the rheology control member 1242 may be placed between the two fluids to prevent bulk mixing of the sample with the density cushion; (3) the separation vessel may be optionally pre-spun before adding the sample to dislodge any density cushion that may have migrated to the upper chamber during shipping or storage. The rheology control member 1242 may be constructed for a small gap between it and the wall 1209 of the body 1205, and may include an annular shoulder (e.g., shoulders 1061, 1062) when not centrifuged as described above (e.g., to limit downward movement of the rheology control member). In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1242 may also be constructed to not interact with or reach the tapered region 1203 of the body 1205.

[0173] Testing may further include: (4) during sample addition, the rheology control member 1242 may float, optionally providing mixing protection if not an interference fit. The rheology control member 1242 may also have a recessed ring on top, which may trap settling components such as resin or other particulates. These particles may remain in the recessed area as the layering aid floats up the tube during sample addition or centrifugation. Testing may further include: (5) after the sample is added, the cap 1230 and flexible sealing member 1225 may be placed back onto the tube; and (6) the entire separation vessel 1200 may be placed in a centrifuge and spun. In embodiments where the rheology control member 1242 is sealed to the body 1205 and plunger 1210, the sample may be added directly to the inner chamber 1211 along with a lysing agent, and the entire separation vessel 1200 may be vortexed to lyse the sample prior to the centrifugation step.

[0174] In operation, the process for pushing out the pellets is the same actuation and foil piercing process as described herein for each of the other plunger embodiments, with the additional step of applying horizontal rotational pressure to the gripping portion 1280 of the plunger 1210 being used to separate the plunger from the retainer in embodiments using a retainer 1232. Referring to FIGS. 225-230, the separation vessel 1200 is shown in a storage position or a loading position (depending on whether a sample has been introduced into the body 1205) where the plunger 1210 is attached and held in the retainer 1232. FIGS. 231-235 show the separation vessel 1200 with the plunger 1210 released from the retainer 1232, but the plunger has not yet pierced the seal 1220. In the position shown in FIGS. 231-235, when point 1217 contacts the foil, sealing rib 1272 abuts wall 1209 of body 1205 at the junction between tapered region 1203 and pellet region 1204. Referring to FIGS. 236-239 and 275-276, it is shown that plunger 1210 is fully depressed, rib 1202 passes first distal end 1206 of body 1205, the pellet is fully pushed out, and plunger seal 1290 prevents leakage of fluid thereover (e.g., density cushion). For example, in some embodiments, the distance between the sealing surface of rib 1272 and plunger seal 1290 may be less than the length of pellet region 1204 to prevent leakage of the density cushion or contamination of the sample. Unless otherwise specified, features having the same reference number, name, structure, or purpose in an assembly may be interchanged with one another in any of the embodiments described herein, and the inventors specifically contemplate each possible permutation of structures and features.

[0175] Seventh embodiment 277-344, a seventh embodiment of a separation vessel 1300 is shown. Referring to FIG. 277, an exploded view of the separation vessel 1300 is shown, showing a body 1305 having a seal 1320 that closes an opening 1312 (shown in FIG. 280) at one end, and a cap 1330 and flexible sealing member 1325 at the other end. As described below, the separation vessel 1300 may include a plunger 1310 having a plunger seal 1390, a rheology control member 1342, and a retainer 1332 attached thereto to ensure smooth operation and reduce contamination of the sample pellet. The separation vessel 1300 may further engage an end cap 1350 for supporting the body 1305 and the seal 1320 during centrifugation, and the separation vessel may include a coupling member 1340 for coupling and sealing the body to a sample collection vessel (e.g., a sample collection vessel 135, 1038 described herein).

[0176] 278-282, an assembly diagram of a separation vessel 1300 with an end cap 1350 is shown. In some embodiments, the separation vessel 1300 can be engaged with an end cap 1350 that supports the seal 1320 and the body 1305 during centrifugation, allowing the separation vessel to fit many different centrifuge cups while improving manufacturability and quality. The end cap 1350 can hold the seal 1320 in place during induction welding if the seal is induction welded to the tube. If the seal 1320 is heat sealed, the seal can be installed before the end cap 1350 is applied. In each of the embodiments described herein, the end cap 1350 can support the seal 1220 from expanding and bursting during centrifugation. In some embodiments, the seal 1320 can be connected to the body 1305 with sufficient strength to prevent the seal from opening under centrifugal forces without the end cap 1350.

[0177] In some embodiments, the end cap 1350 may be a centrifuge adapter configured to stably support the separation vessel 1300 in a centrifuge. The end cap 1350 may include a tapered portion 1351, which may be solid or may include one or more ribs 1352 with gaps therebetween. In some embodiments, a portion of the ribs 1352 may define the tapered portion 1351. The end cap 1350 may include a substantially flat distal end 1353 and may include a flange 1354 and / or a concentric wall 1358 at an opposite end to aid in alignment of the end cap 1350 in the respective axial and radial directions. The flat distal end 1353 may be configured to engage flat or rounded bottoms of various types and models of centrifuge cups, and the distal end 1353 may be narrower than the flange 1354 and / or the concentric wall 1358 at the opposite end, with the tapered portion 1351 narrowing the diameter of the end cap between the two ends. In some embodiments, the tapered portion 1351 can be configured to engage the walls of a cone-shaped centrifuge cup, such that the end cap 1350 can be structured to engage different models and configurations of centrifuges without requiring different adapters or sacrificing stability.

[0178] In some embodiments, the body 1305 may include a flange 1355 configured to engage the flange 1354 and / or the concentric wall 1358 of the end cap 1350. As shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 277-280, in some embodiments, the flange 1355 may be circumferentially disposed around the tapered region 1303 of the body 1305 and oriented toward the flange 1354 of the end cap 1350. In some embodiments, the flanges 1354, 1355 may be removably or semi-permanently attached to one another. For example, in some embodiments, a frictionally held interference fit, a threaded connection (not shown), a snap connection (not shown), or other removably engagement may be formed between the body flange 1355 and the end cap flange 1354. In some embodiments, the flanges 1354, 1355 may be glued, welded, molded, or otherwise semi-permanently fused to one another such that the bond between the flanges must be mechanically broken to remove the end cap 1350. In some embodiments, the end cap 1350 may be press-fit onto the coupling member 1340 such that the end cap is frictionally held and does not need to be welded or threaded to the body 1305. In each case, the end cap 1350 may optionally be welded to the body 1305.

[0179] In some embodiments, the end cap 1350 may include a hexagonal recess 1357 at the distal end 1353. The recess 1357 may be used to hold the separation vessel 1300 when not in use, when filling the vessel, or during centrifugation (e.g., by standing the separation vessel and end cap 1350 on a vertical post (not shown)). In some embodiments, a post or other rigid object (not shown) may be inserted into the recess 1357 to aid in removal of the end cap 1350 after centrifugation. For example, in embodiments in which the end cap 1350 has a flange 1354 semi-permanently attached to the body flange 1355, the post or other rigid object may be correspondingly hexagonal such that it may be inserted into the recess 1357 and used to twist or torque the semi-permanent connection. Mechanical separation of the end cap 1350 with a tool (e.g., the post or other rigid object referenced above) may reduce sample agitation and prevent inadvertent contamination.

[0180] In some embodiments, the end cap 1350 may further include an internal platform 1356 on which the first distal end 1306 of the pellet region 1304 may rest, with the body 1305 contacting the platform 1356 (also referred to herein as a "support surface") or with the seal 1320 sandwiched therebetween. The platform 1356 may support the seal and prevent inadvertent rupture before the user is ready to extrude the final enriched pellet, including during manufacturing, assembly, packaging, loading, and centrifugation. The internal platform 1356 may define a substantially flat surface within the internal cavity of the end cap 1350 that the seal 1320 contacts during centrifugation. Additionally, the platform 1356 of the end cap 1350 allows a full-sized seal 1320 to be attached to the entire surface area of ​​the distal end of the pellet region 1304, providing improved manufacturability and an improved seal between the seal 1320 and the body 1305.

[0181] 307-316, an embodiment of an end cap 1350 is shown. In the embodiment shown, the end cap 1350 further includes a protruding rib 1359 extending into the interior cavity of the end cap. The protruding rib 1359 can include one or more ribs, and in some embodiments, the multiple protruding ribs 1359 are spaced circumferentially around the end cap relative to the axis A (shown in FIG. 311) of the end cap. With reference to FIGS. 280-281, in some embodiments, when the distal end 1306 of the body 1305 is inserted into the end cap 1350, the protruding rib 1359 is configured to deform the coupling member 1340 to allow air trapped at an end of the interior cavity of the end cap 1350 adjacent the platform 1356 to escape. In such embodiments, the ribs 1359 deform the connecting member 1340 to allow air to escape between the ribs and / or between the ribs and a deforming surface of the connecting member (e.g., the first distal sealing surface 1343 of the connecting member). In some embodiments, the protruding ribs 1359 are disposed on a ledge joining the first wall 1346 and the second wall 1347 of the end cap 1350. When the first distal end 1306 of the body is fully inserted into the end cap 1350, the connecting member 1340 may seal against the end cap 1350 and prohibit further communication between the seal 1320 and the outside environment.

[0182] 277, 279, 283, 283-288, 317-319, and 330-334, a coupling member 1340 may be disposed on the body 1305 at or near the pellet region 1304 to facilitate coupling of the separation container 1300 to a sample collection container (e.g., sample collection container 135, 1038 detailed herein) and / or to provide an additional seal within the end cap 1350 to prevent leakage of the contents of the body 1305. The coupling member 1340 may include one or more circumferential ridges 1341 to provide a seal against the sample collection container. The coupling member 1340 may further include a first distal sealing surface 1343 and a second upper sealing surface 1344, which may be pointed (e.g., like ridge 1341) or flat. The sealing surfaces 1343, 1344 and ridges 1341 may have progressively smaller diameters as they move toward the first distal end 1306 of the pellet region 1304. For example, the first sealing surface 1343 may be the narrowest sealing surface of the connecting member 1340 and the second sealing surface 1344 may be the widest sealing surface of the connecting member, with each ridge 1341 therebetween having a progressively larger diameter, which may facilitate insertion of the separation container into the sample collection container and provide a strong seal.

[0183] 280, in some embodiments, the second sealing surface 1344 may be wider than the inner diameter of the sample collection container (not shown) (e.g., sample collection container 135, 1038 shown herein) and may include a chamfer 1345 for engaging with the top rim of the sample collection container. The chamfer 1345 may compress the second sealing surface 1344 inward to conform to the second sealing surface in the sample collection container while forming a seal against the top rim of the sample collection container or reducing the force required for engagement. In some embodiments, any other connector or coupling may be used to engage the body 1305 with the sample collection container. The other connector or coupling may be attached to either the body 1305 or the sample collection container, or may be a separate device.

[0184] The end cap 1350 may include a narrow first wall 1346 near or adjacent to the platform 1356 and a wider second wall 1347 above the first wall opposite the platform. The first wall 1346 and second wall 1347 (inner and / or outer surfaces) may be parallel to the walls of the pellet region 1304 or may taper slightly inwardly such that the distal end closest to the platform 1356 is narrower than the opposite end of either wall segment 1346, 1347. The first wall 1346 and second wall 1347 may define a diameter less than or equal to the diameter of the respective first and second sealing surfaces 1343, 1344, at least at the same respective axial location on the platform 1356. 280-281, the illustrated coupling member 1340 has a wider diameter than the illustrated end cap 1350 at this axial location, so the first sealing surface 1343 is shown overlapping the first wall 1346 of the end cap 1350. In reality, in such an embodiment, the first sealing surface 1343 would deform to fit within the distal end of the end cap 1350, and no overlap would occur in the illustrated embodiment.

[0185] 280, the body 1305 may include one or more circumferential ribs 1348, 1349 that provide structural rigidity to the connection between the body and the connecting member 1340. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 280, the body includes two circumferential ribs 1348, 1349, one disposed proximate the tapered region 1303 of the body and the other disposed proximate the first distal end 1306 of the pellet region 1304. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 280 and 332, the first circumferential rib 1348 is recessed into a corresponding recess 1360 in the first sealing surface 1343 of the connecting member 1340. Similarly, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 280 and 332, the second circumferential rib 1349 is recessed into a corresponding recess 1361 in the second sealing surface 1344 of the connecting member 1340.

[0186] The connecting member 1340 and body 1305 can be attached by overmolding, elastically stretching the connecting member 1340 over the body 1305, or fusing multiple pieces of the connecting member 1340 together around the body 1305. In some embodiments, the connecting member 1340 can be made of a flexible material such as an elastomer. The connecting member 1340 can be overmolded onto the body 1305. In some embodiments, the connecting member 1340 can be made of a thermoplastic elastomer such as silicone or Medalist® MD-12140. In some embodiments, the separation container opening 1312 can be sealed by the seal 1320, the end cap 1350 compressing the seal, and the engagement of the end cap 1350 and the connecting member 1340.

[0187] 319-334, the body 1305 may also include one or more vertical ribs 1362 and the connecting member 1340 may include one or more corresponding recesses 1363 for receiving and engaging the vertical ribs 1262. In some embodiments, the body 1305 may include a base flange 1364 at a distal end of the pellet region 1304 for retaining the connecting member 1340 on its upper surface and engaging (e.g., via sonic welding) the seal 1320 below at an annular surface surrounding the opening 1312 (shown in FIG. 280).

[0188] The end of the coupling member 1340 opposite the base flange 1364 may further abut a portion of the outer surface of the tapered region 1303 such that a combination of upward retention from the base flange and downward retention from the tapered region may hold the coupling member 1340 in a stable position (e.g., the position shown in FIG. 318). In some embodiments, the coupling member 1340 may be disposed between the flange 1355 of the body 1305 of the tapered region 1303 and the base flange 1364 such that the coupling member 1340 fits inside the end cap 1350 and sample collection container described herein to prevent fluid (including sample) from leaking from the separation container. The coupling member 1340 may include bidirectional (e.g., vertical) recesses (e.g., recesses 1360, 1361, 1363) for engaging with corresponding bidirectional ribs (e.g., ribs 1348, 1349, 1362) of the body to prevent both axial and rotational movement of the coupling member.

[0189] As described in connection with other embodiments herein, the body 1305 may include a first distal end 1306, a second distal end 1307, a tapered region 1303, a pellet region 1304, a collection region 1302, an expansion region 1308, and a wall 1309, each of which may operate and be structured as described in each embodiment herein. The separation container 1300 may further include a retainer 1332 attached to the body 1305 in the expansion region 1308. In some embodiments, referring to Figs. 319, 320, 322, 323, 327, the expansion region 1308 of the body 1305 may include one or more support protrusions 1365 that may receive and secure the retainer 1332 on its distal end. In some embodiments, the inner diameter of the body 1305 with the protrusions 1365 in the expansion region 1308 is the same as the diameter of the collection region 1302. The retainer 1332 may be otherwise structured and operable, as described above with respect to the retainers 1032, 1232, to secure the plunger 1310 in a predetermined vertical position (e.g., a position in which an upper edge of the retainer 1332 is flush with the second distal end 1307 of the body 1305). For example, with reference to FIG. 259, the plunger 1310 may include a support member 1315 having the features and structure shown and described in connection with the support members 1015, 1215 of the plungers 1010, 1210 above, and the retainer 1332 may include a holding member 1333 and corresponding features having the features and structure shown and described in connection with the retainers 1032, 1232 of the plungers 1010, 1210.

[0190] 296-306, a plunger 1310 is shown according to some embodiments described herein. The plunger 1310 may include a longitudinal member 1316 that reaches a conical point 1317 at a first distal end 1318. The plunger may include a penetrating portion 1370 that defines a cylindrical portion of the longitudinal member 1316 that terminates in a tapered shape at the point 1317. The penetrating portion 1370 may operate in substantially the same manner as the blade 160 or point 117 described herein, and the penetrating portion 1370 and point 1317 may be narrower than the remainder of the longitudinal member 1316 or plunger 1310 to allow for collection of additional sample within the pellet region 1304. As such, the relative diameters and sizes of the components shown in the figures are intended to be accurate as an exemplary embodiment (e.g., the penetrating portion 1370 is depicted as narrower than the remainder of the longitudinal member 1316).

[0191] In some implementations, the plunger 1310 can include at least one sealing rib 1372 formed circumferentially around the longitudinal member 1316 and can include a tapered region 1371 between the sealing rib 1372 and the piercing portion 1370. The sealing rib 1372 can be a generally circular sealing surface that seals uniformly around the plunger. The sealing rib 1372 can be configured to engage the wall 1309 of the body 1305 and seal a portion of the interior chamber 1311 below the rib 1372 from a portion of the interior chamber above the rib. In particular, the diameter d of the sealing rib 1372 can be an interference fit to the pellet diameter (e.g., slightly larger than the diameter of the body 1305 at the pellet region 1304) such that the plunger 1310 engages the pellet region 1304 via the rib 1372 during actuation of the plunger. In this manner, the plunger 130 can at least partially fluidly isolate the pellet region 1304 from the tapered region 1303 and the collection region 1302 when the plunger is actuated. In some embodiments, the sealing rib 1372 can define a diameter that is equal to or greater than the diameter of the pellet region 1304. In some embodiments, the sealing rib 1372 can define a diameter that is equal to or less than the diameter of the pellet region 1304. The sealing rib 1372 can be molded and made from the same generally rigid material as the plunger.

[0192] In some embodiments, the plunger 1310 may include a plunger seal 1390 attached to the plunger in addition to or instead of the sealing rib 1372. In some embodiments, the sealing rib 1372 may be disposed between the plunger seal 1390 and a point 1317 at the first distal end 1318. The plunger seal 1390 may define a plunger diameter equal to or greater than the diameter of the sealing rib 1372 and equal to or greater than the diameter of the pellet region 1304. The plunger seal 1390 may seal the body's interior chamber 1311 at the pellet region 1304 to prevent leakage of the density cushion when the portion of the plunger between the plunger seal and the point 1317 emerges from an opening 1312 (shown in FIG. 280 ) at the first distal end 1306 of the body 1305 when the plunger 1310 is fully depressed. In some embodiments, the volume of the sample is configured to be held between the plunger seal 1390, the wall of the separation vessel body 1305 (e.g., at the pellet region 1304 during actuation), the first distal end 1306 of the body 1305, and a portion of the longitudinal member 1316 between the point 1317 and the plunger seal 1390. The volume is held upon actuation of the plunger 1310 when the plunger seal 1390 engages the wall 1309 at the pellet region 1304. As described herein, the various diameters of the plunger 1310 may be taken radially relative to an axis extending between the first distal end 1318 and the second distal end 1319 of the plunger (e.g., axis A shown in FIG. 279). In such embodiments, the engagement of the plunger seal 1390 with the wall 1309 (e.g., at the pellet region 1304) may divide the interior chamber 1311 into at least two sub-chambers above and below the plunger seal.

[0193] In some embodiments, the plunger 1310 may define a recess 1373 in the longitudinal member 1316 in which a portion of the plunger seal 1390 is disposed. The recess 1373 may include a first shoulder 1374 and a second shoulder 1375 that abut either side of the plunger seal 1390 to retain the plunger seal within the recess and may extend radially from the inner diameter of the recess to the diameter of the longitudinal member 1316. In some embodiments, an additional protuberance (referred to herein as a chamfer) (shown in FIG. 302) or change in diameter may be used to retain the plunger seal 1390.

[0194] In some embodiments, the plunger 1310 may further define a through passage 1376 in the recess 1373 of the longitudinal member 1316 through which a corresponding locking arm 1377 of the plunger seal 1390 passes to prevent rotational or axial movement of the plunger seal. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may be overmolded onto the plunger 1310 such that the locking arm 1377 is fixedly and permanently formed within the through passage 1376. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may be formed from a softer material (e.g., an elastomeric material) than the plunger 1310 to provide an additional seal against the wall 1309 when the plunger is depressed. In some embodiments, the plunger seal may be integral with the plunger 1310. The plunger seal 1390 may be made from an elastomer, such as a silicone or a thermoplastic elastomer as described herein with respect to the coupling member 1340. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 material should be flexible (e.g., TPE with 50 Shore A durometer). The plunger seal 1390 may mitigate molding imperfections (e.g., imperfections in the seal of the sealing rib 1372) in the more rigid plunger 1310. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may deform more easily than the rib 1372 and may require less force to move along the wall 1309. The plunger seal 1390 may include chamfered edges near the shoulders 1374, 1375 for easier actuation.

[0195] In some embodiments, the plunger's longitudinal member 1316 may include a further tapered region 1378 (also referred to herein as a "shoulder") above the recess 1373 such that the portion of the longitudinal member 1316 above the further tapered region 1378 is wider (e.g., the recess 1373 is disposed between the point 1317 and the further tapered region 1378). The further tapered region 1378 and the greater side of the further tapered longitudinal member 1316 may define a diameter substantially larger than the pellet region 1304. In some embodiments, the distance between the further tapered region 1378 and a point 1317 of the plunger 1310 can be equal to or less than the axial length of the pellet region 1304 such that the further tapered region 1378 is configured to impact a wall 1309 proximate the junction between the tapered region 1303 of the body 1305 and the pellet region 1304 of the body before the plunger seal 1390 completely exits the first distal end 1306 of the body and before fluid above the plunger seal leaks. In some embodiments, the impact of the further tapered region 1378 (also referred to as a shoulder) can define a maximum axial displacement of the plunger 1310. In some embodiments, the axial distance between the plunger seal 1390 and the tapered region 1378 and the axial length of the pellet region 1304 are configured such that the plunger seal 1390 remains at least partially within the body 1305 at the maximum displacement of the plunger 1310. In some embodiments, the axial distance between the plunger seal 1390 and the plunger first distal end 1318 is less than or equal to the axial length of the pellet region 1304 such that the plunger seal 1390 is configured to engage the pellet region 1304 of the body 1305 before the plunger 1310 opens the seal 1320 during actuation. In some embodiments, the further tapered region 1378 may define an angle that matches the angle of the tapered region 1303 according to any of the embodiments described herein.

[0196] In some embodiments, the longitudinal member 1316 may include a step 1379 that may help reduce the required actuation force of the plunger 1310 due to the relatively narrow diameter of the step compared to the surrounding body of the plunger.

[0197] 296, 299-301, 304-305, a second distal end 1319 of the plunger opposite the point 1317 at the first distal end 1318 may include a gripping portion 1380 to allow a user to depress (e.g., move the plunger axially on a longitudinal axis extending between the first distal end 1318 and the second distal end 1319) and / or twist (e.g., rotate the plunger about the longitudinal axis to, e.g., release the support member 1315 and the retainer 1332). In some embodiments, the gripping portion 1380 may be spaced from the second distal end 1319 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 301). In some embodiments, the gripping portion 1380 may be substantially rectangular. For example, referring to FIG. 305, the grip 1380 can define a rectangular or square cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the longitudinal member 1316. In some embodiments, the grip can be generally cylindrical. In some embodiments, the grip can be asymmetric. In some embodiments, the grip can include a knob or protrusion to facilitate rotation of the plunger about the axis of the longitudinal member.

[0198] In some embodiments, the retainer (also referred to herein as a "collar") 1332 can be configured to engage the plunger 1310 to prevent axial displacement of the plunger. In some embodiments, the retainer 1332 can include an annular wall 1337 having an engagement feature (e.g., a retaining member 1333) defined thereon. In some embodiments, the retainer can include a feature (e.g., a wall, groove, or protrusion) integral with the body 1305 of the separation container 1300 configured to engage one or more portions of the plunger 1310 such that the retainer and body define a unitary piece. In some embodiments, the retainer 1332 can be separately engaged with the body 1305 (e.g., by a press fit).

[0199] 296, 299, 300, 301, 303, and 339-344, the retainer 1332 and plunger 1310 may have a retention mechanism that allows the plunger to be supported by the retainer during centrifugation, but is also actuatable by the user after separation. In particular, in some embodiments, the retainer 1332 may support the plunger 1310 under an axial load (e.g., a load along axis A shown in FIG. 279) of at least 3000 times gravity, while the plunger 1310 may be engaged and disengaged from the retainer 1332 by rotating the plunger 1310 about axis A shown in FIG. 279. In particular, the retainer 1332 includes one or more retention members 1333 that engage corresponding support members 1315 on the plunger 1310. The support member 1315 may include one or more locking members 1314 that engage with respective retaining members 1333 of the retainer 1332. In the illustrated embodiment, the retainer 1332 includes two retaining members 1333 and the plunger 1310 includes two locking members 1314 spaced 180 degrees apart from each other about the longitudinal axis of the plunger 1310.

[0200] In the illustrated embodiment, the retaining member 1333 can include a support protrusion 1334 extending from the annular wall of the retainer 1332, with a stop wall 1336 at one end of the support protrusion. The support protrusion 1334 can further include one or more locking tabs 1335. Referring to FIG. 303, the locking member 1314 can include a substantially C-shaped receiving area defined by a bottom wall 1396, a lateral wall 1397, a top wall 1398, and a lip 1399. These features can combine to receive and engage a corresponding retaining member 1333 of the retainer 1332. For example, the support protrusion 1334 (shown in FIGS. 339-344) of the retaining member 1333 can be received in the locking protrusion 1314 (shown in FIG. 303) with an upper surface of the bottom wall engaging a lower surface of the support member 1334. When the retaining member 1333 engages with the locking member 1314, the locking tab 1335 (shown in FIGS. 339, 342 and 344) and / or the lip 1399 may deflect such that the locking tab 1335 may be positioned in the space between the side wall 1397, the top wall 1398, and the lip 1399 to retain the plunger 1310.

[0201] In some embodiments, the inner annular wall 1337 of the retainer 1332 may span the central opening and define a circumferential direction in a plane centered on the central opening and an axial direction oriented perpendicular to the plane (e.g., along axis A shown in FIG. 279). In some embodiments, the at least one support protrusion 1334 may define a circumferential wall that is longer in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 339-344). In some embodiments, the stop wall 1336 may be configured to prevent rotation of the plunger in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction when the at least one support protrusion 1334 engages the at least one locking member 1314 of the plunger 1310. In some embodiments, the stop wall 1336 may extend from a first surface of the at least one support protrusion 1334 and prevent rotation of the plunger in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction about axis A. In some embodiments, the retainer 1332 can include two retention members 1333 disposed diametrically opposite one another relative to the annular wall 1337. In some embodiments, the support member 1315 can include two locking members 1314 disposed diametrically opposite one another relative to the longitudinal axis of the plunger 1310.

[0202] In some embodiments, the at least one retaining member 1333 may include at least one locking tab 1335 extending from a first surface of the at least one support projection 1334. When the at least one locking tab 1335 engages the at least one locking member 1314 of the plunger 1310, the at least one locking tab 1335 may be configured to engage the at least one locking member 1314 of the plunger 1310 to releasably retain the plunger by increasing the force required to rotate the plunger about the longitudinal axis A. In some embodiments, when the at least one locking member and the at least one retaining member are engaged, the at least one locking member 1314 defines a C-shaped wall configured to be disposed on either side of the circumferential wall in an axial direction, and the C-shaped wall may include a bottom wall 1396, a side wall 1397, a top wall 1398, and / or a lip 1399 as described herein. In some embodiments, the lower wall 1396 and / or the upper wall 1398 can be defined as a locking wall configured to engage with at least one retention member 1333 of the retainer 1332 .

[0203] 277-306, a gripping portion 1380 of a plunger 1310, which may be sealed within a separation container 1300, may be manipulated through a flexible sealing member 1325 to prevent leakage or contamination. In such an embodiment, the gripping portion 1380 and second distal end 1319 of the plunger 1310 may extend at least partially into a cavity of the flexible sealing member 1325 through an open end of a flange 1381 of the flexible sealing member. The flexible sealing member 1325 may be made of an elastomeric material, and in some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 1325 may be made at least partially of a transparent material. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member 1325 may be retained by a cap 1330 that functions in substantially the same structure as the caps described herein (e.g., caps 130, 1030, 1230) having an opening 1331 (shown in FIG. 277) through which the flexible sealing member 1325 may extend. The cap 1330 may then be threaded onto the body 1305, securing the flange 1381 of the flexible sealing member therebetween, such that the flange 1381 may engage the body and seal the second distal end 1307 of the body 1305 to close the interior chamber 1311 of the body 1305.

[0204] 289-295, the flexible sealing member 1325 can include a top 1382 that a user can press down to also press down the plunger 1310 (shown in FIG. 287). The top 1382 and the flange 1381 can be connected by a wall 1383 of the flexible sealing member 1325. Upon actuation by a user, the top 1382 can translate downward toward the flange 1381 and the remainder of the separation container, causing axial movement of the plunger 1310. The top 1382 can also be configured to rotate relative to the flange 1381 during locking and unlocking of the plunger 1310 (e.g., while rotating the plunger about its longitudinal axis), deforming the wall 1383 therebetween, such that the flange 1381 remains stationary relative to the body 1305 while the top 1382 rotates with the plunger 1310. The walls 1383 of the flexible sealing member 1325 may return to a neutral position after being rotated and released. In some embodiments, the top 1382 may collapse slightly around the user's finger during actuation. As the top 1382 and flange 1381 approach each other, the walls 1383 collapse and hinge, allowing the top 1382 to remain in contact with the plunger. In some embodiments, the walls 1383 at least partially deform outwardly to allow the top 1382 to push the plunger 1310 down into a position that is completely flush with at least the top surface of the cap 1330. The flexible sealing member may include a receiving portion 1384 at the top 1382 configured to receive the second distal end of the plunger 1310 therein.

[0205] 289-295, an embodiment of the flexible sealing member 1325 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the wall 1383 expands continuously outward as it moves from the top 1382 to the flange 1381. In other words, the flexible sealing member 1325 may define a radius r (shown in FIG. 290) radially from an axis A (also called the "sealing member axis" or "displacement axis" and shown in FIG. 290) that extends between the top 1382 and the plane of the flange 1381. With reference to FIG. 279, the axis A of the flexible sealing member 1325 may be configured to be collinear with the longitudinal axis A of the plunger 1310, the body 1305, and the end cap 1350. In some embodiments, the radius at each point along the axis of the flexible sealing member 1325 between the open end of the flange 1381 and the closed top 1382 is greater than the radius at each point closer to the closed top 1382 and less than the radius at each point closer to the open end of the flange 1381. In some embodiments, the wall 1383 may expand outwardly or be vertical when moving from the top 1382 to the flange 1381. In other words, in some embodiments, the radius at each point along the axis of the flexible sealing member 1325 between the open end of the flange 1381 and the closed top 1382 is greater than or equal to the radius at each point closer to the closed top 1382 and less than or equal to the radius at each point closer to the open end of the flange 1381. In some embodiments, the wall 1383 may not have an inwardly sloping surface (e.g., a surface with a smaller radius at a point closer to the flange than at another point further from the flange). In some embodiments, the wall 1383 may have an angle of at least 2 degrees relative to axis A, which angle is directed toward the flange between the wall and a vertical axis parallel to axis A. In some embodiments, each portion of the wall 1383 may define an angle with the flange 1381 that is 90 degrees or greater with respect to the shortest angle between the flange and the wall when the flexible sealing member is in a non-actuated position. Such an embodiment may facilitate more efficient manufacturing and lower part costs because the flexible sealing member 1325 may slide out of its mold without stretching. In the embodiments described above, the angle of the wall 1383 may change upon actuation of the flexible sealing member to rotate or axially depress the plunger 1310.

[0206] 289-295, in some embodiments, the wall 1383 may include a series of wall segments extending from the top 1382 to the flange 1381 that vary in angle relative to the axis A. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 290, the wall 1383 may alternate between steeper and shallower angles at each junction between segments. With reference to FIGS. 293-295, the wall 1383 may have one or more hinge points 1385 that have a thinner wall thickness than the wall segments on either side. These hinge points 1385 may facilitate the flexible sealing member 1325 collapsing during plunger actuation such that the wall 1383 is deflected out of the path of the plunger 1310. In some embodiments, the travel distance of the plunger 1310 and the deformation range of the flexible sealing member 1325 may be greater than a bellows design of comparable height.

[0207] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 289-291, the top 1382 is connected to a first vertical wall segment 1386. The first vertical wall segment 1386 is then connected to a second non-vertical wall segment 1387, which may be angled downward and inward from the first vertical wall segment. The first non-vertical wall segment 1387 may then be connected to a second vertical wall segment 1386. The second vertical wall segment 1386 may then be connected to a second non-vertical wall segment 1387, which may be angled downward and outward from the second vertical wall segment 1386. The second non-vertical wall segment 1387 may then be connected to a third vertical wall segment 1386, which may abut the flange 1381. In some embodiments, the surface of the non-vertical wall segment 1387 may include a vertical portion therein to define a portion of the hinge point 1385 (e.g., a portion of an outer or inner surface may narrow to create a portion of a narrow hinge point in an otherwise non-vertical wall segment). In some embodiments, the wall segments may smoothly transition between each other. In some embodiments, the flexible sealing member of any of the other embodiments (e.g., flexible sealing member 125, 1025, 1225) may be used in place of flexible sealing member 1325.

[0208] During downward actuation, the flexible sealing member 1325 can collapse, with the vertical wall segment 1386 translating downward (e.g., via hinge point 1385) such that the non-vertical wall segment 1387 behaves like a hinge, and in the collapsed state the segments form a nested set of concentric walls. When fully compressed, the vertical wall segment 1386 can form a concentric nested ridge with the angled wall segment (e.g., non-vertical wall segment 1387) that changes direction at the hinge point 1385.

[0209] 277, 279, 284, 287, and 335-338, the separation vessel 1300 can include a rheology control member 1342 that can be structured and operated according to any of the embodiments described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342, body 1305, and plunger 1310 can be structured and cooperate in substantially the same manner as the rheology control members 1042, 1242, bodies 1005, 1205, and plungers 1010, 1210 herein, and can include a gasket 1043 and corresponding structure and operation described therewith. In some other embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 can be structured and operated as shown and described with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 14-31, 32-49, or 50-67. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 may be configured to impinge on the wall 1309 of the body 1305 during sample loading, and the wall 1309 may flex outward during centrifugation to release the rheology control member. Similarly, in some embodiments, the wall 1309 of the body 1305 may include a shoulder (e.g., annular shoulder 1061) that impinges on the rheology control member below a particular axial position according to embodiments described herein.

[0210] 335-338, in some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 may include an annular wall 1391 including an inner surface 1392 that defines a bore of the rheology control member through which the plunger 1310 is configured to pass. The rheology control member 1342 may further include an outer surface 1393 that defines an outer diameter of the rheology control member. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 may further include one or more ribs 1394. The ribs 1394 may be configured to engage the wall 1309 of the body 1305 (e.g., at the tapered region 1303) to allow fluid to flow through the rheology control member 1342 and prevent the rheology member from completely sealing off the top of the internal chamber 1311 from the bottom of the internal chamber 1311. In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 may include at least one annular trough 1395 that extends circumferentially around the top of the rheology control member. In some embodiments, fluid passes around the outer surface 1393 of the rheology control member 1342 and / or centered between the plunger 1310 and the rheology control member 1342 (e.g., along the inner surface 1391) during addition of sample to layer the sample (e.g., without disturbing the density cushion). In some embodiments, the annular trough 1395 may be solid and may not allow fluid to pass therethrough. The trough 1395 may be configured to trap undesirable portions of the blood culture sample (e.g., excess resin beads). In some embodiments, the annular trough may include a hole, multiple holes, or a mesh screen.

[0211] Unless otherwise stated, the separation vessel 1300 operates in the same manner, has the same characteristics, and can be made of the materials and configurations of any of the embodiments described herein. The seventh embodiment separation vessel 1300 shows a non-buoyant plunger 1310 held by a retainer 1332 as described above. The illustrated separation vessel 1300 also includes a rheology control member 1342 as described herein. In addition, the illustrated separation vessel 1300 can engage an end cap 1350 for securing a seal 1320 (e.g., a foil sheet or other sealing membrane) to the body 1305 and supporting the separation vessel during centrifugation. The separation vessel 1300 can further include a coupling member 1340 for coupling the body 1305 with a sample collection vessel 135, 1038, which can be used in a similar manner to the sample collection vessels 135, 1038 described herein.

[0212] During assembly, the separation vessel 1300 may be assembled in the following ordered steps, some of which may be omitted depending on the final structure and contents of the separation vessel according to the embodiments described herein. (1) adding a density cushion to the internal chamber 1311; (2) connecting the plunger 1310 to the retainer 1332; (3) inserting the rheology control member 1342 onto the plunger 1310; (4) sliding the gasket 1043 onto the plunger 1310 below the rheology control member 1342 (for embodiments using a gasket); (5) engaging the retainer 1332 with the support protrusion 1365 of the body 1305 while forming an interference or slip fit between the rheology control member 1342 and the body 1305; (6) inserting the flexible sealing member 1325 into the opening 1331 of the cap 1330; and (7) securing the flexible sealing member 1325 and the cap 1330 to the body 1305 while encapsulating the plunger within the separation container (e.g., sealing the separation container before or after inserting a sample for testing). The interference fit may be created by inserting a rod into the gap between the retainer 1332 and the plunger 1310 to push the rheology control member 1342 downward. In some embodiments, the seal 1320 may be attached to the body 1305 prior to adding the density cushion. According to some embodiments described herein, the rheology control member may be initially inserted with an interference fit before being released by outward deformation of the wall 1309 of the body 1305 during centrifugation.

[0213] During testing, the separation vessel 1300 may be operated in the following sequence of steps: (1) the cap 1330 and flexible sealing member 1325 may be removed to add a lysed sample (e.g., from a live sample) to the tube; (2) the sample is then transferred to the body 1305, and the rheology control member 1342 may be positioned between the two fluids to prevent bulk mixing of the sample with the density cushion; (3) the separation vessel may be optionally pre-spun before adding the sample to dislodge any density cushion that may have migrated to the upper chamber during shipping or storage. The rheology control member 1342 may be constructed for a small gap between it and the wall 1309 of the body 1305, and may include an annular shoulder (e.g., shoulders 1061, 1062) when not centrifuged as described above (e.g., to limit downward movement of the rheology control member). In some embodiments, the rheology control member 1342 can also be constructed so that it does not interact with or reach the tapered region 1303 of the body 1305. During centrifugation, the sample can flow down the wall 1309 of the tapered region 1303 and collect in a pellet in the pellet region 1304.

[0214] In some embodiments, the included angle of the wall 1309 of the body 1305 at the tapered region 1303 is preferably 40 degrees or less. In some embodiments, the angle between the wall 1309 of the body 1305 and the longitudinal axis of the body 1305 at the tapered region is preferably 20 degrees or less. In some embodiments, the included angle of the wall 1309 of the body 1305 at the tapered region 1303 is preferably 10 degrees to 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle between the wall 1309 of the body 1305 and the longitudinal axis of the body 1305 at the tapered region is preferably 5 degrees to 20 degrees. In some embodiments, the wall 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees. In some embodiments, the wall 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 5 degrees to about 20 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 5 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 5 degrees to about 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 15 degrees to about 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 25 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 35 degrees to about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define an included angle of about 35 degrees to about 40 degrees.

[0215] In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 55 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 50 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 35 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 30 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 25 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a maximum included angle of 20 degrees.

[0216] In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 5 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 10 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 15 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 20 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 25 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 30 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 35 degrees. In some embodiments, the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 may define a minimum included angle of 40 degrees.

[0217] In some embodiments, exceeding a maximum angle can cause biomass to stick to the walls 1309. For example, in some embodiments, an included angle of the walls 1309 in the tapered region exceeding 40 degrees can result in biomass buildup. In some embodiments, the included angle of the walls 1309 at the tapered region 1303 can be configured to ensure that biomass does not stick to the walls during centrifugation, maximize sample volume, and / or limit the length of the separation vessel 1300 to fit within a standard syringe.

[0218] Testing may further include: (4) during sample addition, the rheology control member 1342 may float, optionally providing mixing protection if not an interference fit. The rheology control member 1342 may also have a recessed ring on top, which may trap settling components such as resin or other particulates. These particles may become lodged in the recessed area as the layering aid floats up the tube during sample addition or centrifugation. Testing may further include: (5) after the sample is added, the cap 1330 and flexible sealing member 1325 may be placed back onto the tube; and (6) the entire separation vessel 1300 may be placed in a centrifuge and spun. In embodiments where the rheology control member 1342 is sealed to the body 1305 and plunger 1310, the sample may be added directly to the inner chamber 1311 along with a lysing agent, and the entire separation vessel 1300 may be vortexed to lyse the sample prior to the centrifugation step.

[0219] In operation, the process for pushing out the pellets is the same actuation and foil piercing process as described herein for each of the other plunger embodiments, with the additional step of applying horizontal rotational pressure to the gripping portion 1380 of the plunger 1310 being used to separate the plunger from the retainer in embodiments using a retainer 1332. Referring to FIGS. 278-282, the separation vessel 1300 is shown in a storage position or a loading position (depending on whether a sample has been introduced into the body 1305) where the plunger 1310 is attached and held in the retainer 1332. FIGS. 283-285 show the separation vessel 1300 with the plunger 1310 released from the retainer 1332, but the plunger has not yet pierced the seal 1320. 283-285, the sealing rib 1372 abuts the wall 1309 of the body 1305 at the junction between the tapered region 1303 and the pellet region 1304 when the point 1317 contacts the seal 1320 but the plunger seal 1390 has not yet engaged the pellet region 1304. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may engage the pellet region 1304 before the seal 1320 is opened. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may engage the pellet region 1304 at the same time that the seal 1320 is opened. In some embodiments, the plunger seal 1390 may engage the pellet region 1304 after the seal 1320 is opened, and in such embodiments, the sealing rib 1372 may engage the pellet region 1304 simultaneously with or before the seal 1320 opens (e.g., as shown in FIG. 285 ) and may initially provide at least a partial seal of the pellet region prior to the plunger seal 1390 engaging the pellet region. In some embodiments, any density cushion present above the pellet region 1304 may be displaced upwardly as the plunger 1310 moves downward along its longitudinal axis before the seal 1320 opens. In some instances, a residual amount of density cushion present in the pellet region may not affect test performance.

[0220] 286-288, it is shown that the plunger 1310 is fully depressed, the dot 1317 and the rib 1202 pass through the opening in the distal end 1306 of the body 1305, the pellet is fully pushed out, and the plunger seal 1390 prevents leakage of the fluid thereover (e.g., density cushion). For example, in some embodiments, the distance between the sealing surface of the rib 1372 and the plunger seal 1390 may be less than the length of the pellet region 1304 to prevent leakage of the density cushion or contamination of the sample. Unless otherwise stated, features having the same reference number, name, structure, or purpose in an assembly may be interchangeable in any of the embodiments described herein, and the inventors specifically contemplate each possible substitution of structures and features.

[0221] In each of the above embodiments, once an isolated microbial sample has been prepared, subsequent testing steps can be performed to provide measurements useful for characterizing and / or identifying the microbial organism. Useful testing procedures are known in the art. EXAMPLES

[0222] Example 1: Direct ID and AST using a large-volume separation vessel In some embodiments, the separation vessel (e.g., separation vessel 100) may facilitate larger sample sizes than conventional separation devices. To investigate the potential of the aforementioned separation vessel and centrifuge assembly, several devices and samples were tested according to the embodiments described herein. In creating the separation vessels in the present examples and disclosed herein, the inventors noted that smaller volume devices were insufficient for certain species of microorganisms, and thus larger volume separation vessels were designed utilizing the plungers 100, 115 of the present disclosure. In these examples, the biomass (i.e., number of microbial cells) recovered was not sufficient for some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii (A. Baumannii) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and therefore a higher volume capacity tube was required. The separation vessel used in the examples included substantially the same structure and operation as the separation vessel 100 described herein. In fact, the mechanical recovery of pellets according to the present design provided a significant improvement in both ease of use and user safety.

[0223] In the examples, four bacteria with different pellet consistencies were tested according to Table 1 below.

[0224] The following test method was utilized: (1) Remove a 2 mL sample of BC broth and add to a lysis tube containing 4 mL of LB16 buffer; (2) Vortex the lysis tube and leave at room temperature for 1 minute; (3) Add 6 mL of the resulting lysate to a large separation vessel containing 2 mL of density cushion and approximately 1 mL of polypropylene balls (also called stacking aids) as rheology control members; (4) Apply cap and spin tube at 3,000 g for 10 minutes at room temperature; (5) Attach a specimen collection vessel (such as specimen collection vessel 135) containing 1.0 mL of VITEK saline to the bottom end of the body; (6) Depress the plunger (e.g., plungers 110, 115) to expel the pellet into the specimen collection vessel; (7) Vortex or shake the tube to create a microbial suspension; (8) Read the McFarland and adjust the solution to 0.50-0.63 McFarland; (9) Add the diluted suspension to the appropriate VITEK Load onto an AST card; and (10) spot the suspension onto a MALDI slide on a 60° C. heater block, dry, add matrix, dry, and load onto a VITEK MS MALDI-TOF system.

[0225] The test was leak-free, with consistent and easy mechanical transfer of the microbial pellet to the sample collection container and recovery of sufficient viable cells for downstream analysis. All four bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF (see Figure 158). VITEK2 AST card results for the test suspensions were consistent with previous colony AST results, with all results falling within the Essential Agreement range or within a 1x dilution of the control MIC (see Figures 159-160).

[0226] Example 2: General sample processing In some exemplary embodiments, the sample can be processed using the following steps: (1) remove the culture sample from the blood culture bottle; (2) dispense the blood culture into a lysis buffer; (3) vortex the mixed sample to generate a lysate sample; (4) add the lysate sample to a separation vessel; (5) centrifuge the lysate sample to generate a sample pellet; (6) connect the separation vessel to a sample collection vessel; (7) push the sample pellet into the separation vessel; (8) resuspend the sample microorganisms in saline; and (9) dilute the resuspended sample to a concentration suitable for downstream testing. In some embodiments, a 2.5 mL culture sample can be removed from the blood culture bottle. In some embodiments, the lysate sample can be centrifuged at 3,000 g for 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the separation vessel can be a 5 ml separation vessel.

[0227] Example 3: Yeast Treatment In an exemplary embodiment, the yeast sample can be processed using various embodiments of the separation vessel described herein. One example of a yeast processing method can include the following steps: (1) remove the culture sample from the blood culture bottle; (2) dispense the blood culture into a lysis buffer; (3) vortex the mixed sample to generate a lysate sample; (4) add the lysate sample to the separation vessel; (5) centrifuge the lysate sample to generate a sample pellet; (6) connect the separation vessel to a sample collection vessel; (7) push the sample pellet into the separation vessel; (8) resuspend the sample microorganisms in saline; (9) wash the resuspended sample, which includes (a) centrifuging the sample, (b) removing the supernatant, (c) resuspending the sample, (d) vortexing the sample; and (10) depositing the resulting sample for downstream testing (such as MALDI-TOF ID). In some embodiments, the separation vessel can be a small volume collection tube with a volume of less than 5 mL.

[0228] conclusion Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions described herein will occur to one skilled in the art to which these embodiments of the invention pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Some figures may or may not label certain features for ease of viewing, but one skilled in the art will appreciate that every feature shown in the figure is present in its image. It should be understood, therefore, that embodiments of the invention are not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. For example, unless otherwise specified, common features between multiple embodiments may have substantially the same operation and characteristics. Similarly, different components (e.g., different rheology control members 200, 300, 400, 1042, 1242, 1342, different plungers 110, 115, 1010, 1210, 1310, or lack thereof) can be readily substituted between embodiments. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Although some configurations are described under separate headings (e.g., first embodiment, second embodiment, etc.), it will be understood that this is for ease and brevity of description, and is not an absolute requirement that the particular features described in each configuration be treated in separate combinations as described in that particular configuration. Thus, one or more features of one or more configurations that are compatible with one or more features of other configurations can be incorporated into those other configurations. Those skilled in the art will readily understand how various features can be combined into further configurations of the embodiments described herein.

[0229] For the avoidance of doubt, this disclosure includes subject matter defined in the following numbered paragraphs (abbreviated as "para."): Section 1 A separation container for extracting a portion of a sample for use or testing, comprising: a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening and configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; a seal disposed across the opening, whereby the seal is configured to seal the opening in the body; and a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber, the plunger configured to be actuated to open the seal and expel a portion of the sample; a separation container comprising: Section 2 2. The separation vessel of claim 1, wherein the body defines an axis extending from the opening to the second end of the body, where the longitudinal member of the plunger is disposed on the axis, and where the interior chamber defines a radial diameter relative to the axis, where the diameter narrows from a collection diameter to a pellet diameter in a direction extending axially from the second end to the opening. Section 3 3. The separation vessel of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the plunger is configured to sealingly engage the body at a portion of the body corresponding to the pellet diameter. Section 4 4. The separation vessel of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the plunger defines a radial plunger diameter relative to a length of the longitudinal member, wherein the plunger diameter is equal to or greater than the pellet diameter. Section 5 5. The separation vessel of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least a portion of the plunger includes a plunger seal circumferentially disposed about a longitudinal member of the plunger, wherein the plunger seal is configured to engage the body at a portion of the body corresponding to the pellet diameter. Section 6 6. The separation vessel of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plunger is configured to allow a portion of the sample to pass through the plunger from the second end towards the opening during centrifugation, wherein the plunger is configured to prevent a remaining portion of the sample from exiting the opening when the plunger is actuated such that the plunger is configured to divide the internal chamber into two sub-chambers. Section 7 7. The separation container of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the plunger is buoyant in water or in a density cushioning material. Section 8 8. The separation container of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the plunger defines a point at a first distal end of the longitudinal member of the plunger, wherein the point is configured to penetrate the seal and enable fluid communication between the internal chamber and an area outside the body through the opening. Section 9 9. The separation container of any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising a sample collection container configured to engage the body, wherein the sample collection container is configured to surround the opening such that the sample collection container is configured to collect a portion of the sample that passes through the seal. Section 10 The body includes a wall at least partially bounding an interior chamber, wherein the separation vessel further includes: 10. The separation container of any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising a rheology control member disposed within the internal chamber, wherein the rheology control member is disposed between the plunger and the wall, and optionally, the rheology control member defines a bore in which the plunger is disposed. Section 11 The body defines a second end and an axis extending from the opening to the second end; wherein the interior chamber defines a diameter perpendicular to the axis; wherein the wall is at least partially flexible such that a diameter of the interior chamber is a first diameter at rest and the diameter of the interior chamber expands to a second diameter during centrifugation; wherein the rheology control member defines an outermost radial diameter relative to an axis of the body; wherein the outermost diameter of the rheology control member is greater than the first diameter; and wherein the second diameter is greater than the outermost diameter of the rheology control member. 11. A separation container according to claim 10. Section 12 12. The separation container of claim 11, wherein the body includes a collection region defining a diameter of the interior chamber, and wherein the body includes an expansion region defining a diameter larger than the diameter of the collection region, and wherein the larger diameter of the expansion region is larger than an outermost diameter of the rheology control member. Section 13 13. The separation vessel of claim 11 or 12, wherein the rheology control member includes a second annular shoulder including a wider side defining an outermost diameter and a narrower side defining a diameter narrower than the outermost diameter. Section 14 14. A separation vessel according to any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein the wall includes an annular shoulder across which the diameter of the internal chamber changes, wherein a first diameter is defined at a narrow side of the annular shoulder in a stationary state, and wherein the annular shoulder is configured to engage with a rheology control member. Section 15 15. The separation container of any one of claims 10 to 14, further comprising a gasket circumferentially disposed around the plunger, wherein the gasket is configured to seal a central opening between the bore of the rheology control member and the plunger. Section 16 1. A method for preparing a sample for downstream use or testing, comprising: a body defining an interior chamber, the body defining an opening; a seal disposed across the opening, the seal being configured to thereby seal the opening in the body; and a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber and configured to be actuated to open the seal; placing the sample in a separation vessel comprising: centrifuging the separation vessel to create a pellet from a portion of the sample within the interior chamber; and By pushing down the plunger, the pellets are pushed out from the opening of the body. A method comprising: Section 17 17. The method for preparing a sample described in paragraph 16, wherein centrifuging the separation vessel to create a pellet includes collecting a portion of the sample at a first end of the body, wherein an opening is defined at the first end. Section 18 18. A method for preparing a sample as described in paragraph 16 or 17, wherein extruding the pellet comprises depressing a plunger into sealing engagement with a portion of the body, creating pressure between the plunger and a seal, and opening the seal to expel the pellet under pressure through the opening. Section 19 19. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 16 to 18, further comprising producing the sample by lysing a raw sample. Section 20 20. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of clauses 16 to 19, further comprising producing the sample by culturing a live sample. Section 21 21. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 16 to 20, further comprising extruding the pellet into a sample collection vessel. Section 22 22. The method for preparing a sample according to paragraph 21, wherein the sample collection vessel comprises a medium configured to culture organisms present in the pellet. Section 23 23. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of clauses 16 to 22, wherein the pellet comprises a viable part of the sample suitable for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). Section 24 24. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of clauses 16 to 23, wherein the pellet comprises a viable part of the sample suitable for the culturing process. Section 25 25. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of clauses 16 to 24, wherein the pellet comprises a viable portion of the sample suitable for phenotypic identification and / or other proliferation-based testing methods. Section 26 26. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 16 to 25, wherein the pellet comprises a portion of the sample suitable for identification by mass spectrometry. Section 27 27. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 16 to 26, further comprising analysing the pellet using an analytical technique selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid amplification techniques, spectroscopic techniques, immunoassay techniques, probe-based assays and agglutination tests. Section 28 a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening and configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; means for sealing the opening in the body; and Means for opening the means for sealing and for pushing out a portion of the sample a separation container comprising: Section 29 30. The separation vessel of claim 28, further comprising a rheology control member configured to float over the sample; and optionally means for holding the rheology control member in a fixed position during filling and releasing the rheology control member for floating during centrifugation. Section 30 a retainer within a body of the separation vessel including an annular wall defining a central opening; and A plunger including a longitudinal member defining a longitudinal axis An assembly comprising: wherein the central opening of the retainer is configured to receive the plunger therethrough; and An assembly wherein the retainer is configured to releasably engage the plunger to hold the plunger in place. Section 31 31. The assembly of claim 30, wherein the retainer further includes at least one retaining member and the plunger further includes at least one locking member, wherein the at least one retaining member of the retainer is configured to releasably engage with the at least one locking member of the plunger. Section 32 32. The assembly of claim 31, wherein the at least one retaining member includes at least one support projection extending from the annular wall, wherein the at least one retaining member is configured to engage the plunger. Section 33 33. The assembly of claim 32, wherein the annular wall spans the central opening and defines a circumferential direction in a plane centered on the central opening and an axial direction oriented perpendicular to the plane, and the at least one support projection defines a peripheral wall that is longer in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction. Section 34 34. The assembly of claim 33, wherein the at least one retaining member further includes at least one stop wall configured to prevent rotation of the plunger in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction when the at least one support projection engages with the at least one locking member of the plunger. Section 35 35. The assembly of claim 33 or 34, wherein the at least one retaining member further includes at least one stop wall extending from the first surface of the at least one support projection, wherein the at least one stop wall is configured to prevent rotation of the plunger in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Section 36 36. The assembly of any one of claims 33 to 35, wherein the at least one retaining member further includes at least one locking tab extending from a first surface of the at least one support projection, wherein when the at least one locking tab engages with the at least one locking member of the plunger, the at least one locking tab is configured to engage with the at least one locking member of the plunger to releasably retain the plunger by increasing the force required to rotate the plunger about the longitudinal axis. Section 37 37. The assembly of any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein the at least one locking member defines a C-shaped wall configured to be disposed on either side of the peripheral wall in an axial direction when the at least one locking member and the at least one retaining member are engaged. Section 38 the at least one retention member further includes at least one locking tab extending from the first surface of the at least one support projection; wherein the C-shaped wall includes a bottom wall configured to be disposed opposite the first surface of the at least one support projection relative to the peripheral wall; wherein the C-shaped wall includes a lip configured to impinge upon the at least one locking tab to at least partially resist rotation of the plunger about the longitudinal axis; wherein the at least one locking tab is configured to engage the at least one locking member of the plunger to releasably retain the plunger. 38. The assembly of claim 37. Section 39 37. The assembly of any one of claims 31 to 36, wherein at least one locking member includes a locking wall extending at least partially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, wherein the locking wall is configured to engage with at least one retaining member of the retainer. Section 40 40. The assembly of any one of clauses 31 to 39, wherein the at least one retaining member comprises at least two retaining members and the at least one locking member comprises at least two locking members. Section 41 the at least two retention members include a first retention member and a second retention member, where the first retention member is disposed diametrically opposite the second retention member around the annular wall; 41. The assembly described in item 40, wherein the at least two locking members include a first locking member and a second locking member, wherein the first locking member is disposed opposite the second locking member relative to the longitudinal member. Section 42 42. The assembly of any one of claims 30 to 41, wherein the plunger is configured to rotate about the longitudinal axis to engage with the retainer, and wherein when the plunger and the retainer are engaged, the plunger is prevented from moving along the longitudinal axis. Section 43 43. The assembly of any one of claims 30 to 42, wherein the annular wall spans the central opening and defines a circumferential direction in a plane centered on the central opening and an axial direction oriented perpendicular to the plane, where the axial direction is parallel to the axial direction, and the plunger is configured to rotate in the plane to engage the retainer. Section 44 44. The assembly of any one of claims 30 to 43, wherein the body of the separation container defines an internal chamber, wherein the retainer is disposed within the internal chamber, wherein the plunger is configured to extend at least partially into the internal chamber, and wherein the retainer is configured to hold the plunger in a predetermined position relative to the body. Section 45 45. The assembly of claim 44, wherein centrifugation of the assembly is configured to exert a centripetal force along the longitudinal axis when the plunger and retainer are engaged. Section 46 the retainer further includes at least one retention member, the plunger further includes at least one locking member, wherein at least one holding member of the retainer is configured to engage with at least one locking member of the plunger; 46. ​​An assembly as described in paragraph 44 or 45, wherein the at least one retaining member is configured to engage with the at least one locking member only in a rotational direction about the longitudinal axis. Section 47 47. An assembly according to any one of paragraphs 44 to 46, wherein the retainer and the body of the separation container are integrally formed as a single piece. Section 48 48. An assembly according to any one of paragraphs 44 to 47, wherein the retainer is separately connected to the body of the separation vessel. Section 49 49. The assembly of paragraph 48, wherein the retainer is press fit into the body of the separation vessel. Section 50 moreover, a flexible sealing member disposed at a second end of the body of the separation container, wherein the second distal end of the plunger is configured to extend at least partially into the flexible sealing member; and a cap threaded at a second end onto the body, wherein a portion of the flexible sealing member is configured to be disposed between the cap and the body, wherein the cap defines an opening through which the second portion of the flexible sealing member and the second distal end of the plunger extend; wherein the plunger is configured to be disengaged from the retainer by gripping and rotating the plunger via a flexible sealing member. 50. An assembly according to any one of paragraphs 44 to 49, comprising: Section 51 1. A method of operating a plunger and retainer assembly, the assembly including a plunger including a retainer within a body of a separation container including an annular wall defining a central opening, at least one retention member, and a longitudinal member defining a longitudinal axis, the method comprising: Rotating the plunger about the longitudinal axis to disengage the plunger from the retainer; Actuating the plunger by applying a force to the plunger along the longitudinal axis. A method comprising: Section 52 The plunger is disposed at least partially within the body of the separation vessel, and the method further comprises: placing a sample within the body of a separation vessel; Centrifuging the assembly prior to rotation and actuation of the plunger such that the plunger is configured to be held in place relative to the body of the separation vessel during centrifugation. 52. The method of claim 51, comprising: Section 53 53. The method of clause 52, further comprising lysing the sample prior to placing the sample in the body of the separation container. Section 54 a plunger including a longitudinal member defining a longitudinal axis; The body of the separation vessel; and Means for at least partially releasably retaining the plunger in position within the body of the separation vessel. The assembly containing: Section 55 55. The assembly of claim 54, wherein the means for releasably retaining the plunger defines an engaged state and a disengaged state, wherein in the engaged state the means for releasably retaining the plunger is configured to prohibit the plunger from moving along the longitudinal axis. Section 56 56. The assembly of claim 55, wherein the means for releasably retaining the plunger is configured to be engaged and disengaged by rotating the plunger about the longitudinal axis. Section 57 A plunger for expelling a portion of the sample from the container, a longitudinal member defining a first distal end, a second distal end, and an axis extending between the first distal end and the second distal end; and a plunger seal disposed about the longitudinal member at a location between the first distal end of the longitudinal member and the second distal end of the longitudinal member, the plunger seal defining a diameter of the plunger seal perpendicular to the axis. Includes; wherein at least a portion of the longitudinal member between its position and a first distal end of the longitudinal member defines a plunger diameter that is smaller than the plunger seal diameter, such that during operation, at least a portion of the longitudinal member is configured to retain a volume of sample between the wall of the vessel, the distal end of the vessel, the plunger seal, and at least a portion of the longitudinal member. Section 58 58. A plunger as described in clause 57, wherein the first distal end of the longitudinal member defines a point configured to pierce a seal of the container. Section 59 59. The plunger of claim 57 or 58, wherein the plunger seal is overmolded onto the longitudinal member. Section 60 60. A plunger as described in any one of paragraphs 57 to 59, wherein the longitudinal member defines a through passage extending through the longitudinal member at least partially perpendicular to the axis, and wherein a plunger seal is disposed on the longitudinal member at an axial position of the through passage, the plunger seal extending through the through passage. Section 61 61. A plunger as claimed in any one of paragraphs 57 to 60, wherein the plunger seal is elastomeric. Section 62 59. A plunger as claimed in claim 57 or 58, wherein the plunger seal is integral with the longitudinal member. Section 63 A plunger as described in any one of paragraphs 57 to 62, further comprising a sealing rib arranged circumferentially around the longitudinal member of the plunger, wherein the sealing rib is positioned between the plunger seal and the first distal end relative to the axis. Section 64 63. The plunger of any one of paragraphs 57 to 62, wherein the longitudinal member defines a shoulder between the second distal end and the plunger seal, wherein a diameter of the shoulder is greater than a plunger seal diameter. Section 65 a container body defining an internal chamber configured to receive a sample, wherein the container body defines an opening, a collection region having a collection diameter, and a pellet region having a pellet diameter, wherein the collection diameter is greater than the pellet diameter, and wherein the pellet region is defined between the opening and the collection region within the internal chamber; a seal disposed across the opening of the container body such that the seal is configured to seal the opening; and a plunger configured to be disposed at least partially within the interior chamber to open the seal, a longitudinal member defining a first distal end, a second distal end, and an axis extending between the first distal end and the second distal end, the first distal end of the plunger configured to open the seal; and a plunger seal disposed about the longitudinal member at a location between the first distal end of the longitudinal member and the second distal end of the longitudinal member, the plunger seal defining a diameter of the plunger seal perpendicular to the axis. Including plunger A separation container comprising: wherein the diameter of the plunger seal is equal to or greater than the diameter of the pellet; and wherein at least a portion of the longitudinal member between that location and a first distal end of the longitudinal member defines a plunger diameter smaller than a plunger seal diameter, such that during operation, at least a portion of the longitudinal member is configured to hold a volume between a wall of the container, the distal end of the container, the plunger seal, and at least a portion of the longitudinal member. Section 66 the longitudinal member defines a shoulder between the second distal end and the plunger seal; wherein the diameter of the shoulder is greater than the diameter of the pellet and less than the diameter of the collection; and 66. The separation container according to claim 65, wherein the shoulder is configured to impact against the container body to define a maximum displacement of the plunger. Section 67 67. The separation container of claim 66, wherein the axial distance between the plunger seal and the shoulder is less than or equal to the axial length of the pellet region, such that at maximum displacement of the plunger, the plunger seal remains at least partially within the container body. Section 68 Item 66 or 67. A separation container as described in item 66 or 67, wherein the axial distance between the plunger seal and the first distal end of the plunger is less than or equal to the axial length of the pellet region such that the plunger seal is configured to engage with the pellet region of the container body before the plunger opens the seal during actuation. Section 69 Item 69. The separation container of any one of items 66 to 68, wherein a first distal end of the longitudinal member defines a point configured to pierce the seal. Section 70 69. A separation container as described in any one of paragraphs 66 to 68, wherein the axial distance between the plunger seal and the shoulder and the axial length of the pellet region are configured such that the plunger seal remains at least partially within the container body upon maximum displacement of the plunger. Section 71 71. The separation container of any one of paragraphs 65 to 70, wherein the plunger seal is overmolded onto the longitudinal member. Section 72 72. A separation container according to any one of claims 65 to 71, wherein the container body further comprises a tapered region connecting the collection region and the pellet region, wherein the diameter of the tapered region varies in the axial direction from a pellet diameter at the junction between the pellet region and the tapered region to a collection diameter at the junction between the collection region and the tapered region. Section 73 a container body defining an internal chamber, an opening, a collection area having a collection diameter, and a pellet area having a pellet diameter, wherein the collection diameter is greater than the pellet diameter and the pellet area is defined between the opening and the collection area in the internal chamber; a seal disposed across the opening; and a plunger disposed at least partially within the internal chamber, the plunger including a longitudinal member defining a first distal end, a second distal end, and an axis extending between the first distal end and the second distal end, and a plunger seal disposed about the longitudinal member at a location between the first distal end of the longitudinal member and the second distal end of the longitudinal member, wherein the plunger seal defines a plunger seal diameter perpendicular to the axis; wherein the plunger seal diameter is greater than or equal to the diameter of the pellet; and wherein at least a portion of the longitudinal member between that location and the first distal end of the longitudinal member defines a plunger diameter less than the plunger seal diameter. 1. A method for extruding a portion of a sample from a separation vessel comprising: displacing the plunger along the axis to engage the plunger seal with the container body at the pellet region, where engagement of the plunger seal with the container body preserves a volume between the wall of the container, the distal end of the container, the plunger seal, and at least a portion of the longitudinal member; further displacing the plunger along the axis to open a seal at the first distal end of the plunger; and Further displacing the plunger to force the volume of the sample out of the opening via pressure generated by the plunger seal. A method comprising: Section 74 a container body defining an internal chamber configured to receive a sample, wherein the container body defines an opening, a collection region having a collection diameter, and a pellet region having a pellet diameter, wherein the collection diameter is greater than the pellet diameter, and wherein the pellet region is defined between the opening and the collection region within the internal chamber; means for sealing the opening; means for opening the means for sealing the opening and for pushing out a portion of the sample; and means for fluidly isolating a portion of the sample from other fluids in the interior chamber during extrusion of the portion of the sample; A separation container comprising: Section 75 75. The separation vessel of claim 74, wherein the means for fluidly isolating a portion of the sample from other fluids in the interior chamber is attached to the means for opening the means for sealing the opening and for pushing out a portion of the sample. Section 76 76. A separation vessel according to claim 74 or 75, wherein the means for opening the means for sealing and for expelling a portion of the sample is configured to expel only a portion of the sample during operation. Section 77 a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening at a first end, the body configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; and a seal attached to the body and disposed across the opening, the seal being configured to thereby seal the opening in the body; and an end cap disposed at a first end of the body and removably connected to the body, the seal being disposed between the end cap and the body; 16. An assembly comprising a separation vessel comprising: Section 78 78. The assembly of paragraph 77, wherein the body further defines an annular surface about the opening, and the seal is attached to the annular surface. Section 79 79. The assembly of clause 78, wherein the end cap defines a support surface configured to be disposed parallel to the annular surface of the body, the seal being disposed between the support surface and the annular surface. Section 80 80. The assembly of any one of paragraphs 77 to 79, wherein the seal comprises a membrane. Section 81 81. The assembly of paragraph 80, wherein the seal comprises a foil sheet. Section 82 82. An assembly according to any one of paragraphs 77 to 81, wherein the seal is welded to the body of the separation vessel. Section 83 83. The assembly of any one of paragraphs 77 to 82, wherein the end cap is a centrifuge adapter including at least one of a flat distal end and a tapered portion configured to engage with a centrifuge cup. Section 84 84. The assembly of clause 83, wherein the end cap includes both a flat distal end and a tapered portion. Section 85 85. The assembly of clause 84, wherein the flat distal end includes a recess configured to receive the post therein. Section 86 86. The assembly of any one of paragraphs 77 to 85, wherein the first end of the body is inserted into a cavity in the end cap, and the end cap is removably connected to the body by friction. Section 87 87. The assembly described in paragraph 86, further comprising a connecting member disposed between the end cap and the container body, wherein the end cap includes an inner surface configured to apply radially inward pressure to the connecting member and the body to retain the end cap on the body. Section 88 88. The assembly of clause 87, wherein the connecting member includes an elastomeric sleeve disposed on the first end of the body between the body and the end cap. Section 89 89. The assembly of claim 88, further comprising a sample collection container, the end cap configured to be removable; and wherein when the end cap is removed, the sample collection container is configured to be retained within at least the elastomeric sleeve. Section 90 90. The assembly of claim 89, comprising a plunger including a first distal end, a second distal end, and a longitudinal member defining an axis extending between the first distal end and the second distal end, wherein the plunger is configured to open a seal and push at least a portion of the sample out of an opening in the body of the separation container, wherein the elastomeric sleeve is configured to seal the sample collection container from the external environment. Section 91 91. The assembly of any one of paragraphs 88 to 90, wherein the end cap further comprises one or more ribs configured to compress the elastomeric sleeve to release air trapped in the end cap during insertion of the end cap into the body. Section 92 92. The assembly of any one of claims 88 to 91, wherein an elastomeric sleeve is disposed between the first end and the second end of the body such that the end cap is configured to directly contact the seal. Section 93 A method of using an assembly including a separation container including a body defining an internal chamber, wherein the body defines an opening at a first end, wherein the body is configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber, the separation container further including a seal attached to the body and disposed across the opening, wherein the seal is configured to seal the opening of the body; the assembly further including an end cap; and the method further comprising: The method includes releasably engaging an end cap with the body such that a seal is disposed between the end cap and the body, wherein the end cap is configured to prevent the seal from dislodging from the body during centrifugation. Section 94 moreover, Centrifuging the assembly; Removing the end cap from the body; and Opening the seal 94. The method of claim 93, comprising: Section 95 The assembly further comprises a sample collection container, and the method further comprises: engaging the sample collection container with the body at the opening; and Extruding at least a portion of the sample into a sample collection container. 95. The method of claim 94, comprising: Section 96 96. The method of clause 95, wherein the assembly further includes a plunger including a first distal end, a second distal end, and a longitudinal member defining an axis extending between the first distal end and the second distal end, wherein opening the seal includes opening the seal at the first distal end of the plunger, and wherein expelling the pellet includes depressing the plunger into sealing engagement with a portion of the body to create pressure between the plunger and the seal and expelling the pellet from the opening under pressure. Section 97 a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening at a first end, the body configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; and means for sealing the opening in the body; and Means for preventing separation of the seal from the body during centrifugation A separation vessel comprising: The assembly containing: Section 98 98. An assembly as described in paragraph 97, wherein a means for sealing the opening in the body is attached to the body. Section 99 99. An assembly according to paragraph 97 or paragraph 98, wherein the means for preventing separation of the seal from the body during centrifugation is frictionally held against the seal. Section 100 99. The assembly of any one of clauses 97 to 99, wherein the means for preventing separation of the seal from the body during centrifugation is configured to apply a retaining force to the means for sealing the opening in the body during centrifugation. Section 101 101. An assembly according to any one of clauses 97 to 100, wherein the means for preventing separation of the seal from the body during centrifugation comprises means for releasing air trapped between the body and the means for preventing separation of the seal from the body during centrifugation. Section 102 a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining a first opening at a first end and a second opening at a second end, the body being configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; a seal disposed across the first opening, the seal being configured to thereby seal the first opening of the body; a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber, the plunger configured to be actuated to open the seal and expel a portion of the sample; and a flexible sealing member at least partially covering the second opening, the flexible sealing member configured to at least partially extend into the flexible sealing member such that compression of the flexible sealing member is configured to actuate the plunger; A separation container comprising: Section 103 Item 103. The separation container of item 102, wherein the flexible sealing member includes a flange defining an annular surface configured to engage the body. Section 104 Item 104. The separation container of item 103, wherein the flexible sealing member further includes a wall extending from the flange, and wherein an angle between the flange and the wall is 90 degrees or greater when the flexible sealing member is in the inactivated position. Section 105 105. The separation container of claim 104, wherein the wall comprises a plurality of wall segments, and wherein when the flexible sealing member is in the unactuated position, an angle between the flange and each of the plurality of wall segments is 90 degrees or greater. Section 106 106. The separation container of any one of claims 102 to 105, further comprising a cap secured to the body at a second end, wherein a portion of the flexible sealing member is configured to be disposed between the cap and the body, wherein the cap defines an opening through which the second portion of the flexible sealing member and the second end of the plunger extend. Section 107 107. The separation container of any one of paragraphs 102 to 106, wherein the flexible sealing member comprises a bellows-shaped gasket. Section 108 108. The separation container of any one of claims 102 to 107, wherein the flexible sealing member defines an open end configured to receive a portion of the plunger therein, and the flexible sealing member further defines a closed end such that the flexible sealing member is configured to engage the body at the open end to enclose the internal chamber and the cavity of the flexible sealing member. Section 109 the plunger includes a first end, a second end, and a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end; wherein the portion of the plunger includes the second end of the plunger; wherein the flexible sealing member defines a sealing member axis extending between an open end and a closed end; wherein the sealing member axis is configured to be collinear with the longitudinal axis of the plunger in the actuated position; wherein the flexible sealing member defines a radius perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; where the radius decreases from the open end to the closed end 109. A separation container according to paragraph 108. Section 110 109. The separation container of claim 109, wherein the radius at each point along the sealing member axis between the open end and the closed end is less than or equal to the radius at each point closer to the closed end and greater than or equal to the radius at each point closer to the open end. Section 111 111. A separation container as described in any one of paragraphs 108 to 110, wherein when the flexible sealing member is actuated, the closed end of the flexible sealing member is configured to move along the displacement axis towards the open end of the flexible sealing member. Section 112 Item 112. A separation container as described in item 111, wherein when the flexible sealing member is actuated, the closed end is configured to be located along the displacement axis at an axial position that is the same as or closer to the first end of the body than the open end. Section 113 113. The separation container of any one of claims 102 to 112, wherein the flexible sealing member defines a wall configured to at least partially surround a portion of the plunger, wherein the wall defines an inwardly concave shape such that the wall is configured to bend outwardly from the plunger when the plunger is actuated. Section 114 the flexible sealing member includes a first peripheral wall segment connected to a top portion of the flexible sealing member, a second peripheral wall segment connected to the first peripheral wall segment, and a third peripheral wall segment connected to the second peripheral wall segment; wherein the second peripheral wall segment is concentric about the longitudinal axis of the plunger; 113. The separation container of any one of claims 102 to 112, wherein the first peripheral wall segment and the second peripheral wall segment are each angled at least partially inwardly from their respective connections to the second peripheral wall segment toward the plunger. Section 115 A method of using a separation container including a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining a first opening at a first end and a second opening at a second end; the separation container further comprising: a seal disposed across the first opening such that the seal is configured to seal the first opening of the body; a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the internal chamber; and a flexible sealing member at least partially covering the second opening, the flexible sealing member configured such that at least a portion of the plunger extends at least partially into the flexible sealing member; the method further comprising: placing a sample within an interior chamber of a separation vessel; Centrifuging the separation vessel; and After centrifugation, actuating the plunger and compressing the flexible sealing member to open the seal and extract a portion of the sample. A method comprising: Section 116 116. The method of clause 115, wherein the plunger is axially retained by a retainer during centrifugation, and wherein compressing the flexible sealing member to actuate the plunger further comprises unlocking the plunger from the retainer. Section 117 Item 117. The method of item 116, wherein compressing the flexible sealing member to actuate the plunger further includes rotating a portion of the flexible sealing member and the plunger about a longitudinal axis of the plunger, wherein the longitudinal axis extends from a first end of the plunger to a second end of the plunger. Section 118 118. The method of claim 117, wherein rotating a portion of the flexible sealing member includes deforming the flexible sealing member such that the portion of the flexible sealing member rotates while a flange of the flexible sealing member remains fixed relative to the body. Section 119 the separation container further includes a cap secured to the body at the second end; wherein the second portion of the flexible sealing member is configured to be disposed between the cap and the body; 19. The method of claim 117 or 118, wherein the cap defines an opening through which a portion of the flexible sealing member and the second end of the plunger extend. Section 120 a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining a first opening at a first end and a second opening at a second end, the body being configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; means for sealing the first opening in the body; means for opening the means for sealing and for pushing out a portion of the sample; and means for opening the means for sealing and pushing out a portion of the sample while permitting operation of the means for sealing the second opening in the body; a separation container comprising: Section 121 121. A separation vessel as described in paragraph 120, wherein the means for opening the means for sealing and pushing out a portion of the sample while allowing operation of the means for sealing the second opening in the body is configured to allow both rotational and axial movement of the means for sealing and for pushing out a portion of the sample.

Claims

1. A separation container for extracting a portion of a sample for use or testing, comprising: a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening and configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; a seal disposed across the opening, the seal being configured to thereby seal the opening in the body; and a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber, the plunger configured to be actuated to open the seal and expel a portion of the sample; a separation container comprising:

2. 2. The separation vessel of claim 1, wherein the body defines an axis extending from the opening to the second end of the body, where the longitudinal member of the plunger is disposed on the axis, and where the interior chamber defines a radial diameter relative to the axis, where the diameter narrows from a collection diameter to a pellet diameter in a direction extending axially from the second end to the opening.

3. 3. The separation vessel of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the plunger is configured to sealingly engage the body at a portion of the body corresponding to a pellet diameter.

4. 4. The separation vessel of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the plunger defines a radial plunger diameter relative to a length of the longitudinal member, wherein the plunger diameter is equal to or greater than the pellet diameter.

5. 5. The separation vessel of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plunger includes a plunger seal circumferentially disposed about a longitudinal member of the plunger, wherein the plunger seal is configured to engage the body at a portion of the body corresponding to a pellet diameter.

6. 6. The separation container of claim 1, wherein the plunger is configured to allow a portion of the sample to pass through the plunger from the second end towards the opening during centrifugation, and wherein the plunger is configured to prevent a remaining portion of the sample from exiting the opening when the plunger is actuated such that the plunger is configured to divide the internal chamber into two sub-chambers.

7. 7. The separation container of claim 1, wherein the plunger is buoyant in water or in a density cushioning material.

8. 8. The separation container of claim 1, wherein the plunger defines a point at a first distal end of the longitudinal member of the plunger, the point being configured to penetrate the seal and enable fluid communication between the internal chamber and an area outside the body through the opening.

9. 9. The separation container of claim 1, further comprising a sample collection container configured to engage the body, wherein the sample collection container is configured to surround the opening such that the sample collection container is configured to collect a portion of the sample that passes through the seal.

10. The body includes a wall at least partially bounding an interior chamber, wherein the separation vessel further includes:

10. The separation container of claim 1, comprising a rheology control member disposed within the internal chamber, wherein the rheology control member is disposed between the plunger and the wall.

11. The body defines a second end and an axis extending from the opening to the second end; wherein the interior chamber defines a diameter perpendicular to the axis; wherein the wall is at least partially flexible such that the diameter of the interior chamber is a first diameter at rest and the diameter of the interior chamber expands to a second diameter during centrifugation; wherein the rheology control member defines an outermost radial diameter relative to an axis of the body; wherein the outermost diameter of the rheology control member is greater than the first diameter; and wherein the second diameter is greater than the outermost diameter of the rheology control member. The separation vessel of claim 10.

12. 12. The separation container of claim 11, wherein the body includes a collection region defining a diameter of the interior chamber, and wherein the body includes an expansion region defining a diameter larger than the diameter of the collection region, and wherein the larger diameter of the expansion region is larger than an outermost diameter of the rheology control member.

13. 13. The separation vessel of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the rheology control member includes a second annular shoulder including a wider side defining an outermost diameter and a narrower side defining a diameter narrower than the outermost diameter.

14. 14. The separation vessel of claim 10, wherein the wall includes an annular shoulder across which the diameter of the internal chamber changes, wherein a first diameter is defined at a narrow side of the annular shoulder in a resting state, and wherein the annular shoulder is configured to engage a rheology control member.

15. 15. A separation vessel according to any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein the rheology control member defines a bore in which the plunger is disposed.

16. 16. The separation container of claim 10, further comprising a gasket circumferentially disposed about the plunger, wherein the gasket is configured to seal a central opening between the bore of the rheology control member and the plunger.

17. 1. A method for preparing a sample for downstream use or testing, comprising: a body defining an interior chamber, the body defining an opening; a seal disposed across the opening, the seal being configured to thereby seal the opening in the body; and a plunger movably disposed at least partially inside the interior chamber and configured to be actuated to open the seal; placing the sample in a separation vessel comprising: centrifuging the separation vessel to create a pellet from a portion of the sample in the interior chamber; and By pushing down the plunger, the pellets are pushed out from the opening of the main body. A method comprising:

18. 20. The method for preparing a sample of claim 17, wherein centrifuging the separation vessel to create a pellet comprises causing a portion of the sample to collect in a first end of the body, wherein an opening is defined in the first end.

19. 19. A method for preparing a sample as described in claim 17 or claim 18, wherein expelling the pellet comprises depressing a plunger into sealing engagement with a portion of the body to create pressure between the plunger and a seal, and expelling the pellet under pressure from the opening by opening the seal.

20. 20. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 19, further comprising creating the sample by lysing a raw sample.

21. 21. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 20, further comprising producing the sample by culturing a live sample.

22. 22. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 21, further comprising extruding the pellet into a sample collection vessel.

23. 23. The method for preparing a sample of claim 22, wherein the sample collection vessel comprises a medium configured to culture organisms present in the pellet.

24. 24. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein the pellet comprises a viable portion of the sample suitable for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST).

25. 25. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 24, wherein the pellet comprises a viable part of the sample suitable for the culturing process.

26. 26. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 25, wherein the pellet comprises a viable portion of the sample suitable for phenotypic identification and / or other proliferation-based testing methods.

27. 27. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 26, wherein the pellet comprises a portion of the sample suitable for identification by mass spectrometry.

28. 28. A method for preparing a sample according to any one of claims 17 to 27, further comprising analyzing the pellet using an analytical technique selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid amplification techniques, spectroscopic techniques, immunoassay techniques, probe-based assays, and agglutination tests.

29. a body defining an internal chamber, the body defining an opening and configured to receive a sample within the internal chamber; Means for sealing the opening in the body; and Means for opening the means for sealing and for pushing out a portion of the sample a separation container comprising:

30. 30. The separation vessel of claim 29, further comprising a rheology control member configured to float over the sample.

31. 31. The separation vessel of claim 30, further comprising means for holding the rheology control member in a fixed position during filling and releasing the rheology control member to float during centrifugation.

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