Uniformly encapsulated nanoparticles and uses thereof

Abstract

To provide a composite particle comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material and uniformly dispersed therein.SOLUTION: A composite particle 1 comprises a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material, the inorganic material is a metal oxide, and the nanoparticles are luminescent nanoparticles. Also there are provided a light emitting material, a support supporting at least one composite particle and / or light emitting material, and an optoelectronic device comprising at least one composite particle and / or light emitting material.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to composite particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated and uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material. In particular, the present invention relates to fluorescent composite particles. [Background technology]

[0002] Background of the Invention To represent all possible colors, additive synthesis of at least three complementary colors, specifically red, green, and blue, is typically performed. On a chromaticity diagram, the subset of available colors obtained by mixing these three colors in different proportions is defined by the triangle formed by the three coordinates associated with the three colors red, green, and blue. This subset constitutes what is called the color gamut. The majority of color display devices operate on this trichromatic principle: each pixel consists of three subpixels—one red, one green, and one blue—whose mixtures of different intensities can reproduce colorful impressions.

[0003] Illuminant or backlit displays, such as computer LCD screens, must offer the widest possible color gamut for accurate color reproduction. To achieve this, the constituent subpixels must be the most saturated colors possible to account for the widest possible color gamut. A subpixel has a saturated color if it is close to a single color. From a spectral perspective, this means that the light emitted by the source is composed of a single, narrow fluorescent wavelength band. More saturated shades have vibrant, intense colors, while less saturated shades appear more like muted grays.

[0004] Therefore, it is important to have sub-pixels whose emission spectra are narrow and saturated in color.

[0005] Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, particularly semiconductor nanoparticles, commonly referred to as "quantum dots," are known as luminescent materials. Semiconductor nanoparticles have narrow fluorescence spectra with full widths at half maximum of approximately 30 nm, offering the possibility of emitting light across the entire visible spectrum as well as in the infrared with a single excitation source in the ultraviolet. Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, particularly semiconductor nanoparticles, are currently used as phosphors in display devices.

[0006] However, there is a real need for materials used in display and lighting devices that have high stability over time and temperature under high photon flux. Additionally, there is a need for materials that have high stability for long-term use when deposited on diodes, or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

[0007] To ensure high long-term stability, further chemical reactions between the surface of the nanoparticles and environmentally damaging species, such as water, oxygen, or other harmful compounds, must be prevented during use. However, ligands commonly used to functionalize the surface of quantum dots do not effectively protect the surface against reactions with damaging species or harmful compounds, and therefore do not enable the long-term performance required for display or lighting devices.

[0008] It is known to coat nanoparticles with a protective shell, i.e., to encapsulate them in another substance, in order to prevent harmful species or compounds from reaching the surface of the nanoparticles. Silica is known to be a protective material for nanoparticles. Furthermore, particles, including nanoparticles coated with a protective material, can act as scatterers in subpixels. This results in scattering of light emitted by the light source in all parts of the subpixel, which in turn results in scattering of light emitted by the subpixel, so that the light can be emitted in all directions.

[0009] For example, U.S. Patent No. 9,425,365 discloses the encapsulation of quantum dots, including a nanocrystalline core and a nanocrystalline shell, in mesoporous silica using a reverse micelle method. The resulting particles are mesoporous silica nanoparticles, each containing one quantum dot. However, the particles are mesoporous, meaning they contain a porous silica network that allows harmful species, such as water, oxygen, or other harmful compounds, to access the quantum dot surface. Therefore, protection of the surface is ineffective and does not allow for long-term stability over time and temperature.

[0010] Gui et al. (2013, 138, 5956) have reported the encapsulation of PbSe quantum dots in silica particles using a base-catalyzed sol-gel process. However, the PbSe quantum dots aggregate within the silica particles, resulting in a decrease in photoluminescence quantum yield. Silica particles are porous, allowing harmful species such as water, oxygen, or other harmful compounds to access the quantum dot surface.

[0011] Therefore, the aggregation of multiple nanoparticles within a particular particle due to encapsulation dramatically reduces the properties of said nanoparticles. In the case of luminescent nanoparticles, this reduces the photoluminescence quantum yield.

[0012] Patent application KR20130043442 discloses quantum dots encapsulated in silica using aerosol. However, the resulting particles are not well defined and aggregate, resulting in a silica matrix-like material containing the quantum dots. This material does not allow for good suspension in the host material, considering its application as a subpixel.

[0013] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide composite particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated and uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material, which have one or more of the following advantages: coupling the properties of different nanoparticles encapsulated in the same composite particle; preventing degradation of the properties of the encapsulated nanoparticles; improved stability against temperature, environmental fluctuations, and attack by environmentally degrading species such as water, oxygen, or other harmful compounds; and, in the case of luminescent composite particles, allowing scattering of light emitted by a light source and light resulting from excitation of the composite particle, improved photoluminescence quantum yield, improved resistance to photobleaching, and improved resistance to photon flux. Summary of the Invention

[0014] The present invention relates to composite particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material and uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material. In one embodiment, each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles is separated from its neighboring nanoparticles by an average minimum distance. In one embodiment, the average minimum distance is at least 2 nm. The present invention relates to composite particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material that is a thermally conductive material. In one embodiment, the inorganic material has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions in the range of 0.1 to 450 W / (mK). The present invention relates to composite particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material that is impermeable to molecular species, gases, or liquids. In one embodiment, the composite particles have a thermal conductivity of 10 -11 cm 2 In one embodiment, the inorganic material limits or prevents the diffusion of foreign molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into the inorganic material. In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are luminescent, preferably the luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals have the formula M x N y E z A wwherein M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; and N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w may not simultaneously be 0. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal has the formula M x N y E z A wwherein M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; and N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr , Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs, or mixtures thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or mixtures thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or mixtures thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w may not simultaneously be 0. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal has the formula M x N y E z A wwherein M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; and N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal is a semiconductor nanoplatelet; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w are not simultaneously 0. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal is a semiconductor nanoplatelet.In one embodiment, the inorganic material is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, Tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, for example, Y3Al5O. 12 , Y3Fe2(FeO4)3, Y3Fe5O 12 , Y4Al2O9, YAlO3, Fe3Al2(SiO4)3, Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Al5Lu3O 12The present invention also relates to a luminescent material comprising a host material and at least one composite particle, wherein the at least one composite particle is dispersed within the host material. In one embodiment, the host material comprises an inorganic material, a polymer such as a copolymer, a block copolymer, or a silicone-based polymer, a resin such as an epoxy resin, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the host material is a thermal conductor. In one embodiment, the host material has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W / (mK). In one embodiment, the luminescent material further comprises a plurality of composite particles, the plurality of composite particles being uniformly dispersed within the host material. The present invention also relates to a support for supporting the at least one composite particle or luminescent material, preferably an LED chip or a micro-sized LED. The present invention also relates to an optoelectronic device comprising at least one composite particle or luminescent material. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] definition In the present invention, the following terms have the following meanings: "Core" refers to the innermost space within a particle. "Shell" refers to at least one monolayer of material that partially or completely coats a core. "Encapsulating" refers to a material that coats, surrounds, embeds, contains, includes, covers, packs, or encases a plurality of nanoparticles. "Uniformly dispersed" refers to particles that are not agglomerated, touching, or in contact, and are separated by inorganic material. Each nanoparticle is separated from its neighbors by an average minimum distance. "Colloid" refers to a substance in which particles are dispersed and suspended and do not settle or take a very long time to settle, but are not dissolved in said substance. "Colloidal particles" refer to particles that are dispersed or suspended in another substance, typically an aqueous or organic solvent, and that do not settle or take a very long time to settle and do not dissolve in the substance. "Colloidal particles" do not refer to particles that grow on a substance. "Impermeable" refers to a material that limits or prevents the diffusion of foreign molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into the material. "Permeable" refers to a material that allows the diffusion of external molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into the material. "External molecular species or fluid (liquid or gas)" refers to a molecular species or fluid (liquid or gas) that originates from an external material or particle. "Adjacent nanoparticles" refers to nanoparticles next to each other in a space or volume with no other nanoparticles between the adjacent nanoparticles. "Packing ratio" refers to the volume ratio between the volume filled by the collection of objects in a space and the volume of said space. The terms packing ratio, packing density and packing coefficient are interchangeable in the present invention. "Loading charge" refers to the mass ratio between the mass of a collection of objects contained in a space and the mass of said space. "Particle population" refers to a statistical set of particles that have the same maximum emission wavelength. A "statistical set" refers to a collection of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 objects obtained by exactly the same process. Such a statistical set of objects makes it possible to determine average characteristics of said objects, such as their average size, their average granulometry, or the average distance between them. "Surfactant-free" refers to particles that do not contain any surfactants and that were not synthesized by a process that includes the use of surfactants. "Optically transparent" means that the material is transparent to 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.99%, 0.98%, 0.97%, 0.96%, 0.95%, 0.94%, 0.93%, 0.92%, 0.91%, 0.9%, 0.89%, 0.8% of light with wavelengths of 200nm to 50μm, 200nm to 10μm, 200nm to 2500nm, 200nm to 2000nm, 200nm to 1500nm, 200nm to 1000nm, 200nm to 800nm, 400nm to 700nm, 400nm to 600nm, or 400nm to 470nm. 8%, 0.87%, 0.86%, 0.85%, 0.84%, 0.83%, 0.82%, 0.81%, 0.8%, 0.79%, 0.78%, 0.77%, 0.76%, 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.73%, 0.72%, 0.71%, 0.7%, 0.69%, 0.68%, 0.67%, 0.66%, 0.65%, 0.64%, 0.63%, 0.62%, 0.61%, 0.6%, 0.59%, 0.58%, 0.57%, 0.56%, 0.55%, 0.54%, 0.53%, 0.52%, 0.5 ... .5%,0.49%,0.48%,0.47%,0.46%,0.45%,0.44%,0.43%,0.42%,0.41%,0.4%,0.39%,0.38%,0.37%,0.36%,0.35%,0.34%,0.33%,0.32%,0.31%,0.3%,0.29%,0.28%,0.27%,0.26%,0.25%,0.24%,0.23%,0.22%,0.21%,0.2%,0.19%,0.18%,0.17%,0.16%,0.15%,0.14%,0.13%, This refers to materials that absorb less than 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002%, 0.0001%, or 0%. "Roughness" refers to the surface condition of a particle. Surface irregularities can be present on the surface of a particle and are defined as peaks or cavities, depending on their relative position with respect to the average particle surface. All such irregularities constitute the roughness of the particle. The roughness is defined as the difference in height between the highest peak and the deepest cavity on the surface. The surface of a particle is smooth when there are no irregularities on said surface, i.e., the roughness is 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.30%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.40%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.50%, 0.51%, 0.52%, 0.53%, 0.54%, 0.55%, 0.56%, 0.57%, 0.58%, %,0.14%,0.15%,0.16%,0.17%,0.18%,0.19%,0.2%,0.21%,0.22%,0.23%,0.24%,0.25%,0.26%,0.27%,0.28%,0.29%,0.3%,0.31%,0.32%,0.33%,0.34%,0.35 %, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5%. "Polydisperse" refers to particles or droplets of various sizes with a size difference of 20% or more. "Monodisperse" refers to particles or droplets that differ in size by less than 20%, 15%, 10%, and preferably 5%. "Narrow particle size distribution" refers to a particle size distribution of a statistical set of particles that is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of the average size. "Partial" means incomplete. In the case of ligand exchange, partial means that 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the ligands have been successfully exchanged on the surface of the particle. The terms "film", "layer" or "sheet" are interchangeable in the present invention. "Nanoplatelet" refers to a 2D shaped nanoparticle in which the smallest dimension of the nanoplatelet is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, or at least 10 times (aspect ratio) smaller than the largest dimension of the nanoplatelet. "Oxygen-free" refers to a formulation, solution, film, or composition that is free of molecular oxygen, O2, i.e., molecular oxygen may be present in the formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount less than about 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb, or less than about 100 ppb by weight. "Water-free" refers to a formulation, solution, film, or composition that does not contain water molecules HO, i.e., water molecules may be present in said formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount less than about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb, or in an amount less than about 100 ppb by weight. "Pixel pitch" refers to the distance from the center of a pixel to the center of the next pixel. "Curvature" refers to the reciprocal of the radius. "ROHS compliant" refers to materials that comply with Directive 2011 / 65 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. An "aqueous solvent" is defined as a unique compatibilizing solvent in which water is the predominant chemical species, by molar ratio, by mass, and / or by volume, relative to other chemical species contained in said aqueous solvent. Aqueous solvents include, but are not limited to, water, water mixed with a water-miscible organic solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, n-methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or mixtures thereof. "Vapor" refers to a substance in a gaseous state, said substance being in a liquid or solid state at standard conditions of pressure and temperature. "Reactive vapor" refers to a substance in a gaseous state that is in a liquid or solid state at standard conditions of pressure and temperature, and with which a chemical reaction can occur in the presence of another chemical species. "Gas" refers to a substance in the gaseous state at standard conditions of pressure and temperature. "Standard conditions" refers to standard conditions of temperature and pressure, i.e., 273.15 K and 10 5 Refers to Pa. "Secondary light" refers to light emitted by a material in response to excitation. The excitation is typically provided by a light source, i.e., the excitation is incident light. For example, secondary light refers to light emitted by a composite particle, a light-emitting material, or a color conversion layer in response to excitation of nanoparticles contained in the composite particle. "Emitted light" refers to light provided by a material after excitation by incident light and emission of secondary light. For example, the emitted light refers to light provided by a composite particle, a luminescent material, or a color conversion layer, and is a combination of a portion of the incident light and the secondary light. "Display device" refers to a device or apparatus that displays an image signal. Display devices or display apparatuses include any device that displays an image, a sequence of photographs, or a video, such as, but not limited to, an LCD display, a television, a projector, a computer monitor, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a tablet PC, an MP3 player, a CD player, a DVD player, a Blu-ray player, a head-mounted display, glasses, a helmet, headgear, headwear, a smart watch, a watch phone, or a smart device. "Alkyl" refers to any saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. Alkyl groups can be substituted with saturated or unsaturated aryl groups. When the suffix "ene" ("alkylene") is used in combination with an alkyl group, it is intended to mean an alkyl group, as defined herein, having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups. The term "alkylene" includes methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, propylene, ethylethylene, and 1,2-dimethylethylene. "Alkenyl" refers to any straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one double bond of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups can be substituted. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and its isomers, 2-hexenyl and its isomers, and 2,4-pentadienyl. Alkenyl groups can be substituted with saturated or unsaturated aryl groups. "Alkynyl" refers to any straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one triple bond of 2 to 12 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term "alkenylene" refers to an alkenyl group, as defined above, having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups. "Aryl" refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system of 5 to 20, preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms having one or more aromatic rings (if two rings are present, it is called a biaryl), among which may be mentioned phenyl, biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, and binaphthyl groups. The term aryl also refers to any aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms. The aryl group can be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups, linear or branched alkyl groups containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, alkoxy groups, or halogen atoms, in particular bromine, chlorine, and iodine, nitro groups, cyano groups, azide groups, aldehyde groups, boronate groups, phenyl, CF, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, SONR R', NRR', COOR (wherein R and R' are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl), and the second aryl group can be substituted as described above. Non-limiting examples of aryl include phenyl, biphenylyl, biphenylenyl, 5-tetralinyl or 6-tetralinyl, naphthalen-1-yl or naphthalen-2-yl, 4-indenyl, 5-indenyl, 6-indenyl or 7-indenyl, 1-acenaphthylenyl, 2-acenaphthylenyl, 3-acenaphthylenyl, 4-acenaphthylenyl or 5-acenaphthylenyl, 3-acenaphthenyl, 4-acenaphthenyl, 5 ... naphthenyl or 5-acenaphthenyl, 1-pentalenyl or 2-pentalenyl, 4-indanyl or 5-indanyl, 5-tetrahydronaphthyl, 6-tetrahydronaphthyl, 7-tetrahydronaphthyl or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthyl, 1-pyrenyl, 2-pyrenyl, 3-pyrenyl, 4-pyrenyl or 5-pyrenyl. As used herein, the term "arylene" is intended to include divalent carbocyclic aromatic ring systems such as phenylene, biphenylylene, naphthylene, indenylene, pentalenylene, and azulenylene. "Ring" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated cyclic group. "Heterocycle" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or unsaturated cyclic group containing at least one heteroatom. "Halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Preferred halo groups are fluoro and chloro. "Alkoxy" refers to any O-alkyl group, preferably an O-alkyl group wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. "Aryloxy" refers to any O-aryl group. "Arylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group, such as, for example, a phenylmethyl group. "Arylalkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group substituted with an aryl group. "Amine" refers to any group derived from ammonia NH3 in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with an organic group. "Azido" refers to the -N3 group. "Acidic functional group" refers to a -COOH group. An "activated acidic functional group" refers to an acidic functional group in which the --OH has been replaced with a good leaving group. An "activated alcohol functional group" refers to an alcohol functional group that has been modified to make it a good leaving group.

[0016] Detailed Description The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the drawings. For purposes of illustration, the particles are shown in a preferred embodiment. However, it should be understood that application is not limited to the exact arrangement, structure, features, embodiments, and aspects shown. The drawings are not drawn to scale and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the depicted embodiments. Therefore, when features recited in the appended claims are followed by reference signs, it should be understood that such signs are included merely to enhance comprehension of the claims and in no way limit the scope of the claims.

[0017] A first object of the present invention relates to a composite particle 1 comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2, the plurality of nanoparticles 3 being uniformly dispersed in said inorganic material 2 (as shown in Figure 1).

[0018] The uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles 3 within the inorganic material 2 prevents the nanoparticles 3 from agglomerating and thereby preventing degradation of their properties. For example, in the case of inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles, the uniform dispersion allows the optical properties of the nanoparticles to be preserved and quenching can be avoided.

[0019] The composite particles 1 of the present invention are also of particular interest because they can easily comply with ROHS requirements depending on the inorganic material 2 chosen. It is then possible to have ROHS compliant particles while retaining properties of nanoparticles 3 that may not themselves be ROHS compliant.

[0020] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are air-treatable. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the handling or transport of said composite particles 1 and for the use of said composite particles 1 in devices such as optoelectronic devices.

[0021] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are compatible with standard lithography processes. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the use of said composite particles 1 in devices such as optoelectronic devices. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a particle size of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1000 nm, 1050 nm, 1050 nm, 1100 nm, 1200 nm, 1300 nm, 1400 nm, 1500 nm, 1600 nm, 1700 nm, 1800 nm, 1900 nm, 2000 nm, 2100 nm, 2200 nm, 2300 nm, 2400 nm, 2500 nm, 2600 nm, 2700 nm, 2800 nm, 2900 nm, 3000 nm, 3500 nm, 4000 nm, 4500 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 65 50nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5 μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 1 8.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37 .5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 4 7μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μ m, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm , 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 7 6.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83 μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5 μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, and having a maximum dimension of 96.5 μm, 97 μm, 97.5 μm, 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0022] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm m, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5. 5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11 .5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5 μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27 μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37 .5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μ m, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm m, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75 μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm , 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86. 5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98 and having a minimum dimension of 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0023] According to one embodiment, the size ratio of the composite particles 1 to the nanoparticles 3 is in the range of 1.25-1000, preferably 2-500, more preferably 5-250, and even more preferably 5-100.

[0024] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the composite particle 1 is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 6 8.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000 times (aspect ratio) smaller.

[0025] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm m, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5. 5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11 .5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5 μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27 μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37 .5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μ m, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm m, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75 μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm , 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5 μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 9 2.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μ The particles have an average size of 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0026] Composite particles 1 with an average size of less than 1 μm have several advantages compared to larger particles containing the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) they increase light scattering compared to larger particles; ii) when they are dispersed in a solvent, they give a more stable colloidal suspension compared to larger particles; and iii) they have a size that fits into a pixel of at least 100 nm.

[0027] Composite particles 1 having an average size larger than 1 μm have several advantages compared to smaller particles containing the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) reduced light scattering compared to smaller particles; ii) having a whispering-gallery wave mode; iii) having a size that fits into a pixel of 1 μm or larger; iv) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 contained in said composite particles 1, resulting in better heat dissipation; v) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 contained in said composite particles 1 and the surface of said composite particles 1, thus better protecting the nanoparticles 3 against oxidation or delaying oxidation resulting from chemical reactions with chemical species from the outer space of said composite particles 1; vi) increasing the mass ratio between composite particles 1 and the nanoparticles 3 contained therein compared to smaller composite particles 1, thus reducing the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards and making it easier to comply with ROHS requirements.

[0028] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are ROHS compliant.

[0029] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 contains less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm by weight of cadmium.

[0030] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 contain less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 10 ...0 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, Includes less than 0 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, and less than 10000 ppm.

[0031] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 contain less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 10 ...0 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 1500 ppm, Includes less than 0 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, and less than 10000 ppm.

[0032] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 comprises a chemical element that is heavier than the predominant chemical element present in inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the heavy chemical element in composite particle 1 reduces the mass concentration of the chemical element in accordance with ROHS standards, allowing composite particle 1 to be ROHS compliant.

[0033] According to one embodiment, examples of heavy chemical elements include, but are not limited to, B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or mixtures thereof.

[0034] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 200 μm -1 , 100 μm -1 , 66.6 μm -1 , 50 μm -1 , 33.3 μm -1 , 28.6 μm -1 , 25 μm -1 , 20 μm -1 , 18.2 μm -1 , 16.7 μm -1 , 15.4 μm -1 , 14.3 μm -1 , 13.3 μm -1 , 12.5 μm -1 , 11.8 μm -1 , 11.1 μm -1 , 10.5 μm -1 , 10 μm -1 , 9.5 μm -1 , 9.1 μm -1 , 8.7 μm -1 , 8.3 μm -1 , 8 μm -1 , 7.7 μm -1 , 7.4 μm -1 , 7.1 μm -1 , 6.9 μm -1 , 6.7 μm -1 , 5.7 μm -1 , 5 μm -1 , 4.4 μm -1 , 4 μm -1 , 3.6 μm -1 , 3.3 μm -1 , 3.1 μm -1 , 2.9 μm-1 、2.7μm -1 、2.5μm -1 、2.4μm -1 、2.2μm -1 、2.1μm -1 、2μm -1 、1.3333μm -1 、0.8μm -1 、0.6666μm -1 、0.5714μm -1 、0.5μm -1 、0.4444μm -1 、0.4μm -1 、0.3636μm -1 、0.3333μm -1 、0.3080μm -1 、0.2857μm -1 、0.2667μm -1 、0.25μm -1 、0.2353μm -1 、0.2222μm -1 、0.2105μm -1 、0.2μm -1 、0.1905μm -1 、0.1818μm -1 、0.1739μm -1 、0.1667μm -1 、0.16μm -1 、0.1538μm -1 、0.1481μm -1 、0.1429μm -1 、0.1379μm -1 、0.1333μm -1 、0.1290μm -1 、0.125μm -1 、0.1212μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1143μm -1 、0.1111μm -1 、0.1881μm -1 、0.1053μm -1 、0.1026μm -1 、0.1μm -1 、0.0976μm -1 、0.9524μm -1 、0.0930μm-1 、0.0909μm -1 、0.0889μm -1 、0.870μm -1 、0.0851μm -1 、0.0833μm -1 、0.0816μm -1 、0.08μm -1 、0.0784μm -1 、0.0769μm -1 、0.0755μm -1 、0.0741μm -1 、0.0727μm -1 、0.0714μm -1 、0.0702μm -1 、0.0690μm -1 、0.0678μm -1 、0.0667μm -1 、0.0656μm -1 、0.0645μm -1 、0.0635μm -1 、0.0625μm -1 、0.0615μm -1 、0.0606μm -1 、0.0597μm -1 、0.0588μm -1 、0.0580μm -1 、0.0571μm -1 、0.0563μm -1 、0.0556μm -1 、0.0548μm -1 、0.0541μm -1 、0.0533μm -1 、0.0526μm -1 、0.0519μm -1 、0.0513μm -1 、0.0506μm -1 、0.05μm -1 、0.0494μm -1 、0.0488μm -1 、0.0482μm -1 、0.0476μm -1 、0.0471μm -1 、0.0465μm -1 、0.0460μm -1 、0.0455μm -1、0.0450μm -1 、0.0444μm -1 、0.0440μm -1 、0.0435μm -1 、0.0430μm -1 、0.0426μm -1 、0.0421μm -1 、0.0417μm -1 、0.0412μm -1 、0.0408μm -1 、0.0404μm -1 、0.04μm -1 、0.0396μm -1 、0.0392μm -1 、0.0388μm -1 、0.0385μm -1 、0.0381μm -1 、0.0377μm -1 、0.0374μm -1 、0.037μm -1 、0.0367μm -1 、0.0364μm -1 、0.0360μm -1 、0.0357μm -1 、0.0354μm -1 、0.0351μm -1 、0.0348μm -1 、0.0345μm -1 、0.0342μm -1 、0.0339μm -1 、0.0336μm -1 、0.0333μm -1 、0.0331μm -1 、0.0328μm -1 、0.0325μm -1 、0.0323μm -1 、0.032μm -1 、0.0317μm -1 、0.0315μm -1 、0.0312μm -1 、0.031μm -1 、0.0308μm -1 、0.0305μm -1 、0.0303μm -1 、0.0301μm -1 、0.03μm-1 、0.0299μm -1 、0.0296μm -1 、0.0294μm -1 、0.0292μm -1 、0.029μm -1 、0.0288μm -1 、0.0286μm -1 、0.0284μm -1 、0.0282μm -1 、0.028μm -1 、0.0278μm -1 、0.0276μm -1 、0.0274μm -1 、0.0272μm -1 、0.0270μm -1 、0.0268μm -1 、0.02667μm -1 、0.0265μm -1 、0.0263μm -1 、0.0261μm -1 、0.026μm -1 、0.0258μm -1 、0.0256μm -1 、0.0255μm -1 、0.0253μm -1 、0.0252μm -1 、0.025μm -1 、0.0248μm -1 、0.0247μm -1 、0.0245μm -1 、0.0244μm -1 、0.0242μm -1 、0.0241μm -1 、0.024μm -1 、0.0238μm -1 、0.0237μm -1 、0.0235μm -1 、0.0234μm -1 、0.0233μm -1 、0.231μm -1 、0.023μm -1 、0.0229μm -1 、0.0227μm -1 、0.0226μm -1 、0.0225μm -1, 0.0223 μm -1 , 0.0222 μm -1 , 0.0221 μm -1 , 0.022 μm -1 , 0.0219 μm -1 , 0.0217 μm -1 , 0.0216 μm -1 , 0.0215 μm -1 , 0.0214 μm -1 , 0.0213 μm -1 , 0.0212 μm -1 , 0.0211 μm -1 , 0.021 μm -1 , 0.0209 μm -1 , 0.0208 μm -1 , 0.0207 μm -1 , 0.0206 μm -1 , 0.0205 μm -1 , 0.0204 μm -1 , 0.0203 μm -1 , 0.0202 μm -1 , 0.0201 μm -1 , 0.02 μm -1 , or 0.002 μm -1 has a minimum curvature of

[0035] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 200 μm -1 , 100 μm -1 , 66.6 μm -1 , 50 μm -1 , 33.3 μm -1 , 28.6 μm -1 , 25 μm -1 , 20 μm -1 , 18.2 μm -1 , 16.7 μm -1 , 15.4 μm -1 , 14.3 μm -1 , 13.3 μm -1 , 12.5 μm -1 , 11.8 μm -1 , 11.1 μm -1 , 10.5 μm -1 , 10 μm -1 , 9.5 μm -1 , 9.1 μm -1 , 8.7 μm -1、8.3μm -1 、8μm -1 、7.7μm -1 、7.4μm -1 、7.1μm -1 、6.9μm -1 、6.7μm -1 、5.7μm -1 、5μm -1 、4.4μm -1 、4μm -1 、3.6μm -1 、3.3μm -1 、3.1μm -1 、2.9μm -1 、2.7μm -1 、2.5μm -1 、2.4μm -1 、2.2μm -1 、2.1μm -1 、2μm -1 、1.3333μm -1 、0.8μm -1 、0.6666μm -1 、0.5714μm -1 、0.5μm -1 、0.4444μm -1 、0.4μm -1 、0.3636μm -1 、0.3333μm -1 、0.3080μm -1 、0.2857μm -1 、0.2667μm -1 、0.25μm -1 、0.2353μm -1 、0.2222μm -1 、0.2105μm -1 、0.2μm -1 、0.1905μm -1 、0.1818μm -1 、0.1739μm -1 、0.1667μm -1 、0.16μm -1 、0.1538μm -1 、0.1481μm -1 、0.1429μm -1 、0.1379μm -1 、0.1333μm -1 、0.1290μm -1 、0.125μm-1 、0.1212μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1143μm -1 、0.1111μm -1 、0.1881μm -1 、0.1053μm -1 、0.1026μm -1 、0.1μm -1 、0.0976μm -1 、0.9524μm -1 、0.0930μm -1 、0.0909μm -1 、0.0889μm -1 、0.870μm -1 、0.0851μm -1 、0.0833μm -1 、0.0816μm -1 、0.08μm -1 、0.0784μm -1 、0.0769μm -1 、0.0755μm -1 、0.0741μm -1 、0.0727μm -1 、0.0714μm -1 、0.0702μm -1 、0.0690μm -1 、0.0678μm -1 、0.0667μm -1 、0.0656μm -1 、0.0645μm -1 、0.0635μm -1 、0.0625μm -1 、0.0615μm -1 、0.0606μm -1 、0.0597μm -1 、0.0588μm -1 、0.0580μm -1 、0.0571μm -1 、0.0563μm -1 、0.0556μm -1 、0.0548μm -1 、0.0541μm -1 、0.0533μm -1 、0.0526μm -1、0.0519μm -1 、0.0513μm -1 、0.0506μm -1 、0.05μm -1 、0.0494μm -1 、0.0488μm -1 、0.0482μm -1 、0.0476μm -1 、0.0471μm -1 、0.0465μm -1 、0.0460μm -1 、0.0455μm -1 、0.0450μm -1 、0.0444μm -1 、0.0440μm -1 、0.0435μm -1 、0.0430μm -1 、0.0426μm -1 、0.0421μm -1 、0.0417μm -1 、0.0412μm -1 、0.0408μm -1 、0.0404μm -1 、0.04μm -1 、0.0396μm -1 、0.0392μm -1 、0.0388μm -1 、0.0385μm -1 、0.0381μm -1 、0.0377μm -1 、0.0374μm -1 、0.037μm -1 、0.0367μm -1 、0.0364μm -1 、0.0360μm -1 、0.0357μm -1 、0.0354μm -1 、0.0351μm -1 、0.0348μm -1 、0.0345μm -1 、0.0342μm -1 、0.0339μm -1 、0.0336μm -1 、0.0333μm -1 、0.0331μm -1 、0.0328μm-1 、0.0325μm -1 、0.0323μm -1 、0.032μm -1 、0.0317μm -1 、0.0315μm -1 、0.0312μm -1 、0.031μm -1 、0.0308μm -1 、0.0305μm -1 、0.0303μm -1 、0.0301μm -1 、0.03μm -1 、0.0299μm -1 、0.0296μm -1 、0.0294μm -1 、0.0292μm -1 、0.029μm -1 、0.0288μm -1 、0.0286μm -1 、0.0284μm -1 、0.0282μm -1 、0.028μm -1 、0.0278μm -1 、0.0276μm -1 、0.0274μm -1 、0.0272μm -1 、0.0270μm -1 、0.0268μm -1 、0.02667μm -1 、0.0265μm -1 、0.0263μm -1 、0.0261μm -1 、0.026μm -1 、0.0258μm -1 、0.0256μm -1 、0.0255μm -1 、0.0253μm -1 、0.0252μm -1 、0.025μm -1 、0.0248μm -1 、0.0247μm -1 、0.0245μm -1 、0.0244μm -1 、0.0242μm -1 、0.0241μm -1, 0.024 μm -1 , 0.0238 μm -1 , 0.0237 μm -1 , 0.0235 μm -1 , 0.0234 μm -1 , 0.0233 μm -1 , 0.231 μm -1 , 0.023 μm -1 , 0.0229 μm -1 , 0.0227 μm -1 , 0.0226 μm -1 , 0.0225 μm -1 , 0.0223 μm -1 , 0.0222 μm -1 , 0.0221 μm -1 , 0.022 μm -1 , 0.0219 μm -1 , 0.0217 μm -1 , 0.0216 μm -1 , 0.0215 μm -1 , 0.0214 μm -1 , 0.0213 μm -1 , 0.0212 μm -1 , 0.0211 μm -1 , 0.021 μm -1 , 0.0209 μm -1 , 0.0208 μm -1 , 0.0207 μm -1 , 0.0206 μm -1 , 0.0205 μm -1 , 0.0204 μm -1 , 0.0203 μm -1 , 0.0202 μm -1 , 0.0201 μm -1 , 0.02 μm -1 , or 0.002 μm -1 has a maximum curvature of

[0036] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are polydisperse.

[0037] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are monodisperse.

[0038] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a narrow particle size distribution.

[0039] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are non-agglomerated.

[0040] According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particle 1 is 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0. 004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39% , 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5% or less, which means that the surface of the composite particle 1 is completely smooth.

[0041] According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the composite particle 1 is less than or equal to 0.5% of the maximum dimension of said composite particle 1, meaning that the surface of said composite particle 1 is completely smooth.

[0042] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a spherical, ovoid, discoid, cylindrical, faceted, hexagonal, triangular, cubic or platelet shape.

[0043] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a raspberry shape, a prism shape, a polyhedron shape, a snowflake shape, a flower shape, a thorn shape, a hemisphere shape, a cone shape, a sea urchin shape, a fibrous shape, a biconcave disc shape, an insect shape, a tree shape, a dendrite shape, a necklace shape, a chain shape, or a shrub shape.

[0044] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a spherical shape or the composite particles 1 are beads.

[0045] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is hollow, ie, the composite particle 1 is a hollow bead.

[0046] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not have a core / shell structure.

[0047] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a core / shell structure as described below.

[0048] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not fibers.

[0049] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not an amorphous matrix.

[0050] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not a glass fragment visible to the naked eye. In this embodiment, a glass fragment refers to glass obtained from a larger glass entity, for example, by cutting, or glass obtained using a mold. In one embodiment, the glass fragment has at least one dimension greater than 1 mm.

[0051] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not obtained by reducing the size of the inorganic material 2. For example, the composite particle 1 is not obtained by crushing a piece of the inorganic material 2, by cutting it, by calcining it with projectiles such as particles, atoms or electrons, or by any other method.

[0052] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not obtained by milling larger particles or by atomizing powders.

[0053] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not a piece of nanometric pore glass doped with nanoparticles 3 .

[0054] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not a glass monolith.

[0055] According to one embodiment, the spherical composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm , 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5 μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 1 1μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μ m, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 2 6.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31. 5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μ m, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47 μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm , 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 5 7.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 6 8.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm , 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80 μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 8 6μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm , 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μ The diameter may be 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0056] According to one embodiment, the statistical set of spherical composite particles 1 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1000 nm, 1050 nm, 1050 nm, 1060 nm, 1070 nm, 1080 nm, 1100 nm, 1120 nm, 1130 nm, 1140 nm, 1150 nm, 1160 nm, 1170 nm, 1180 nm, 1190 nm, 1200 nm, 1210 nm, 1220 nm, 1230 nm, 1240 nm, 1250 nm, 1260 nm, 1270 nm, 1280 nm, 1300 nm, 1310 nm, 1320 nm, 1330 nm, 1340 nm, 1350 nm, 1360 nm, 1370 nm, 1380 nm, 1390 nm, 1400 nm, 50nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5 μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5 μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm , 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21 μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm , 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 3 1.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36. 5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm , 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 4 7μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μ m, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 6 8.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm m, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86 μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm , 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0057] According to one embodiment, the average diameter of the statistical set of spherical composite particles 1 is 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5. 8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, The deviation may be less than or equal to 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 155%, 160%, 165%, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, or 200%.

[0058] According to one embodiment, the spherical composite particles 1 have a diameter of at least 200 μm -1 , 100 μm -1 , 66.6 μm -1 , 50 μm -1 , 33.3 μm -1 , 28.6 μm -1 , 25 μm -1 , 20 μm -1 , 18.2 μm -1 , 16.7 μm -1 , 15.4 μm -1、14.3μm -1 、13.3μm -1 、12.5μm -1 、11.8μm -1 、11.1μm -1 、10.5μm -1 、10μm -1 、9.5μm -1 、9.1μm -1 、8.7μm -1 、8.3μm -1 、8μm -1 、7.7μm -1 、7.4μm -1 、7.1μm -1 、6.9μm -1 、6.7μm -1 、5.7μm -1 、5μm -1 、4.4μm -1 、4μm -1 、3.6μm -1 、3.3μm -1 、3.1μm -1 、2.9μm -1 、2.7μm -1 、2.5μm -1 、2.4μm -1 、2.2μm -1 、2.1μm -1 、2μm -1 、1.3333μm -1 、0.8μm -1 、0.6666μm -1 、0.5714μm -1 、0.5μm -1 、0.4444μm -1 、0.4μm -1 、0.3636μm -1 、0.3333μm -1 、0.3080μm -1 、0.2857μm -1 、0.2667μm -1 、0.25μm -1 、0.2353μm -1 、0.2222μm -1 、0.2105μm -1 、0.2μm -1 、0.1905μm -1 、0.1818μm -1 、0.1739μm-1 、0.1667μm -1 、0.16μm -1 、0.1538μm -1 、0.1481μm -1 、0.1429μm -1 、0.1379μm -1 、0.1333μm -1 、0.1290μm -1 、0.125μm -1 、0.1212μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1143μm -1 、0.1111μm -1 、0.1881μm -1 、0.1053μm -1 、0.1026μm -1 、0.1μm -1 、0.0976μm -1 、0.9524μm -1 、0.0930μm -1 、0.0909μm -1 、0.0889μm -1 、0.870μm -1 、0.0851μm -1 、0.0833μm -1 、0.0816μm -1 、0.08μm -1 、0.0784μm -1 、0.0769μm -1 、0.0755μm -1 、0.0741μm -1 、0.0727μm -1 、0.0714μm -1 、0.0702μm -1 、0.0690μm -1 、0.0678μm -1 、0.0667μm -1 、0.0656μm -1 、0.0645μm -1 、0.0635μm -1 、0.0625μm -1 、0.0615μm -1 、0.0606μm -1 、0.0597μm -1 、0.0588μm-1 、0.0580μm -1 、0.0571μm -1 、0.0563μm -1 、0.0556μm -1 、0.0548μm -1 、0.0541μm -1 、0.0533μm -1 、0.0526μm -1 、0.0519μm -1 、0.0513μm -1 、0.0506μm -1 、0.05μm -1 、0.0494μm -1 、0.0488μm -1 、0.0482μm -1 、0.0476μm -1 、0.0471μm -1 、0.0465μm -1 、0.0460μm -1 、0.0455μm -1 、0.0450μm -1 、0.0444μm -1 、0.0440μm -1 、0.0435μm -1 、0.0430μm -1 、0.0426μm -1 、0.0421μm -1 、0.0417μm -1 、0.0412μm -1 、0.0408μm -1 、0.0404μm -1 、0.04μm -1 、0.0396μm -1 、0.0392μm -1 、0.0388μm -1 、0.0385μm -1 、0.0381μm -1 、0.0377μm -1 、0.0374μm -1 、0.037μm -1 、0.0367μm -1 、0.0364μm -1 、0.0360μm -1 、0.0357μm -1 、0.0354μm -1、0.0351μm -1 、0.0348μm -1 、0.0345μm -1 、0.0342μm -1 、0.0339μm -1 、0.0336μm -1 、0.0333μm -1 、0.0331μm -1 、0.0328μm -1 、0.0325μm -1 、0.0323μm -1 、0.032μm -1 、0.0317μm -1 、0.0315μm -1 、0.0312μm -1 、0.031μm -1 、0.0308μm -1 、0.0305μm -1 、0.0303μm -1 、0.0301μm -1 、0.03μm -1 、0.0299μm -1 、0.0296μm -1 、0.0294μm -1 、0.0292μm -1 、0.029μm -1 、0.0288μm -1 、0.0286μm -1 、0.0284μm -1 、0.0282μm -1 、0.028μm -1 、0.0278μm -1 、0.0276μm -1 、0.0274μm -1 、0.0272μm -1 、0.0270μm -1 、0.0268μm -1 、0.02667μm -1 、0.0265μm -1 、0.0263μm -1 、0.0261μm -1 、0.026μm -1 、0.0258μm -1 、0.0256μm -1 、0.0255μm -1 、0.0253μm-1 , 0.0252 μm -1 , 0.025 μm -1 , 0.0248 μm -1 , 0.0247 μm -1 , 0.0245 μm -1 , 0.0244 μm -1 , 0.0242 μm -1 , 0.0241 μm -1 , 0.024 μm -1 , 0.0238 μm -1 , 0.0237 μm -1 , 0.0235 μm -1 , 0.0234 μm -1 , 0.0233 μm -1 , 0.231 μm -1 , 0.023 μm -1 , 0.0229 μm -1 , 0.0227 μm -1 , 0.0226 μm -1 , 0.0225 μm -1 , 0.0223 μm -1 , 0.0222 μm -1 , 0.0221 μm -1 , 0.022 μm -1 , 0.0219 μm -1 , 0.0217 μm -1 , 0.0216 μm -1 , 0.0215 μm -1 , 0.0214 μm -1 , 0.0213 μm -1 , 0.0212 μm -1 , 0.0211 μm -1 , 0.021 μm -1 , 0.0209 μm -1 , 0.0208 μm -1 , 0.0207 μm -1 , 0.0206 μm -1 , 0.0205 μm -1 , 0.0204 μm -1 , 0.0203 μm -1 , 0.0202 μm -1 , 0.0201 μm -1 , 0.02 μm -1 , or 0.002 μm -1 has a characteristic curvature of

[0059] According to one embodiment, the statistical set of spherical composite particles 1 has a particle size of at least 200 μm -1 , 100 μm -1 , 66.6 μm -1 , 50 μm -1 , 33.3 μm -1 , 28.6 μm -1 , 25 μm -1 , 20 μm -1 , 18.2 μm -1 , 16.7 μm -1 , 15.4 μm -1 , 14.3 μm -1 , 13.3 μm -1 , 12.5 μm -1 , 11.8 μm -1 , 11.1 μm -1 , 10.5 μm -1 , 10 μm -1 , 9.5 μm -1 , 9.1 μm -1 , 8.7 μm -1 , 8.3 μm -1 , 8 μm -1 , 7.7 μm -1 , 7.4 μm -1 , 7.1 μm -1 , 6.9 μm -1 , 6.7 μm -1 , 5.7 μm -1 , 5 μm -1 , 4.4 μm -1 , 4 μm -1 , 3.6 μm -1 , 3.3 μm -1 , 3.1 μm -1 , 2.9 μm -1 , 2.7 μm -1 , 2.5 μm -1 , 2.4 μm -1 , 2.2 μm -1 , 2.1 μm -1 , 2 μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8 μm -1 , 0.6666 μm -1 , 0.5714 μm -1 , 0.5 μm -1 , 0.4444 μm -1 , 0.4 μm -1、0.3636μm -1 、0.3333μm -1 、0.3080μm -1 、0.2857μm -1 、0.2667μm -1 、0.25μm -1 、0.2353μm -1 、0.2222μm -1 、0.2105μm -1 、0.2μm -1 、0.1905μm -1 、0.1818μm -1 、0.1739μm -1 、0.1667μm -1 、0.16μm -1 、0.1538μm -1 、0.1481μm -1 、0.1429μm -1 、0.1379μm -1 、0.1333μm -1 、0.1290μm -1 、0.125μm -1 、0.1212μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1176μm -1 、0.1143μm -1 、0.1111μm -1 、0.1881μm -1 、0.1053μm -1 、0.1026μm -1 、0.1μm -1 、0.0976μm -1 、0.9524μm -1 、0.0930μm -1 、0.0909μm -1 、0.0889μm -1 、0.870μm -1 、0.0851μm -1 、0.0833μm -1 、0.0816μm -1 、0.08μm -1 、0.0784μm -1 、0.0769μm -1 、0.0755μm -1 、0.0741μm -1 、0.0727μm -1、0.0714μm -1 、0.0702μm -1 、0.0690μm -1 、0.0678μm -1 、0.0667μm -1 、0.0656μm -1 、0.0645μm -1 、0.0635μm -1 、0.0625μm -1 、0.0615μm -1 、0.0606μm -1 、0.0597μm -1 、0.0588μm -1 、0.0580μm -1 、0.0571μm -1 、0.0563μm -1 、0.0556μm -1 、0.0548μm -1 、0.0541μm -1 、0.0533μm -1 、0.0526μm -1 、0.0519μm -1 、0.0513μm -1 、0.0506μm -1 、0.05μm -1 、0.0494μm -1 、0.0488μm -1 、0.0482μm -1 、0.0476μm -1 、0.0471μm -1 、0.0465μm -1 、0.0460μm -1 、0.0455μm -1 、0.0450μm -1 、0.0444μm -1 、0.0440μm -1 、0.0435μm -1 、0.0430μm -1 、0.0426μm -1 、0.0421μm -1 、0.0417μm -1 、0.0412μm -1 、0.0408μm -1 、0.0404μm -1 、0.04μm -1 、0.0396μm-1 、0.0392μm -1 、0.0388μm -1 、0.0385μm -1 、0.0381μm -1 、0.0377μm -1 、0.0374μm -1 、0.037μm -1 、0.0367μm -1 、0.0364μm -1 、0.0360μm -1 、0.0357μm -1 、0.0354μm -1 、0.0351μm -1 、0.0348μm -1 、0.0345μm -1 、0.0342μm -1 、0.0339μm -1 、0.0336μm -1 、0.0333μm -1 、0.0331μm -1 、0.0328μm -1 、0.0325μm -1 、0.0323μm -1 、0.032μm -1 、0.0317μm -1 、0.0315μm -1 、0.0312μm -1 、0.031μm -1 、0.0308μm -1 、0.0305μm -1 、0.0303μm -1 、0.0301μm -1 、0.03μm -1 、0.0299μm -1 、0.0296μm -1 、0.0294μm -1 、0.0292μm -1 、0.029μm -1 、0.0288μm -1 、0.0286μm -1 、0.0284μm -1 、0.0282μm -1 、0.028μm -1 、0.0278μm -1 、0.0276μm -1、0.0274μm -1 、0.0272μm -1 、0.0270μm -1 、0.0268μm -1 、0.02667μm -1 、0.0265μm -1 、0.0263μm -1 、0.0261μm -1 、0.026μm -1 、0.0258μm -1 、0.0256μm -1 、0.0255μm -1 、0.0253μm -1 、0.0252μm -1 、0.025μm -1 、0.0248μm -1 、0.0247μm -1 、0.0245μm -1 、0.0244μm -1 、0.0242μm -1 、0.0241μm -1 、0.024μm -1 、0.0238μm -1 、0.0237μm -1 、0.0235μm -1 、0.0234μm -1 、0.0233μm -1 、0.231μm -1 、0.023μm -1 、0.0229μm -1 、0.0227μm -1 、0.0226μm -1 、0.0225μm -1 、0.0223μm -1 、0.0222μm -1 、0.0221μm -1 、0.022μm -1 、0.0219μm -1 、0.0217μm -1 、0.0216μm -1 、0.0215μm -1 、0.0214μm -1 、0.0213μm -1 、0.0212μm -1 、0.0211μm -1 、0.021μm-1 , 0.0209 μm -1 , 0.0208 μm -1 , 0.0207 μm -1 , 0.0206 μm -1 , 0.0205 μm -1 , 0.0204 μm -1 , 0.0203 μm -1 , 0.0202 μm -1 , 0.0201 μm -1 , 0.02 μm -1 , or 0.002 μm -1 has a characteristic mean curvature of

[0060] According to one embodiment, the curvature of the spherical composite particle 1 has no deviations, meaning that said composite particle 1 has a perfect spherical shape, which prevents fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light.

[0061] According to one embodiment, the characteristic curvature of a spherical composite particle 1 is 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 1 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4. 2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2% ,7.3%,7.4%,7.5%,7.6%,7.7%,7.8%,7.9%,8%,8.1%,8.2%,8.3%,8.4%,8.5%,8.6%,8.7%,8.8%,8.9%,9%,9.1%,9.2%,9.3%,9.4%,9.5%,9.6%,9.7%,9.8%,9.9%,may have deviations of 10% or less.

[0062] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is luminescent.

[0063] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is fluorescent.

[0064] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are phosphorescent.

[0065] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is electroluminescent.

[0066] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is chemiluminescent.

[0067] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are triboluminescent.

[0068] According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the composite particle 1 are sensitive to external pressure variations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the luminescence characteristics can be modified by external pressure variations.

[0069] According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peak of the composite particle 1 can sense external pressure fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensing" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external pressure fluctuations, i.e., external pressure fluctuations can reduce the wavelength shift.

[0070] According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external pressure fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external pressure fluctuations, i.e., the wavelength shift of the FWHM can be decreased or increased.

[0071] According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external pressure fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be modified by external pressure fluctuations, i.e., the PLQY can be decreased or increased.

[0072] According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the composite particle 1 are sensitive to external temperature fluctuations.

[0073] According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peak of the composite particle 1 can sense external temperature fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensing" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external temperature fluctuations, i.e., external temperature fluctuations can reduce the wavelength shift.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external temperature fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be modified by external temperature fluctuations, i.e., the FWHM can be decreased or increased.

[0075] According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external temperature fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be modified by external temperature fluctuations, i.e., the PLQY can be decreased or increased.

[0076] According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the Composite Particle 1 are sensitive to external pH fluctuations.

[0077] According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peak of the composite particle 1 can be sensitive to external pH fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external pH fluctuations, i.e., external pH fluctuations can reduce the wavelength shift.

[0078] According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external pH variations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be modified by external pH variations, i.e., the FWHM can be decreased or increased.

[0079] According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the composite particle 1 is sensitive to external pH fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be altered by external pH fluctuations, i.e., the PLQY can be decreased or increased.

[0080] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3, the wavelength emission peak of which is sensitive to external temperature fluctuations; the wavelength emission peak of the at least one nanoparticle 3 is insensitive or poorly sensitive to external temperature fluctuations. In this embodiment, "sensing" means that the wavelength emission peak can be altered by external temperature fluctuations, i.e., the wavelength emission peak can be decreased or increased. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for temperature sensor applications.

[0081] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, said emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 50 μm.

[0082] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits blue light.

[0083] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, and the emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably in the range of 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits green light.

[0084] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, and the emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits yellow light.

[0085] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, and the emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably in the range of 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits red light.

[0086] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits near-infrared, mid-infrared, or infrared light.

[0087] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are magnetic.

[0088] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are ferromagnetic.

[0089] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are paramagnetic.

[0090] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are superparamagnetic.

[0091] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are diamagnetic.

[0092] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is plasmonic.

[0093] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have catalytic properties.

[0094] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have photovoltaic properties.

[0095] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are piezoelectric.

[0096] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are pyroelectric.

[0097] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are ferroelectric.

[0098] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a drug delivery characterized.

[0099] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a light scatterer.

[0100] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 absorbs incident light at wavelengths of 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm or more, 300 nm or less, less than 250 nm, or less than 200 nm.

[0101] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is an electrical insulator. In this embodiment, quenching of the fluorescent properties of the fluorescent nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 is prevented when electron transport occurs. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 can be used as an electrically insulating material that exhibits the same properties as the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2.

[0102] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are electrical conductors. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the application of the composite particles 1 in photovoltaics or LEDs.

[0103] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is 1×10 -20 ~10 7 S / m, preferably 1×10 -15 ~5 S / m, more preferably 1 x 10 -7 It has an electrical conductivity under standard conditions in the range of ~1 S / m.

[0104] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a particle size of at least 1×10 -20 S / m, 0.5×10 -19 S / m, 1×10 -19 S / m, 0.5×10 -18 S / m, 1×10 -18 S / m, 0.5×10 -17 S / m, 1×10 -17 S / m, 0.5×10 -16 S / m, 1×10 -16 S / m, 0.5×10 -15 S / m, 1×10 -15 S / m, 0.5×10 -14 S / m, 1×10 -14 S / m, 0.5×10 -13 S / m, 1×10 -13 S / m, 0.5×10 -12 S / m, 1×10 -12 S / m, 0.5×10 -11 S / m, 1×10 -11 S / m, 0.5×10 -10 S / m, 1×10 -10 S / m, 0.5×10 -9 S / m, 1×10 -9 S / m, 0.5×10-8 S / m, 1×10 -8 S / m, 0.5×10 -7 S / m, 1×10 -7 S / m, 0.5×10 -6 S / m, 1×10 -6 S / m, 0.5×10 -5 S / m, 1×10 -5 S / m, 0.5×10 -4 S / m, 1×10 -4 S / m, 0.5×10 -3 S / m, 1×10 -3 S / m, 0.5×10 -2 S / m, 1×10 -2 S / m, 0.5×10 -1 S / m, 1×10 -1 S / m, 0.5S / m, 1S / m, 1.5S / m, 2S / m, 2.5S / m, 3S / m, 3.5S / m, 4S / m, 4.5S / m, 5S / m, 5. 5S / m, 6S / m, 6.5S / m, 7S / m, 7.5S / m, 8S / m, 8.5S / m, 9S / m, 9.5S / m, 10S / m, 50S / m, 10 2 S / m, 5×10 2 S / m, 10 3 S / m, 5×10 3 S / m, 10 4 S / m, 5×10 4 S / m, 10 5 S / m, 5×10 5 S / m, 10 6 S / m, 5×10 6 S / m, or 10 7 It has electrical conductivity under standard conditions of S / m.

[0105] According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the composite particles 1 can be measured, for example, using an impedance spectrometer.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a thermal insulator.

[0107] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a non-degradable material.

[0108] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a heat conductor: in this embodiment, the composite particle 1 is able to dissipate heat originating from the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 or from the environment.

[0109] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a thermal conductivity under standard conditions in the range of 0.1 to 450 W / (mK), preferably 1 to 200 W / (mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W / (mK).

[0110] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1 W / (m·K), 0.2 W / (m·K), 0.3 W / (m·K), 0.4 W / (m·K), 0.5 W / (m·K), 0.6 W / (m·K), 0.7 W / (m·K), 0.8 W / (m·K), 0.9 W / (m·K), 1 W / (m·K), 1.1 W / (m·K), 1.2 W / (m·K), 1.3 W / (m·K), 1.4 W / (m·K), 1.5 W / (m·K), 1.6 W / (m·K), 1.7 W / (m·K), 1.8 W / (m·K), 1.9 W / (m·K), 2 W / (m·K), 2.1 W / (m·K), 2.2 W / (m·K), 2.3 W / (m·K), 2.4 W / (m·K), 2.5 W / (m·K), 2.6 W / (m·K), 2.7 W / (m·K), 2.8 W / (m·K), 2.9 W / (m·K), 3 W / (m·K), 3.1 W / (m·K), 3.2 W / (m·K), 3.3 W / (m·K), 3.4 W / (m·K), 3.5 W / (m·K), 3.6 W / (m·K), 3.7 W / (m·K), 3.8 W / (m·K), 3.9 W / (m·K), 4 W / (m·K), 4.1 W / (m·K), 4.2 W / (m·K), 4.3 W / (m·K), 4.4 W / (m·K), 4.5 W / (m·K), 4.6 W / (m·K), 4.7 W / (m·K), 4.8 W / (m·K), 4.9 W / (m·K), 5 W / (m·K), 5.1 W / (m·K), 5.2 W / (m·K), 5.3 W / (m·K), 5.4 W / (m·K), 5.5 W / (m·K), 5.6 W / (m·K), 5.7 W / (m·K), 5.8 W / (m·K), 5.9 W / (m·K), 6 W / (m·K), 6.1 W / (m·K), 6.2 W / (m·K), 6.3 W / (m·K), 6.4 W / (m·K), 6.5 W / (m·K), 6.6 W / (m·K), 6.7 W / (m·K), 6.8 W / (m·K), 6.9 W / (m·K), 7 W / (m·K), 7.1 W / (m·K), 7.2 W / (m·K), 7.3 W / (m·K), 7.4 W / (m·K), 7.5 W / (m·K), 7.6 W / (m·K), 7.7 W / (m·K), 7.8 W / (m·K), 7.9 W / (m·K), 8 W / (m·K), 8.1 W / (m·K), 8.2 W / (m·K), 8.3 W / (m·K), 8.4 W / (m·K), 8.5 W / (m·K), 8.6 W / (m·K), 8.7 W / (m·K), 8.8 W / (m·K), 8.9 W / (m·K), 9 W / (m·K), 9.1W / (m.K)、9.2W / (m.K)、9.3W / (m.K)、9.4W / (m.K)、9.5W / (m.K)、9.6W / (m.K)、9.7W / (m.K)、9.8W / (m.K)、9.9W / (m.K)、10W / (m.K)、10.1 / (m.K)、10.2W / (m.K)、10.3W / (m.K)、10.4W / (m.K)、10.5W / (m.K)、10.6W / (m.K)、10.7W / (m.K)、10.8W / (m.K)、10.9W / (m.K)、11W / (m.K)、11.1W / (m.K)、11.2W / (m.K)、11.3W / (m.K)、11.4W / (m.K)、11.5W / (m.K)、11.6W / (m.K)、11.7W / (m.K)、11.8W / (m.K)、11.9W / (m.K)、12W / (m.K)、12.1W / (m.K)、12.2W / (m.K)、12.3W / (m.K)、12.4W / (m.K)、12.5W / (m.K)、12.6W / (m.K)、12.7W / (m.K)、12.8W / (m.K)、12.9W / (m.K)、13W / (m.K)、13.1W / (m.K)、13.2W / (m.K)、13.3W / (m.K)、13.4W / (m.K)、13.5W / (m.K)、13.6W / (m.K)、13.7W / (m.K)、13.8W / (m.K)、13.9W / (m.K)、14W / (m.K)、14.1W / (m.K)、14.2W / (m.K)、14.3W / (m.K)、14.4W / (m.K)、14.5W / (m.K)、14.6W / (m.K)、14.7W / (m.K)、14.8W / (m.K)、14.9W / (m.K)、15W / (m.K)、15.1W / (m.K)、15.2W / (m.K)、15.3W / (m.K)、15.4W / (m.K)、15.5W / (m.K)、15.6W / (m.K)、15.7W / (m.K)、15.8W / (m.K)、15.9W / (m.K)、16W / (m.K)、16.1W / (m.K)、16.2W / (m.K)、16.3W / (m.K)、16.4W / (m.K)、16.5W / (m.K)、16.6W / (m.K)、16.7W / (m.K)、16.8W / (m.K)、16.9W / (m.K)、17W / (m.K)、17.1W / (m.K)、17.2W / (m.K)、17.3W / (m.K)、17.4W / (m.K)、17.5W / (m.K)、17.6W / (m.K)、17.7W / (m.K)、17.8W / (m.K)、17.9W / (m.K)、18W / (m.K)、18.1W / (m.K)、18.2W / (m.K)、18.3W / (m.K)、18.4W / (m.K)、18.5W / (m.K)、18.6W / (m.K)、18.7W / (m.K)、18.8W / (m.K)、18.9W / (m.K)、19W / (m.K)、19.1W / (m.K)、19.2W / (m.K)、19.3W / (m.K)、19.4W / (m.K)、19.5W / (m.K)、19.6W / (m.K)、19.7W / (m.K)、19.8W / (m.K)、19.9W / (m.K)、20W / (m.K)、20.1W / (m.K)、20.2W / (m.K)、20.3W / (m.K)、20.4W / (m.K)、20.5W / (m.K)、20.6W / (m.K)、20.7W / (m.K)、20.8W / (m.K)、20.9W / (m.K)、21W / (m.K)、21.1W / (m.K)、21.2W / (m.K)、21.3W / (m.K)、21.4W / (m.K)、21.5W / (m.K)、21.6W / (m.K)、21.7W / (m.K)、21.8W / (m.K)、21.9W / (m.K)、22W / (m.K)、22.1W / (m.K)、22.2W / (m.K)、22.3W / (m.K)、22.4W / (m.K)、22.5W / (m.K)、22.6W / (m.K)、22.7W / (m.K)、22.8W / (m.K)、22.9W / (m.K)、23W / (m.K)、23.1W / (m.K)、23.2W / (m.K)、23.3W / (m.K)、23.4W / (m.K)、23.5W / (m.K)、23.6W / (m.K)、23.7W / (m.K)、23.8W / (m.K)、23.9W / (m.K)、24W / (m.K)、24.1W / (m.K)、24.2W / (m.K)、24.3W / (m.K)、24.4W / (m.K)、24.5W / (m.K)、24.6W / (m.K)、24.7W / (m.K)、24.8W / (m.K)、24.9W / (m.K)、25W / (m.K)、30W / (m.K)、40W / (m.K)、50W / (m.K)、60W / (m.K)、70W / (m.K)、80W / (m.K)、90W / (m.K)、100W / (m.K)、110W / (m.K)、120W / (m.K)、130W / (m.K)、140W / (m.K), 150W / (mK), 160W / (mK), 170W / (mK), 180W / (mK), 190W / (mK), 200W / (mK), 210W / (mK), 220W / (mK), 230W / (mK), 240W / (mK), 250W / (mK), 260W / (mK), 270W / (mK), 280W / (mK), 290W / (mK), 300W / (mK), 310 It has a thermal conductivity under standard conditions of 320W / (mK), 330W / (mK), 340W / (mK), 350W / (mK), 360W / (mK), 370W / (mK), 380W / (mK), 390W / (mK), 400W / (mK), 410W / (mK), 420W / (mK), 430W / (mK), 440W / (mK), or 450W / (mK).

[0111] According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the composite particles 1 can be measured, for example, by steady-state or transient methods.

[0112] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a local high temperature heating system.

[0113] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are hydrophobic.

[0114] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are hydrophilic.

[0115] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersible in aqueous solvents, organic solvents and / or mixtures thereof.

[0116] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak with a full width at half maximum of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0117] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak with a full width at half maximum strictly less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0118] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak with a full width at quarter maximum of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0119] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak whose full width at quarter maximum is strictly less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0120] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 100%.

[0121] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have a molecular weight of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, 50000, 51000, 52000, 53000, 54000, 55000, 56000, 57000, 58000, 59000, 60000, 61000, 62000, 63000, 64000, 65000, 66000, 67000 and (iii) exhibit a decrease in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after 00, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours.

[0122] According to one embodiment, the light illumination is provided by a blue, green, red, or UV light source, such as a laser, diode, fluorescent lamp, or xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is less than 1 mW.cm. -2 ~100kW.cm -2 , more preferably 10 mW.cm -2 ~100W.cm -2 , and even more preferably 10 mW.cm -2 ~30W.cm -2 Included in.

[0123] According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2, 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2 is.

[0124] According to one embodiment, the optical illumination described herein provides continuous illumination.

[0125] According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein provides pulsed light. This embodiment is particularly advantageous because it allows for the evacuation of heat and / or charge from the nanoparticles 3. This embodiment is also particularly advantageous because, with pulsed light, it allows for a longer lifetime of the nanoparticles 3 and, therefore, the composite particle 1; indeed, under continuous light, the nanoparticles 3 decompose faster than under pulsed light.

[0126] According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein provides pulsed light. In this embodiment, continuous light periodically illuminates the material while the material is optionally removed from the illumination, and the light can be considered pulsed light. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows for the evacuation of heat and / or charge from the nanoparticles 3.

[0127] According to one embodiment, the pulsed light is characterized by having an off time (or no illumination time) of at least 1 microsecond, 2 microseconds, 3 microseconds, 4 microseconds, 5 microseconds, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds, 18 microseconds, 19 microseconds, 20 microseconds, 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds, 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds, 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, 50 microseconds, 100 microseconds, 150 microseconds, 200 microseconds, 250 microseconds, 300 microseconds, 350 microseconds, 400 microseconds, 450 microseconds, 500 microseconds, 550 microseconds, 600 microseconds, 650 microseconds, 700 microseconds, 750 microseconds, 800 microseconds, 850 microseconds, 900 microseconds, 950 microseconds, 1 millisecond, 2 milliseconds, 3 milliseconds, 4 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds, 6 milliseconds, 7 milliseconds ,8ms,9ms,10ms,11ms,12ms,13ms,14ms,15ms,16ms,17ms,18ms,19ms,20ms,21ms,22ms,23ms,24ms,25ms,26ms,27ms,28ms,29ms,30ms,31ms,32ms,33ms,34ms,35ms,36ms,37ms,38ms,39ms,40ms,41 milliseconds, 42 milliseconds, 43 milliseconds, 44 milliseconds, 45 milliseconds, 46 milliseconds, 47 milliseconds, 48 milliseconds, 49 milliseconds, or 50 milliseconds, 750 microseconds, 800 microseconds, 850 microseconds, 900 microseconds, 950 microseconds, 1 millisecond, 2 milliseconds, 3 milliseconds, 4 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds, 6 milliseconds, 7 milliseconds, 8 milliseconds, 9 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds, 11 milliseconds, 12 milliseconds, 13 milliseconds, 14 milliseconds, 15 milliseconds, 16 milliseconds, 17 milliseconds, 18 milliseconds, 19 milliseconds, 20 milliseconds, 21 milliseconds, 22 milliseconds, 23 milliseconds, 24 milliseconds, 25 milliseconds, 26 milliseconds, 27 milliseconds, 28 milliseconds, 29 milliseconds, 30 milliseconds, 31 milliseconds, 32 milliseconds, 33 milliseconds, 34 milliseconds, 35 milliseconds, 36 milliseconds, 37 milliseconds, 38 milliseconds, 39 milliseconds, 40 milliseconds, 41 milliseconds, 42 milliseconds, 43 milliseconds, 44 milliseconds, 45 milliseconds, 46 milliseconds, 47 milliseconds, 48 milliseconds, 49 milliseconds, or 50 milliseconds, 750 microseconds, 800 microseconds, 850 microseconds, 900 microseconds, 950 microseconds, 1 millisecond, 2 milliseconds, 3 milliseconds, 4 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds, 6 milliseconds, 7 milliseconds, 8 milliseconds, 9 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds, 11 milliseconds, 12 milliseconds, 13 milliseconds, 14 milliseconds, 15 milliseconds, 16 milliseconds, 17 milliseconds, 18 milliseconds, 19 milliseconds, 20 milliseconds, 21 milliseconds, 22 milliseconds, 23 milliseconds, 24 milliseconds, 25 milliseconds, 26 milliseconds, 27 milliseconds, 28 milliseconds, 29 milliseconds, 30 milliseconds, 31 milliseconds, 32 milliseconds, 33 milliseconds, 34 milliseconds, 35 milliseconds, 36 milliseconds, 37 milliseconds, 38 milliseconds, 39 milliseconds, 40 milliseconds, 41 milliseconds, 42 milliseconds, 43 milliseconds, 44 milliseconds, 45 milliseconds, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms, 8 ms, 9 ms, 10 ms, 11 ms, 12 ms, 13 ms, 14 ms, 15 ms, 16 ms, 17 ms, 18 ms, 19 ms, 20 ms, 21 ms, 22 ms, 23 ms, 24 ms, 25 ms, 26 ms, 27 ms, 28 ms, 29 ms, 30 ms, 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms, 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms, 8 ms, 9 ms, 10 ms, 11 ms, 12 ms, 13 ms, 14 ms, 15 ms, 16 ms, 17 ms, 18 ms, 19 ms, 20 ms, 21 ms, 22 ms, 23 ms, 24 ms , 25 ms, 26 ms, 27 ms, 28 ms, 29 ms, 30 ms, 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms, 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms, 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms, 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms , 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms, and a time off (or time without illumination) of 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms, 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms.

[0128] According to one embodiment, the pulsed light has a duration of at least 0.1 nanoseconds, 0.2 nanoseconds, 0.3 nanoseconds, 0.4 nanoseconds, 0.5 nanoseconds, 0.6 nanoseconds, 0.7 nanoseconds, 0.8 nanoseconds, 0.9 nanoseconds, 1 nanosecond, 2 nanoseconds, 3 nanoseconds, 4 nanoseconds, 5 nanoseconds, 6 nanoseconds, 7 nanoseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 9 nanoseconds, 10 nanoseconds, 11 nanoseconds, 12 nanoseconds, 13 nanoseconds, 14 nanoseconds, 15 nanoseconds, 16 nanoseconds, 17 nanoseconds, 18 nanoseconds, 19 nanoseconds, 20 nanoseconds, 21 nanoseconds, 22 nanoseconds, 23 nanoseconds, 24 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 26 nanoseconds, 27 nanoseconds, 28 nanoseconds, 29 nanoseconds, 30 nanoseconds, 31 nanoseconds, 32 nanoseconds, 33 nanoseconds, 34 nanoseconds, 35 nanoseconds, 36 nanoseconds, 37 nanoseconds, 38 nanoseconds, 39 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds, 41 nanoseconds, 42 nanoseconds, 43 nanoseconds, 44 nanoseconds, 45 nanoseconds, 46 nanoseconds, 47 nanoseconds, 48 nanoseconds, 49 nanoseconds, 50 nanoseconds, 100 nanoseconds, 150 nanoseconds, 200 nanoseconds, 250 nanoseconds, 300 nanoseconds, 350 nanoseconds, 400 nanoseconds, 450 nanoseconds, 500 nanoseconds, 550 nanoseconds, 600 nanoseconds, 650 nanoseconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, 1 microsecond, 2 microseconds, 3 microseconds, 4 microseconds, 5 microseconds, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds The time-on (or time with illumination) may be 100 microseconds, 110 microseconds, 120 microseconds, 130 microseconds, 140 microseconds, 150 microseconds, 160 microseconds, 170 microseconds, 180 microseconds, 190 microseconds, 200 microseconds, 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds, 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds, 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, or 50 microseconds.

[0129] According to one embodiment, the pulsed light has a frequency of at least 10 Hz, 11 Hz, 12 Hz, 13 Hz, 14 Hz, 15 Hz, 16 Hz, 17 Hz, 18 Hz, 19 Hz, 20 Hz, 21 Hz, 22 Hz, 23 Hz, 24 Hz, 25 Hz, 26 Hz, 27 Hz, 28 Hz, 29 Hz, 30 Hz, 31 Hz, 32 Hz, 33 Hz, 34 Hz, 35 Hz, 36 Hz, 37 Hz, 38 Hz, 39 Hz, 40 Hz, 41 Hz, 42 Hz, 43 Hz, 44 Hz, 45 Hz, 46 Hz, 47 Hz, 48 Hz, 49 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz, 250 Hz, 300 Hz, 350 Hz, 400 Hz, 450 Hz, 500 Hz, 550 Hz, 600 Hz, 650 Hz , 700Hz, 750Hz, 800Hz, 850Hz, 900Hz, 950Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz, 7kHz, 8kHz, 9kHz, 10kHz, 11kHz, 12kHz, 13kHz, 14kHz, 15kHz, 16kHz, 17kHz, 18kHz, 19kHz, 20kHz, 21 kHz, 22kHz, 23kHz, 24kHz, 25kHz, 26kHz, 27kHz, 28kHz, 29kHz, 30kHz, 31kHz, 32kHz, 33kHz, 34kHz, 35kHz, 36kHz, 37kHz, 38kHz, 39kHz, 40kHz, 41kHz, 42kHz, 43kHz, 44kHz, 45kHz, 46 kHz, 47kHz, 48kHz, 49kHz, 50kHz, 100kHz, 150kHz, 200kHz, 250kHz, 300kHz, 350kHz, 400kHz, 450kHz, 500kHz, 550kHz, 600kHz z, 650kHz, 700kHz, 750kHz, 800kHz, 850kHz, 900kHz, 950kHz, 1MHz, 2MHz, 3MHz, 4MHz, 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHz, 9MHz, 10MHz, 11MHz, 12 MHz, 13 MHz, 14 MHz, 15 MHz, 16 MHz, 17 MHz, 18 MHz, 19 MHz, 20 MHz, 21 MHz, 22 MHz, 23 MHz, 24 MHz, 25 MHz, 26 MHz, 27 MHz, 28 MHz, 29 MHz, 30 MHz, 31 MHz, 32 MHz, 33 MHz, 34 MHz, 35 MHz, 36 MHz, 37 MHz, 38 MHz, 39 MHz, 40 MHz, 41 MHz, 42 MHz, 43 MHz, 44 MHz, 45 MHz, 46 MHz, 47 MHz, 48 MHz, 49 MHz, 50 MHz, or 100 MHz.

[0130] According to one embodiment, the spot area of the light irradiating the composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and / or luminescent material 7 is at least 10 μm 2 , 20 μm 2 , 30 μm 2 , 40 μm 2 , 50 μm 2 , 60 μm 2 , 70 μm 2 , 80 μm 2 , 90 μm 2 , 100 μm 2 , 200 μm 2 , 300 μm 2 , 400 μm 2 , 500 μm 2 , 600 μm 2 , 700 μm 2 , 800 μm 2 , 900 μm 2 , 103 μm 2 , 104 μm 2 , 105 μm 2 , 1mm 2 , 10mm 2 , 20mm 2 , 30mm 2 , 40mm 2 , 50mm 2 , 60mm 2 , 70mm 2 , 80mm 2 , 90mm 2 , 100mm 2 , 200mm 2 , 300mm 2 , 400mm 2 , 500mm2 , 600mm 2 , 700mm 2 , 800mm 2 , 900mm 2 , 103mm 2 , 104mm 2 , 105mm 2 , 1m 2 , 10m 2 , 20m 2 , 30m 2 , 40m 2 , 50m 2 , 60m 2 , 70m 2 , 80m 2 , 90m 2 , or 100m 2 is.

[0131] According to one embodiment, the luminescence saturation of the composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and / or luminescent material 7 is at least 1 W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm-2 , 1KW.cm -2 , 50KW.cm -2 , 100KW.cm -2 , 200KW.cm -2 , 300KW.cm -2 , 400KW.cm -2 , 500KW.cm -2 , 600KW.cm -2 , 700KW.cm -2 , 800KW.cm -2 , 900KW.cm -2 , or 1 mW.cm -2 is reached under pulsed light with a peak pulse power of

[0132] According to one embodiment, the luminescence saturation of the composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and / or luminescent material 7 is at least 1 W.cm under continuous illumination. -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1KW.cm -2, 50KW.cm -2 , 100KW.cm -2 , 200KW.cm -2 , 300KW.cm -2 , 400KW.cm -2 , 500KW.cm -2 , 600KW.cm -2 , 700KW.cm -2 , 800KW.cm -2 , 900KW.cm -2 , or 1 mW.cm -2 The saturation of the emission of a particle under illumination with a given photon flux occurs when the particle is unable to emit more photons. In other words, the lower the photon flux, the higher the number of photons emitted by the particle.

[0133] According to one embodiment, the FCE (frequency conversion efficiency) of the irradiated composite particles 1, nanoparticles 3 and / or luminescent material 7 is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In this embodiment, the FCE is measured at 480 nm.

[0134] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2, 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2 under light illumination with a photon flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 290 and (c) exhibit a decrease in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after 00, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours.

[0135] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm-2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2under light illumination with a photon flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 280 and the FCE shows a decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after 00, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours.

[0136] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a kinetic energy of at least 0.1 nanoseconds, 0.2 nanoseconds, 0.3 nanoseconds, 0.4 nanoseconds, 0.5 nanoseconds, 0.6 nanoseconds, 0.7 nanoseconds, 0.8 nanoseconds, 0.9 nanoseconds, 1 nanosecond, 2 nanoseconds, 3 nanoseconds, 4 nanoseconds, 5 nanoseconds, 6 nanoseconds, 7 nanoseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 9 nanoseconds, 10 nanoseconds, 11 nanoseconds, 12 nanoseconds, 13 nanoseconds, 14 nanoseconds, 15 nanoseconds, 16 nanoseconds, 17 nanoseconds, 18 nanoseconds, 19 nanoseconds, 20 nanoseconds, 21 nanoseconds, 22 nanoseconds, 23 nanoseconds, 24 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 26 nanoseconds, 27 nanoseconds, 28 nanoseconds, 29 nanoseconds, 30 nanoseconds, 31 nanoseconds , 32 nanoseconds, 33 nanoseconds, 34 nanoseconds, 35 nanoseconds, 36 nanoseconds, 37 nanoseconds, 38 nanoseconds, 39 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds, 41 nanoseconds, 42 nanoseconds, 43 nanoseconds, 44 nanoseconds, 45 nanoseconds, 46 nanoseconds, 47 nanoseconds, 48 nanoseconds, 49 nanoseconds, 50 nanoseconds, 100 nanoseconds, 150 nanoseconds, 200 nanoseconds, 250 nanoseconds, 300 nanoseconds, 350 nanoseconds, 400 nanoseconds, 450 nanoseconds, 500 nanoseconds, 550 nanoseconds, 600 nanoseconds, 650 nanoseconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 microsecond.

[0137] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2Under pulsed light with an average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000 , 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, exhibit a decrease in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%. In this embodiment, Composite Particle 1 preferably comprises a quantum dot, a semiconductor nanoparticle, a semiconductor nanocrystal, or a semiconductor nanoplatelet.

[0138] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm-2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2 at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 2600 and exhibiting a decrease in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) of less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after 0, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours.

[0139] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm-2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2 , 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2Under pulsed light with an average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000 , 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours, exhibit a decrease in FCE of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%. In this embodiment, composite particle 1 preferably comprises quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals, or semiconductor nanoplatelets.

[0140] In one embodiment, the composite particle 1 has a fluence of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50mW.cm -2 , 100mW.cm -2 , 500mW.cm -2 , 1W.cm -2 , 5W.cm -2 , 10W.cm -2 , 20W.cm -2 , 30W.cm -2 , 40W.cm -2 , 50W.cm -2 , 60W.cm -2 , 70W.cm -2 , 80W.cm -2 , 90W.cm -2 , 100W.cm -2 , 110W.cm -2 , 120W.cm -2 , 130W.cm -2 , 140W.cm -2 , 150W.cm -2 , 160W.cm -2, 170W.cm -2 , 180W.cm -2 , 190W.cm -2 , 200W.cm -2 , 300W.cm -2 , 400W.cm -2 , 500W.cm -2 , 600W.cm -2 , 700W.cm -2 , 800W.cm -2 , 900W.cm -2 , 1kW.cm -2 , 50kW.cm -2 , or 100kW.cm -2 at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000 , 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, exhibiting a decrease in FCE of less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

[0141] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not contain a surfactant. In this embodiment, the surface of the composite particle 1 is easy to functionalize so that said surface is not blocked by any surfactant molecules.

[0142] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not contain a surfactant.

[0143] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are amorphous.

[0144] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a crystal.

[0145] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are entirely crystalline.

[0146] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are partially crystalline.

[0147] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a single crystal.

[0148] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one grain boundary.

[0149] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are colloidal particles.

[0150] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise a spherical porous bead, and preferably the composite particle 1 does not comprise a central spherical porous bead.

[0151] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not comprise spherical porous beads, and the nanoparticles 3 are bound to the surface of said spherical porous beads.

[0152] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not include beads and nanoparticles 3 with opposite charges.

[0153] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is porous.

[0154] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are sized to adsorb 20 cm of nitrogen at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg, as determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. 3 / g, 15cm 3 / g, 10cm 3 / g, 5cm 3 / g, the Composite Particle 1 is considered to be porous.

[0155] According to one embodiment, the porous structure of the composite particles 1 may be hexagonal, vermiform or cubic.

[0156] According to one embodiment, the porosity of the composite particles 1 constituted is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm m, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, or 50 nm pore sizes.

[0157] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not porous.

[0158] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have an adsorption capacity of 20 cm3 at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg, as determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. 3 / g, 15cm 3 / g, 10cm 3 / g, 5cm 3 / g, the Composite Particle 1 is considered to be non-porous.

[0159] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not contain pores or cavities.

[0160] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are permeable.

[0161] According to one embodiment, the permeable composite particles 1 are 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -10 cm 2 , 10-9 cm 2 , 10 -8 cm 2 , 10 -7 cm 2 , 10 -6 cm 2 , 10 -5 cm 2 , 10 -4 cm 2 , or 10 -3 cm 2 It has inherent permeability to the above fluids.

[0162] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is impermeable to external molecular species, gases or liquids. In this embodiment, external molecular species, gases or liquids refer to molecular species, gases or liquids outside said composite particle 1.

[0163] According to one embodiment, the impermeable composite particles 1 are 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 It has inherent permeability to the following fluids:

[0164] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are heated at room temperature for 10 minutes per day. -7 ~10cm 3 / m 2 , preferably 10 per day -7 ~1cm 3 / m 2 , more preferably 10 per day -7 ~10 -1 cm 3 / m 2 , and even more preferably 10 per day -7 ~10 -4 cm 3 / m 2 The oxygen permeability is in the range of .

[0165] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are heated at room temperature for 10 minutes per day.-7 ~10g / m 2 , preferably 10 per day -7 ~1g / m 2 , more preferably 10 per day -7 ~10 -1 g / m 2 , and even more preferably 10 per day -7 ~10 -4 g / m 2 It has a water vapor transmission rate in the range of 10 per day. -6 g / m 2 The water vapor transmission rate of 0.05% is particularly suitable for use in LEDs.

[0166] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific properties after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0167] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 exhibit a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0168] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits degradation of its specific properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0169] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits degradation of its specific properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

[0170] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific properties of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at temperatures of 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

[0171] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months, 70 months, 71 months, 72 months, 73 months, 74 months, 75 months, 76 months, 77 months, 78 months, 79 months, 80 months, 80 months, 81 months, exhibit less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 2 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0172] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months, 70 months, 71 The composition exhibits less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 1 month, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0173] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, or 30 days. exhibits less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0174] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2. exhibit less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0175] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are sintered under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 16 days, 18 days, 20 days, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. exhibits less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0176] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 can be sterilized for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0177] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are heated at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules. , 95%, or 99% humidity, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0178] According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the composite particle 1 include one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity to increase a local electromagnetic field, absorbance, magnetization, coercive force, catalytic yield, catalytic properties, photovoltaic rate, electric polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to oxygen molecules, permeability to water molecules, or any other property.

[0179] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0180] Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and / or phosphorescence.

[0181] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits degradation of its light emission of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0182] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits degradation of its light emission of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

[0183] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits degradation of its light emission of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0184] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months, 70 months, 71 months, 72 months, 73 months, 74 months, 75 months, 76 months, 77 months, 78 months, 79 months, 80 months, 81 months, 82 months, and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0185] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or 100°C. , 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission.

[0186] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 degrees Celsius, 50 degrees Celsius, 60 degrees Celsius, 70 degrees Celsius, 80 degrees Celsius, 90 degrees Celsius, 100 degrees Celsius, 125 degrees Celsius, 150 degrees Celsius, 175 degrees Celsius, 200 degrees Celsius, 225 degrees Celsius, 250 degrees Celsius, 275 degrees Celsius, or 300 degrees Celsius, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 1 day, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0187] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or 100% O2. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 10 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0188] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are refrigerated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules and at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0189] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are resistant to oxidative stress under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 5 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0190] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are oxidized under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules. , 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity, after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0191] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits a degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0192] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits a degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0193] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits a degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

[0194] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0195] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 14 months, 16 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months, 70 months, 71 months, 72 months, 73 months, 74 months, 75 months, 76 months, 77 months, 78 months, 79 months, 80 months, 81 months, 82 months, 83 months, 84 months, 85 months, and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 18 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0196] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, or 12 months. , 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY).

[0197] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 can be stored at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, or 30 days. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0198] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 12 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0199] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are sintered under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, 100 days, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 1 day, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0200] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, or 1 month. , 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits a degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

[0201] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 exhibit a thermal stability of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C under 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules. and exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 5% or 99% humidity.

[0202] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0203] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.

[0204] According to one embodiment, composite particle 1 exhibits degradation of its FCE of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%.

[0205] According to one embodiment, Composite Particle 1 exhibits degradation of its FCE of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0206] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months, 70 months, 71 months, 72 months, 73 months, 74 months, 75 months, 76 months, 77 months, 78 months, 79 months, 80 months, 81 months, 82 months, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0207] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or 100°C. , exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0208] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 degrees Celsius, 50 degrees Celsius, 60 degrees Celsius, 70 degrees Celsius, 80 degrees Celsius, 90 degrees Celsius, 100 degrees Celsius, 125 degrees Celsius, 150 degrees Celsius, 175 degrees Celsius, 200 degrees Celsius, 225 degrees Celsius, 250 degrees Celsius, 275 degrees Celsius, or 300 degrees Celsius, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 1 day, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0209] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or 100% O2. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 1 month, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0210] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are sintered under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 1 ... exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 5 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0211] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, or 30 days. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 1 day, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0212] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 can be heated to 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. The FCE exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0213] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is optically transparent, i.e., the composite particle 1 is transparent at wavelengths of 200 nm to 50 μm, 200 nm to 10 μm, 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, or 400 nm to 470 nm.

[0214] According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is completely surrounded by or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

[0215] According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is partially surrounded by or encapsulated in inorganic material 2 .

[0216] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% nanoparticles 3 on its surface.

[0217] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 does not comprise nanoparticles 3 on its surface. In this embodiment, said nanoparticles 3 are completely surrounded by inorganic material 2.

[0218] According to one embodiment, at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the nanoparticles 3 are comprised in inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, each of said nanoparticles 3 is completely surrounded by inorganic material 2.

[0219] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said composite particle 1. This embodiment is advantageous because the at least one nanoparticle 3 is better excited by the incident light than if said nanoparticles 3 were dispersed in an inorganic material 2.

[0220] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in an inorganic material 2, i.e. completely surrounded by said inorganic material 2, and at least one type of nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of said luminescent particle 1.

[0221] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in an inorganic material 2, the nanoparticles 3 emitting light at a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm, and at least one type of nanoparticles 3 is located on the surface of the composite particle 1, and the at least one type of nanoparticles 3 emitting light at a wavelength in the range of 600 to 2500 nm.

[0222] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in an inorganic material 2, the nanoparticles 3 emitting light at a wavelength in the range of 600 to 2500 nm, and at least one type of nanoparticles 3 is located on the surface of the composite particle 1, and the at least one type of nanoparticles 3 emitting light at a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm.

[0223] According to one embodiment, the at least one nanoparticle 3 located at the surface of said composite particle 1 may be chemically or physically adsorbed on said surface.

[0224] According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located at the surface of said composite particle 1 may be adsorbed on said surface.

[0225] According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said composite particle 1 may be absorbed with cement on said surface.

[0226] According to one embodiment, examples of cements include, but are not limited to, polymers, silicones, oxides, or mixtures thereof.

[0227] According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the composite particle 1 may have at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of its volume entrapped in the inorganic material 2.

[0228] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are uniformly spaced on the surface of the composite particle 1 .

[0229] According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 is spaced apart from its neighbouring nanoparticles 3 by an average minimum distance, said average minimum distance being as defined above.

[0230] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is of homostructure.

[0231] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not a core / shell structure, the core does not contain nanoparticles 3 and the shell contains nanoparticles 3 .

[0232] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a heterostructure comprising a core 11 and at least one shell 12 .

[0233] According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises or consists of an inorganic material 21. In this embodiment, said inorganic material 21 is the same as or different from the inorganic material 2 comprised in the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1.

[0234] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 as described herein, and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 does not comprise nanoparticles 3 .

[0235] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 as described herein, and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 .

[0236] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 are identical to the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 .

[0237] According to one embodiment shown in Figure 12, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 are different from the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1. In this embodiment, the resulting core / shell composite particle 1 exhibits different properties.

[0238] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0239] According to a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least two different types of luminescent nanoparticles, and the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths, which means that the core 11 comprises at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 comprises at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle, and the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

[0240] According to a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least two different types of luminescent nanoparticles, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 500 to 560 nm, and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the red region of the visible spectrum, and thus the composite particle 1 paired with a blue LED is a white light emitter.

[0241] According to a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least two different types of luminescent nanoparticles, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 400 to 490 nm and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the red region of the visible spectrum, and thus the composite particle 1 is a white light emitter.

[0242] According to a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least two different types of luminescent nanoparticles, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 400 to 490 nm and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 500 to 560 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprise at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the green region of the visible spectrum.

[0243] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of magnetic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0244] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of plasmonic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0245] According to a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits in the visible spectrum of light.

[0246] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of dielectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0247] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0248] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of pyroelectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0249] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0250] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of light-scattering nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0251] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of electrically insulating nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0252] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of insulating nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0253] According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of catalytic nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the core / shell composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or thermal insulating nanoparticles.

[0254] According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a diameter of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 11 0nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210n m, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900 nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5 μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17 .5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μ m, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm m, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm m, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 6 0μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm , 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76 .5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm m, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 9 The thickness may be 3 μm, 93.5 μm, 94 μm, 94.5 μm, 95 μm, 95.5 μm, 96 μm, 96.5 μm, 97 μm, 97.5 μm, 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0255] According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a uniform thickness along the core 11 from the beginning, ie the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has the same thickness along the core 11 from the beginning.

[0256] According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a non-uniform thickness along the core 11 , ie said thickness varies along the core 11 .

[0257] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is not a core / shell particle in which the core is an aggregate of metal particles and the shell comprises inorganic material 2. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 is a core / shell particle in which the core is filled with solvent and the shell comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed within inorganic material 2, i.e., said composite particle 1 is a hollow bead with a solvent-filled core.

[0258] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable under a variety of conditions. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is robust enough to withstand the conditions to which composite particle 1 is subjected.

[0259] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is robust enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 are subjected.

[0260] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which composite particle 1 is subjected.

[0261] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is robust enough to withstand the conditions to which the composite particles 1 are subjected.

[0262] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is maintained at 0° C. for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. , 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which composite particle 1 will be subjected.

[0263] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 remains stable for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years. Inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable under humidity conditions of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% and under O2 molecules conditions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which composite particle 1 is subjected.

[0264] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 3 The inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable at temperatures of 0°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and in the presence of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle 1 is subjected.

[0265] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is stable under acidic conditions, i.e., at a pH below 7. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is robust enough to withstand acidic conditions, meaning that the properties of composite particle 1 are maintained under said conditions.

[0266] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is stable under basic conditions, i.e., at a pH above 7. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 is robust enough to withstand basic conditions, meaning that the properties of composite particle 1 are maintained under said conditions.

[0267] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 acts as a barrier against oxidation of the nanoparticles 3 .

[0268] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is thermally conductive.

[0269] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a thermal conductivity under standard conditions in the range of 0.1 to 450 W / (mK), preferably 1 to 200 W / (mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W / (mK).

[0270] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1 W / (m·K), 0.2 W / (m·K), 0.3 W / (m·K), 0.4 W / (m·K), 0.5 W / (m·K), 0.6 W / (m·K), 0.7 W / (m·K), 0.8 W / (m·K), 0.9 W / (m·K), 1 W / (m·K), 1.1 W / (m·K), 1.2 W / (m·K), 1.3 W / (m·K), 1.4 W / (m·K), 1.5 W / (m·K), 1.6 W / (m·K), 1.7 W / (m·K), 1.8 W / (m·K), 1.9 W / (m·K), 2 W / (m·K), 2.1 W / (m·K), 2.2 W / (m·K), 2.3 W / (m·K), 2.4 W / (m·K), 2.5 W / (m·K), 2.6 W / (m·K), 2.7 W / (m·K), 2.8 W / (m·K), 2.9 W / (m·K), 3 W / (m·K), 3.1 W / (m·K), 3.2 W / (m·K), 3.3 W / (m·K), 3.4 W / (m·K), 3.5 W / (m·K), 3.6 W / (m·K), 3.7 W / (m·K), 3.8 W / (m·K), 3.9 W / (m·K), 4 W / (m·K), 4.1 W / (m·K), 4.2 W / (m·K), 4.3 W / (m·K), 4.4 W / (m·K), 4.5 W / (m·K), 4.6 W / (m·K), 4.7 W / (m·K), 4.8 W / (m·K), 4.9 W / (m·K), 5 W / (m·K), 5.1 W / (m·K), 5.2 W / (m·K), 5.3 W / (m·K), 5.4 W / (m·K), 5.5 W / (m·K), 5.6 W / (m·K), 5.7 W / (m·K), 5.8 W / (m·K), 5.9 W / (m·K), 6 W / (m·K), 6.1 W / (m·K), 6.2 W / (m·K), 6.3 W / (m·K), 6.4 W / (m·K), 6.5 W / (m·K), 6.6 W / (m·K), 6.7 W / (m·K), 6.8 W / (m·K), 6.9 W / (m·K), 7 W / (m·K), 7.1 W / (m·K), 7.2 W / (m·K), 7.3 W / (m·K), 7.4 W / (m·K), 7.5 W / (m·K), 7.6 W / (m·K), 7.7 W / (m·K), 7.8 W / (m·K), 7.9 W / (m·K), 8 W / (m·K), 8.1 W / (m·K), 8.2 W / (m·K), 8.3 W / (m·K), 8.4 W / (m·K), 8.5 W / (m·K), 8.6 W / (m·K), 8.7 W / (m·K), 8.8 W / (m·K), 8.9 W / (m·K), 9 W / (m·K), 9.1W / (m.K)、9.2W / (m.K)、9.3W / (m.K)、9.4W / (m.K)、9.5W / (m.K)、9.6W / (m.K)、9.7W / (m.K)、9.8W / (m.K)、9.9W / (m.K)、10W / (m.K)、10.1 / (m.K)、10.2W / (m.K)、10.3W / (m.K)、10.4W / (m.K)、10.5W / (m.K)、10.6W / (m.K)、10.7W / (m.K)、10.8W / (m.K)、10.9W / (m.K)、11W / (m.K)、11.1W / (m.K)、11.2W / (m.K)、11.3W / (m.K)、11.4W / (m.K)、11.5W / (m.K)、11.6W / (m.K)、11.7W / (m.K)、11.8W / (m.K)、11.9W / (m.K)、12W / (m.K)、12.1W / (m.K)、12.2W / (m.K)、12.3W / (m.K)、12.4W / (m.K)、12.5W / (m.K)、12.6W / (m.K)、12.7W / (m.K)、12.8W / (m.K)、12.9W / (m.K)、13W / (m.K)、13.1W / (m.K)、13.2W / (m.K)、13.3W / (m.K)、13.4W / (m.K)、13.5W / (m.K)、13.6W / (m.K)、13.7W / (m.K)、13.8W / (m.K)、13.9W / (m.K)、14W / (m.K)、14.1W / (m.K)、14.2W / (m.K)、14.3W / (m.K)、14.4W / (m.K)、14.5W / (m.K)、14.6W / (m.K)、14.7W / (m.K)、14.8W / (m.K)、14.9W / (m.K)、15W / (m.K)、15.1W / (m.K)、15.2W / (m.K)、15.3W / (m.K)、15.4W / (m.K)、15.5W / (m.K)、15.6W / (m.K)、15.7W / (m.K)、15.8W / (m.K)、15.9W / (m.K)、16W / (m.K)、16.1W / (m.K)、16.2W / (m.K)、16.3W / (m.K)、16.4W / (m.K)、16.5W / (m.K)、16.6W / (m.K)、16.7W / (m.K)、16.8W / (m.K)、16.9W / (m.K)、17W / (m.K)、17.1W / (m.K)、17.2W / (m.K)、17.3W / (m.K)、17.4W / (m.K)、17.5W / (m.K)、17.6W / (m.K)、17.7W / (m.K)、17.8W / (m.K)、17.9W / (m.K)、18W / (m.K)、18.1W / (m.K)、18.2W / (m.K)、18.3W / (m.K)、18.4W / (m.K)、18.5W / (m.K)、18.6W / (m.K)、18.7W / (m.K)、18.8W / (m.K)、18.9W / (m.K)、19W / (m.K)、19.1W / (m.K)、19.2W / (m.K)、19.3W / (m.K)、19.4W / (m.K)、19.5W / (m.K)、19.6W / (m.K)、19.7W / (m.K)、19.8W / (m.K)、19.9W / (m.K)、20W / (m.K)、20.1W / (m.K)、20.2W / (m.K)、20.3W / (m.K)、20.4W / (m.K)、20.5W / (m.K)、20.6W / (m.K)、20.7W / (m.K)、20.8W / (m.K)、20.9W / (m.K)、21W / (m.K)、21.1W / (m.K)、21.2W / (m.K)、21.3W / (m.K)、21.4W / (m.K)、21.5W / (m.K)、21.6W / (m.K)、21.7W / (m.K)、21.8W / (m.K)、21.9W / (m.K)、22W / (m.K)、22.1W / (m.K)、22.2W / (m.K)、22.3W / (m.K)、22.4W / (m.K)、22.5W / (m.K)、22.6W / (m.K)、22.7W / (m.K)、22.8W / (m.K)、22.9W / (m.K)、23W / (m.K)、23.1W / (m.K)、23.2W / (m.K)、23.3W / (m.K)、23.4W / (m.K)、23.5W / (m.K)、23.6W / (m.K)、23.7W / (m.K)、23.8W / (m.K)、23.9W / (m.K)、24W / (m.K)、24.1W / (m.K)、24.2W / (m.K)、24.3W / (m.K)、24.4W / (m.K)、24.5W / (m.K)、24.6W / (m.K)、24.7W / (m.K)、24.8W / (m.K)、24.9W / (m.K)、25W / (m.K)、30W / (m.K)、40W / (m.K)、50W / (m.K)、60W / (m.K)、70W / (m.K)、80W / (m.K)、90W / (m.K)、100W / (m.K)、110W / (m.K)、120W / (m.K)、130W / (m.K)、140W / (m.K), 150W / (mK), 160W / (mK), 170W / (mK), 180W / (mK), 190W / (mK), 200W / (mK), 210W / (mK), 220W / (mK), 230W / (mK), 240W / (mK), 250W / (mK), 260W / (mK), 270W / (mK), 280W / (mK), 290W / (mK), 300W / (mK), 310 It has a thermal conductivity under standard conditions of 320W / (mK), 330W / (mK), 340W / (mK), 350W / (mK), 360W / (mK), 370W / (mK), 380W / (mK), 390W / (mK), 400W / (mK), 410W / (mK), 420W / (mK), 430W / (mK), 440W / (mK), or 450W / (mK).

[0271] According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 may be measured, for example, by steady-state or transient methods.

[0272] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not thermally conductive.

[0273] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a refractory material.

[0274] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is an electrical insulator. In this embodiment, quenching of the fluorescent properties of fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic material 2 is prevented when due to electron transport. In this embodiment, composite particle 1 can be used as an electrically insulating material that exhibits similar properties as nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic material 2.

[0275] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is electrically conductive. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the application of the composite particles 1 in photovoltaics or LEDs.

[0276] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is 1×10 -20 ~10 7 S / m, preferably 1×10 -15~5 S / m, more preferably 1 x 10 -7 It has an electrical conductivity under standard conditions in the range of ~1 S / m.

[0277] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a concentration of at least 1×10 -20 S / m, 0.5×10 -19 S / m, 1×10 -19 S / m, 0.5×10 -18 S / m, 1×10 -18 S / m, 0.5×10 -17 S / m, 1×10 -17 S / m, 0.5×10 -16 S / m, 1×10 -16 S / m, 0.5×10 -15 S / m, 1×10 -15 S / m, 0.5×10 -14 S / m, 1×10 -14 S / m, 0.5×10 -13 S / m, 1×10 -13 S / m, 0.5×10 -12 S / m, 1×10 -12 S / m, 0.5×10 -11 S / m, 1×10 -11 S / m, 0.5×10 -10 S / m, 1×10 -10 S / m, 0.5×10 -9 S / m, 1×10 -9 S / m, 0.5×10 -8 S / m, 1×10 -8 S / m, 0.5×10 -7 S / m, 1×10 -7 S / m, 0.5×10 -6 S / m, 1×10 -6 S / m, 0.5×10 -5 S / m, 1×10 -5 S / m, 0.5×10 -4 S / m, 1×10 -4 S / m, 0.5×10 -3 S / m, 1×10 -3 S / m, 0.5×10 -2 S / m, 1×10 -2 S / m, 0.5×10 -1 S / m, 1×10 -1S / m, 0.5S / m, 1S / m, 1.5S / m, 2S / m, 2.5S / m, 3S / m, 3.5S / m, 4S / m, 4.5S / m, 5S / m, 5. 5S / m, 6S / m, 6.5S / m, 7S / m, 7.5S / m, 8S / m, 8.5S / m, 9S / m, 9.5S / m, 10S / m, 50S / m, 10 2 S / m, 5×10 2 S / m, 10 3 S / m, 5×10 3 S / m, 10 4 S / m, 5×10 4 S / m, 10 5 S / m, 5×10 5 S / m, 10 6 S / m, 5×10 6 S / m, or 10 7 It has electrical conductivity under standard conditions of S / m.

[0278] According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the inorganic material 2 may be measured, for example, using an impedance spectrometer.

[0279] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a bandgap greater than or equal to 3 eV.

[0280] With a bandgap greater than or equal to 3 eV, inorganic material 2 is optically transparent to UV and blue light.

[0281] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a band gap of at least 3.0 eV, 3.1 eV, 3.2 eV, 3.3 eV, 3.4 eV, 3.5 eV, 3.6 eV, 3.7 eV, 3.8 eV, 3.9 eV, 4.0 eV, 4.1 eV, 4.2 eV, 4.3 eV, 4.4 eV, 4.5 eV, 4.6 eV, 4.7 eV, 4.8 eV, 4.9 eV, 5.0 eV, 5.1 eV, 5.2 eV, 5.3 eV, 5.4 eV or 5.5 eV.

[0282] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a solubility of 15×10 at 460 nm. -5 It has the following damping coefficient:

[0283] According to one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is measured by an absorbance measurement technique such as absorption spectroscopy or any other method known in the art.

[0284] According to one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is measured by dividing the absorbance measurement by the optical path length through the sample.

[0285] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is amorphous.

[0286] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is crystalline.

[0287] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is fully crystalline.

[0288] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is partially crystalline.

[0289] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is monocrystalline.

[0290] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least one grain boundary.

[0291] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophobic.

[0292] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophilic.

[0293] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is porous.

[0294] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is a material having a nitrogen adsorption capacity of 20 cm at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg, as determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. 3 / g, 15cm 3 / g, 10cm 3 / g, 5cm 3 / g, the inorganic material 2 is considered to be porous.

[0295] According to one embodiment, the porous structure of the inorganic material 2 may be hexagonal, vermiform or cubic.

[0296] According to one embodiment, the porosity of the inorganic material 2 that is comprised is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm m, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, or 50 nm pore sizes.

[0297] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not porous.

[0298] According to one embodiment, the amount of adsorption of the composite particles 1, as determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, is 20 cm at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg. 3 / g, 15cm 3 / g, 10cm 3 / g, 5cm 3 / g, the inorganic material 2 is considered to be non-porous.

[0299] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain pores or cavities.

[0300] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is permeable. In this embodiment, the penetration of external molecular species, gases or liquids into the inorganic material 2 is possible.

[0301] According to one embodiment, the transparent inorganic material 2 is -20 cm 2 , 10 -19 cm 2 , 10 -18 cm 2 , 10 -17 cm 2 , 10 -16 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -10 cm 2 , 10 -9 cm 2 , 10 -8 cm 2 , 10 -7 cm 2 , 10 -6 cm 2 , 10 -5 cm 2 , 10 -4 cm 2 , or 10 -3 cm 2 It has inherent permeability to the above fluids.

[0302] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is impermeable to molecular species, gases, or liquids, in which case the inorganic material 2 limits or prevents degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the inorganic nanoparticles 3 from molecular oxygen, ozone, water, and / or high temperatures.

[0303] According to one embodiment, the impermeable inorganic material 2 is 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 , 10 -16 cm 2 , 10-17 cm 2 , 10 -18 cm 2 , 10 -19 cm 2 , or 10 -20 cm 2 It has inherent permeability to the following fluids:

[0304] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 limits or prevents the diffusion of foreign molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into said inorganic material 2 .

[0305] According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 are maintained after being encapsulated in the composite particles 1 .

[0306] According to one embodiment, the light emission of the nanoparticles 3 is maintained after being encapsulated in the composite particle 1 .

[0307] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is present in an amount of 1 to 10 g / cm 3 Preferably, the inorganic material 2 has a density in the range of 3 to 10 g / cm 3 It has a density in the range of

[0308] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of their specific properties after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0309] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55 months, 56 months, 57 months, 58 months, 59 months, 60 months, 61 months, 62 months, 63 months, 64 months, 65 months, 66 months, 67 months, 68 months, 69 months exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0310] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months, 15 months, 16 months, 17 months, 18 months, 19 months, 20 months, 21 months, 22 months, 23 months, 24 months, 25 months, 26 months, 27 months, 28 months, 29 months, 30 months, 31 months, 32 months, 33 months, 34 months, 35 months, 36 months, 37 months, 38 months, 39 months, 40 months, 41 months, 42 months, 43 months, 44 months, 45 months, 46 months, 47 months, 48 months, 49 months, 50 months, 51 months, 52 months, 53 months, 54 months, 55% or 56% humidity. exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0311] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0312] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are incubated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, or 9 months. exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific property after 1 month, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0313] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are heated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, 100 days, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. The specific properties exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation after 1 day, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0314] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. The specific properties exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation after 1 day, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0315] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are oxidized under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules. The material exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its specific properties after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0316] According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 include one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity to increase a local electromagnetic field, absorbance, magnetization, coercivity, catalytic yield, photovoltaic rate, electric polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to oxygen molecules, permeability to water molecules, or any other property.

[0317] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of their light emission after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0318] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, or 9 months. , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission.

[0319] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, or 10 months under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. , 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission.

[0320] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. , 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission.

[0321] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 100% or 110% under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecular atmosphere. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 1 month, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0322] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are heated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules and at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 6 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0323] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after 1 day, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0324] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are oxidized under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its light emission after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0325] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 exhibit a degradation in their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0326] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0327] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. , 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY).

[0328] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0329] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are incubated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or 100% O2 molecules. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 1 month, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0330] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are heated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 16 days, 18 days, 20 days, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. and exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 1 day, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0331] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are stored under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, or 30 days. , exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0332] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are heated at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C under 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules. and exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation in its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0333] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of their FCE after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0334] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, or 9 months. , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE.

[0335] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, or 10 months under humidity of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. , exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0336] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. , exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0337] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are allowed to stand for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 100% or 110% under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecular atmosphere. exhibits less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 1 month, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0338] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are heated under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O2 molecules and at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 6 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C. exhibit less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0339] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are aged for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity. and exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after 1 day, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

[0340] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are oxidized under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% O molecules. and exhibiting less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% degradation of its FCE after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity.

[0341] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is optically transparent, i.e., inorganic material 2 is transparent at wavelengths of 200 nm to 50 μm, 200 nm to 10 μm, 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, or 400 nm to 470 nm. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 does not absorb all incident light, allowing nanoparticles 3 to absorb all incident light, and / or inorganic material 2 does not absorb light emitted by nanoparticles 3, allowing the emitted light to transmit through inorganic material 2.

[0342] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is optically opaque, i.e., inorganic material 2 absorbs light at wavelengths of 200 nm to 50 μm, 200 nm to 10 μm, 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, or 400 nm to 470 nm. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 absorbs a portion of the incident light, allowing nanoparticles 3 to absorb only a portion of the incident light, and / or inorganic material 2 absorbs a portion of the light emitted by nanoparticles 3, allowing the emitted light to be partially transmitted through inorganic material 2.

[0343] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 transmits at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of incident light.

[0344] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 transmits a portion of the incident light and emits at least one secondary light, in this embodiment the emitted light is a combination of the remaining transmitted incident light.

[0345] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs incident light at wavelengths of 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, ≧350 nm, ≦300 nm, below 250 nm, or below 200 nm.

[0346] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs incident light with wavelengths below 460 nm.

[0347] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a solubility of 1×10 at 460 nm. -5 , 1.1×10 -5 , 1.2 × 10 -5 , 1.3 × 10 -5 , 1.4×10-5 , 1.5×10 -5 , 1.6×10 -5 , 1.7×10 -5 , 1.8×10 -5 , 1.9×10 -5 , 2 × 10 -5 , 3×10 -5 , 4×10 -5 , 5×10 -5 , 6×10 -5 , 7×10 -5 , 8×10 -5 , 9×10 -5 , 10×10 -5 , 11×10 -5 , 12×10 -5 , 13×10 -5 , 14×10 -5 , 15×10 -5 , 16×10 -5 , 17×10 -5 , 18×10 -5 , 19×10 -5 , 20×10 -5 , 21×10 -5 , 22×10 -5 , 23×10 -5 , 24×10 -5 , or 25 x 10 -5 It has the following extinction coefficient:

[0348] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a solubility of 1×10 at 460 nm. -2 cm -1 , 1×10 -1 cm -1 , 0.5×10 -1 cm -1 , 0.1cm -1 , 0.2cm -1 , 0.3cm -1 , 0.4cm -1 , 0.5cm -1 , 0.6cm -1 , 0.7cm -1 , 0.8cm -1 , 0.9cm -1 , 1cm -1 , 1.1cm -1 , 1.2cm -1 , 1.3cm -1 , 1.4cm -1, 1.5cm -1 , 1.6cm -1 , 1.7cm -1 , 1.8cm -1 , 1.9cm -1 , 2.0cm -1 , 2.5cm -1 , 3.0cm -1 , 3.5cm -1 , 4.0cm -1 , 4.5cm -1 , 5.0cm -1 , 5.5cm -1 , 6.0cm -1 , 6.5cm -1 , 7.0cm -1 , 7.5cm -1 , 8.0cm -1 , 8.5cm -1 , 9.0cm -1 , 9.5cm -1 , 10cm -1 , 15cm -1 , 20cm -1 , 25cm -1 , or 30cm -1 It has the following damping coefficient:

[0349] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a solubility of 1×10 at 450 nm. -2 cm -1 , 1×10 -1 cm -1 , 0.5×10 -1 cm -1 , 0.1cm -1 , 0.2cm -1 , 0.3cm -1 , 0.4cm -1 , 0.5cm -1 , 0.6cm -1 , 0.7cm -1 , 0.8cm -1 , 0.9cm -1 , 1cm -1 , 1.1cm -1 , 1.2cm -1 , 1.3cm -1 , 1.4cm -1 , 1.5cm -1 , 1.6cm -1 , 1.7cm -1 , 1.8cm-1 , 1.9cm -1 , 2.0cm -1 , 2.5cm -1 , 3.0cm -1 , 3.5cm -1 , 4.0cm -1 , 4.5cm -1 , 5.0cm -1 , 5.5cm -1 , 6.0cm -1 , 6.5cm -1 , 7.0cm -1 , 7.5cm -1 , 8.0cm -1 , 8.5cm -1 , 9.0cm -1 , 9.5cm -1 , 10cm -1 , 15cm -1 , 20cm -1 , 25cm -1 , or 30cm -1 It has the following damping coefficient:

[0350] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a refractive index of 1.10 at 460 nm. -35 cm 2 , 1.10 -34 cm 2 , 1.10 -33 cm 2 , 1.10 -32 cm 2 , 1.10 -31 cm 2 , 1.10 -30 cm 2 , 1.10 -29 cm 2 , 1.10 -28 cm 2 , 1.10 -27 cm 2 , 1.10 -26 cm 2 , 1.10 -25 cm 2 , 1.10 -24 cm 2 , 1.10 -23 cm 2 , 1.10 -22 cm 2 , 1.10 -21 cm 2 , 1.10-20 cm 2 , 1.10 -19 cm 2 , 1.10 -18 cm 2 , 1.10 -17 cm 2 , 1.10 -16 cm 2 , 1.10 -15 cm 2 , 1.10 -14 cm 2 , 1.10 -13 cm 2 , 1.10 -12 cm 2 , 1.10 -11 cm 2 , 1.10 -10 cm 2 , 1.10 -9 cm 2 , 1.10 -8 cm 2 , 1.10 -7 cm 2 , 1.10 -6 cm 2 , 1.10 -5 cm 2 , 1.10 -4 cm 2 , 1.10 -3 cm 2 , 1.10 -2 cm 2 or 1.10 -1 cm 2 It has the following optical absorption cross section:

[0351] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise organic molecules, organic groups or polymer chains.

[0352] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise a polymer.

[0353] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises an inorganic polymer.

[0354] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, semi-metals, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glasses, enamels, ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cements and / or inorganic polymers, and is prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

[0355] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, semi-metals, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, enamels, ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, and / or cements, and is prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

[0356] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is selected from the group consisting of oxide materials, semiconductor materials, wide bandgap semiconductor materials or mixtures thereof.

[0357] According to one embodiment, examples of semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, III-V semiconductors, II-VI semiconductors, or mixtures thereof.

[0358] According to one embodiment, examples of wide bandgap semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, silicon carbide SiC, aluminum nitride AlN, gallium nitride GaN, boron nitride BN, or mixtures thereof.

[0359] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is a ZrO2 / SiO2 mixture:Si x Zr 1-x O2 (where 0≦x≦1). In this embodiment, the initial inorganic material 2 can withstand any pH in the range of 0 to 14. This allows for better protection of the nanoparticles 3.

[0360] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is Si 0.8 Zr 0.2 Containing or consisting of O2.

[0361] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is a mixture: Si x Zr 1-x O z (where 0 < x ≤ 1 and 0 < z ≤ 3) or consists of the same.

[0362] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is a HfO2 / SiO2 mixture: Si x Hf 1-x O2 (where 0 < x ≤ 1 and 0 < z ≤ 3) or consists of the same.

[0363] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is Si 0.8 Hf 0.2 O2 or consists of the same.

[0364] According to one embodiment, the chalcogenide is a compound composed of at least one chalcogen anion selected from the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one electropositive element.

[0365] According to one embodiment, the metal inorganic material 2 is selected from the group of gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.

[0366] According to one embodiment, examples of the carbonized inorganic material 2 include SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al4C3, LaC2, FeC, CoC, HfC, Si x C y 、W x C y 、B x C y 、Mo x C y 、Ti x C y 、Al x C y 、La x C y 、Fex C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5, provided that x and y are not simultaneously 0 and x is not 0.

[0367] According to one embodiment, examples of the oxide inorganic material 2 include SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, Nb2O5, CeO2, BeO, IrO2, CaO, Sc2O3, NiO, Na2O, BaO, K2O, PbO, Ag2O, V2O5, TeO2, MnO, B2O3, P2O5, P2O3, P4O7, P4O8, P4O9, P2O6, PO, GeO2, As 2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Ta2O5, Li2O, SrO, Y2O3, HfO2, WO2, MoO2, Cr2O3, Tc2O7, ReO2, RuO2, Co3O4, OsO, RhO2 , Rh2O3, PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu2O, CdO, HgO, Tl2O, Ga2O3, In2O3, Bi2O3, Sb2O3, PoO2, SeO2, Cs2O, La2O3, Pr6O 11 , Nd2O3, La2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Tb4O7, Dy2O3, Ho2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3, Yb2O3, Lu2O3, Gd2O3, or mixtures thereof.

[0368] According to one embodiment, examples of the oxide inorganic material 2 include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungstenate oxide, and the like. The oxides include, but are not limited to, arsenic, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

[0369] According to one embodiment, examples of the nitride inorganic material 2 include TiN, Si3N4, MoN, VN, TaN, Zr3N4, HfN, FeN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti x N y , Si x N y , Mo x N y , V x N y , Ta x N y , Zr x N y , Hf x N y , Fe x N y , Nb x N y , Ga x N y , Cr x N y , Alx N y , In x N y , or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5, provided that x and y are not simultaneously 0 and x is not 0.

[0370] According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide inorganic materials 2 include Si y S x , Al y S x , Ti y S x , Zr y S x , Zn y S x , Mg y S x , Sn y S x , Nb y S x , Ce y S x , Be y S x , Ir y S x , Ca y S x ,Sc. y S x , Ni y S x , Na y S x , Ba y S x , K. y S x , Pb y S x , Ag y S x , V y S x , Te y S x , Mn y S x , B y S x , P y S x , Ge y S x , As y S x , Fe y S x, Ta y S x , Li y S x , Sr y S x , Y y S x , Hf y S x , W y S x , Mo y S x , Cr y S x , Tc y S x ,Re y S x , Ru y S x , Co y S x , Os y S x , Rh y S x , Pt y S x , Pd y S x , Cu y S x , Au y S x , Cd y S x , Hg y S x , Tl y S x , Ga y S x , In y S x , Bi y S x , Sb y S x , Po y S x , Se y S x , Cs y S x , mixed sulfides thereof, mixed sulfides thereof, or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 10, provided that x and y are not simultaneously 0 and x is not 0.

[0371] According to one embodiment, examples of halide inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to, BaF2, LaF3, CeF3, YF3, CaF2, MgF2, PrF3, AgCl, MnCl2, NiCl2, Hg2Cl2, CaCl2, CsPbCl3, AgBr, PbBr3, CsPbBr3, AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI2, BiI3, CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3PbCl3, CH3NH3PbBr3, CsPbI3, FAPbBr3 (with FAPbBr3 formamidinium), or mixtures thereof.

[0372] According to one embodiment, examples of chalcogenide inorganic materials 2 include CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, CuO, CuS, CuS, CuTe, CuTe, AgO, AgS, AgSe, AgTe, AuS, PdO, PdS, PdS, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS2, PtSe, PtTe, RhO2, RhO3, RhS2, RhS3, RhSe2, RhSe3, RhTe2, IrO2, IrS2, IrS3, IrSe2, IrTe2, RuO2, RuS2, OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO2, ReS2, Cr2O3, Cr2S3, MoO2, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WO2, WS2, WSe2, V2O5 , V2S3, Nb2O5, NbS2, NbSe2, HfO2, HfS2, TiO2, ZrO2, ZrS2, ZrSe2, ZrTe2, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Y2S3, SiO2, GeO2, GeS, GeS2, GeSe, GeSe2, GeTe, SnO2, SnS, SnS2, SnSe, SnSe2, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al2O3, Ga2O3, Ga2S3, Ga2Se3, In2O3, In2S3, In2Se3, In2Te3 , La2O3, La2S3, CeO2, CeS2, Pr6O11, Nd2O3, NdS2, La2O3, Tl2O, Sm2O3, SmS2, Eu2O3, EuS2, Bi2O3, Sb2O3, PoO2, SeO2, Cs2O, Tb4O7, TbS2, Dy2O3, Ho The inorganic oxides include, but are not limited to, SiO2, Er2O3, ErS2, Tm2O3, Yb2O3, Lu2O3, CuInS2, CuInSe2, AgInS2, AgInSe2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeS, FeS2, Co3S4, CoSe, Co3O4, NiO, NiSe2, NiSe, Ni3Se4, Gd2O3, BeO, TeO2, Na2O, BaO, KO, Ta2O5, Li2O, Tc2O7, As2O3, BO3, PO5, PO3, PO7, PO8, PO9, PO6, PO, or mixtures thereof.

[0373] According to one embodiment, examples of the phosphide inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to, InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, AlP, GaP, TlP, or mixtures thereof.

[0374] According to one embodiment, examples of semi-metallic inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to, Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or mixtures thereof.

[0375] According to one embodiment, examples of the metal alloy inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to, Au—Pd, Au—Ag, Au—Cu, Pt—Pd, Pt—Ni, Cu—Ag, Cu—Sn, Ru—Pt, Rh—Pt, Cu—Pt, Ni—Au, Pt—Sn, Pd—V, Ir—Pt, Au—Pt, Pd—Ag, Cu—Zn, Cr—Ni, Fe—Co, Co—Ni, Fe—Ni, or mixtures thereof.

[0376] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a garnet.

[0377] According to one embodiment, examples of garnets include YAlO 12 , Y3Fe2(FeO4)3, Y3Fe5O 12 , Y4Al2O9, YAlO3, Fe3Al2(SiO4)3, Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Al5Lu3O 12 , GAL, GaYAG, or mixtures thereof.

[0378] According to one embodiment, the ceramic is a crystalline or amorphous ceramic. According to one embodiment, the ceramic is selected from oxide ceramics and / or non-oxide ceramics. According to one embodiment, the ceramic is selected from earthenware, brick, tile, cement and / or glass.

[0379] According to one embodiment, the stone is selected from the group consisting of agate, aquamarine, amazonite, amber, amethyst, ametrine, angelite, apatite, aragonite, silver, astrophyllite, aventurine, azurite, beric, petrified wood, bronzite, chalcedony, calcite, celestine, chakra, charoite, chiastolite, chrysocolla, chrysoprase, citrine, coral, cornalite, rock crystal, natural copper, silver, Anite, Danburite, Diamond, Dioptase, Dolomite, Dumolite, Emerald, Fluorite, Leaf, Galen, Garnet, Heliotrope, Hematite, Hemimorphite, Howlite, Hyperthene, Iolite, Jade, Jet, Jasper, Kunzite, Labradorite, Lazuli, Larimar, Lava, Lepidolite, Magnetist, Magnetite, Alachite, Marcasite, Meteorite , Mockite, Moldavite, Morganite, Mother of Pearl, Obsidian, Eyehawk, Iron Eye, Bull's Eye, Tiger's Eye, Onyx Tree, Black Onyx, Opal, Gold, Peridot, Moonstone, Starstone, Sunstone, Pietersite, Prehnite, Pyrite, Blue Quartz, Smoky Quartz, Quartz, Quartz Hematite, Milky Quartz, Rose Quartz, Rutile Quartz, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, Rhyolite, Ruby, Sapphire, Rock Salt, Selenite, Seraphinite, Serpentine, Shattuckite, Shiva Lingam, Shungite, Flint, Smithsonite, Sodalite, Stealite, Stromatolite, Sugilite, Tanzanite, Topaz, Watermelon Tourmaline, Black Tourmaline, Turquoise, Ulexite, Unakite, Variscite, Zoisite.

[0380] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, said thermally conductive material comprising Al y O x , Ag y O x , Cu y O x , Fe y O x , Si y O x, Pb y O x , Ca y O x , Mg y O x , Zn y O x , Sn y O x , Ti y O x , Be y O x , CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, AU, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides thereof, mixed oxides thereof or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 10, provided that x and y are not simultaneously 0 and x is not 0.

[0381] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, including but not limited to Al2O3, Ag2O, Cu2O, CuO, Fe3O4, FeO, SiO2, PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or mixtures thereof.

[0382] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a thermally conductive material, including, but not limited to, aluminum oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenium, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminum, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

[0383] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, Tungsten, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide, lutetium oxide, gadolinium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, e.g., Y3Al5O 12 , Y3Fe2(FeO4)3, Y3Fe5O 12 , Y4Al2O9, YAlO3, Fe3Al2(SiO4)3, Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Al5Lu3O 12 Materials include, but are not limited to, garnets such as Ga, GAL, GaYAG, or mixtures thereof.

[0384] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises organic molecules in a minority of 0 mol%, 1 mol%, 5 mol%, 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol%, 55 mol%, 60 mol%, 65 mol%, 70 mol%, 75 mol%, 80 mol% relative to the majority elements of said inorganic material 2.

[0385] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise SiO2.

[0386] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure SiO2, ie 100% SiO2.

[0387] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% SiO2.

[0388] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% SiO2.

[0389] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% SiO precursor.

[0390] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of a SiO precursor.

[0391] According to one embodiment, examples of SiO precursors include, but are not limited to, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethyoxysilane, alkyltrimethoxysilanes such as n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, or mixtures thereof.

[0392] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure Al2O3, ie 100% SiO2.

[0393] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al2O3.

[0394] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al2O3.

[0395] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al2O3 precursor.

[0396] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al2O3 precursor.

[0397] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not include TiO2.

[0398] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure TiO2, ie 100% TiO2.

[0399] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise a zeolite.

[0400] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure zeolite, ie 100% zeolite.

[0401] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not include glass.

[0402] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise vitrified glass.

[0403] According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a carbon-free polymer.

[0404] According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is selected from polysilanes, polysiloxanes (or silicones), polythiazyls, polyaluminosilicates, polygermanes, polystannanes, polyborazylenes, polyphosphazenes, polydichlorophosphazenes, polysulfides, polysulfurs and / or nitrides. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a liquid crystalline polymer.

[0405] According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a natural or synthetic polymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is synthesized by inorganic reaction, radical polymerization, polycondensation, polyaddition, or ring-opening polymerization (ROP). According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is linear, branched, and / or crosslinked. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is amorphous, semi-crystalline, or crystalline.

[0406] According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer has a molecular weight of 2000 g / mol to 5.10 g / mol. 6 g / mol, preferably 5000 g / mol to 4.10 6 g / mol, 6000-4.10 6 , 7000~4.10 6 , 8000~4.10 6 , 9000~4.10 6 , 10000~4.10 6 , 15000~4.10 6 , 20000~4.10 6 , 25000~4.10 6 , 30000~4.10 6 , 35000~4.10 6 , 40000~4.10 6 , 45000~4.10 6 , 50000~4.10 6 , 55000~4.10 6 , 60000~4.10 6 , 65000~4.10 6 , 70000~4.10 6 , 75000~4.10 6 , 80000~4.10 6 , 85000~4.10 6 , 90000~4.10 6 , 95000~4.10 6 , 100000~4.10 6 , 200000~4.10 6 , 300000~4.10 6 , 400000~4.10 6 , 500000~4.10 6 , 600000~4.106 , 700000~4.10 6 , 800000~4.10 6 , 900000~4.10 6 , 1.10 6 ~4.10 6 , 2.106~4.10 6 , 3.10 6 g / mol ~ 4.10 6 It has an average molecular weight in the range of g / mol.

[0407] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises additional heteroelements, including, but not limited to, Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, Be, Ir, Sc, Nb, Ta, or mixtures thereof. In this embodiment, the heteroelements can diffuse into composite particle 1 during the heating process. They can form nanoclusters inside composite particle 1. These elements can limit the degradation of specific properties of composite particle 1 during the heating process and / or, if they are good thermal conductors, can dissipate heat and / or drain electrical charges.

[0408] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 comprises additional heteroelements in small amounts of 0 mol%, 1 mol%, 5 mol%, 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol% relative to the majority elements of said inorganic material 2.

[0409] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2, IrO2, SnO2, BaO, BaSO4, BeO, CaO, CeO2, CuO, Cu2O, D yThe nanoparticles may comprise additional nanoparticles of O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, GeO2, HfO2, Lu2O3, Nb2O5, Sc2O3, TaO5, TeO2, or YO3, which, if good thermal conductors, can dissipate heat and / or drain charge and / or scatter incident light.

[0410] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1300 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1600 ppm, 1700 ppm, 1800 ppm, 1900 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2100 ppm, 2200 ppm, 2300 ppm, 2400 ppm, 2500 ppm, 2600 ppm, 2700 ppm, 2800 ppm by weight compared to the composite particles 1. m, 2900ppm, 3000ppm, 3100ppm, 3200ppm, 3300ppm, 3400ppm, 3500ppm, 3600ppm, 3700ppm, 3800ppm, 3900ppm, 4000ppm, 4100ppm, 4200ppm, 4300ppm, 440 0ppm, 4500ppm, 4600ppm, 4700ppm, 4800ppm, 4900ppm, 5000ppm, 5100ppm, 5200ppm, 5300ppm, 5400ppm, 5500ppm, 5600ppm, 5700ppm, 5800ppm, 5900ppm, 6000ppm, 6100ppm, 6200ppm, 6300ppm, 6400ppm, 6500ppm, 6600ppm, 6700ppm, 6800ppm, 6900ppm, 7000ppm, 7100ppm, 7200ppm, 7300ppm, 7400ppm, 7500p pm, 7600ppm, 7700ppm, 7800ppm, 7900ppm, 8000ppm, 8100ppm, 8200ppm, 8300ppm, 8400ppm, 8500ppm, 8600ppm, 8700ppm, 8800ppm, 8900ppm, 9000ppm, 91 00ppm, 9200ppm, 9300ppm, 9400ppm, 9500ppm, 9600ppm, 9700ppm, 9800ppm, 9900ppm, 10000ppm, 10500ppm, 11000ppm, 11500ppm, 12000ppm, 12500ppm, 1 3000ppm, 13500ppm, 14000ppm, 14500ppm, 15000ppm, 15500ppm, 16000ppm, 16500ppm, 17000ppm, 17500ppm, 18000ppm, 18500ppm, 19000ppm, 19500ppm,20000ppm, 30000ppm, 40000ppm, 50000ppm, 60000ppm, 70000ppm, 80000ppm, 90000ppm, 100000ppm, 110000ppm, 120000ppm, 130000ppm, 140000ppm, 150 000ppm, 160000ppm, 170000ppm, 180000ppm, 190000ppm, 200000ppm, 210000ppm, 220000ppm, 230000ppm, 240000ppm, 250000ppm, 260000ppm, 270000ppm , 280,000 ppm, 290,000 ppm, 300,000 ppm, 310,000 ppm, 320,000 ppm, 330,000 ppm, 340,000 ppm, 350,000 ppm, 360,000 ppm, 370,000 ppm, 380,000 ppm, 390,000 ppm, 400,000 ppm, 410,000 ppm, 420,000 ppm, 430,000 ppm, 440,000 ppm, 450,000 ppm, 460,000 ppm, 470,000 ppm, 480,000 ppm, 490,000 ppm, or 500,000 ppm.

[0411] According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a refractive index in the range of 1.0 to 3.0, 1.2 to 2.6, or 1.4 to 2.0 at 450 nm.

[0412] According to one embodiment, inorganic material 2 has a refractive index at 450 nm of at least 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0.

[0413] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 absorb incident light having wavelengths below 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm or below 200 nm.

[0414] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are luminescent nanoparticles.

[0415] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are fluorescent nanoparticles.

[0416] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are phosphorescent nanoparticles.

[0417] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are chemiluminescent nanoparticles.

[0418] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are triboluminescent nanoparticles.

[0419] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, said emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 50 μm.

[0420] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 500 nm, hi this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit blue light.

[0421] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably in the range of 515 nm to 545 nm, In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit green light.

[0422] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm, hi this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit yellow light.

[0423] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, the emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably in the range of 610 nm to 650 nm, In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit red light.

[0424] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak having a maximum emission wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 50 μm, hi this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit near-infrared, mid-infrared, or infrared light.

[0425] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak with a full width at half maximum of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0426] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak with a full width at quarter maximum of less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0427] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak with a full width at half maximum strictly less than 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0428] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak with a full width at quarter maximum strictly less than 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.

[0429] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles have a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 100%.

[0430] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles have a wavelength of at least 0.1 nanoseconds, 0.2 nanoseconds, 0.3 nanoseconds, 0.4 nanoseconds, 0.5 nanoseconds, 0.6 nanoseconds, 0.7 nanoseconds, 0.8 nanoseconds, 0.9 nanoseconds, 1 nanosecond, 2 nanoseconds, 3 nanoseconds, 4 nanoseconds, 5 nanoseconds, 6 nanoseconds, 7 nanoseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 9 nanoseconds, 10 nanoseconds, 11 nanoseconds, 12 nanoseconds, 13 nanoseconds, 14 nanoseconds, 15 nanoseconds, 16 nanoseconds, 17 nanoseconds, 18 nanoseconds, 19 nanoseconds, 20 nanoseconds, 21 nanoseconds, 22 nanoseconds, 23 nanoseconds, 24 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 26 nanoseconds, 27 nanoseconds, 28 nanoseconds, 29 nanoseconds, 30 nanoseconds, 31 nanoseconds 100 nanoseconds, 150 nanoseconds, 200 nanoseconds, 250 nanoseconds, 300 nanoseconds, 350 nanoseconds, 400 nanoseconds, 450 nanoseconds, 500 nanoseconds, 550 nanoseconds, 600 nanoseconds, 650 nanoseconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 microsecond.

[0431] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanoparticles.

[0432] According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals.

[0433] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are plasmonic nanoparticles.

[0434] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are magnetic nanoparticles.

[0435] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

[0436] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are paramagnetic nanoparticles.

[0437] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

[0438] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are diamagnetic nanoparticles.

[0439] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are nanoparticles of catalytic nature.

[0440] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have photovoltaic properties.

[0441] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are pyroelectric nanoparticles.

[0442] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are ferroelectric nanoparticles.

[0443] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are light scattering nanoparticles.

[0444] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are electrically insulating.

[0445] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are electrically conductive.

[0446] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are 1×10 -20 ~10 7 S / m, preferably 1×10 -15 ~5 S / m, more preferably 1 x 10 -7 It has an electrical conductivity under standard conditions in the range of ~1 S / m.

[0447] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a particle size of at least 1×10 -20 S / m, 0.5×10 -19 S / m, 1×10 -19S / m、0.5×10 -18 S / m、1×10 -18 S / m、0.5×10 -17 S / m、1×10 -17 S / m、0.5×10 -16 S / m、1×10 -16 S / m、0.5×10 -15 S / m、1×10 -15 S / m、0.5×10 -14 S / m、1×10 -14 S / m、0.5×10 -13 S / m、1×10 -13 S / m、0.5×10 -12 S / m、1×10 -12 S / m、0.5×10 -11 S / m、1×10 -11 S / m、0.5×10 -10 S / m、1×10 -10 S / m、0.5×10 -9 S / m、1×10 -9 S / m、0.5×10 -8 S / m、1×10 -8 S / m、0.5×10 -7 S / m、1×10 -7 S / m、0.5×10 -6 S / m、1×10 -6 S / m、0.5×10 -5 S / m、1×10 -5 S / m、0.5×10 -4 S / m、1×10 -4 S / m、0.5×10 -3 S / m、1×10 -3 S / m、0.5×10 -2 S / m、1×10 -2 S / m、0.5×10 -1 S / m、1×10 -1 S / m、0.5S / m、1S / m、1.5S / m、2S / m、2.5S / m、3S / m、3.5S / m、4S / m、4.5S / m、5S / m、5.5S / m、6S / m、6.5S / m、7S / m、7.5S / m、8S / m、8.5S / m、9S / m、9.5S / m、10S / m、50S / m、10 2 S / m、5×10 2 S / m、10 3 S / m、5×10 3S / m, 10 4 S / m, 5×10 4 S / m, 10 5 S / m, 5×10 5 S / m, 10 6 S / m, 5×10 6 S / m, or 10 7 It has electrical conductivity under standard conditions of S / m.

[0448] According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 may be measured, for example, using an impedance spectrometer.

[0449] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are thermally conductive.

[0450] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a thermal conductivity under standard conditions in the range of 0.1 to 450 W / (mK), preferably 1 to 200 W / (mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W / (mK).

[0451] one

[0452] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 has a thermal conductivity of at least 0.1 W / (m·K), 0.2 W / (m·K), 0.3 W / (m·K), 0.4 W / (m·K), 0.5 W / (m·K), 0.6 W / (m·K), 0.7 W / (m·K), 0.8 W / (m·K), 0.9 W / (m·K), 1 W / (m·K), 1.1 W / (m·K), 1.2 W / (m·K), 1.3 W / (m·K), 1.4 W / (m·K), 1.5 W / (m·K), 1.6 W / (m·K), 1.7 W / (m·K), 1.8 W / (m·K), 1.9 W / (m·K), 2 W / (m·K), 2.1 W / (m·K), 2.2 W / (m·K), 2.3 W / (m·K), 2.4 W / (m·K), 2.5 W / (m·K), 2.6 W / (m·K), 2.7 W / (m·K), 2.8 W / (m·K), 2.9 W / (m·K), 3 W / (m·K), 3.1 W / (m·K), 3.2 W / (m·K), 3.3 W / (m·K), 3.4 W / (m·K), 3.5 W / (m·K), 3.6 W / (m·K), 3.7 W / (m·K), 3.8 W / (m·K), 3.9 W / (m·K), 4 W / (m·K), 4.1 W / (m·K), 4.2 W / (m·K), 4.3 W / (m·K), 4.4 W / (m·K), 4.5 W / (m·K), 4.6 W / (m·K), 4.7 W / (m·K), 4.8 W / (m·K), 4.9 W / (m·K), 5 W / (m·K), 5.1 W / (m·K), 5.2 W / (m·K), 5.3 W / (m·K), 5.4 W / (m·K), 5.5 W / (m·K), 5.6 W / (m·K), 5.7 W / (m·K), 5.8 W / (m·K), 5.9 W / (m·K), 6 W / (m·K), 6.1 W / (m·K), 6.2 W / (m·K), 6.3 W / (m·K), 6.4 W / (m·K), 6.5 W / (m·K), 6.6 W / (m·K), 6.7 W / (m·K), 6.8 W / (m·K), 6.9 W / (m·K), 7 W / (m·K), 7.1 W / (m·K), 7.2 W / (m·K), 7.3 W / (m·K), 7.4 W / (m·K), 7.5 W / (m·K), 7.6 W / (m·K), 7.7 W / (m·K), 7.8 W / (m·K), 7.9 W / (m·K), 8 W / (m·K), 8.1 W / (m·K), 8.2 W / (m·K), 8.3 W / (m·K), 8.4 W / (m·K), 8.5 W / (m·K), 8.6 W / (m·K), 8.7 W / (m·K), 8.8 W / (m·K), 8.9 W / (m·K), 9 W / (m·K), 9.1W / (m.K)、9.2W / (m.K)、9.3W / (m.K)、9.4W / (m.K)、9.5W / (m.K)、9.6W / (m.K)、9.7W / (m.K)、9.8W / (m.K)、9.9W / (m.K)、10W / (m.K)、10.1 / (m.K)、10.2W / (m.K)、10.3W / (m.K)、10.4W / (m.K)、10.5W / (m.K)、10.6W / (m.K)、10.7W / (m.K)、10.8W / (m.K)、10.9W / (m.K)、11W / (m.K)、11.1W / (m.K)、11.2W / (m.K)、11.3W / (m.K)、11.4W / (m.K)、11.5W / (m.K)、11.6W / (m.K)、11.7W / (m.K)、11.8W / (m.K)、11.9W / (m.K)、12W / (m.K)、12.1W / (m.K)、12.2W / (m.K)、12.3W / (m.K)、12.4W / (m.K)、12.5W / (m.K)、12.6W / (m.K)、12.7W / (m.K)、12.8W / (m.K)、12.9W / (m.K)、13W / (m.K)、13.1W / (m.K)、13.2W / (m.K)、13.3W / (m.K)、13.4W / (m.K)、13.5W / (m.K)、13.6W / (m.K)、13.7W / (m.K)、13.8W / (m.K)、13.9W / (m.K)、14W / (m.K)、14.1W / (m.K)、14.2W / (m.K)、14.3W / (m.K)、14.4W / (m.K)、14.5W / (m.K)、14.6W / (m.K)、14.7W / (m.K)、14.8W / (m.K)、14.9W / (m.K)、15W / (m.K)、15.1W / (m.K)、15.2W / (m.K)、15.3W / (m.K)、15.4W / (m.K)、15.5W / (m.K)、15.6W / (m.K)、15.7W / (m.K)、15.8W / (m.K)、15.9W / (m.K)、16W / (m.K)、16.1W / (m.K)、16.2W / (m.K)、16.3W / (m.K)、16.4W / (m.K)、16.5W / (m.K)、16.6W / (m.K)、16.7W / (m.K)、16.8W / (m.K)、16.9W / (m.K)、17W / (m.K)、17.1W / (m.K)、17.2W / (m.K)、17.3W / (m.K)、17.4W / (m.K)、17.5W / (m.K)、17.6W / (m.K)、17.7W / (m.K)、17.8W / (m.K)、17.9W / (m.K)、18W / (m.K)、18.1W / (m.K)、18.2W / (m.K)、18.3W / (m.K)、18.4W / (m.K)、18.5W / (m.K)、18.6W / (m.K)、18.7W / (m.K)、18.8W / (m.K)、18.9W / (m.K)、19W / (m.K)、19.1W / (m.K)、19.2W / (m.K)、19.3W / (m.K)、19.4W / (m.K)、19.5W / (m.K)、19.6W / (m.K)、19.7W / (m.K)、19.8W / (m.K)、19.9W / (m.K)、20W / (m.K)、20.1W / (m.K)、20.2W / (m.K)、20.3W / (m.K)、20.4W / (m.K)、20.5W / (m.K)、20.6W / (m.K)、20.7W / (m.K)、20.8W / (m.K)、20.9W / (m.K)、21W / (m.K)、21.1W / (m.K)、21.2W / (m.K)、21.3W / (m.K)、21.4W / (m.K)、21.5W / (m.K)、21.6W / (m.K)、21.7W / (m.K)、21.8W / (m.K)、21.9W / (m.K)、22W / (m.K)、22.1W / (m.K)、22.2W / (m.K)、22.3W / (m.K)、22.4W / (m.K)、22.5W / (m.K)、22.6W / (m.K)、22.7W / (m.K)、22.8W / (m.K)、22.9W / (m.K)、23W / (m.K)、23.1W / (m.K)、23.2W / (m.K)、23.3W / (m.K)、23.4W / (m.K)、23.5W / (m.K)、23.6W / (m.K)、23.7W / (m.K)、23.8W / (m.K)、23.9W / (m.K)、24W / (m.K)、24.1W / (m.K)、24.2W / (m.K)、24.3W / (m.K)、24.4W / (m.K)、24.5W / (m.K)、24.6W / (m.K)、24.7W / (m.K)、24.8W / (m.K)、24.9W / (m.K)、25W / (m.K)、30W / (m.K)、40W / (m.K)、50W / (m.K)、60W / (m.K)、70W / (m.K)、80W / (m.K)、90W / (m.K)、100W / (m.K)、110W / (m.K)、120W / (m.K)、130W / (m.K)、140W / (m.K), 150W / (mK), 160W / (mK), 170W / (mK), 180W / (mK), 190W / (mK), 200W / (mK), 210W / (mK), 220W / (mK), 230W / (mK), 240W / (mK), 250W / (mK), 260W / (mK), 270W / (mK), 280W / (mK), 290W / (mK), 300W / (mK), 310 It has a thermal conductivity under standard conditions of 320W / (mK), 330W / (mK), 340W / (mK), 350W / (mK), 360W / (mK), 370W / (mK), 380W / (mK), 390W / (mK), 400W / (mK), 410W / (mK), 420W / (mK), 430W / (mK), 440W / (mK), or 450W / (mK).

[0453] According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 can be measured by steady-state or transient methods.

[0454] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are thermally insulated.

[0455] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are a local high temperature heating system.

[0456] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are dielectric nanoparticles.

[0457] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are piezoelectric nanoparticles.

[0458] According to one embodiment, the ligands attached to the surface of the nanoparticles 3 are in contact with the inorganic material 2. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are bound to the inorganic material 2, which can drain charge from the nanoparticles 3. This prevents reactions on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 that may be caused by charge.

[0459] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hydrophobic.

[0460] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hydrophilic.

[0461] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are dispersible in aqueous solvents, organic solvents and / or mixtures thereof.

[0462] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a diameter of at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm m, 47nm, 48nm, 49nm, 50nm, 55nm, 60nm, 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145 nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm , 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 7 50nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4. 5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10. 5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μ m, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26 μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm , 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 3 6.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50 μm, 50.5 μm, 51 μm, 51.5 μm, 52 μm, 52.5 μm, 53 μm, 53.5 μm, 54 μm, 54.5 μm, 55 μm, 55.5 μm, 56 μm, 56.5 μm, 57 μm, 57.5 μm, 58 μm, 58. 5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67 μm, 67.5 μm, 68 μm, 68.5 μm, 69 μm, 69.5 μm, 70 μm, 70.5 μm, 71 μm, 71.5 μm, 72 μm, 72.5 μm, 73 μm, 73.5 μm, 74 μm, 74.5 μm, 75 μm, 75.5 μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μ m, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5 900μm, 950μm, 960μm, 970μm, 980μm, 990μm, 995μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm, or 1mm.

[0463] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a maximum dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 310 nm, 320 nm, 330 nm, 340 nm, 350 nm, 360 nm, 370 nm, 380 nm, 390 nm, 400 nm, 410 nm, 420 nm, 430 nm, 440 nm, 450 nm, 460 nm, 470 nm, 480 nm, 490 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm, 560 nm, 570 nm, 580 nm, 590 nm, 600 nm, 610 nm, 620 nm, 630 nm, 640 nm, 650 nm, 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, 700 nm, 710 nm, 720 nm, 730 nm, 740 nm, 7 nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm , 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μ m, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11. 5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm , 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 2 2μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm , 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 3 2.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5 μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm , 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48 μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm , 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μ m, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77 .5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm , 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μ m, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96 0.5 μm, 97 μm, 97.5 μm, 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 250 μm, 300 μm, 350 μm, 400 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

[0464] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticles 3 is 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, 50 nm, 51 nm, 52 nm, 53 nm, 54 nm, 55 nm, 56 nm, 57 nm, 58 nm, 59 nm, 60 nm, 61 nm, 62 nm, 63 nm, 64 nm, 65 nm, 66 nm, 67 nm, 68 nm, 69 nm, 70 nm, 71 nm, 72 nm, 73 nm, 74 nm, 75 nm, 76 nm, 77 nm, 78 nm, 79 nm, 80 nm, 81 nm, 82 nm, 83 nm, 84 nm, 85 nm, 86 nm, 87 nm, 88 nm, 89 nm, 90 nm, 91 nm, 92 nm, 93 nm, 9 0nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150 nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm , 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 6 00nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μ m, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 1 4.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19. 5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm , 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 3 0μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μ m, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53 .5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 6 1.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm , 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μ m, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 25 0μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1 mm. .

[0465] According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticles 3 is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 8.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, or at least 1000 times (aspect ratio) smaller.

[0466] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are polydisperse.

[0467] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are monodisperse.

[0468] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a narrow particle size distribution.

[0469] According to one embodiment, the particle size distribution of the smallest dimension of the statistical set of nanoparticles 3 is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said smallest dimension.

[0470] According to one embodiment, the particle size distribution of the maximum dimension of the statistical set of nanoparticles 3 is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said maximum dimension.

[0471] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hollow.

[0472] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not hollow.

[0473] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are isotropic.

[0474] According to one embodiment, examples of the shape of the isotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to, spheres 31 (as shown in FIG. 2), faceted spheres, prisms, polyhedrons, or cubes.

[0475] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not spherical.

[0476] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are anisotropic.

[0477] According to one embodiment, examples of shapes of the anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to, rods, wires, needles, bars, belts, cones, or polyhedrons.

[0478] According to one embodiment, examples of branched shapes of the anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to, monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, star, or octopod shapes.

[0479] According to one embodiment, examples of complex shapes of anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to, snowflakes, flowers, thorns, hemispheres, cones, sea urchins, thread-like particles, biconcave disks, worms, trees, dendrites, necklaces, or chains.

[0480] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a 2D shape 32, as shown in FIG.

[0481] According to one embodiment, examples of shapes of 2D nanoparticles 32 include, but are not limited to, sheets, platelets, plates, ribbons, walls, plate triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, discs, or rings.

[0482] According to one embodiment, nanoplatelets are different from nanodisks.

[0483] According to one embodiment, nanoplatelets are different from disks or nanodisks.

[0484] According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, the cross section of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets along a dimension other than the thickness (width, length) is square or rectangular, while the cross section of a disk or nanodisk is circular or oval.

[0485] According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not discs or nanodisks, and in this embodiment, none of the dimensions of said nanosheets and nanoplatelets can be defined as diameter, nor the size of the semi-major and semi-minor axes for a disc or nanodisk.

[0486] According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, the curvature at any point along any dimension other than the thickness (length, width) of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets is less than 10 μm. -1less than 1000 nm, and the curvature of the disc or nanodisc is excellent on at least one point.

[0487] According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks. In this embodiment, the curvature at at least one point along a dimension other than the thickness (length, width) of the nanosheets or nanoplatelets is less than 10 μm. -1 The curvature of the disk or nanodisk is less than 10 μm at any point. -1 is better than.

[0488] According to one embodiment, nanoplatelets differ from quantum dots, or spherical nanocrystals. Quantum dots, being spherical, have a 3D shape, allowing exciton confinement in all three spatial dimensions, whereas nanoplatelets have a 2D shape, allowing exciton confinement in one dimension and free propagation in the other two. This results in distinct electronic and optical properties; for example, the typical photoluminescence decay time of semiconductor platelets is an order of magnitude faster than that of spherical quantum dots, and the semiconductor platelets also exhibit very narrow optical functions, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) much lower than spherical quantum dots.

[0489] According to one embodiment, nanoplatelets differ from nanorods or nanowires in that nanorods (or nanowires) have a 1D shape, allowing exciton confinement in two spatial dimensions, while nanoplatelets have a 2D shape, allowing exciton confinement in one dimension and free propagation in the other two, resulting in distinct electronic and optical properties.

[0490] According to one embodiment, to obtain a ROHS-compliant composite particle 1, the composite particle 1 includes semiconductor nanoplatelets rather than semiconductor quantum dots. Indeed, the same emission peak position is obtained for semiconductor quantum dots with a diameter of d and semiconductor nanoplatelets with a thickness of d / 2. Therefore, for the same emission peak position, semiconductor nanoplatelets require less cadmium by weight than semiconductor quantum dots. Furthermore, when a CdS core is included in a core / shell quantum dot or a core / shell (or core / crown) nanoplatelet, the likelihood of a cadmium-free shell layer increases in the case of a core / shell (or core / crown) nanoplatelet. Consequently, a core / shell (or core / crown) nanoplatelet with a CdS core may require less cadmium by weight than a core / shell quantum dot with a CDS core. The lattice difference between the CDS shell and the non-cadmium shell is so important for quantum dots that it cannot be maintained. Finally, semiconductor nanoplatelets have better absorption properties than semiconductor quantum dots, thereby requiring less cadmium by weight.

[0491] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are atomically flat, which in this embodiment can be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or scanning fluorescence microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization means known to those skilled in the art.

[0492] According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5A, the nanoparticles 3 are core nanoparticles 33 that do not include a shell.

[0493] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise at least one atomically flat nanoparticle, in which the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or scanning fluorescence microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization means known to those skilled in the art.

[0494] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is partially or completely covered by at least one shell 34 comprising at least one layer of material.

[0495] According to one embodiment, as shown in Figures 5B-C and 5F-G, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is surrounded by at least one shell (34, 35).

[0496] According to one embodiment, the at least one shell (34, 35) has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, 50 nm, 51 nm, 52 nm, 53 nm, 54 nm, 55 nm, 56 nm, 57 nm, 58 nm, 59 nm, 60 nm, 61 nm, 62 nm, 63 nm, 64 nm, 65 nm, 66 nm, 67 nm, 68 nm, 69 nm, 70 nm The thickness may be 0.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, or 500nm.

[0497] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 133 and shell 34 are made of the same material.

[0498] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 and the shell 34 are made of at least two different materials.

[0499] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a luminescent core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating or catalytic materials.

[0500] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a magnetic core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of luminescent, plasmonic, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0501] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticle, where the core 33 is a plasmonic core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, luminescent, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating or catalytic materials.

[0502] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a dielectric core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0503] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a piezoelectric core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0504] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a pyroelectric core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0505] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a ferroelectric core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0506] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a light scattering core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0507] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is an electrically insulating core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, thermal insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0508] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is an insulating core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0509] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a catalytic core covered with at least one shell 34 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, or thermal insulating materials.

[0510] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell 36 nanoparticles, where the cores 33 are covered with an insulator shell 36. In this embodiment, the insulator shell 36 prevents the cores 33 from agglomerating.

[0511] According to one embodiment, the insulator shell 36 has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, The film may have a thickness of 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, or 500 nm.

[0512] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / shell (34, 35, 36) nanoparticles, with the core 33 covered by at least one shell (34, 35) and an insulator shell 36, as shown in Figures 5D and 5H.

[0513] According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may be made of the same material.

[0514] According to one embodiment, the shell (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may be made of at least two different materials.

[0515] According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may have the same thickness.

[0516] According to one embodiment, the shells (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 may have different thicknesses.

[0517] According to one embodiment, each shell (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 has a uniform thickness along the core 33 from the beginning, i.e., each shell (34, 35, 36) has the same thickness along the core 33 from the beginning.

[0518] According to one embodiment, each shell ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 has a uniform thickness along the core 33 from the start, ie said thickness varies along the core 33 .

[0519] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / insulator shell 36 nanoparticles, where examples of the insulator shell 36 include, but are not limited to, non-porous SiO, mesoporous SiO, non-porous MgO, mesoporous MgO, non-porous ZnO, mesoporous ZnO, non-porous AlO, mesoporous AlO, non-porous ZrO, mesoporous ZrO, non-porous TiO, mesoporous TiO, non-porous SnO, mesoporous SnO, or mixtures thereof. The insulator shell 36 acts as a secondary barrier against oxidation and, if a good thermal conductor, can dissipate heat.

[0520] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles with a 2D structure, in which the core 33 is covered by at least one crown 37, as shown in FIG. 5E.

[0521] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is covered by the crown 37, which comprises at least one layer of material.

[0522] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 and crown 37 are made of the same material.

[0523] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 and crown 37 are made of at least two different materials.

[0524] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a luminescent core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0525] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a magnetic core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of luminescent, plasmonic, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0526] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticle, where the core 33 is a plasmonic core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, luminescent, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0527] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a dielectric core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0528] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a piezoelectric core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0529] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticle, where the core 33 is a pyroelectric core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0530] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticle, where the core 33 is a ferroelectric core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0531] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a light scattering core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, electrically insulating, thermally insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0532] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is an electrically insulating core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, thermal insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0533] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is an insulating core covered with a crown 37 of at least one material selected from the group consisting of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, or catalytic materials.

[0534] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the core 33 is a catalytic core covered with at least one crown 37 selected from the group of magnetic, plasmonic, dielectric, luminescent, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, light scattering, electrically insulating, or thermal insulating materials.

[0535] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33 / crown 37 nanoparticles, where the cores 33 are covered with an insulator crown. In this embodiment, the insulator crown prevents the cores 33 from agglomerating.

[0536] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises a combination of at least two different nanoparticles (31, 32), as shown in Figure 4. In this embodiment, the resulting composite particle 1 exhibits different properties.

[0537] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0538] In a preferred embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, said luminescent nanoparticles having different emission wavelengths.

[0539] In a preferred embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, at least one of which emits light in the wavelength range of 500-560 nm and at least one of which emits light in the wavelength range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits light in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits light in the red region of the visible spectrum, and thus Composite Particle 1 paired with a blue LED is a white light emitter.

[0540] In a preferred embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, at least one of which emits light in the wavelength range of 400-490 nm and at least one of which emits light in the wavelength range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits light in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits light in the red region of the visible spectrum, and thus Composite Particle 1 is a white light emitter.

[0541] In a preferred embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least two different types of luminescent nanoparticles, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the wavelength range of 400-490 nm and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the wavelength range of 500-560 nm. In this embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the green region of the visible spectrum.

[0542] In a preferred embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises three different luminescent nanoparticles, said luminescent nanoparticles emitting different emission wavelengths or colors.

[0543] In a preferred embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least three different types of luminescent nanoparticles, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 400 to 490 nm, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 500 to 560 nm, and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in a wavelength range of 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, Composite Particle 1 comprises at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the green region of the visible spectrum, and at least one type of luminescent nanoparticle emitting light in the red region of the visible spectrum.

[0544] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0545] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0546] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one dielectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0547] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0548] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one pyroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0549] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0550] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one light-scattering nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0551] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 comprise at least one type of electrically insulating nanoparticles and at least one type of nanoparticles 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermal insulating nanoparticles, or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0552] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of insulating nanoparticle and at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

[0553] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one catalytic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermal insulating nanoparticles.

[0554] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of nanoparticle 3 that does not contain a shell, and at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles 3 and core 33 / insulator shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

[0555] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of shell-free nanoparticles 3 and core 33 / insulator shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

[0556] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one type of core 33 / insulator shell 36 nanoparticle 3, and at least one type of nanoparticle 3 selected from the group of shell-free nanoparticles 3 and core 33 / shell 34 nanoparticles 3.

[0557] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least two types of nanoparticles 3 .

[0558] According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises 11 or more types of nanoparticles 3 .

[0559] According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 have at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, at least 100, at least At least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, at least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500,at least 10,000, at least 15,000, at least 20,000, at least 25,000, at least 30,000, at least 35,000, at least 40,000, at least 45,000, at least 50,000, at least 55,000, at least 60,000, at least 65,000, at least 70,000, at least 75,000, at least 80,000, at least 85,000, at least 90,000, at least 95,000, or at least 100,000 nanoparticles 3.

[0560] In a preferred embodiment, the composite particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one plasmonic nanoparticle.

[0561] According to one embodiment, the number of nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 depends mainly on the molar or mass ratio between the chemical species capable of generating the inorganic material 2 and the nanoparticles 3 .

[0562] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are present in an amount of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9% by weight of the composite particles 1. %,0.95%,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6%,7%,8%,9%,10%,11%,12%,13%,14%,15%,16%,17%,18%,19%,20%,21%,22%,23%,24%,25%,26%,27%,28%,29%,30%,31%,32%,33%,34% ,35%,36%,37%,38%,39%,40%,41%,42%,43%,44%,45%,46%,47%,48%,49%,50%,51%,52%,53%,54%,55%,56%,57%,58%,59%,60%,61%,62%,63%,64%,65%,66%,67%,6 Equivalent to 8%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0563] According to one embodiment, the loading rate of nanoparticles 3 in composite particles 1 is at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99%. .9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%, 113%, 114%, 115%, 116%, 117%, 118%, 119%, 120%, 121%, 122 4%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67% , 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0564] According to one embodiment, the filling rate of the nanoparticles 3 in the composite particles 1 is 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%, 113%, 114%, 115%, 116%, 117%, 118%, 119%, 120%, 121%, 122%, 123%, 124%, 125%, 126%, 127%, 128%, 129%, 130%, 131%, 132%, 133%, 134%, 135%, 136%, 137%, 138%, 139%, 140%, 141%, 142%, 143%, 144%, 145%, 146%, 147%, 148%, 149%, Less than 8%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

[0565] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not encapsulated in the composite particles 1 via physical entrapment or electrostatic attraction.

[0566] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 are not bonded or linked by electrostatic attraction or a functionalized silane-based coupling agent. According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particles 1 are not aggregated.

[0567] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particles 1 are at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97 1%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%, 113%, 114%, 115%, 116%, 117%, 118%, 119%, 120%, 121%, 122%, 123%, 124%, 125%, 126%, 127%, 128%, 129%, 130%, 131%, 132%, 133%, 134%, 135%, 136%, 137%, 138%, 139%, 140%, 141%, 142%, 143%, 144%, 145%, 146%, and having a packing rate of 3%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, or 95%.

[0568] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are not touching or in contact.

[0569] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particles 1 are separated by inorganic material 2 .

[0570] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 can be individually identified.

[0571] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 can be individually demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescent scanning microscopy, or any other characterization means known to those skilled in the art.

[0572] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are uniformly dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0573] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are uniformly dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0574] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0575] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are uniformly and evenly dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0576] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are evenly dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0577] According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the composite particle 1 are homogeneously dispersed within the inorganic material 2 contained in said composite particle 1 .

[0578] According to one embodiment, the dispersion of nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 does not have the shape of a ring or a monolay...

Claims

1. 1. A composite particle comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in a metal oxide material, the plurality of nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the metal oxide material; the nanoparticles are luminescent; a loading rate of the nanoparticles in the composite particles of at least 15%, said loading rate being the mass ratio between the mass of the nanoparticles contained in the composite particles and the mass of the composite particles; composite particles.

2. The metal oxide material is Al ２ , ２ O ３ 、TiO ２ 、ZrO ２ 、ZnO, MgO, SnO ２ 、Nb ２ O ５ 、CeO ２ 、BeO, IrO ２ 、CaO, Sc ２ O ３ 、NiO, Na ２ O、BaO, K ２ O、PbO, Ag ２ O、V ２ O ５ 、TeO ２ 、MnO, B ２ O ３ 、GeO ２ 、As ２ O ３ 、Fe ２ O ３ 、Fe ３ O ４ 、Ta ２ O ５ 、Li ２ O、SrO, Y ２ O ３ 、HfO ２ 、WO ２ 、MoO ２ 、Cr ２ O ３ 、Tc ２ O ７ 、ReO ２ 、RuO ２ 、Co ３ O ４ 、OsO, RhO ２ 、Rh<o000044>O ３ 、PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu ２ O、CdO, HgO, Tl ２ O、Ga ２ O ３ 、In ２ O ３ 、Bi ２ O ３ 、Sb ２ O ３ 、PoO ２ 、SeO ２ 、Cs ２ O、La ２ O It should be noted that there seems to be a small error in the original text where "Rh<o000044>" should probably be "Rh ２ ". This has been corrected in the translation as much as possible while maintaining the integrity of the original text. ３ , Pr ６ O １１ , Nd ２ O ３ , La ２ O ３ , Sm ２ O ３ , Eu ２ O ３ , Tb ４ O ７ , Dy ２ O ３ , Ho ２ O ３ , Er ２ O ３ , Tm ２ O ３ , Yb ２ O ３ , Lu ２ O ３ , Gd ２ O ３ 10. The composite particle of claim 1, comprising:

3. The composite particle of claim 1 , wherein each nanoparticle of said plurality of nanoparticles is spaced from its neighboring nanoparticles by an average minimum distance.

4. The composite particle of claim 3 , wherein the average minimum distance is at least 2 nm.

5. 10. The composite particle of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide material limits or prevents diffusion of foreign molecular species or fluids (liquids or gases) into the metal oxide material.

6. The composite particle of claim 1 , wherein the luminescent nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal.

7. The semiconductor nanocrystals have the formula M ｘ N ｙ E ｚ A ｗ wherein M is Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, P r, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof, and N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, 7. The composite particle of claim 6, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs, or a mixture thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w may not simultaneously be 0.

8. The semiconductor nanocrystals have the formula M ｘ N ｙ E ｚ A ｗ wherein M is Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, L N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al 8. The composite particle of claim 7, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w may not simultaneously be 0.

9. The semiconductor nanocrystals have the formula M ｘ N ｙ E ｚ A ｗ wherein M is Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, and N is selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs, or mixtures thereof, and N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, A 8. The composite particle of claim 7, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x, y, z, and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously 0; x and y are not simultaneously 0; and z and w may not simultaneously be 0.

10. The composite particle of claim 6 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanoplatelets.

11. 10. The composite particle of claim 1, wherein the composite particle has an average diameter in the range of 5 nm to 1 mm.

12. at least one host material; At least one composite particle according to claim 1; A light-emitting material comprising: the composite particles are dispersed in the at least one host material; Luminescent material.

13. 13. The light-emitting material of claim 12, wherein the host material comprises a metal oxide material, a polymer such as a copolymer, a block copolymer, or a silicone-based polymer, a resin such as an epoxy resin, or a mixture thereof.

14. At least one composite particle according to claim 1; or A light-emitting material comprising at least one host material and at least one composite particle according to claim 1, wherein the composite particle is dispersed in the at least one host material; To support, to support.

15. At least one composite particle according to claim 1; or A light-emitting material comprising at least one host material and at least one composite particle according to claim 1, wherein the composite particle is dispersed in the at least one host material; 11. An optoelectronic device comprising:

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