Detection of fluid properties within the cartridge

Abstract

To disclose methods and devices for detecting a property of a fluid inside a cartridge.SOLUTION: An electronic reader can be configured to electrically connect to a cartridge and detect a property of a fluid in-line. The electronic reader can measure a voltage of the fluid inside the cartridge to determine an impedance of the fluid at a first time point. The electronic reader can use the determined impedance of the fluid and an impedance of a calibration resistor to obtain a first impedance ratio at the first time point. The electronic reader can then compare the first impedance ratio with a second impedance ratio determined at a second time point to evaluate whether the fluid inside the cartridge is still effective for its intended purpose.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application relates to a device and method for detecting the characteristics of the fluid inside a cartridge.

[0002] Cross-reference of related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 221,782, titled "PROPERTY DETECTION FOR FLUID IN CARTRIDGE," filed on 13 July 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. [Background technology]

[0003] Various types of medical devices may contain fluids stored within their cavities. Such fluids may have a shelf life during which they are no longer effective for their intended purpose. Furthermore, one or more properties of the fluid inside a cartridge may change over time. Accessing and testing the properties of fluids inside device cavities can be difficult and / or inconvenient. Therefore, the need for devices and methods for detecting the properties of fluids stored inside medical devices remains. [Overview of the Initiative] [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] This disclosure relates, in general, to devices and methods for detecting the properties of a fluid inside a cartridge. One aspect of this disclosure includes a system for detecting the properties of a fluid. The system includes a cartridge and an electronic reader. The cartridge includes a fluid channel, the fluid channel comprising at least two electrodes arranged along the fluid channel of the cartridge. The electronic reader is configured to be electrically connected to the cartridge and comprises a calibration resistor and an impedance processing circuit. The impedance processing circuit is configured to determine a first impedance of the fluid in the fluid channel of the cartridge, a second impedance of the calibration resistor in the electronic reader, determine at least a first impedance ratio based at least in part on the first and second impedances, and determine the properties of the fluid based at least in part on the first impedance ratio.

[0005] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the electronic reader is configured to determine a first impedance at least partially based on a first voltage of the fluid measured between at least two electrodes of the cartridge, and to determine a second impedance at least partially based on a second voltage measured between two points on a calibration resistor.

[0006] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the electronic reader is configured to apply an input voltage between at least two electrodes of a cartridge when a fluid is between two electrodes in a fluid channel, and to measure a first voltage between the two electrodes.

[0007] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine the characteristics of a fluid by comparing a first impedance ratio with a second impedance ratio, wherein the first impedance ratio is determined at least in part based on measurements taken at a first time point, and the second impedance ratio is determined at least in part based on measurements taken at a second time point.

[0008] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the electronic reader further comprises a memory for storing at least a first impedance ratio and a second impedance, and the electronic reader is configured to determine a second impedance ratio based at least in part on the stored second impedance.

[0009] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine that the fluid has expired when the difference percentage between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

[0010] In a modified version of the above embodiment, the impedance processing circuit is configured to output a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

[0011] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a method for detecting the properties of a fluid inside a cartridge using an electronic reader. This method includes electrically connecting the electronic reader to the cartridge; determining a first impedance of the fluid in the fluid channel of the cartridge at a first time point; determining a second impedance of a calibration resistor in the electronic reader at a first time point; determining at least a first impedance ratio based at least in part on the first and second impedances; and determining the properties of the fluid based at least in part on the first impedance ratio.

[0012] A variation of the above embodiment further includes that determining the first impedance involves measuring a first voltage between two points along the fluid channel of a cartridge containing fluid at a first time point, and determining the second impedance involves measuring a second voltage between two points on a calibration resistor at a first time point.

[0013] A variation of the above embodiment further includes determining a third impedance between two points along a fluid channel of a cartridge containing fluid at a second time point, determining a second ratio based at least in part on the third impedance, and determining the characteristics of the fluid inside the cartridge by comparing the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio.

[0014] In a modified version of the above embodiment, measuring a first voltage between two points along a fluid channel involves applying an input voltage between two points along a fluid channel in a cartridge containing fluid.

[0015] In a modified version of the above embodiment, measuring the second voltage involves applying the same input voltage between two points on a calibration resistor.

[0016] In a modified version of the above embodiment, determining the properties of the fluid includes determining that the fluid has expired if the difference percentage between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

[0017] A variation of the above embodiment further includes outputting a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

[0018] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes an electronic reader for detecting the characteristics of a fluid inside a cartridge. The electronic reader includes at least two electrodes disposed along a fluid channel of the cartridge, a calibration resistor, and a trace configured to connect to an impedance processing circuit. The impedance processing circuit determines a first impedance of the fluid between at least two electrodes of the cartridge at a first point in time, determines a second impedance between two points on the calibration resistor at the first point in time, determines a first impedance ratio based at least in part on the first impedance and the second impedance, determines a third impedance of the fluid between at least two electrodes of the cartridge at a second point in time, and is configured to determine a second impedance ratio based at least in part on the third impedance. The characteristics of the fluid are based at least in part on the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio.

[0019] In a variation of the above aspect, the impedance processing circuit determines the first impedance based at least in part on a first voltage measured between two points of the calibration resistor at the first point in time, determines the second impedance based at least in part on a second voltage measured between two points on the calibration resistor at the first point in time, and is configured to determine the third impedance based at least in part on a third voltage measured between two points on the calibration resistor at the first point in time at the second point in time.

[0020] In a variation of the above aspect, the electronic reader is configured to apply an input voltage between at least two electrodes of the cartridge and measure an output voltage between the two electrodes when the fluid is between the two electrodes in the fluid channel.

[0021] In a variation of the above aspect, the impedance processing circuit is configured to compare the first impedance ratio with the second impedance ratio to determine the characteristics of the fluid.

[0022] In a modification of the above aspect, the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine that the expiration date has passed with respect to the intended purpose of the fluid when the percentage difference between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

[0023] In a modification of the above aspect, the impedance processing circuit is configured to output a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0024] The present disclosure is described with reference to the accompanying drawings, with like reference characters referring to like elements.

[0025] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an internal view of an electronic reader connected to a cartridge according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0026] As generally described, one or more aspects of this disclosure relate to devices and methods for inline detection of one or more properties of fluids inside a cartridge. One or more properties of solutions stored inside a cartridge may change over time. However, it can be difficult to access and test the solutions without releasing them from the cartridge. In certain embodiments, this disclosure relates to devices and methods for detecting properties of a calibration solution inside a cartridge used to calibrate a sensor in the cartridge. In certain embodiments, the devices and methods disclosed herein relate to detecting properties of one or more solutions inside a cartridge. Many cartridges used to obtain measurements in a medical setting include a calibration solution inside the cartridge for calibrating a sensor inside the cartridge. For example, a cartridge may include a sensor configured to measure the properties of a sample fluid. To ensure that the sensor remains accurate, the sensor can be calibrated between uses by storing a calibration fluid inside the cartridge to provide a consistent data point for comparison. The calibration fluid may be provided to the sensor during a calibration mode, and the sensor may measure the properties of the calibration fluid and set it as its baseline. However, over time, the quality of one or more of the calibration solutions may change, for example, due to exposure to light or external leaching, which can affect the accuracy of the cartridge's measurements.

[0027] Various methods for detecting the properties of a solution inside a cartridge disclosed herein may include comparing a metric of the solution over time with a metric obtained from a material that does not change substantially. In certain embodiments, the method may include comparing the measured impedance of the solution with the measured impedance of a resistor. In some embodiments, the method may also include testing and comparing metrics determined at different times to determine changes in the properties of the solution inside the cartridge.

[0028] Other aspects of the present disclosure include using an electronic reader to detect the properties of a solution inside a cartridge inline to determine the impedance of the solution and to determine the properties of the solution. Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the electronic reader 200 disclosed herein, electrically connected to the cartridge 100, for example, through the traces or terminals of the reader 200. According to various embodiments, the cartridge 100 may include a fluid channel 110, the fluid channel having at least two electrodes 111 and 112 arranged along the fluid channel 110. The medium between the two electrodes 111 and 112 may have an impedance Z.

[0029] In some embodiments, the cartridge 100 may also include a calibration fluid reservoir 102 for containing a calibration fluid. In some embodiments, the calibration fluid in the calibration fluid reservoir 102 may be supplied to a fluid channel 110 to, for example, flush out a sample fluid from the channel 110. In some embodiments, the calibration fluid reservoir 102 may include a valve 104 configured to control the flow of the calibration fluid. For example, a sample fluid (e.g., blood) may be supplied to the fluid channel 110 through electrodes 111 and 112 and measured across electrodes 111 and 112. After the sample fluid has been tested, the calibration fluid may be transported along the fluid channel 110 when the valve 104 is opened to flush out the fluid channel 110 for subsequent measurements. In some embodiments, the calibration fluid may also be transported to the fluid channel 110 before or after the measurement of the sample fluid to calibrate electrodes 111 and 112, as described above.

[0030] In various embodiments, the electronic reader 200 includes an impedance processing circuit 220 and a known resistor, R calThe impedance processing circuit 220 may include a calibration resistor 210 having a trace. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be configured to electrically connect to the calibration resistor 210, for example, through a trace. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be electrically connected to the two ends of the resistor 210 to form a closed circuit. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may also be configured to electrically connect to an external device, for example, a cartridge 100. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be detachably connected to the cartridge 100 mechanically and / or electrically at a detachable connection point 222. As shown in Figure 1, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be electrically connected to the two electrodes 111 and 112 of the cartridge 100 to form a closed circuit through the fluid being tested between the two electrodes 111 and 112.

[0031] In various embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be configured to determine the impedance between two terminals electrically connected to the impedance processing circuit 220. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be configured to determine the impedance by measuring the voltage between two points electrically connected to the impedance processing circuit 220. For example, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be configured to determine the impedance between the fluid between two electrodes 111 and 112 of the cartridge 100 by measuring the voltage between two electrodes 111 and 112, or to determine the impedance of the calibration resistor 210 by measuring the voltage between two points on the calibration resistor 210. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may be configured to measure the output voltage between two points by applying an input voltage across two terminals to produce a current. Various methods may be used to determine the impedance, for example, in-mode / quadrature (I / Q) demodulation techniques. As an example, the following method is provided.

[0032] In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 is electrically connected to electrodes 111 and 112 to form a closed circuit, and a voltage V is applied to the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112. in It can be configured to apply the same voltage V. Similarly, the impedance processing circuit 220 is electrically connected to the calibration resistor 210 and the same voltage V is applied to the calibration resistor 210. in Alternatively, it can be configured to apply any other desired voltage. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 generates a programmable digital / analog voltage, V in It can be configured to apply or generate any desired voltage. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 applies the same voltage V to the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112 and to the calibration resistor 210. in It can be applied.

[0033] In various embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may also be configured to measure the output voltage between two points to which an input voltage is applied by the impedance processing circuit 220. In some embodiments, the input voltage may be an AC voltage. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may then be configured to determine the impedance based on at least the output voltage measured between the two points to which the voltage is applied. In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 may include an analog-to-digital converter ("ADC") configured to measure the measured voltage and convert it into a digital signal for processing. For example, the impedance processing circuit 220 may measure the fluid voltage V between two electrodes 111 and 112 Zunk And the voltage V of the calibration resistor 210 RCAL It can be configured to measure and . In some embodiments, the impedance processing circuit 220 also includes a digital Fourier transform ("DFT") engine that can convert the ADC reading into a form having magnitude and phase.

[0034] In some embodiments, when the same voltage V is applied to the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112 and the calibration resistor 210, in the unknown impedance of the fluid within the cartridge 100Z UNK can be calculated using the following formula.

[0035]

Equation

[0036] Advantageously, the impedance processing circuit 220 can be configured to calculate an impedance ratio based at least in part on the measured voltage of the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112. In some embodiments, the impedance ratio is the ratio between Z of the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112 UNK and the impedance Z between two points of the calibration resistor 210 RCAL and can be expressed by the formula:

[0037]

Equation

[0038] which is governed by.

[0039] In other embodiments, the impedance ratio can also be determined without converting the measured voltage to an impedance value and instead can be directly determined from the measured voltage of the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112 and the measured voltage between two points of the calibration resistor 210.

[0040] Other embodiments of the present disclosure include using an electronic reader 200 to determine the impedance ratio as described above at two or more different points in time and to determine one or more properties of the fluid between the two electrodes 111 and 112 of the cartridge 100. In some embodiments, one or more properties of the fluid to be determined may include a percentage change in the concentration of a particular substance in the fluid. In some embodiments, one or more properties of the fluid to be determined may include the degree of change in a particular quality or quantity of the fluid. In some embodiments, one or more properties of the fluid to be determined may include whether the fluid is still effective for its intended purpose, e.g., calibrating a sensor as a calibration fluid. In some embodiments, one or more properties of the fluid to be determined may be used to monitor how much the fluid properties of the calibration fluid have changed over time to ensure that the calibration fluid is still suitable for use, e.g., that the calibration fluid has not exceeded its service life or expired.

[0041] In certain embodiments, for example, a shift from a first impedance ratio N0 at a first time point t0 to a second impedance ratio N1 at a second time point t1 can represent a change in the concentration of a substance in the calibration fluid. In some embodiments, the percentage of change can be predetermined for a particular type of calibration fluid, for example, in the range of 0.5% to 20%, 1% to 10%, or 0.2% to 30%, and can be recorded in the memory of the impedance processing circuit 220 of the electronic reader 200. The impedance processing circuit 220 detects an impedance ratio greater than a predetermined percentage of change.

number

[0042] In some embodiments, based at least partially on the impedance ratio, the impedance processing circuit 220 may cause the electronic reader 200 to display an indicator indicating whether the fluid in cartridge 100 is still suitable for use as a calibration fluid. In some embodiments, based at least partially on the impedance ratio, the impedance processing circuit 220 may cause the electronic reader 200 to display the degree of change in a particular quality or quantity of the fluid. In some embodiments, based at least partially on the impedance ratio, the impedance processing circuit 220 may cause the electronic reader 200 to display the percentage of change in the concentration of a particular substance in the fluid. In other embodiments, based at least partially on the impedance ratio, the impedance processing circuit 220 may transmit a notification or alarm to an external device via wired or wireless communication indicating the characteristics of the fluid in cartridge 100 as determined above.

[0043] In some embodiments, a first time point t0 for testing the fluid in cartridge 100 using the electronic reader 200 may be, for example, immediately after cartridge 100 is manufactured, before cartridge 100 is placed in storage, or immediately after cartridge 100 is removed from storage, when it is known that the fluid in cartridge 100 is effective. In some embodiments, a second time point t1 for testing the fluid in cartridge 100 using the electronic reader 200 may be a predetermined period after the first time point t0 to periodically check whether cartridge 100 can still be accurately calibrated. In some embodiments, the second time point t1 may be when cartridge 100 is used by a user of cartridge 100 to check whether cartridge 100 can be accurately calibrated for use.

[0044] In some embodiments, the electronic reader Z RCAL The impedance of the electronic reader Z is determined by the impedance processing circuit 220. RCALThe impedance ratio can be determined without calculating the impedance, and may be a predetermined value or a set of predetermined values ​​corresponding to a set of voltages stored in the impedance processing circuit 220 of the durable reader 200. In some embodiments, the electronic reader Z RCAL The impedance of the electronic reader Z is tested and recorded in the memory of the impedance processing circuit 220, so the impedance processing circuit 220 can test the impedance of the electronic reader Z. RCAL Without redetermining the new impedance, the electronic reader Z RCAL The impedance ratio can be determined using the recorded impedance.

[0045] The foregoing disclosure is not intended to limit the disclosure to the exact form or specific field of use disclosed herein. Therefore, it is intended that various alternative embodiments and / or modifications to the disclosure, whether expressly described or implied herein, are possible in light of the disclosure. Thus, having described embodiments of the disclosure, those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications in form and detail can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the disclosure is limited solely by the claims.

[0046] In the aforementioned specification, the disclosure is described with reference to specific embodiments. However, as those skilled in the art will understand, the various embodiments disclosed herein can be modified in various other ways or implemented in different ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, this specification is to be considered exemplary and is intended to teach those skilled in the art how to create and use various embodiments of the disclosed methods and devices for detecting the properties of fluid in a cartridge. It should be understood that the forms of disclosure shown and described herein should be taken as representative embodiments. Equivalent elements, materials, processes, or steps can be replaced with those representatively illustrated and described herein. Furthermore, specific features of the disclosure may be used independently of the use of other features and will be obvious to those skilled in the art after benefiting from this specification of the disclosure. Expressions such as “including,” “comprising,” “including,” “consisting of,” and “have” used to describe and claim this disclosure are intended to be interpreted in a non-exclusive manner, that is, allowing for the existence of items, components, or elements not expressly described. References to the singular form should also be interpreted as relating to the plural form.

[0047] Furthermore, the various embodiments disclosed herein should be taken as illustrative and descriptive and not in any way construed as limiting the disclosure. In addition, all numerical terms, such as “first,” “second,” “third,” “primary,” “secondary,” “principal,” or any other ordinary terms and / or numerical terms, should also be taken as identifiers to aid the reader’s understanding of the various elements, embodiments, variations and / or modifications of the disclosure, and in particular, should not create any limitations on other elements, embodiments, variations and / or modifications, or on any order or preference of any elements, embodiments, variations and / or modifications therein.

[0048] Furthermore, it will be understood that one or more elements depicted in a drawing / figure may be implemented in a more separated or integrated form to be useful according to a particular purpose, or in certain cases may be removed or rendered as non-functional. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0049] 100 cartridges 102 Calibration fluid reservoir 104 Valves 110 fluid channels 111 Electrode 112 Electrode 200 Electronic Readers 200 Leaders 210 Calibration Resistors 220 Impedance Processing Circuit 222 connection points

Claims

1. A system for detecting the properties of a fluid, A cartridge having a fluid channel, wherein the fluid channel comprises at least two electrodes arranged along the fluid channel of the cartridge, An electronic reader configured to be electrically connected to the aforementioned cartridge, Calibration resistor and, An impedance processing circuit, Determine the first impedance of the fluid in the fluid channel of the cartridge. Determine the second impedance of the calibration resistor in the electronic reader. Based at least partially on the first impedance and the second impedance, at least a first impedance ratio is determined, and An impedance processing circuit configured to determine the characteristics of the fluid, at least partially based on the first impedance ratio, An electronic reader equipped with, A system equipped with these features.

2. The aforementioned electronic reader, The first impedance is determined at least partially based on the first voltage of the fluid measured between the at least two electrodes of the cartridge, and The second impedance is determined at least in part based on a second voltage measured between two points on the calibration resistor. The system according to claim 1.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the electronic reader is configured to apply an input voltage between the at least two electrodes of the cartridge when the fluid is between the two electrodes in the fluid channel, and measures a first voltage between the two electrodes.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine the characteristics of the fluid by comparing the first impedance ratio with a second impedance ratio, the first impedance ratio is determined at least in part on a measurement taken at a first time point, and the second impedance ratio is determined at least in part on a measurement taken at a second time point.

5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the electronic reader further comprises a memory for storing at least the first impedance ratio and the second impedance, and the electronic reader is configured to determine the second impedance ratio based at least in part on the stored second impedance.

6. The system according to claim 4, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine that the fluid has expired if the difference percentage between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to output a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

8. A method for detecting the characteristics of the fluid inside a cartridge using an electronic reader, The electronic reader is electrically connected to the cartridge, The first impedance of the fluid in the fluid channel of the cartridge is determined at a first time point, Determining the second impedance of the calibration resistor in the electronic reader at the first time point, Determining at least a first impedance ratio based at least partially on the first impedance and the second impedance, The characteristics of the fluid are determined at least in part based on the first impedance ratio, Methods that include...

9. Determining the first impedance involves measuring a first voltage between two points along the fluid channel of the cartridge containing the fluid at a first time point, Determining the second impedance includes measuring a second voltage between two points on the calibration resistor at the first time point. The method according to claim 8, further including the above.

10. The second step involves determining a third impedance between two points along the fluid channel of the cartridge containing the fluid at a second time point, The second ratio is determined based at least partially on the third impedance, The characteristics of the fluid inside the cartridge are determined by comparing the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:

11. The method according to claim 9, wherein measuring the first voltage between the two points along the fluid includes applying an input voltage between the two points along the fluid channel of the cartridge containing the fluid.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein measuring the second voltage includes applying the input voltage between the two points on the calibration resistor.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein determining the characteristics of the fluid includes determining that the fluid has expired if the difference percentage between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

14. The method according to claim 8, further comprising outputting a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

15. An electronic reader for detecting the characteristics of the fluid inside a cartridge, wherein the electronic reader is A trace configured to connect to at least two electrodes arranged along the fluid channel of the cartridge, Calibration resistor and, An impedance processing circuit, At a first point in time, the first impedance of the fluid between the at least two electrodes of the cartridge is determined. At the first time point described above, the second impedance between the two points on the calibration resistor is determined, A first impedance ratio is determined based at least partially on the first impedance and the second impedance. At the second point in time, the third impedance of the fluid between the at least two electrodes of the cartridge is determined. The second impedance ratio is determined based at least in part on the third impedance. An impedance processing circuit configured as follows, Equipped with, An electronic reader in which the characteristics of the fluid are at least partially based on the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio.

16. The electronic reader according to claim 15, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine the first impedance at least in part on a first voltage measured between the two electrodes of the cartridge at the first time point, to determine the second impedance at least in part on a second voltage measured between two points on the calibration resistor at the first time point, and to determine the third impedance at least in part on a third voltage measured between the two electrodes of the cartridge at the second time point.

17. The electronic reader according to claim 15, wherein the electronic reader is configured to apply an input voltage between the at least two electrodes of the cartridge when the fluid is between the two electrodes in the fluid channel, and measures the output voltage between the two electrodes.

18. The electronic reader according to claim 15, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine the characteristics of the fluid by comparing the first impedance ratio with a second impedance ratio.

19. The electronic reader according to claim 18, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to determine that the fluid has expired with respect to its intended purpose if the difference percentage between the first impedance ratio and the second impedance ratio is greater than a predetermined percentage.

20. The electronic reader according to claim 18, wherein the impedance processing circuit is configured to output a notification indicating the determined characteristics of the fluid.

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