Current-Mode Signal Path Baseband Filter

Abstract

One or more systems, devices, or methods of use, or combinations thereof, provided herein relate to a baseband filter that may be used in an end-to-end current-mode signal path. The end-to-end current-mode signal path may include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) operating in a current mode, and an up-converting mixer operating in a current mode and operably coupled to the DAC. In one or more embodiments, a device used in the signal path may include a baseband filter that receives an input current and outputs an output current. The baseband filter may include a feedback loop component that includes an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop. A mirroring device may be coupled to the feedback loop component and may provide an output of the device. The gain of the mirroring device, etc., may be changed by selectively activating the mirroring device.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to integrated radio frequency pulse generator systems utilizing an end-to-end current mode signal path, and more particularly to baseband filters for use in such systems. [Background technology]

[0002] Quantum computing is the utilization of quantum mechanical phenomena to perform computational and information processing functions. Quantum computing can be seen as contrasted to classical computing, which typically operates on binary values ​​using transistors. That is, while classical computers can operate on bit values ​​that are either 0 or 1, quantum computers operate on quantum bits (qubits), which contain superpositions of both 0 and 1. Quantum computing has the potential to solve problems that cannot be solved, or can only be solved slowly, on classical computers due to the complexity of the computations. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following provides a summary to enable a basic understanding of one or more embodiments of the present invention. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements, nor is it intended to delineate the scope of particular embodiments or the scope of the claims. The sole purpose of this summary is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein, a system, computer-implemented method, apparatus, or computer program product, or combination thereof, can facilitate an integrated radio frequency pulse generator system, such as by utilizing an end-to-end current mode signal path to reduce power consumption and improve linearity between a digital to analog converter (DAC) and each subsequent stage in the signal chain. This can facilitate a beneficial set of tradeoffs in terms of power consumption and distortion. One or more advantages can be achieved by utilizing, at least in part, a baseband filter that includes feedback loop components that include loop-coupled active and passive circuit branches.

[0004] According to an embodiment, a device can include a baseband filter that receives an input current and outputs an output current. The baseband filter can include a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop.

[0005] According to another embodiment, a system can include a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator including a baseband filter that receives an input current and provides an output current, the baseband filter including a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop. The RF pulse generator can also include an output stage coupled to the baseband filter.

[0006] According to yet another embodiment, a method can include, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, outputting an output current through a baseband filter that receives an input current, the baseband filter comprising a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop.

[0007] An advantage of the aforementioned device, system, or method, or combination thereof, can be the implementability of a current-mode signal path that can provide an avenue for current reuse between the baseband filter and adjacent stages in the signal chain. Current usage can be reduced by employing the aforementioned feedback loops due to the use of passive circuit branches that consume little or no static power. Current-mode signal paths can be employed to limit undesirable distortion products by avoiding the introduction of additional current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions in each signal path. Furthermore, the structure and function of the baseband filter can be matched with low impedances at various circuit interfaces of each signal path and / or the RF pulse generator, improving both linearity and bandwidth of the circuit. In connection therewith, current can be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortion products can be reduced in connection with signal chains employing baseband filters. Another advantage of current-mode filters can be that linear functions such as addition and subtraction can be realized by dotting the outputs of the circuits together, a technique that is power efficient and compatible with low supply voltages.

[0008] A benefit of the aforementioned advantages can be the ability to use less power in association with manipulating one or more qubits of a quantum system. The reduced power consumption can enable greater scaling of the qubits of the quantum system. Additionally, components of the device and / or system can be used in or in association with a cryogenic chamber, such as a dilution refrigerator, or both.

[0009] In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned devices, systems, or methods, or combinations thereof, a mirroring device can be coupled to a feedback loop component and can provide the output of the device. In one or more embodiments of the aforementioned devices, systems, or methods, or combinations thereof, the mirroring device can be selectively actuated to vary the gain, such as by varying the active width (e.g., number of active fingers) of the mirroring device. A related advantage can be the ability to realize additional poles by using resistors and capacitors coupled between the loop and the output stage. These poles can be made to track each other by designing the circuit such that the product of transconductance (gm) and resistance (R) remains a constant quantity.

[0010] According to yet another embodiment, a device can include a baseband filter that outputs an output current based on an input current. The baseband filter can include a first transistor including a source, a gate, and a drain, the source coupled to the input terminal, the gate coupled to a bias voltage, and the drain coupled to a capacitance source, the capacitance source providing a first pole, a second transistor, and a passive branch coupling the drain of the first transistor to the gate of the second transistor, providing a second pole.

[0011] An advantage of the aforementioned device, system, or method, or combination thereof, can be the implementability of a current-mode signal path that can provide an avenue for current reuse between the baseband filter and adjacent stages in the signal chain. Current usage can be reduced by employing the aforementioned feedback loop due to the use of passive circuit branches that consume little or no static power. Current-mode signal paths can be employed to limit undesirable distortion products by avoiding the introduction of additional current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions in each signal path. Furthermore, the structure and function of the baseband filter can be matched with low impedances at the various circuit interfaces of each signal path and / or the RF pulse generator, improving both the linearity and bandwidth of the circuit. In connection therewith, in connection with a signal chain employing a baseband filter, current can be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortion products can be reduced. Another advantage of current-mode filters can be that linear functions such as addition and subtraction can be realized by point-coupling the outputs of the circuits together, a technique that is power efficient and compatible with low supply voltages.

[0012] In an embodiment of the device, the source of the second transistor can be coupled to ground or to a power supply, and the drain of the second transistor can be coupled to the input terminal. An advantage can be the provision of the first and second poles while using a passive circuit branch.

[0013] According to another embodiment, the method can include varying a gain of a digital-to-analog converter by selectively activating, by a mirroring device, one or more of a plurality of mirroring subunits of the mirroring device. The method can include outputting, by the mirroring device, an output current, the mirroring device providing an output of a current-mode signal path of the baseband filter. The method can include receiving, by the mirroring device, a voltage from a feedback loop comprising both an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch of the baseband filter.

[0014] An advantage of the aforementioned device, system, or method, or combination thereof, can be the implementability of a current-mode signal path that can provide an avenue for current reuse between the baseband filter and adjacent stages in the signal chain. Current usage can be reduced by employing the aforementioned feedback loop due to the use of passive circuit branches that consume little or no static power. Current-mode signal paths can be employed to limit undesirable distortion products by avoiding the introduction of additional current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions in each signal path. Furthermore, the structure and function of the baseband filter can be matched with low impedances at the various circuit interfaces of each signal path and / or the RF pulse generator, improving both the linearity and bandwidth of the circuit. In connection therewith, in connection with a signal chain employing a baseband filter, current can be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortion products can be reduced. Another advantage of current-mode filters can be that linear functions such as addition and subtraction can be realized by point-coupling the outputs of the circuits together, a technique that is power efficient and compatible with low supply voltages.

[0015] A benefit of the aforementioned advantages can be the ability to use less power in association with manipulating one or more qubits of a quantum system. The reduced power consumption can enable greater scaling of the qubits of the quantum system. Additionally, components of the device and / or system can be used in or in association with a cryogenic chamber, such as a dilution refrigerator, or both. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0016] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example non-limiting system that can facilitate manipulation of one or more quantum bits in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system implementation that implements an integrated radio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing a current mode signal path. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary framework of a method for integrating a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing an end-to-end current mode signal path. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture of a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator signal chain. [Diagram 5] 1A-1C illustrate example circuit diagrams of pairs of different baseband filters, each in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 illustrates an example circuit diagram of a baseband filter in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 7] 1A-1C illustrate example circuit diagrams of three different baseband filters, each including a different passive circuit branch element, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 illustrates an example circuit diagram of a baseband filter in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 9]1A-1C show example circuit diagrams of cascaded baseband filters, respectively, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 10] FIG. 13 illustrates another example circuit diagram of cascaded baseband filters, each in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting method that can facilitate use of a device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 12] 12 is a continuation of the flow diagram of FIG. 11 of an exemplary, non-limiting method that can facilitate use of a device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting method that can facilitate use of a device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 14] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting operating environment that can facilitate one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting cloud computing environment in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example non-limiting abstract model layer in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0017] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the subject matter described herein relate generally to integrated radio frequency (RF) pulse generators, and more particularly to utilizing an end-to-end current mode signal path to reduce power consumption, reduce distortion, and improve linearity between a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and adjacent stages in the signal chain. More particularly, embodiments of the subject matter described herein relate to power efficient current mode baseband filters that may be used in a variety of systems that may or may not include a pulse generator and / or a DAC.

[0018] The following detailed description is merely an example and is not intended to limit the embodiments, or the application and / or utilization of the embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any express or implied information presented in the above "Summary of the Invention" section or "Description of the Preferred Embodiments" section. One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals are utilized to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent that one or more embodiments may be practiced in various instances without these specific details.

[0019] Typically, at scale, a quantum computing cloud service provider may run millions of quantum jobs for users in a year. Each quantum job may include the execution of one or more quantum programs. If a qubit state can only exist (or be coherent) for a limited amount of time, the purpose of the operation of a quantum logic circuit (e.g., including one or more qubits) may be to reduce the time of the operation or to increase the speed of the operation, or both. The time spent operating a quantum logic circuit may unnecessarily reduce the available time for an operation on one or more qubits. This may be due to the coherence time of one or more qubits that can be used before decoherence of one or more qubits. For example, in some cases, a qubit state may be lost in less than 100-200 microseconds. Furthermore, operations on qubits typically introduce some error, such as some degree of decoherence or some degree of quantum noise, or both, further impacting the availability of the qubits. Quantum noise may refer to noise due to the discrete and / or stochastic nature of quantum interactions. It may be desirable to design devices that extend the lifetime of quantum states and increase coherence times.

[0020] Also, at scale, a large number of quantum jobs may pressure each quantum program to execute quickly. That is, increased execution speed may correlate, directly, indirectly, or both, with maximizing system usage, minimizing users having to wait for measurement results, or minimizing unwanted consumption of classical computing resources, or a combination thereof. There may also be pressure to execute these quantum jobs properly so that maximum performance can be extracted from the error-prone system at hand, so that the quality of measurements on one or more qubits of each quantum system can be improved, or so that compilation into physical level pulses can be improved (e.g., in relation to accuracy, precision, or measurement efficiency, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof.

[0021] Physical real-world quantum logic circuits controlled by quantum systems can contain multiple qubits. One type of qubit, the superconducting qubit, can contain Josephson junctions and typically operates exclusively in a cryogenic chamber such as a dilution refrigerator. One or more such superconducting qubits can be multiplexed per measurement circuit contained within the cryogenic chamber.

[0022] In multiple contexts, including control of qubits, the ability to generate arbitrary waveforms with varying amplitude and low distortion can be desirable. The primary circuit in an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) can be a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which can be useful in a variety of applications, including the implementation of wireless transmitters and qubit control pulses. Minimizing power consumption and reducing distortion in such designs can be particularly useful in the context of cryogenic signal generation for qubit control. Challenges with designs utilizing voltage-mode representations in the signal path can include high dynamic range requirements at the block interfaces, leading to nonlinear behavior and the generation of undesirable distortion components. Undesirable distortion components can be viewed as a source of noise or disturbance in the system and thus can contribute to reducing the coherence time of one or more qubits in a cryogenic chamber, for example.

[0023] Another challenge can be significant power consumption per block, without the opportunity for power efficiency from current reuse. When scaling quantum systems to include increased numbers of qubits, power efficiency can be not only desirable, but also an enabling factor for scaling to include increased numbers of qubits.

[0024] More specifically, quantum computing utilizes quantum bits as its fundamental units, instead of classical computational bits. A quantum bit (e.g., a quantum binary digit) is the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical bit. While a classical bit can only use one of two basis states (e.g., 0 or 1), a quantum bit can use any superposition of these basis states (e.g., α|0>+β|1>, where α and β are |α| 2 +|β| 2A quantum computer (e.g., a computer that employs qubits rather than just classical bits) can theoretically use a quantum number of qubits, which can hold exponentially more information than the same number of classical bits. Thus, a quantum computer (e.g., a computer that employs qubits rather than just classical bits) can theoretically quickly solve problems that can be extremely difficult for classical computers. A classical computer's bit is simply a binary digit that has a value of either 0 or 1. Almost any device that has two distinct states, such as a switch, a valve, a magnet, a coin, or a similar binary form of measure of states, can serve to represent a classical bit. Qubits, which share the quantum mystique, can occupy a superposition of the 0 and 1 states. This does not mean that a qubit can have an intermediate value, such as 0.63, but rather that if the state of a qubit is measured, the result will be either 0 or 1. However, in the course of a computation, a qubit can behave as if it were a mixture of states, such as 63 percent 0 and 37 percent 1.

[0025] Indeed, a general quantum program requires coordination of quantum mechanical and classical parts of the computation. One way to think about a general quantum program is to identify the processes and abstractions involved in specifying a quantum algorithm, translating that algorithm into an executable form, running an experiment or simulation, and analyzing the results. A concept that runs through these processes is the use of intermediate representations. An intermediate representation (IR) of a computation is neither a source language description nor a target machine instruction, but something in between. A compiler can utilize multiple IRs during the process of translating and optimizing a program. The input is source code that describes the quantum algorithm and compile-time parameters. The output is a combined quantum / classical program represented using high-level IR. The difference between quantum and classical computers is that quantum computers are probabilistic, and therefore measurements of the output of an algorithm provide a good solution within a confidence interval specific to the algorithm. The computation is repeated until a certainty of a satisfactory likely solution can be reached.

[0026] By processing information using the laws of quantum mechanics, quantum computers offer new ways to perform computational tasks, such as molecular computing, optical photonics, optimization, and many more. Many algorithms and system components are introduced to efficiently perform such computational tasks. For example, radio frequency (RF) pulse generators (often incorporating one or more digital-to-analog converters) can be useful in a variety of applications including the implementation of wireless transmitters and control pulses for qubits. There may be one or more challenges with designs utilizing voltage-mode representations for signal paths, including high dynamic range requirements at block interfaces that lead to nonlinear behavior and the generation of higher amplitude distortion components. Another challenge may be significant power consumption per block, without opportunities for power efficiency derived from current reuse. Thus, embodiments herein propose baseband filters for use in end-to-end current-mode signal paths to facilitate the realization of a beneficial set of tradeoffs in terms of power consumption and distortion. These benefits may be best realized by implementing the entire chain in current mode.

[0027] The embodiments described herein generally relate to RF pulse generator systems and methods that implement an end-to-end current-mode signal path from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) through the output that allows for a set of beneficial tradeoffs in terms of power consumption and distortion to be realized. The elements of the device's signal path can be a DAC, baseband filters, mixers, attenuators, and output chain components. By implementing the entire chain in current mode, advantages can be realized. The embodiments can optionally utilize a radio frequency digital to analog converter (RFDAC).

[0028] Current-mode signal processing is well suited for low distortion applications because it can reduce voltage swings at various nodes of interest for the device, circuit, and / or signal path used. Another benefit of current-mode circuits is that it can allow current reuse, where the bias and signal currents of one stage are shared with another stage (usually by stacking circuit stages). The power efficiency of the circuit can be improved because the reuse can reduce the total current drawn from the power supply. Conventional current-mode input filters using steerable amplifiers consume a significant amount of power and have limitations for high frequency applications. One or more embodiments described herein provide an improved baseband filter design that can further improve the power efficiency of the circuit, while the power efficiency of the circuit can be improved by introducing a current-mode signal path design in an integrated RF pulse generator implementation.

[0029] That is, the implementation of an efficient current-mode filter stage can be a key part of realizing the proposed end-to-end current-mode signal path and was developed for low power consumption by leveraging current reuse, as well as to improve end-to-end linearity by minimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. Low output signals can be a design structure that can be an advantage to the system in efficiently implementing the signal chain.

[0030] To achieve current reuse in such signal paths, a baseband filter, such as a continuous-time baseband filter, may be employed that receives an input current and provides an output current. An internal feedback mechanism of the baseband filter may be implemented as a combination of current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversion. A feedback loop of the internal feedback mechanism may use at least one active circuit branch and at least one passive circuit branch. A passive circuit branch is a circuit branch that consumes little or no static power. This design may provide two poles that are separable in frequency, providing stability to the feedback mechanism. An associated bias may provide a substantially constant separation between the poles, such as to maintain a desired phase margin.

[0031] The feedback loop can mirror the filtered current to the output of the baseband filter using a mirroring device. The mirroring device can include one or more sub-units (e.g., mirroring portions) coupled to each other. By changing the mirroring ratio of the mirroring device, a variable gain can be realized with respect to fine baseline steps.

[0032] An additional pole may be realized between the filter core stage including the feedback loop and the mirroring stage including the mirroring device. The additional pole may be realized by one or more static power-free circuit elements including resistors and capacitors. The provision of the additional pole may enable each baseband filter to achieve a higher order of filtering than would be possible without using the additional pole without compromising the stability of the baseband filter. The additional pole further does not cause distortion and therefore does not reduce the superiority of one or more of the filter core stages.

[0033] The output from a baseband filter can be a current and can become the input to another baseband filter stage. Thus, multiple such baseband filters can be cascaded to realize higher order current mode filters. In such a cascaded system, each filter can provide a low pass characteristic with its corner frequency, Q factor, and gain step set by a digital controller.

[0034] One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the terms "entity," "requesting entity," and "user entity" can refer to a machine, device, component, hardware, software, smart device, or human, or a combination thereof. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent that one or more embodiments may be practiced in various instances without these specific details.

[0035] Additionally, the embodiments shown in one or more figures described herein are merely illustrative, and as such, the architecture of the embodiments is not limited to the systems, devices, and / or components shown herein, nor to any particular order, connection, or coupling of any of the systems, devices, and / or components shown herein. For example, in one or more embodiments, a non-limiting system described herein, such as the non-limiting system 100 as shown in FIG. 1 and / or systems, can further comprise, be associated with, be coupled to, or be a combination of one or more computer and / or computation-based elements described herein with reference to an operating environment, such as the operating environment 1400 shown in FIG. 14. In one or more described embodiments, the computer and / or computation-based elements can be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, components, and / or computer-implemented operations shown and / or described in connection with FIG. 1 and / or other figures described herein.

[0036]

[0023] Referring initially generally to Figure 1, one or more embodiments described herein may include one or more devices, systems, or apparatus, or combinations thereof, that may facilitate performing one or more quantum operations to facilitate output of one or more quantum results. For example, Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting system 100 that may improve the execution of a quantum job, such as by improving power consumption in connection with arbitrary waveform generation associated with a quantum job.

[0037] A quantum system 101 (e.g., a quantum computer system, a superconducting quantum computer system, or the like, or a combination thereof) may employ quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits and may include computing components and / or computing devices for performing quantum operations and / or quantum functions on input data and generating results that may be output to an entity. A quantum circuit may comprise quantum bits (qubits), such as multi-bit quantum bits, physical circuit level components, higher level components, or functions, or a combination thereof. A quantum circuit may comprise physical pulses that may be structured (e.g., arranged and / or designed) to perform a desired quantum function and / or quantum computation on data (e.g., input data and / or intermediate data derived from the input data) and generate one or more quantum results as output. A quantum result, e.g., a quantum measurement result 120, may be responsive to a quantum job request 104 and associated with the input data and may be based at least in part on the input data, the quantum function, and / or the quantum computation.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, quantum system 101 may include one or more quantum components, such as quantum computing component 103, quantum controller 106, waveform generator 110, and quantum logic circuit 108 including one or more qubits (e.g., qubits 107A, 107B, or 107C, or combinations thereof), also referred to herein as qubit devices 107A, 107B, and 107C.

[0039] The quantum controller 106 may comprise any suitable processor. The quantum controller 106 may generate one or more instructions for controlling one or more processes of the quantum computing component 103, or for controlling the quantum logic circuit 108 and / or the waveform generator 110.

[0040] Quantum computing component 103 may obtain (e.g., download, receive, retrieve, or the like, or a combination thereof) a quantum job request 104 requesting execution of one or more quantum programs. Quantum computing component 103 may determine one or more quantum logic circuits, such as quantum logic circuit 108, to execute the quantum programs. Request 104 may be provided in any suitable format, such as text format, binary format, or another suitable format, or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, request 104 may be received by a component other than a component of quantum system 101, such as by a component of a classical system that is coupled to and / or in communication with quantum system 101.

[0041] The waveform generator 110 can perform one or more quantum processes, quantum computations, and / or quantum measurements to operate one or more quantum circuits on one or more qubits 107A, 107B, or 107C, or combinations thereof. For example, the waveform generator 110 can operate one or more qubit effectors, such as qubit oscillators, harmonic oscillators, pulse generators, or the like, or combinations thereof, to cause one or more pulses to stimulate and / or manipulate the state of one or more qubits 107A, 107B, or 107C, or combinations thereof, included in the quantum system 101. That is, the waveform generator 110, in combination with a quantum controller 106 or the like, can perform quantum logic circuit operations on one or more qubits (e.g., qubits 107A, 107B, or 107C, or combinations thereof) of the circuit. In response, the quantum computation component 103 may output one or more quantum job results, such as one or more quantum measurement results 120, in response to the quantum job request 104.

[0042] The quantum logic circuit 108 and some or all of the waveform generator 110 may be contained in a cryogenic environment, which may comprise a cryogenic chamber 116, such as a dilution refrigerator. Indeed, signals may be generated by the waveform generator 110 in the cryogenic chamber 116 to manipulate and / or control one or more qubits 107A-C. If the qubits 107A, 107B, and 107C are superconducting qubits, cryogenic temperatures, such as about 4K or less, may be used to facilitate the functioning of these physical qubits. Thus, elements of the waveform generator 110 are also constructed to perform at such cryogenic temperatures.

[0043] The following / above description refers to the operation of a single quantum program from a single quantum job request, however, one or more of the processes described herein may be scalable, such as the execution of one or more quantum programs and / or quantum job requests in parallel with each other.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, non-limiting system 100 can be a hybrid system and thus can include both one or more classical systems, such as a quantum programmable system, and one or more quantum systems, such as quantum system 101. In one or more other embodiments, quantum system 101 can be separate from the classical systems, but can function in combination with the classical systems.

[0045] In such cases, one or more communications between one or more components of the non-limiting system 100 and the classical system may be facilitated by wired or wireless means, including, but not limited to, employing a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local area network (LAN), or combinations thereof.Suitable wired or wireless technologies to facilitate communications include, but are not limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), general packet radio service (GPRS), third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2) ultra mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA), Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and / or legacy communication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and / or other 802.XX wireless technologies. Protocol), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-Wave, ANT, ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocols, or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communications protocols.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting system 200 (also referred to herein as a device) that may be included in the waveform generator 110 of the quantum system 101 of the non-limiting system 100 of FIG. 1. The non-limiting system 200 may access data and process the data using the variable computational components illustrated according to one or more embodiments described herein. The non-limiting system 200 may facilitate the process of evaluating and identifying large amounts of various forms of data, using machine learning, and training neural networks or other types of models. The non-limiting system 200 may also generate predictive recommendations to an individual level with context according to one or more embodiments described herein. Some of the systems (e.g., non-limiting system 200, etc.), devices, or processes of one or more embodiments described herein may constitute machine-executable components embodied in a machine (e.g., embodied in one or more computer-readable media associated with one or more machines). Such components, when executed by one or more machines (e.g., computers, computing devices, virtual machines, etc.), may cause the machine to perform the operations described herein. Repeated descriptions of similar elements employed in one or more embodiments described herein have been omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0047] Generally, the subject computer processing systems, methods, apparatus, or computer program products, or combinations thereof, may be employed to solve new problems that may arise due to advances in technology, computer networks, the Internet, or the like.

[0048] In today's digital world, one of the largest growth areas in electronics has been the application of wireless communications. Modern radio frequency systems such as 3G / 4G / 5G base stations are based on wideband multi-channel architectures. To facilitate flexibility in signal generation, modulation, and processing, modern RF transmitters typically employ one or more high-speed digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Such high-speed DACs provide arbitrary waveform generation capabilities for RF signals, which can be useful in both quantum-related and non-quantum-related applications, as shown above.

[0049] One such quantum-related application can be the control of qubits in the field of quantum computing, where there is a demand to generate RF control pulses with variable amplitude and low distortion (high spectral purity). Minimizing the power consumption of such RF pulse generators is particularly helpful in the context of cryogenic signal generation for qubit control. Challenges with designs utilizing voltage-mode representations for the signal path include high dynamic range requirements at the block interfaces, leading to nonlinear behavior and generation of higher amplitude distortion components. Thus, these embodiments propose a promising solution to this problem by introducing a current-mode signal path design in an integrated RF pulse generator system, as well as a system and / or device implementation that can provide, for example, current reuse, and thus power efficiency and / or associated distortion reduction compared to existing technologies.

[0050] The non-limiting system 200 can facilitate an integrated radio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing a current mode signal path. The embodiments described herein relate to retaining the following signal path elements: digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 202, baseband filter 204, upconverting mixer 206, radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208, output component 212 (e.g., a current mode amplifier), and offset component 214. Together, the radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208 and output component 212 can be considered as at least a part of an output stage 214 of the non-limiting system 200. In one or more embodiments, the upconverting mixer 206 can be considered as at least a part of the output stage 214. Benefits can be realized by implementing the entire chain in current mode. Although FIG. 2 illustrates the use of the upconverting mixer 206 and the RF attenuator 208 together, other embodiments can omit one or more of these components and cascade the components in any suitable manner.

[0051] Non-limiting system 200 can optionally include a server device, one or more networks, and one or more devices (not shown), or more generally, such elements can be included in quantum system 101, or both, and non-limiting system 200 can be included in such quantum system 101.

[0052] The non-limiting system 200 may also include or be otherwise associated with a digital-to-analog converter 202 operating in a current mode, where the analog inputs and analog outputs of the blocks of the system are represented as currents. The digital signals input to the DAC 202 may be, for example, baseband digital in-phase and quadrature data (I and Q data) representing any suitable signal, such as, but not limited to, a wireless transmitter signal, a signal for implementing a control pulse of a qubit, etc. The analog output of the DAC 202 in the form of a current may be directed to a baseband filter 204. The baseband current output of the baseband filter 204 may be frequency converted to an RF frequency by an up-converting mixer 206, which may be driven by a local oscillator (LO) signal. Optionally, the LO signal waveform may use a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) rail-to-rail level, such as the rail-to-rail level generated by a CMOS inverter.

[0053] A radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208 can operate with the DAC 202, the baseband filter 204, and the upconversion mixer 206. An output component 212 receives the output current of the RF attenuator 208. In some embodiments, the output component 212 can include an impedance transformation component (e.g., a transformer or a current mode amplifier). A corresponding signal chain can generate an output current signal using the DAC 202, the baseband filter 204, the upconversion mixer 206, and the RF attenuator 208. At the output of the RF pulse generator 200, a direct current (DC) offset in the baseband signal (e.g., a DC offset in the output current of the baseband filter 204) can be converted by the upconversion mixer into an undesired LO tone (LO “leakage”). To suppress such LO leakage, DC offset cancellation can be applied by an offset component 214 that adds a correcting DC offset to the baseband signal. The DAC 202, the baseband filter 204, the upconversion mixer 206, the RF attenuator 208, the output component 212, or the offset component 214, or any combination thereof, may be cryogenic electronic components (e.g., electronic components capable of operating at cryogenic temperatures).

[0054] In an embodiment, an end-to-end current mode path from the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 202 through the output components 212 can facilitate the realization of a beneficial set of trade-offs in terms of power consumption and distortion. In this signal path, the DAC 202 operating in current mode can implement an integrated DAC solution in which the baseband filter 204 combined with the upconverting mixer 206 and the RF attenuator 208 can operate in current mode, and analog input and output signals between blocks of the system can be represented as currents. The upconverting mixer 206 can be driven by an LO signal that can optionally use complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) rail-to-rail levels. The radio frequency (RF) attenuator 208 can operate in conjunction with the DAC 202, the baseband filter 204, and the upconverting mixer 206. Thus, the current-mode signal path of the integrated RF pulse generator solution can facilitate reduced power consumption by leveraging current reuse, improve linearity by minimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions, and enable cascaded solutions using current-mode techniques.

[0055] 3 illustrates an exemplary framework 300 of a method for integrating a radio frequency (RF) pulse generator utilizing an end-to-end current mode signal path. Aspects of the framework include operating a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in current mode at 302, using a baseband filter operably coupled to the DAC in current mode at 303, the baseband filter including a feedback loop with a passive circuit branch and an active circuit branch, and operating an upconversion mixer operably coupled to the DAC in current mode at 304. The analog inputs and analog outputs of the DAC and the upconversion mixer are represented as currents at 306, and the DAC generates the baseband signal. At 308, the method utilizes a radio frequency (RF) attenuator operating in current mode with the DAC and the upconversion mixer. A subset of steps 304, 306, or 308 may be optional. Thus, the framework can provide an entire chain that operates in current mode (or optionally implements subelements of the chain in current mode) by integrating a DAC interface with an upconverting mixer and an RF attenuator to generate the output. Functions can be implemented in current mode, and any two blocks can also interface in current mode. Stages can utilize current mode signals, and signals can be attenuated and boosted. Starting with the baseband filter, current mode signals can be scaled at the circuit stages, at the interfaces between stages, and optionally in impedance matching networks, which are part of the output component stages. These methods can reduce end-to-end power consumption by leveraging current reuse, and improve end-to-end linearity (reducing distortion) by minimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. Low output signal requirements can facilitate efficient implementation of the signal chain, and the method can enable cascaded solutions using current mode techniques.

[0056] 4 shows an example architecture of an RF pulse generator signal chain that includes two or more DACs (403, 405) in quadrature, two or more baseband filters 406, 408 in quadrature, two or more upconversion mixers (410, 412) in quadrature, and a summer 411 that generates a summed output of each output signal of the upconversion mixers. In this embodiment, unlike conventional systems, each subblock can be implemented in current mode, and all analog signals transferred between subblocks are represented as currents. The inputs (e.g., digital words) to the DACs (403, 405) are digital.

[0057] One method to generate a complex signal is to modulate a carrier signal frequency by a local oscillator using a vector modulator. In RF applications, baseband digital I and Q signals are generated using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) that includes two or more synchronized digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The RF pulse generator signal chain architecture 400 can receive a baseband digital in-phase signal (BBI signal) 402 and a baseband digital quadrature signal (BBQ signal) 404. Multi-bit baseband digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 403 and 405 can use the digital bits and convert them to analog signals depending on the signal bandwidth and sampling clock frequency. This can enable the output of a current, which provides a filtered and amplified current to upconversion mixers 410 and 412.

[0058] The low pass filters 406 and 408 may process the signal to reject out-of-band noise components coming from the DACs (403, 405). The filtered signal may be mixed and thus up-converted by the up-conversion mixers 410 and 412 using two carriers (LO-Q and LO-I) with 0 and 90 degree quadrature phases of I and Q. The resulting signals may be combined by using the signal combiner 411 to create a single sideband signal representation. For example, if a (x*y) function needs to be performed on the single sideband signal representation, the variable x may be represented as a combination of 0 and 90 degrees, and the variable y may be represented as a combination of 0 and 90 degrees. These two variables are then multiplied and added, similar to a scalar product of two vectors. The output of this function may be processed by the driver (DRV) 414.

[0059] The matching network (MN) 416 is a component that typically consists of passive elements that do not add distortion. The matching network 416 can transform the resistance 418 (e.g., 50 ohms) into the impedance required by the driver to maximize power transfer.

[0060] In the RF pulse generator system 400, the outputs of the DACs (403, 405) can be filtered and upconverted using I-channel and Q-channel mixers, and the resulting signals are combined and fed through a driver and matching network to a rated load (e.g., 50 ohms) at output 420.

[0061] The implementation of the filter and the interface between the filter and other elements of the signal chain can be useful in such designs. Continuous time filters can be well suited for implementing high dynamic range, low power active filters. Traditional current mode input filters using steerable amplifiers can consume a significant amount of power and have limitations in high frequency applications. Continuous time transconductance (G m )-Capacitance (C) filter (G m -C filters) can usually provide a high input impedance that can cause higher distortion products. m -C type filters are well suited for high frequency applications, but can be limited in terms of the dynamic range they support because their input is typically a voltage.

[0062] Current-mode signal processing can be well suited for low distortion applications because it reduces the voltage swings at various nodes of interest. Another benefit of current-mode circuits can be current reuse, where the bias and signal currents of one stage are shared with another stage (e.g., typically by stacking circuit stages). The power efficiency of the circuit can be improved because reuse can reduce the total current drawn from the power supply. However, conventional current-mode input filters, for example, using steerable amplifiers, can consume a significant amount of power and have limitations for high frequency applications. Efficient current-mode filter stages can facilitate realizing an end-to-end current-mode signal path for low power consumption by leveraging current reuse, and can improve end-to-end linearity by minimizing voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. The low output signal requirement can be an advantage in efficiently implementing the signal chain.

[0063] FIG. 5 illustrates an example circuit diagram of a device 500 that is a baseband filter 500 according to one or more embodiments herein. The baseband filter 500 may be used as the baseband filter 204 or at the output of the DAC 403. In general, the device 500 may be a fully current-mode continuous-time baseband filter whose gain may be varied for fine baseline steps, as described below. The baseband filter 500 meets the desired requirements of cryogenic waveform generation, such as in conjunction with quantum systems. However, again, one or more embodiments described herein may be practiced outside of quantum environments, such as in conjunction with wireless transceivers used in the Internet of Things, sensors, or memory arrays, or combinations thereof.

[0064] The baseband filter 500 can receive an input current and output an output current. The baseband filter (BBF) 500 can include a feedback loop 502 including an active circuit branch 504 and a passive circuit branch 506. The passive circuit branch 506 can consume no static power. As shown in the figure, the active circuit branch and the passive circuit branch are coupled in a loop. The passive circuit branch 506 can include passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The active circuit branch 504 can include both passive and active circuit components. As shown in the figure, the active circuit branch 504 can include a pair of transistors M1 and M2 and a capacitor C1. The active circuit branch 504 and the passive circuit branch 506 together can provide a pole pair that is separable in frequency. This is because the loop can comprise two reactive elements (e.g., C1 and C2) that can be controlled independently, and the loop transfer function can contain two roots in the frequency domain.

[0065] An output stage 508 may be coupled to the feedback loop 502. As shown, a transistor of the output stage 508 may form a current mirror with a transistor M1 of the active circuit branch 504. The output stage 508 of the BBF 500 may also include an additional circuit portion 510 that may form an RC filter with the gate capacitances of the transistors of the output stage 508. This RC filter may provide an additional pole at no cost in static bias current such that a power efficient third order low pass filter is realized.

[0066] 5, additional circuitry 510 may be omitted. Node A may be a high impedance node. Optionally, in one or more embodiments, a voltage mode band pass output may be received and used from point A. Additionally, optional, in one or more embodiments, a low pass current mode output may be received from point B.

[0067] As shown, the baseband filter 550 may operate in a current mode and may receive an input current and output an output current. The baseband filter 550 may include a first transistor M2 including a source 562, a gate 564, and a drain 566. The source 562 may be coupled, such as directly connected, to an input terminal 568. The gate 564 may receive a bias voltage (common gate stage bias V GN ) to the drain 566. The drain 566 may be coupled, such as directly connected, to a capacitor (e.g., capacitor C1). Capacitor C1 may have a capacitance value such that capacitor C1 of the active circuit branch 554 can provide a first pole at a first desired frequency.

[0068] The passive circuit branch 556 can couple the drain 566 of the first transistor M2 to the gate 574 of the second transistor M1. The passive circuit branch 556 can include a capacitor, such as capacitor C2. The capacitor C2 can have a capacitance value such that the capacitor C2 of the passive circuit branch 556 can provide a second pole at a second desired frequency. The second transistor M1 can include a source 576 and a drain 572 along with a gate 574. The source 576 is shown as being coupled, such as directly connected, to ground, but can alternatively be coupled, such as directly connected, to a power source. The drain 572 can be coupled, such as directly connected, to the input terminal 568, and therefore can also be coupled, such as directly connected, to the source 562 of the first transistor M2.

[0069] The baseband filter 550 may further include a third transistor M3 that may operate as a bias current source and may be coupled to a drain 566 of the first transistor M2. The third transistor M3 may be coupled to a gate 574 of the second transistor M1 by a passive circuit branch 556. The passive branch 556 may be formed of a resistor R and a capacitor C2.

[0070] Mirroring stage M4 may be coupled, such as directly connected, to the gate 574 of the second transistor M1. Mirroring stage M4 may provide the output of the baseband filter 550.

[0071] The above description regarding the sources, gates, and drains of the transistors of baseband filter 550 may similarly be applied to baseband filter 500. As shown, baseband filter 500 differs by including an additional circuit portion 510 that is coupled, such as directly connected, to the gate of transistor M1 in BBF 500, thus coupling transistor M1 to a mirroring stage M4 of BBF 500. Additional circuit portion 510 may provide a third pole of BBF 500 at a third desired frequency.

[0072] With further reference to the BBF 550, the BBF may have a unity gain and may have an adjustable gain at the output. The BBF 550 is a high quadratic filter with two poles provided by the passive circuit branch 556 and the active circuit branch 554 of the current feedback loop 552. The BBF 550 may have a second order transfer function in the frequency domain.

[0073] Regarding the provision of poles for the current feedback loop 552, the following is true:

[0074]

number

[0075] Here, the representation of the variables is shown, i fb is the feedback current in the loop (the drain current of transistor M1), and g m1 is the transconductance of transistor M1, C1 and C2 are capacitances coupled to nodes in the loop, and R is the resistance used in passive circuit branch 556.

[0076] The active or dominant pole may be represented by the following equation:

[0077]

number

[0078] Here, ω1 (for example, g m1 ) may depend on the bias of M1 transistor 553. Then, depending on the size of M1 transistor 553 and the current in M1 transistor 553, the quiescent current consumption of M1 transistor 553 may be selected to give the desired value of ω1.

[0079] The passive or non-dominant poles may be represented by the following equation:

[0080]

number

[0081] Furthermore, the natural frequency ω n but,

number

[0082] The quality factor (Q) is:

number

[0083] That is, in terms of bias current, distortion, and linearity trade-off considerations, the distortion of the BBF550 can dominate when used in a current-mode system or architecture. The pole pairs can track each other with respect to capacitor trimming. Additionally, for better process tracking, the g m can be made to track R, and g m R = Kbias (Equation 6). That is, g m1can be made proportional to 1 / R, so that as process and temperature shifts relative to BBF 550, the two poles provided by current feedback loop 552 can move by equal amounts to maintain the same phase margin over all temperatures.

[0084] Referring now to FIG. 6, if not absorbed, transistor M 2A BBF 600 is shown further comprising a current shunting element 602 that absorbs a portion of the current flowing through node A. Current shunting element 602 may be optional. Thus, in such an embodiment, node A may provide a band pass response and node B may provide a low pass response. In one or more embodiments, the drain current of current shunting element 602 may provide a high pass response. Thus, BBF 600 may provide a low pass or high pass function. In one or more embodiments, the drain current of current shunting element 602 may be sensed using a diode connected transistor (not shown).

[0085] Referring now to FIG. 7, three different BBF embodiments are shown, generally in accordance with BBFs 500 and 550. BBFs 700, 750, and 780 use different circuit elements in each passive circuit branch 706, 756, and 786, respectively. Each of BBFs 700, 750, and 780 can provide high-order filter characteristics. The passive circuit branches of each BBF can be realized in various ways using one or more individual passive circuit elements while still consuming no static power. In one or more embodiments, the passive circuit branches 706, 756, and 786, such as those associated with each of BBFs 700, 750, and 780, do not block DC current, thus allowing biasing at the gate of each transistor M1. As shown in BBF 700, the passive circuit branch 706 can comprise a resistor R and a capacitor C2 coupled in series. As shown in BBF 750, the passive circuit branch 756 may comprise a series coupled inductor L and capacitor C2. As shown in BBF 780, the passive circuit branch 786 may comprise a parallel coupled resistor R and capacitor C3, which may be series coupled together with capacitor C2. By varying the passive circuit branches, the transfer function of the BBF may be changed, so the selection of BBF embodiments 700, 750, and 780 may be made to meet system level filtering requirements.

[0086] Referring now to FIG. 8, a variable gain may be implemented at the output of each BBF. This allows for desirable filter characteristics using variable gain. As shown in FIG. 8, a mirroring stage 840 of the BBF 800 may be coupled to the feedback loop 802. The mirroring stage 840 may include a mirroring device 842, which may include one or more sub-unit mirroring devices 844, as shown. The mirroring device 842 provides the output of the BBF 800.

[0087] The mirroring devices 842 may be selectively operated, such as by a digital controller (not shown), to vary the gain at the output of the BBF 800. Indeed, in one or more embodiments, different sub-unit mirroring devices 844 of a parent mirroring device 842 may be operated differently to provide a wider range of variable gain. That is, different sub-unit mirroring devices 844 of a parent mirroring device 842 may be selectively separately operated, such as by one or more digital controllers (not shown), to vary the current ratios of the mirroring devices 842, and thus the gain.

[0088] The sub-unit mirroring device 844 can be realized with transistors, and thus the mirroring device 842 can be realized as a set of one or more transistors that can be ratioed to transistor M1 (841), such as to scale the current carried by transistor M1 (841).

[0089] 8, active circuit branch 804 and passive circuit branch 806 can provide a pair of poles separable in frequency, but additional circuitry 850 can be coupled between filter core stage 860 (including feedback loop 802) and mirroring stage 840 to provide the additional pole. The additional pole can have one or more advantages, such as three poles can be realized while introducing the distortion of only one transconductance stage.

[0090] The additional pole may be realized by an additional circuit portion 850 that includes one or more circuit elements, such as circuit elements that do not consume static power. As shown, the additional circuit portion 850 includes a resistor 852 and a capacitor C3 854, and thus the additional circuit portion does not consume static power. In other embodiments, alternative circuit elements may be employed.

[0091] 9, one or more BBFs may be coupled (e.g., cascaded) in a cascode system 900. A first secondary BBF 901 is shown coupled to a second secondary BBF 903. The bias transistor M is of the PMOS type in the case of BBF 901, using an NMOS transistor in BBF 901 and a PMOS transistor in BBF 903. PB , and the bias transistor M, which is an NMOS type in the case of BBF903. NB BBF 901 and 903), a wire 905 allows these two BBFs 901 and 903 to be coupled together. In particular, NMOS transistor M NX The drain of the PMOS transistor M 2P BBF 903, which may be an input terminal of BBF 903. The combination of BBF 901 and BBF 903 (e.g., cascaded system 900) represents a fourth-order system. In an embodiment, an additional secondary BBF, such as a copy of secondary BBF 901, may be further coupled to the output 907 of secondary BBF 903.

[0092] 10, a first tertiary BBF 1001 may similarly be coupled (e.g., cascaded) to a second tertiary BBF 1003. Again, opposite transistor types (PMOS vs. NMOS) may be used in the two BBFs 1001 and 1003, such that the BBFs 1001 and 1003 may be directly coupled by a wire 1005. The combination of the BBFs 1001 and 1003 (e.g., the cascaded system 1000) may represent a sixth order system. In an embodiment, an additional tertiary BBF, such as a copy of the tertiary BBF 1001, may be further coupled to the output 1007 of the tertiary BBF 1003.

[0093] 11 and 12 next show a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1100 that can facilitate a process for using a BBF device according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as device 500, 550, 600, 700, 750, 780, 800, 901, 903, 1001, or 1003, or combinations thereof. Although the non-limiting method 1100 is described in relation to device 550 of FIG. 5, device 800 of FIG. 8, and non-limiting system 100 of FIG. 1, the non-limiting method 1100 can also be applicable to other systems and / or devices described herein. Repetition of descriptions of similar elements and / or processes employed in each embodiment has been omitted for brevity.

[0094] At 1104, the non-limiting method 1100 can include outputting an output current by a baseband filter (e.g., device 500) that receives the input current, the baseband filter comprising a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop.

[0095] At 1106, non-limiting method 1100 can include coupling a baseband filter to an output stage coupled to a quantum processor (e.g., of quantum system 101). The baseband filter and the output stage can together define at least a portion of a radio frequency pulse generator coupled to the quantum processor.

[0096] At 1108, the non-limiting method 1100 may include outputting, by a system (e.g., the quantum system 101), a radio frequency output signal by a radio frequency pulse generator.

[0097] At 1110, the non-limiting method 1100 can include providing a pole pair that is separable in frequency by an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch (eg, by the feedback loop component 502).

[0098] At 1112, the non-limiting method 1100 may include operatively coupling additional circuitry by the system (e.g., quantum system 101) between the filter core stage of the baseband filter and the mirroring stage of the baseband filter.

[0099] At 1114, the non-limiting method 1100 may include providing an additional pole by the system (e.g., quantum system 101) realized by coupling additional circuitry (e.g., additional circuitry 850) between a filter core stage of the baseband filter including the feedback loop component and a mirroring stage of the baseband filter. That is, reference may be made to FIG.

[0100] The additional circuitry may be circuit elements that do not consume static power and may include passive components that do not consume static power, such as resistors and capacitors.

[0101] At 1116, the non-limiting method 1100 may include selectively activating a mirroring device of a baseband filter to vary a gain by a system (eg, the quantum system 101).

[0102] At 1118, the non-limiting method 1100 may include operably coupling the mirroring device to a feedback loop, by the system (e.g., the quantum system 101), and providing, by the system (e.g., the quantum system 101), an output of the current mode signal path of the baseband filter through the mirroring device.

[0103] 13 next illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary non-limiting method 1300 that can facilitate a process for using a BBF device in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein, such as devices 500, 550, 600, 700, 750, 780, or 800, or combinations thereof. Although the non-limiting method 1300 is described in relation to device 800 of FIG. 8 and non-limiting system 100 of FIG. 1, the non-limiting method 1300 can also be applicable to other systems and / or devices described herein. Repetition of descriptions of similar elements and / or processes employed in each embodiment has been omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0104] At 1304, the non-limiting method 1300 may include varying the gain of the digital-to-analog converter by the system (e.g., by the digital controller or the quantum controller 106 or both) or by the mirroring device by selectively activating one or more of the multiple mirroring sub-units of the mirroring device.

[0105] At 1306, the non-limiting method 1300 can include outputting, by the mirroring device, an output current, which can provide an output of the current-mode signal path of the baseband filter.

[0106] At 1308, non-limiting method 1300 may include selectively activating, by the mirroring device, two or more mirroring sub-units of the mirroring device at least partially simultaneously.

[0107] At 1310, the non-limiting method 1300 may include receiving, by a mirroring device, an output voltage from a feedback loop of an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch of the baseband filter.

[0108] At 1312, the non-limiting method 1300 may include providing a pole pair that is separable in frequency by an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch (eg, by the feedback loop component 802).

[0109] For ease of explanation, the computer-implemented methods and non-computer-implemented methods provided herein are depicted and / or described as a series of operations. The subject innovation is not limited by the operations depicted and / or by the order of operations, e.g., operations can occur in one or more orders, or simultaneously, or both, with other operations not presented and described herein. Moreover, not all depicted operations may be utilized to practice the computer-implemented methods and non-computer-implemented methods in accordance with the described subject matter. In addition, the computer-implemented methods and non-computer-implemented methods may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events via a state diagram. Furthermore, to facilitate transporting and transferring the computer-implemented methods to a computer, the computer-implemented methods described below and throughout this specification may be stored in an article of manufacture. The term article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or computer-readable storage medium.

[0110] In summary, one or more systems, devices, or methods of use, or combinations thereof, provided herein relate to a baseband filter that may be used in an end-to-end current-mode signal path. The end-to-end current-mode signal path may include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) operating in a current mode, and an up-converting mixer operably coupled to the DAC, also operating in a current mode. In one or more embodiments, the device used in the signal path may include a baseband filter that receives an input current and outputs an output current. The baseband filter may include a feedback loop component that includes an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop. A mirroring device may be coupled to the feedback loop component and may provide an output of the device. The gain of the mirroring device, etc., may be changed by selectively activating the mirroring device.

[0111] An advantage of the aforementioned device, system, or method, or combination thereof, can be the implementability of a current-mode signal path that can provide an avenue for current reuse between the baseband filter and adjacent stages in the signal chain. Current usage can be reduced by employing the aforementioned feedback loop due to the use of passive circuit branches that consume little or no static power. Current-mode signal paths can be employed to limit undesirable distortion products by avoiding the introduction of additional current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions in each signal path. Furthermore, the structure and function of the baseband filter can be matched with low impedances at the various circuit interfaces of each signal path and / or the RF pulse generator, improving both the linearity and bandwidth of the circuit. In connection therewith, in connection with a signal chain employing a baseband filter, current can be reused, power efficiency can be improved, and distortion products can be reduced. Another advantage of current-mode filters can be that linear functions such as addition and subtraction can be realized by point-coupling the outputs of the circuits together, a technique that is power efficient and compatible with low supply voltages.

[0112] Indeed, the various baseband filters described herein, in terms of their respective structures, can receive a low impedance current mode input, can provide a current source output, and can be power efficient using passive feedback. One or more of the baseband filters described herein can be used as a transimpedance amplifier / filter. Furthermore, cascading multiple current mode filters as described herein can be seamless.

[0113] Additionally, the current-mode BBF embodiments provided herein can provide an avenue for current reuse and low distortion that can be well tailored to the requirements of cryogenic waveform generation. One or more embodiments described herein can be suitable for quantum-based applications, such as waveform generation for controlling one or more quantum bits, such as superconducting qubits. The techniques described herein can also be applicable to other high-bandwidth communication systems and can be implemented in commercially available CMOS technology. The approach of one or more example embodiments described herein can provide an innovative strategy for implementing CMOS-controlled pulse generation analog circuits to enable improved scalability of future quantum computing systems, and thus can serve as a building block for cryogenic CMOS implementations.

[0114] A benefit of the aforementioned advantages can be the ability to use less power in association with manipulating one or more qubits of a quantum system. The reduced power consumption can allow for greater scaling of the qubits of the quantum system. Additionally, the device and / or system components can be used in or in association with a cryogenic chamber, such as a dilution refrigerator, or both. Another related advantage can be the ability to realize a wider range of gains in terms of the separate varying subunits of the mirroring device used.

[0115] Indeed, in view of one or more embodiments described herein, a practical application of the devices described herein can be a reduction in power consumption in connection with the waveforms generated to control one or more qubits of a quantum system. The reduction in power consumption can, in one or more cases, enable the integration of more qubits at extremely low temperatures. This is a useful practical application of the computer, especially considering the mitigation of noise and / or other effects on reducing decoherence of the employed qubits, thus facilitating improved (e.g., improved and / or optimized) operation of the employed qubits. These improvements can include increased accuracy of quantum results and / or increased availability of the employed qubits. Overall, such computerized tools can constitute a concrete, tangible technological improvement in the field of quantum computing.

[0116] Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein may be employed in real-world systems based on the disclosed subject matter. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may function within a quantum system that may receive a quantum job request as an input and may measure real-world qubit states of one or more qubits, such as superconducting qubits, of the quantum system. For example, with respect to a DAC device described herein, the DAC device may facilitate waveform generation in connection with effecting one or more states of one or more qubits.

[0117] Additionally, the devices and / or methods described herein may be implemented in one or more domains, such as the quantum domain, to enable scaled quantum program execution. Indeed, use of devices as described herein may be scalable, such as where the devices described herein may be employed to generate waveforms in association with one or more qubits of a multi-qubit system.

[0118] Systems and / or devices have been described (and / or further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include those components or subcomponents designated therein, one or more of the designated components and / or subcomponents, or additional components, or combinations thereof. Subcomponents may be implemented as components that are communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides a collective functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for brevity but known by those skilled in the art.

[0119] One or more embodiments described herein may, in one or more embodiments, essentially or intimately relate to computer technology and may not be implemented outside of a computing environment. For example, one or more processes performed by one or more embodiments described herein may facilitate the execution of programs and / or program instructions in a more efficient and even more executable manner, such as in connection with RF signal generation and / or waveform generation, as compared to existing systems and / or techniques. Systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products that facilitate the execution of these processes, or combinations thereof, would be highly useful in the fields of quantum computing and superconducting quantum systems and may not be equally executable implemented in a sensible manner outside of a computing environment.

[0120] One or more embodiments described herein may employ hardware and / or software to solve highly technical problems that are not abstract and cannot be implemented as a series of mental activities by a human being. For example, a single human being, or even thousands of humans, cannot vary the gain and / or generate RF signals and / or waveforms as efficiently, accurately, or effectively, or in combination, as one or more embodiments described herein can facilitate this process. Furthermore, neither the human mind nor a human with pen and paper can electronically vary the gain and / or generate RF signals and / or waveforms as performed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes described herein may be executed by one or more specialized computers (e.g., specialized processing units, specialized classical computers, specialized quantum computers, specialized hybrid classical / quantum systems, or another type of specialized computer, or a combination thereof) to perform defined tasks associated with one or more of the techniques described above. One or more embodiments and / or components of the embodiments described herein may be employed to solve new problems that arise due to advances in the aforementioned technologies, quantum computing systems, cloud computing systems, computer architectures, or another technique, or a combination thereof.

[0122] One or more embodiments described herein may be fully operable to perform one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on, fully running, or another function, or a combination thereof) while also performing one or more operations described herein.

[0123] 14-16, additional background details are provided regarding one or more embodiments described herein in FIGS. 1-13.

[0124] FIG. 14 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief overview of a suitable operating environment 1400 in which one or more embodiments described herein in FIGS. 1-13 may be implemented. For example, one or more components of the embodiments described herein, or other functions, features, or elements, or combinations thereof, may be associated with the operating environment 1400, such as being implemented within or accessible via the operating environment 1400. Additionally, while one or more embodiments are described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may be executed on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments may also be implemented in combination with other program modules, or as a combination of hardware and software, or both.

[0125] Typically, a program module includes routines, programs, components, data structures, or the like, or combinations thereof, that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types.Furthermore, it will be appreciated that one or more of the methods of the present invention can be practiced using other computer system configurations, including single or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, as well as personal computers, handheld computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, or the like, or combinations thereof, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

[0126] A computing device typically includes a variety of media, which may include computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage media, or communication media, or a combination thereof, and in this specification, the two terms are used differently from each other as follows. A computer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium can be any available storage medium that can be accessed by a computer, and includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, a computer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium or both may be implemented in association with any method or technology for storage of information, such as, but not limited to, computer-readable and / or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured and / or unstructured data.

[0127] A computer readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) or other optical disk storage or combinations thereof, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tapes, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices or combinations thereof, solid state drives or other solid state storage devices, or other tangible and / or non-transitory media that may be used to store the identified information. In this regard, the terms "tangible" or "non-transient" in this specification, when applied to storage, memory, or computer-readable media, should be understood to exclude only propagating, ephemeral signals as modifiers, and not to disclaim any claim to all standard storage, memory, or computer-readable media that are not themselves merely propagating, ephemeral signals.

[0128] The computer-readable storage medium may be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices for various operations on the information stored by the medium, for example, via access requests, queries, or other data retrieval protocols, or a combination thereof.

[0129] Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal, such as a modulated data signal (e.g., carrier wave or other transport mechanism) and includes any information delivery or transport media. The term "modulated data signal" refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, or wireless media, such as acoustic, RF, infrared, or other wireless media, or combinations thereof.

[0130] 14, an exemplary operating environment 1400 for implementing one or more embodiments described herein can include a computer 1402 including a processing unit 1406, a system memory 1404, and / or a system bus 1408. One or more structural relationships, functions, or features of the processing unit 1406, or a combination thereof, can be applied to a processor and / or controller, such as 106, of the non-limiting system 100. The processing unit 1406 can be implemented in combination with or as a replacement for a processor and / or controller, such as 106.

[0131] Memory 1404 can store components and / or instructions that can be read, written, or executed, or a combination thereof, by one or more computers and / or machines, which, when executed by processing unit 1406 (e.g., a classical processor, a quantum processor, or the like, or a combination thereof), can facilitate performance of operations defined by the executable components and / or instructions. For example, memory 1404 can store components and / or instructions that can be read, written, or executed, or a combination thereof, by a computer and / or machine, which, when executed by processing unit 1406, can facilitate performance of one or more functions described herein in connection with non-limiting system 100, as described herein with or without reference to one or more figures of one or more embodiments.

[0132] The memory 1404 may include volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), or the like, or a combination thereof) and / or non-volatile memory (e.g., read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), or the like, or a combination thereof), which may employ one or more memory architectures.

[0133] The processing unit 1406 may include one or more types of processors and / or electronic circuitry (e.g., classical, quantum, or similar processors, or a combination thereof) that may implement components and / or instructions that may be stored in the memory 1404 that may be readable, written, and / or executed by one or more computers and / or machines. For example, the processing unit 1406 may perform one or more operations, including but not limited to, logic, control, input / output (I / O), arithmetic, and / or the like, that may be specified by components and / or instructions that may be readable, written, and / or executed by a computer and / or machine. In one or more embodiments, the processing unit 1406 may be any of one or more commercially available processors. In one or more embodiments, the processing unit 1406 may include one or more central processing units, multi-core processors, microprocessors, dual microprocessors, microcontrollers, system on a chip (SOC), array processors, vector processors, quantum processors, or other types of processors, or combinations thereof. Examples of the processing unit 1406 may be employed to implement any one or more embodiments described herein.

[0134] The system bus 1408 may couple system components, including but not limited to the system memory 1404, to the processing unit 1406. The system bus 1408 may include one or more types of bus structures that may be further interconnected to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, or a local bus, or combinations thereof, using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1404 may include a ROM 1410 and / or a RAM 1412. A basic input / output system (BIOS) may be stored in a non-volatile memory, such as a ROM, an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or an EEPROM, or combinations thereof, and the BIOS contains basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the computer 1402, such as during start-up. The RAM 1412 may include a high-speed RAM, such as a static RAM, for caching data.

[0135] The computer 1402 may include an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 1414 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices 1416 (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD), a memory stick or flash drive reader, a memory card reader, or the like, or a combination thereof), and / or a drive 1420 (e.g., a solid-state drive or optical disk drive that can read from or write to a disk 1422, such as a CD-ROM disk, DVD, BD, or the like, or a combination thereof). Additionally and / or alternatively, if a solid-state drive is included, the disk 1422 may not be included unless it is separate. Although the internal HDD 1414 is shown as being within the computer 1402, the internal HDD 1414 may also be configured for use within an external suitable enclosure (not shown). Additionally, although not shown in the operating environment 1400, a solid state drive (SSD) may be used in addition to or in place of the HDD 1414. The HDD 1414, the external storage device 1416, and the drive 1420 may be coupled to the system bus 1408 by an HDD interface 1424, an external storage interface 1426, and a drive interface 1428, respectively. The HDD interface 1424 for external drive implementations may include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface technology and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interface technology. Other external drive connection technologies are within the contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

[0136] The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide non-volatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and the like. The drives and storage media of the computer 1402 accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the above description of computer-readable storage media refers to various storage devices, other types of storage media that can be read by a computer, whether currently existing or developed in the future, may also be used within the exemplary operating environment, or any such storage media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein.

[0137] A number of program modules, including an operating system 1430, one or more applications 1432, other program modules 1434, and / or program data 1436, may be stored in the drives and RAM 1412. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and / or data may be cached in RAM 1412. The systems and / or methods described herein may be implemented using one or more commercially available operating systems and / or combinations of operating systems.

[0138] The computer 1402 may optionally include emulation technology. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary may emulate the hardware environment of the operating system 1430, and the emulated hardware may optionally be different than the hardware shown in FIG. 14. In a related embodiment, the operating system 1430 may include one of a number of virtual machines (VMs) hosted on the computer 1402. Additionally, the operating system 1430 may provide a runtime environment, such as the JAVA® runtime environment or the .NET framework, to the application 1432. The runtime environment is a consistent execution environment that may enable the application 1432 to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, the operating system 1430 may support containers, and the application 1432 may be in the form of a container, which is a lightweight, standalone, executable software package that includes, for example, code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and / or settings for the application.

[0139] Additionally, computer 1402 may be enabled with a security module, such as a trusted processing module (TPM). For example, with a TPM, a boot component may hash the next boot component in time and wait for a match of the hash result with a protected value before loading the next boot component. This process may occur at any layer within the code execution stack of computer 1402, for example, applied at the application execution level or at the operating system (OS) kernel level, or both, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution.

[0140] An entity may input and / or send commands and / or information to the computer 1402 via one or more wired / wireless input devices (e.g., a keyboard 1438, a touch screen 1440, and / or a pointing device such as a mouse 1442). Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control, or other remote control, or a combination thereof, a joystick, a virtual reality controller or virtual reality headset, or both, a game pad, a stylus, an image input device (e.g., a camera), a gesture sensor input device, a visual movement sensor input device, an emotion or face detection device, a biometric input device (e.g., a fingerprint or iris scanner, or both), or the like, or a combination thereof. These and other input devices may often be coupled to the processing unit 1406 via an input device interface 1444 which may be coupled to the system bus 1408, but may also be coupled by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH® interface, or the like, or combinations thereof.

[0141] A monitor 1446 or other type of display device may alternatively and / or additionally be coupled to the system bus 1408 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1448. In addition to the monitor 1446, a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0142] The computer 1402 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and / or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 1450. The remote computer 1450 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, a portable computer, a microprocessor-based entertainment device, a peer device, or other common network node, or a combination thereof, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1402, although for simplicity only a memory / storage device 1452 is shown. Additionally and / or alternatively, computer 1402 may be communicatively coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, or the like, or a combination thereof) to one or more external systems, sources, or devices (e.g., classical and / or quantum computing devices, communication devices, or the like, or a combination thereof) via a data cable (e.g., a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), recommended standard (RS) 232, Ethernet cable, or the like, or a combination thereof).

[0143] In one or more embodiments, the network may include one or more wired and / or wireless networks, including, but not limited to, a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local area network (LAN). For example, one or more embodiments described herein may be used in conjunction with wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced general packet radio service (enhanced GPRS), third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LET), third generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2) ultra mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA), Zigbee, and other 802.11b standards.XX The device may communicate with (and vice versa) one or more external systems, sources, or devices (e.g., computing devices) or any combination thereof using virtually any specified wired or wireless technology, including, but not limited to, wireless and / or legacy communication technologies, BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, IPv6 over Low power Wireless Area Networks (6LoWPAN), Z-Wave, ANT, ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocols, and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols. In a related example, one or more embodiments described herein may include hardware (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a transceiver, a decoder, quantum hardware, a quantum processor, or the like, or a combination thereof), software (e.g., a set of threads, a set of processes, running software, a quantum pulse schedule, a quantum circuit, a quantum gate, or the like, or a combination thereof), or a combination of hardware or software or both, that facilitates the transfer of information between one or more embodiments described herein and an external system, source, or device (e.g., a computing device, a communication device, or the like, or a combination thereof).

[0144] The logical connections depicted in the figure include wired / wireless connections to a local area network (LAN) 1454 or larger networks, such as a wide area network (WAN) 1456. LAN and WAN networking environments may be commonplace in offices and companies, facilitating enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network (e.g., the Internet).

[0145] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1402 may be coupled to the local network 1454 via a wired and / or wireless communication network interface or adapter 1458. The adapter 1458 may facilitate wired and / or wireless communication with the LAN 1454, which may also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed for communicating with the adapter 1458 in a wireless mode.

[0146] When used in a WAN network environment, the computer 1402 may include a modem 1460 or may be coupled to a communications server on the WAN 1456 by other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1456, such as via the Internet, or both. The modem 1460, which may be a wired and / or wireless device that is internal and / or external, may be coupled to the system bus 1408 via the input device interface 1444. In a network environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1402 or portions thereof may be stored in a remote memory / storage device 1452. The network connections shown are merely examples and one or more other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0147] When used in either a LAN or WAN network environment, the computer 1402 may access a cloud storage system or other network-based storage system, such as, but not limited to, a networked virtual machine, that provides one or more aspects of information storage and / or processing in addition to or instead of the external storage device 1416 as previously described, when used in either a LAN or WAN network environment. In general, a connection between the computer 1402 and the cloud storage system may be established via the LAN 1454 or the WAN 1456, for example, by an adapter 1458 or a modem 1460, respectively. Upon coupling the computer 1402 to an associated cloud storage system, the external storage interface 1426 may manage the storage provided by the cloud storage system as well as other types of external storage, such as by using the adapter 1458 or the modem 1460, or both. For example, the external storage interface 1426 may be configured to provide access to the cloud storage sources as if the cloud storage sources were physically coupled to the computer 1402.

[0148] The computer 1402 may be operable to communicate with any wireless device or entity operatively disposed in wireless communication (e.g., a printer, a scanner, a desktop computer or portable computer or both, a portable data assistant, a communications satellite, a telephone, or any piece or location of equipment associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, a newsstand, a store shelf, or the like, or any combination thereof). This communication may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, this communication may be of a predefined structure, similar to a conventional network, or may simply be an ad-hoc communication between at least two devices.

[0149] Example embodiments described herein may be used in conjunction with distributed computing environments (e.g., cloud computing environments) where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network, such as the distributed computing environment described below with respect to Figure 15. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in local and / or remote memory storage devices.

[0150] For example, one or more embodiments or one or more components of embodiments described herein may employ one or more computational resources of a cloud computing environment 1550 described below with reference to FIG. 15 or with reference to one or more functional abstraction layers (e.g., quantum software, and / or the like) described below with reference to FIG. 16 to perform one or more operations in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. For example, the cloud computing environment 1550, or one or more of the functional abstraction layers 1660, 1670, 1680, or 1690, or combinations thereof, may include one or more classical computing devices (e.g., classical computers, classical processors, virtual machines, servers, or the like, or combinations thereof), quantum hardware, and / or quantum software (e.g., quantum computing devices, quantum computers, quantum processors, quantum circuit simulation software, superconducting circuits, and / or the like), that may be employed by one or more embodiments or components of embodiments described herein to perform one or more operations in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. For example, one or more embodiments and / or components of embodiments described herein may use one or more such classical and / or quantum computing resources to execute one or more classical and / or quantum mathematical functions, calculations, or equations, or combinations thereof, computational and / or processing scripts, algorithms, models (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) models, machine learning (ML) models, or similar models, or combinations thereof), or other operations in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein, or combinations thereof.

[0151] Although one or more embodiments described herein include detailed descriptions of cloud computing, it should be understood that implementation of the subject matter presented herein is not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.

[0152] Cloud computing is a service delivery model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computational resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) and for rapidly provisioning and releasing these resources with minimal administrative effort or interaction with the service provider. This cloud model can include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.

[0153] The features are as follows:

[0154] On-Demand Self-Service: Cloud customers can automatically provision server time and computing power, such as network storage, as needed, without the need for unilateral, human interaction with the service provider.

[0155] Broad network access: Cloud capabilities are available over the network and can be accessed using standard mechanisms, facilitating usage by heterogeneous thin- or thick-client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

[0156] Resource Pool: The provider's computing resources are pooled and offered to multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model. Different physical and virtual resources are dynamically allocated and reallocated according to demand. There is a sense of location independence, consumers typically have no control or knowledge regarding the exact location of the resources offered, although at a higher level of abstraction they can specify the location (e.g. country, state, and / or data center).

[0157] Rapid Elasticity: Cloud capacity can be rapidly and elastically provisioned automatically in one or more cases, quickly scaled out, and quickly released to quickly scale in. Capacity available for provisioning can appear to consumers as unlimited and available for purchase in any quantity at any time.

[0158] Metered Services: Cloud systems leverage metering to automatically control and optimize resource usage at one or more levels of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and / or active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency to both providers and consumers of the services utilized.

[0159] The service model is as follows:

[0160] SaaS (Software as a Service): The capability provided to the consumer is the use of the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. Those applications can be accessed from a variety of client devices through thin-client interfaces such as web browsers (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including networks, servers, operating systems, storage, or individual application functionality, or any combination thereof, except for the possibility of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

[0161] PaaS (Platform as a Service): The capability provided to a customer is to deploy applications that the customer creates or acquires, written using programming languages ​​and tools supported by the provider, onto a cloud infrastructure. The customer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including networks, servers, operating systems, and / or storage, but does have control over the deployed applications and, in some cases, the configuration of the application hosting environment.

[0162] Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The capability provided to a customer is the provisioning of processing, storage, network, or other basic computing resources, or a combination thereof, onto which the customer can deploy and run any software, which may include operating systems and applications. The customer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but has control over the operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and in some cases, limited control over selected network components (e.g., host firewalls).

[0163] The deployment model is as follows:

[0164] Private Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is operated solely for the organization. It can be managed by the organization or a third party and can exist on-premise or off-premise.

[0165] Community Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is shared by multiple organizations to support a specific community that has a shared concern (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy and / or compliance considerations). It can be managed by the organization or a third party and can exist on-premise or off-premise.

[0166] Public Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is available for use by general users or large industry organizations and is owned by an organization that sells cloud services.

[0167] Hybrid cloud: This cloud infrastructure is a combination of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technologies that allow for the portability of data and applications (e.g., cloud bursting to balance the load between clouds).

[0168] A cloud computing environment is a service-oriented environment with an emphasis on statelessness, loose coupling, modularity, and / or semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that contains a network of interconnected nodes.

[0169] Additionally, the non-limiting system 100, or combinations thereof, and / or the exemplary operating environment 1400, may be associated with or included in a data analysis system, a data processing system, a graph analysis system, a graph processing system, a big data system, a social network system, a voice recognition system, an image recognition system, a graphical modeling system, a bioinformatics system, a data compression system, an artificial intelligence system, an authentication system, a syntactic pattern recognition system, a medical system, a health monitoring system, a network system, a computer network system, a communication system, a router system, a server system, a high availability server system (e.g., a telecommunications server system), a web server system, a file server system, a data server system, a disk array system, a powered insertion board system, a cloud-based system, or the like, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, the non-limiting system 100, or combinations thereof, or the exemplary operating environment 1400, or both, may be employed using hardware and / or software to solve problems that are highly technical in nature that are not abstract and / or cannot be implemented as a series of mental activities by a human being.

[0170] Referring now to details of one or more aspects depicted in FIG. 15, an exemplary cloud computing environment 1550 is illustrated. As depicted, the cloud computing environment 1550 includes one or more cloud computing nodes 1510 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers (e.g., personal digital assistant (PDA) or cell phone 1554A, desktop computer 1554B, laptop computer 1554C, or automotive computer system 1554N, or combinations thereof) can communicate. Although not depicted in FIG. 15, the cloud computing nodes 1510 may further comprise a quantum platform (e.g., quantum computer, quantum hardware, quantum software, or the like, or combinations thereof) with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers can communicate. The cloud computing nodes 1510 may communicate with each other. The nodes 1510 may be physically or virtually grouped together in one or more networks (not depicted), such as in a private cloud, community cloud, or hybrid cloud, or combinations thereof, as previously described herein. This allows the cloud computing environment 1550 to provide an infrastructure, platform, and / or SaaS that does not require cloud consumers to maintain resources on local computing devices. It is understood that the types of computing devices 1554A-N shown in Figure 15 are intended to be exemplary only, and that the cloud computing node 1510 and cloud computing environment 1550 can communicate with any type of computer-controlled device via any type of network and / or network-addressable connection (e.g., a connection using a web browser).

[0171] Referring now to details of one or more elements depicted in FIG. 16, a set of functional abstraction layers is depicted, such as the set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment 1550 (FIG. 15). One or more embodiments described herein may be associated, such as accessible, through one or more functional abstraction layers (e.g., hardware and software layer 1660, virtualization layer 1670, management layer 1680, and / or workload layer 1690) described below with reference to FIG. 16. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and / or combinations thereof depicted in FIG. 16 are intended to be illustrative only, and that the embodiments described herein are not limited thereto. As depicted in the figure, the following layers and / or corresponding functionality are provided:

[0172] The hardware and software layer 1660 may include hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes 1661, Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture based servers 1662, servers 1663, blade servers 1664, storage devices 1665, and / or networks and / or network components 1666. In one or more embodiments, the software components may include network application server software 1667, quantum platform routing software 1668, and / or quantum software (not shown in FIG. 16).

[0173] The virtualization layer 1670 may comprise an abstraction layer that can provide virtual entities such as virtual servers 1671, virtual storage 1672, virtual networks including virtual private networks 1673, virtual applications and / or operating systems 1674, and / or virtual clients 1675.

[0174] In one example, the management layer 1680 can provide the functionality described below. Resource provisioning 1681 can provide dynamic procurement of computational and other resources that can be utilized to execute tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and pricing 1682 can provide cost tracking and / or billing and / or invoicing for the utilization of resources within the cloud computing environment. In one example, the resources can include one or more application software licenses. Security can provide identity verification of cloud consumers and / or tasks, as well as protection of data and / or other resources. User (or entity) portal 1683 can provide consumers and system administrators with access to the cloud computing environment. Service level management 1684 can provide allocation and / or management of cloud computational resources to meet required service levels. Service level agreement (SLA) planning and execution 1685 can provide advance provisioning and procurement of cloud computational resources in anticipation of upcoming demands and in accordance with SLAs.

[0175] The Workloads layer 1690 may represent examples of functionality available in a cloud computing environment. Non-limiting examples of workloads and functionality that may be provided from this layer include mapping and navigation 1691, software development and lifecycle management 1692, virtual classroom instruction delivery 1693, data analytics processing 1694, transaction processing 1695, and / or application transformation software 1696.

[0176] The embodiments described herein may be directed to one or more of a system, method, apparatus, or computer program product, or combinations thereof, at any possible level of technical detail of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium that includes computer readable program instructions for causing a processor to execute features and / or functions of one or more embodiments described herein. The computer readable storage medium may be a tangible device that can hold and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, or a superconducting storage device, or any suitable combination thereof. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of computer readable storage media may include portable floppy disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, or mechanically encoded devices such as punch cards or raised structures in grooves on which instructions are recorded, or any suitable combination of these. As used herein, computer readable storage media should not be construed as being signals that are themselves ephemeral, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves or both, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission medium (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber optic cable) or both, or electrical signals transmitted over wires, or combinations thereof.

[0177] The computer readable program instructions described herein may be downloaded from a computer readable storage medium to each computing device / processing device, or to an external computer or external storage device, or both, over a network (e.g., the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a wireless network, or a combination thereof). This network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fiber, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface within each computing device / processing device receives the computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards those computer readable program instructions for storage on a computer readable storage medium within each computing device / processing device. The computer readable program instructions for carrying out the operations of one or more embodiments described herein can be source and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, configuration data for an integrated circuit, and / or object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Smalltalk®, C++, and / or procedural programming languages ​​such as the “C” programming language and / or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions can be executed entirely on the computer, partially on the computer as a stand-alone software package, partially on the computer or partially on a remote computer, or both, or entirely on a remote computer or a server, or both, or combinations thereof.In the latter scenario, the remote computer can be coupled to the computer via any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or both, and / or the connection can be made to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In one or more embodiments, to perform the features and / or functions of one or more embodiments described herein, electronic circuitry, including, for example, programmable logic circuits, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), or combinations thereof, can execute computer-readable program instructions to customize the electronic circuitry by utilizing state information of the computer-readable program instructions.

[0178] One or more embodiments described herein are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks included in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions. These computer-readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing device, or a combination thereof, to create a machine, such that the instructions, executed via a processor of the computer or other programmable data processing device, can create means for performing the functions / operations specified in one or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams. These computer-readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium and can instruct a computer, programmable data processing device, or other device, or a combination thereof, to function in a particular manner, such that the computer-readable storage medium on which the instructions are stored can include a product including instructions that can perform aspects of the functions / operations specified in one or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams. Computer readable program instructions may also be loaded into a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device, or combination thereof, such that the instructions, executed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device, or combination thereof, perform the functions / operations specified in one or more blocks of the flowcharts and / or block diagrams, thereby causing a series of operable operations to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device, or combination thereof, to generate a computer-implemented process.

[0179] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and / or operation of possible implementations of a system, computer-implementable method, or computer program product, or combination thereof, according to one or more embodiments described herein. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, or a combination thereof, including one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function. In one or more alternative implementations, the functions shown in the blocks may occur in a different order than the order shown in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may be executed substantially simultaneously or may be executed in reverse order, or both, depending on the functionality involved. It is also noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, or combinations of blocks included in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by a dedicated hardware-based system capable of performing the specified functions and / or operations, or one or more combinations of dedicated hardware and / or computer instructions and / or both.

[0180] Although the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program product executed on one or more computers, or both, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments herein may also be implemented in combination with one or more other program modules. Typically, a program module includes routines, programs, components, data structures, or the like, or combinations thereof, that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types. Furthermore, the computer-implemented methods of the present invention may be practiced using other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multi-processor computer systems or both, minicomputing devices, mainframe computers, as well as computers, handheld computing devices (e.g., PDAs, phones), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and / or industrial electronics, or the like, or combinations thereof. The illustrated elements, components, etc. may also be practiced in distributed computing environments in which tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network. However, one or more aspects, if not all components, elements and / or features of one or more embodiments described herein may be practiced on a stand-alone computer. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0181] As used in this application, the terms "component", "system", "platform", "interface", or the like, or combinations thereof, can refer to or include a computer-related entity or an operable machine-related entity that includes one or more particular functions. The entities described herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, or a computer, or combinations thereof. As an example, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and / or a thread of execution, and a component can be localized on one computer or distributed between two or more computers, or both. In another example, each component can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. A component may communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to signals containing one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component communicating with another component in a local or distributed system, or communicating with other systems via signals over a network such as the Internet, or both). As another example, a component may be a device having a specific function provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuits, and operated by software and / or firmware applications executed by a processor.In such cases, the processor may be internal and / or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software and / or firmware applications. As yet another example, the components may be devices that provide certain functionality through electronic components that do not include mechanical parts, and those electronic components may include a processor and / or other means for executing software and / or firmware that provides at least a portion of the functionality of the electronic components. In one embodiment, the components may emulate the electronic components through a virtual machine, for example in a cloud computing system.

[0182] In addition, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive or rather than an exclusive or. That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from the context, "X employs A or B" is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A, or X employs B, or X employs both A and B, then "X employs A or B" is satisfied in any of the foregoing cases. Furthermore, the articles "a" and "an" used in this specification and the accompanying drawings should generally be construed to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clear from the context to cover the singular form. As used herein, the terms "example" and / or "exemplary" are used to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter described herein is not limited by such examples. Additionally, any aspect or design described herein as "example" and / or "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, and is not intended to exclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0183] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to substantially any computational processing unit and / or device, including, but not limited to, a single-core processor, a single processor with software multithreaded execution capabilities, a multi-core processor, a multi-core processor with software multithreaded execution capabilities, a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading techniques, a parallel platform, or a parallel platform with distributed shared memory, or combinations thereof. Additionally, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, or discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. Additionally, a processor may utilize nanoscale architectures, such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum dot-based transistors, switches, or gates, or combinations thereof, to optimize space utilization and / or improve the performance of associated equipment. A processor may be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

[0184] As used herein, terms such as "store," "storage," "data store," "data storage," "database," and substantially any other information storage component relating to the operation and functionality of a component are used to refer to a "memory component," an entity embodied in a "memory," or a component comprising a memory. The memory and / or memory components described herein can be either volatile or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. Examples of nonvolatile memory include, but are not limited to, read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM)). Volatile memory can include RAM, which can act as an external cache memory, for example. For example, RAM can be available in many forms, such as, but not limited to, synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), or Rambus dynamic RAM (RDRAM), or combinations thereof. Additionally, memory components described in systems and / or computer-implemented methods herein are intended to include memory including, but not limited to, these or any other suitable types of memory or both.

[0185] The foregoing includes merely examples of systems and computer-implemented methods. Of course, for purposes of describing one or more embodiments, it is not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and / or computer-implemented methods, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and / or permutations of one or more embodiments are possible. Furthermore, to the extent terms such as "including," "having," "possessing," and the like are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices, and drawings, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a similar manner to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when used as a transitional term in the claims.

[0186] The description of one or more embodiments is presented for illustrative purposes, but is not intended to be exhaustive and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Many changes and modifications that do not depart from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The terms used in this specification are selected to best explain the principles of the embodiments, practical applications, or technical improvements beyond the technology found in the market, or combinations thereof, or to allow other skilled in the art to understand the embodiments described herein, or both.

Claims

1. 1. A device comprising: a baseband filter for receiving an input current and outputting an output current, the baseband filter comprising: A device comprising a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the active circuit branch and the passive circuit branch together provide a pole pair that is separable in frequency.

3. The baseband filter comprises: A mirroring stage; and additional circuitry coupled between the filter core stage including the feedback loop component and the mirroring stage; The device of claim 2 , wherein the additional circuit portion provides an additional pole.

4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the additional circuitry comprises a resistor and a capacitor.

5. The baseband filter comprises: The device of claim 1 , further comprising a mirroring device coupled to the feedback loop component to provide an output of the device.

6. The device of claim 5 , wherein selective activation of the mirroring devices varies gain.

7. The baseband filter comprises: additional circuitry coupled to the filter core stage; a mirroring stage coupled to the additional circuit portion; the filter core stage includes the feedback loop component; 7. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mirroring stage is coupled to the feedback loop component to provide an output of the device.

8. a baseband filter for receiving an input current and providing an output current, the baseband filter comprising a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop; an output stage coupled to the baseband filter.

9. The baseband filter comprises: an output stage comprising a current mirror coupled to the feedback loop; 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the feedback loop and the output stage together define a current-mode signal path.

10. 10. A system according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the active circuit branch and the passive circuit branch together provide a pole pair that is separable in frequency.

11. The baseband filter comprises: A mirroring stage; and additional circuitry coupled between the filter core stage including the feedback loop component and the mirroring stage; The system of claim 10 , wherein the additional circuit portion provides an additional pole.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the additional circuitry comprises a resistor and a capacitor.

13. The baseband filter comprises: a mirroring device coupled to the feedback loop component to provide an output of the baseband filter; 13. A system as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein selective activation of the mirroring devices varies gain.

14. 1. A method comprising: outputting an output current by a baseband filter that receives an input current, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, the baseband filter comprising a feedback loop component including an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop.

15. and further comprising operatively coupling, by the system, the baseband filter to an output stage coupled to a processor; The method of claim 14 , wherein the baseband filter and the output stage together define at least a portion of a radio frequency pulse generator coupled to the processor.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising outputting, by the system, a radio frequency output signal by the radio frequency pulse generator.

17. providing a pole pair that is separable in frequency by the active circuit branch and the passive circuit branch of the baseband filter of the system; and operatively coupling, by the system, additional circuitry between a filter core stage of the baseband filter including the feedback loop component and a mirroring stage of the baseband filter, the method comprising:

17. A method as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the additional circuit portion provides an additional pole.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the additional circuitry is circuit elements that do not consume static power and comprises resistors and capacitors.

19. 19. The method according to any of claims 14 to 18, wherein the passive circuit branch is a circuit branch that does not consume static power.

20. selectively activating mirroring devices of the baseband filters to vary gains by the system; 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the mirroring device is coupled to the feedback loop to provide an output of a current-mode signal path of the baseband filter.

21. Varying a gain of a digital-to-analog converter by selectively activating, by a mirroring device, one or more of a plurality of mirroring sub-units of said mirroring device; outputting an output current by the mirroring device, the mirroring device providing an output of a current mode signal path of a baseband filter; receiving, by the mirroring device, a voltage from a feedback loop comprising both an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch of the baseband filter.

22. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: varying the gain comprises selectively activating, by the mirroring device, two or more mirroring sub-units of the mirroring device at least partially simultaneously with one another.

23. 1. A device comprising a baseband filter for outputting an output current based on an input current, the baseband filter comprising: a first transistor including a source, a gate, and a drain, the source coupled to an input terminal, the gate coupled to a bias voltage, and the drain coupled to a capacitance source, the capacitance source providing a first pole; A second transistor; and a passive branch coupling the drain of the first transistor to a gate of the second transistor, the passive branch providing a second pole.

24. 24. The device of claim 23, wherein a source of the second transistor is coupled to ground or to a power supply and a drain of the second transistor is coupled to the input terminal.

25. The baseband filter comprises:

25. The device of claim 23 or 24, further comprising a third transistor operable as a bias current source, the third transistor coupled to the drain of the first transistor.

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