An electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compound
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/104469
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-02
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Figure CN2023104469_02012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
An electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compoundTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compound.BACKGROUND
[0002] The following discussion of the prior art is provided to place the disclosure in an appropriate technical context and enable the advantages of it to be more fully understood. It should be appreciated, however, that any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should not be considered as an express or implied admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.
[0003] Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important green basic chemical for industry. The use of alkyl-substituted anthraquinones for the production of hydrogen peroxide is well known. Typically, substituted anthraquinones and / or tetrahydro anthraquinones dissolved in a suitable organic solvent (usually flammable organic solvent) mixture, so-called working solution, are hydrogenated by grey H2 in the presence of Pd catalyst to form the corresponding hydroquinones. The hydroquinones are then oxidized back to quinones with oxygen (usually air) with simultaneous formation of hydrogen peroxide, which then can be extracted with water while the quinones are returned with the working solution to the hydrogenation step.
[0004] There are a lot of studies on the use of anthraquinones in electrochemical systems for direct production of H2O2. For example, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 7972-7979 and Carbon, Volume 61, September 2013, Pages 236-244 teach immobilizing anthraquinones on electrodes. Anthraquinones are used as catalyst in such a reaction system. The limiting factor is H2O2 decomposition at the electrode and low concentration of H2O2 in the electrolyer.
[0005] Thus, technical people are making efforts to establish a reaction system having hydroquinone prepared in an electrolyer and then having H2O2 produced outside the electrolyer. Joule 3, 2942-2954, December 18, 2019 discloses a process, which comprises the following three-steps: (1) the electrochemical reduction of a quinone to a hydroquinone in aqueous electrolyte; (2) phase transfer of the hydroquinone into an immiscible solvent phase; and (3) reaction of the hydroquinone with an oxygenated pure water stream to generate H2O2 and regenerate the original quinone for recycling to the electrochemical cell. Since steps (2) and (3) are performed outside the electrolyzer, H2O2thus can be produced far from the site of electrolysis. However, in this process, salts of the quinone were required to ensure that the hydrogenation of the quinone can be carried out in a conductive solution. It is necessary to transfer hydroquinone into an organic phase before H2O2 synthesis. The quinone has to be transferred back to the water phase for hydrogenation. Furthermore, solubility limitation of the quinone molecules in water leads to low production capability.
[0006] The Applicant perceived that there is still the need for an improved electrochemical method for preparing a solid anthrahydroquinone compound from a solid anthraquinone compound, which can overcome the drawbacks in prior art.SUMMARY
[0007] Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide a simple, cost-effective, environmentally-friendly and safe method for preparing a solid anthrahydroquinone compound and H2O2.
[0008] In one aspect, the present invention provides an electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compound, comprising the following steps:
[0009] a) providing an electrochemical cell having an anode chamber containing an anode, a cathode chamber containing a cathode, and a proton transfer membrane (PTM) between the anode and the cathode;
[0010] b) feeding water and optionally an electrolyte to the anode chamber;
[0011] c) feeding water, an oxidized redox mediator and optionally an electrolyte to the cathode chamber;
[0012] d) passing an electric current between the anode and the cathode to produce an aqueous solution comprising protons and a reduced redox mediator in the cathode chamber; and
[0013] e) contacting the aqueous solution produced at step d) with a solid anthraquinone compound to prepare a solid anthrahydroquinone compound and regenerate the oxidized redox mediator.
[0014] It has now been discovered that the invented method does not need a working solution, grey H2 or noble metal catalysts, compared with classical anthraquinone process. Phase-transfer is not needed and water is the only solvent in this reaction system. The utilizaion of solid state anthraquinone can overcome the solubility limits of anthraquinone compound in aqueous and organic solution. The obtained solid anthrahydroquinone compound can react with oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) , which makes it easier to adjust the concentration of H2O2and easier for H2O2 separation.
[0015] In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for producing hydrogen peroxide. Said process comprises a step of contacting the solid anthrahydroquinone compound obtained by the invented method above mentioned with oxygen (O2) and water.
[0016] Other subjects and characteristics, aspects and advantages of the present invention will emerge even more clearly on reading the detailed description and the examples that follow.
[0017] BRIEF OF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0018] Fig. 1. Setup for the electrochemical hydrogenation of the solid anthraquinone compound to the solid anthrahydroquinone compound in the electrochemical cell (H-cell experiment) ;
[0019] Fig. 2. Setup for the electrochemical hydrogenation of the solid anthraquinone compound to the solid anthrahydroquinone compound outside the electrochemical cell (Flow-cell experiment) ;
[0020] Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of 2mM Ethyl viologen diperchlorate (EV) dissolved in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution and solid anthraquinone (AQ) coated on glassy carbon working electrode immersing in 0.5M H2SO4aqueous solution with scan rate of 20mVs-1 and 1mVs-1, respectively, which shows the potential difference of 450mV.
[0021] DEFINITIONS
[0022] Throughout the description, including the claims, the term "comprising one" shouldbe understood as being synonymous with the term "comprising at least one" , unless otherwise specified, and "between" should be understood as being inclusive of the limits.
[0023] As used herein, the terminology " (Cn-Cm) " in reference to an organic group, wherein n and m are both integers, indicates that the group may contain from n carbon atoms to m carbon atoms per group.
[0024] The articles "a" , "an" and "the" are used to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
[0025] The term "and / or" includes the meanings "and" , "or" and also all the other possible combinations of the elements connected to this term.
[0026] It is specified that, in the continuation of the description, unless otherwise indicated, the values at the limits are included in the ranges of values which are given.
[0027] Ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value or sub-range is explicitly recited.
[0028] DETAILS OF THE INVENTION
[0029] The present invention provides an electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compound, comprising the following steps:
[0030] a) providing an electrochemical cell having an anode chamber containing an anode, a cathode chamber containing a cathode, and a proton transfer membrane (PTM) between the anode and the cathode;
[0031] b) feeding water and optionally an electrolyte to the anode chamber;
[0032] c) feeding water, an oxidized redox mediator and optionally an electrolyte to the cathode chamber;
[0033] d) passing an electric current between the anode and the cathode to produce an aqueous solution comprising protons and a reduced redox mediator in the cathode chamber; and
[0034] e) contacting the aqueous solution produced at step d) with a solid anthraquinone compound to prepare a solid anthrahydroquinone compound and regenerate the oxidized redox mediator.
[0035] Step a)
[0036] Proton transfer membrane (PTM)
[0037] As used herein, the term "proton transfer membrane" means a membrane that can selectively allow protons to transfer to any one of the chambers, notably the cathode chamber.
[0038] In some embodiments, said PTM is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) , which is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier.
[0039] For the purpose of the present invention, the proton exchange membrane can be a membrane. Examples of suitable commercial membranes include: 212, 115, 117 and 1110. Said proton exchange membrane can also be Solvay PFSA polymers, such as those having the trade designations “ E98-09S” , “ E98-15S” and “ E87-12S” .
[0040] In some embodiments, said PTM is a bipolar membranes (BPM) . BPM are a special class of ion-exchange membranes constituted by a cation-and an anion-exchange layer, allowing the generation of protons and hydroxide ions via a water dissociation mechanism.
[0041] The thickness of the PTM is not particulaly limited and generally depends on the production scale.
[0042] Electrode catalyst
[0043] In some variants, the anode chamber does not comprise an anode catalyst.
[0044] Alternatively, in some other variants, the anode chamber comprises an anode catalyst.
[0045] The anode catalyst can comprise at least one metal element in elemental form and / or at least one metal oxide.
[0046] In some embodiments, the anode catalyst comprises at least one metal in elemental form, at least two metals in elemental form or three metals in elemental form.
[0047] In a particular embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises a metal alloy.
[0048] A metal alloy can be viewed as a solid metal-solid metal mixture wherein a primary metal acts as solvent while other metal (s) act (s) as solute; in a metal alloy the concentration of the metal solute does not exceed the limit of solubility of the metal solvent.
[0049] In some embodiments, the anode catalyst comprises at least one metal in elemental form and its corresponding metal oxide, at least two metals in elemental form and their corresponding metal oxides, or at least three metals in elemental form and their corresponding metal oxides.
[0050] Advantageously, the anode catalyst comprises at least one metal oxide, at least two metal oxides, or at least three metal oxides.
[0051] Preferably, said metal is a transition metal or an alkali metal.
[0052] As used herein, metals of group IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB are often referred to as transition metals. This group comprises the elements with atomic number 21 to 30 (Sc to Zn) , 39 to 48 (Y to Cd) , 72 to 80 (Hf to Hg) and 104 to 112 (Rfto Cn) .
[0053] As used herein, the term "alkali metal" refers to any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table, namely, lithium (Li) , sodium (Na) , potassium (K) , rubidium (Rb) , cesium (Cs) , and francium (Fr) .
[0054] More preferably, said metal is selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe) , nickel (Ni) , cobalt (Co) , copper (Cu) , chromium (Cr) , platinum (Pt) , palladium (Pd) , rhodium (Rh) , ruthenium (Ru) , iridium (Ir) , silver (Ag) , gold (Au) , rhenium (Re) , cesium (Cs) , tungsten (W) and vanadium (V) , particularly selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Ir, Ru, Cs, W and V and preferably Ir or Ru.
[0055] In some embodiments, the anode catalyst comprises one doped metal oxide. The dopant can be a metal or non-metal element, preferably a metal element.
[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises iridium oxide (IrOx) . The iridium oxide (IrOx) can comprise here predominantly iridium (IV) -oxide (IrO2) , however, depending on the manufacturing process, various amounts of iridium (III) -oxide (Ir2O3) may be present.
[0057] In another preferred embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises ruthenium oxide (RuOX) . The ruthenium oxide may be present as ruthenium (IV) -oxide (RuO2) , but ruthenium (III) -oxide (Ru2O3) may also be present in minor amounts.
[0058] In a third preferred embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises iridium oxide (IrOx) and ruthenium oxide (RuOX) as identified above. The atomic ratio of Ir / Ru can be in the range of 4: 1 to 1: 4.
[0059] In a fourth preferred embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises cesium doped tungsten oxide (Cs0.33WO3) .
[0060] In a fifth preferred embodiment, the anode catalyst comprises tungsten doped vanadium (IV) oxide (W-VO2) .
[0061] In some variants, the cathode chamber does not comprise a cathode catalyst.
[0062] Alternatively, in some other variants, the cathode chamber comprises a cathode catalyst.
[0063] The cathode catalyst can be carbon based materails, such as graphite, doped carbon, modified carbon, carbon nanotube, graphene and so on.
[0064] Step b) and c)
[0065] Electrolyte
[0066] The term “electrolyte” is understood here in its normal accepted meaning, i.e. it means any ionic or molecular substance which, when in solution, decomposes or dissociates to form ions or charged particles, or any ionic liquid.
[0067] As used herein, the expression “ionic liquid” means a compound completely composed of ions. Ionic liquids are salts that have low melting points, such as below 100℃, normally at room temperature. Said ionic liquid can be those described in ionic liquids as electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, Volume 51, Issue 26, 2006, Pages 5567-5580.
[0068] The electrolyte can be an inorganic or organic electrolyte.
[0069] As electrolyte, mention may be made of a compound comprising an organic or inorganic anion which is selected from the group consisting of SO42-, PO42-, HPO4-, OH-, Br-, I-, Cl-, TFSI, CO32-, ClO4-, NO3-, BF4-, PF6-, [CF3SO3] -, [CF3CO2] -, [N (CF3SO2) 2] -, [CF3CONCF3SO2] -, [C (CF3SO2) 3] -, anions based on cyano groups, such as ( [Ag (CN) 2] -, [C (CN) 3] -and [N (CN) 2] -) , perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, such as [C4F9SO3] -, and haloaluminates.
[0070] As electrolyte, mention may be made of a compound comprising an organic or inorganic cation which is selected from the group consisting of H+, alkali metal cations, such as K+, Na+and Li+, alkaline-earth metal cations, such as Mg2+, Ca2+, transition metal cations, such as Cu2+, Cu+, Ag+, Fe2+, and Fe3+, mono-, di-, tri-and tetraalkylammoniums, mono-, di-, and trialkylsulfoniums, mono-, di-, tri-and tetraalkylphosphoniums, dialkylimidazolium, dialkylpyrrolidinium, dialkylpiperidinium and alkylpyridinium.
[0071] As mentioned, the electrolyte is optionally fed to the anode or cathode chamber.
[0072] Use of an electrolyte depends on the specific reaction conditions or equipment. For example, it depends on whether the electrodes and membrane are assembled.
[0073] In some embodiments, the electrolyte is present in the anode or the cathode chamber when the PTM, the anode and the cathode are not assembled together.
[0074] In this embodiment, when the PTM is a PEM, the electrolyte in the anode chamber is an acidic electroylte selected from the group consisting of H2SO4, HClO4, HCl, H2C2O4, H3PO4, CH3COOH and HCOOH and preferably H2SO4.
[0075] In this embodiment, when the PTM is a BPM, the electrolyte in the anode chamber is a basic electrolyte, such as NaOH or KOH.
[0076] In this embodiment, when the PTM is a PEM or BPM, the electrolyte in the cathode chamber is an acidic electrolyte selected from the group consisting of H2SO4, HClO4, HCl, H2C2O4, H3PO4, CH3COOH and HCOOH and preferably H2SO4.
[0077] In some embodiments, the electrolyte can be absent in the anode or the cathode chamber of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) -type cell.
[0078] The concentration of the electrolyte, ifpresent in the anode or the cathode chamber, in water is from 0.01 M to 5 M and preferably from 0.5 M to 2 M.
[0079] Redox mediator
[0080] Redox mediators, known as or electron shuttles, are organic or inorganic molecules that can be dissolved in water (with / without electrolyte) reversibly reduced and oxidized on cathode, acting as electron shuttles repeatedly.
[0081] According to the present invention, the redox potential of the redox mediator is more negative than the solid anthraquinone compound to ensure the hydrogenation reaction between the reduced redox mediator and the solid antraquinone compound. According to a preferred embodiment, the redox mediator has a redox potential of at least 50 mV, preferably at least 450 mV lower than that of the solid anthraquinone compound, as measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) under the same testing condition. In addition, the reduction of redox mediator is priority to the hydrogen evolution in cathode chamber.
[0082] More preferably, the oxidized redox mediator is methyl viologen diperchlorate or ethyl viologen diperchlorate.
[0083] The concentration of the oxidized redox mediator in water of step c) is from 0.01 M to 4.0 M, and preferably 0.05 M to 2.0 M.
[0084] Step d)
[0085] The current density is from 10 to 400 mA / cm2 and preferably from 100 to 200 mA / cm2.
[0086] Step e)
[0087] Solid anthraquinone compound and solid anthrahydroquinone compound
[0088] The anthraquinone compound or the anthrahydroquinone compound in the method of the present invention is present in water in solid form and thus has no or almost no solubility in water. Said "almost no solubility" means the anthraquinone compound or the anthrahydroquinone compound has a solubility in water lower than 0.1 wt. %, preferably lower than 0.01 wt. %, based on the total weight of water fed in step c) and dissolved anthraquinone compound or anthrahydroquinone compound.
[0089] The anthraquinone compound may be anthraquinone itself or a substituted anthraquinone. Anthraquinone has the systematic name of anthracene-9, 10-dione.
[0090] The anthrahydroquinone compound may be anthrahydroquinone itself or a substituted anthrahydroquinone. Anthrahydroquinone has the systematic name of anthracene-9, 10-diol.
[0091] Preferably, the substituted anthraquinone is a 2-alkylanthraquinone. 2-alkylanthraquinone has the systematic name of 2-alkylanthracene-9, 10-dione.
[0092] Preferably, the substituted anthrahydroquinone is a 2-alkylanthrahydroquinone. 2-alkylanthrahydroquinone has the systematic name of 2-alkylanthracene-9, 10-diol.
[0093] As used herein, the term "alkyl" in the 2-alkylanthraquinone or the 2-alkylanthrahydroquinone means a saturated hydrocarbon radical, which may be straight, or branched, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl. Alkyl preferably contains 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for instance 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or even 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Most preferably, alkyl is ethyl or amyl.
[0094] The skilled person can use any known methods to process the solid anthraquinone compound to obtain a solid with specific surface area to ensure it can sufficiently contact with the aqueous solution. Advantageously, the solid anthraquinone compound has a BET surface area of at least 0.1 m2 / g, preferably at least 1 m2 / g, more preferably from 1 to 30 m2 / g, most preferably from 10 to 30 m2 / g, determined by nitrogen adsorption in accordance with standard ASTM D 3663-78 laid down from the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method described in the periodical “The Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60, 309 (1938) ” .
[0095] Advantageously, steps a) , b) and c) comprise removing oxygen to ensure the reduced redox mediator and the solid anthrahydroquinone is prepared in the absence or almost in the absence of oxygen. Said "almost in the absence of oxygen" means oxygen has a volume pecentage lower than 0.1%based on the total volume of atmosphere in the cathode chamber or the reactor.
[0096] Advantageously, the oxidized redox mediator regenerated in step e) can be used as the oxidized redox mediator in step c) of another round of reactions.
[0097] As previously mentioned, the present invention provides a process for producing hydrogen peroxide. Said process comprises a step of contacting the solid anthrahydroquinone compound obtained by the invented method above mentioned with oxygen and water.
[0098] In the first preferred embodiment, the solid anthraquinone compound is placed in the cathode chamber. In this embodiment, after passing the electric current, at least part of the solid anthraquinone compound is hydrogenated by the reduced redox mediator to the solid anthrahydroquinone compound and the oxidized mediator is regenerated. The regenerated oxidized mediator is then reduced again on the cathode for reaction with the remaining anthraquinone compound. After the hydrogenation reaction is stopped, the aqueous solution is sucked out from the cathode chamber. Subsequently, O2 and proper amount of pure water is introduced to the cathode chamber having only the solid anthrahydroquinone compound to produce H2O2without electrolysis. Preferably, the hydrogenation reaction is stopped when the reduced mediator can’ t be further consumed by the solid anthraquinone compound. The details are illustrated by Fig. 1 and the following example.
[0099] In the second preferred embodiments, the solid anthraquinone compound is placed in a separate reservoir. In this embodiment, the aqueous solution obtained at step d) is continuously introduced to the reservoir and the aqueous solution in the reservoir after contact with the solid anthraquinone compound is continuously introduced back to the cathode chamber to regenerate reduced redox mediator. The redox mediator are constantly changing between the oxidized state and the reduced state through the continuous flow of the aqueous solution. Thus only a small amount of redox mediator is needed to achieve the purpose of hydrogenating the large amount of anthraquinone compound. The skilled person will determine the proper flow rate of the aqueous solution based on reaction conditions, such as the surface area of the solid anthraquinone compound to ensure adequate contact of the solid anthraquinone compound with the reduced redox mediator. After the hydrogenation reaction is stopped, the aqueous solution is sucked out from the reservoir. Subsequently, O2 and proper amount of pure water is introduced to the reservoir having only the solid anthrahydroquinone compound to produce H2O2without electrolysis. Preferably, the hydrogenation reaction is stopped when the reduced redox mediator can’ t be further comsumed. The details are illustrated by Fig. 2 and the following example.
[0100] Advantageously, before being placed in the cathode chamber or the reservoir, the solid anthraquinone compound is mixed with an electron conductive material or supported on a support comprising the electron conductive material. Said electron conductive material can be any form of carbon, such as for example carbon nanotube, graphite, or carbon powder.
[0101] The following examples are included to illustrate embodiments of the invention. The disclosure is not limited to such examples.EXAMPLES
[0102] Materials
[0103] - Anthraquinone, CAS No. 84-64-1, from Sigma-Aldrich;
[0104] - Ethyl viologen diperchlorate, CAS No. 36305-51-8 from Sinopharm;
[0105] - Carbon felt, from Q-Carbon Material Co., Ltd;
[0106] - E98-09S, from Solvay SA;
[0107] - 117, from DuPont.
[0108] Example 1
[0109] Processing solid anthraquinnoe for use in a H-cell or a flow-cell
[0110] For faster chemical reaction between the redox mediator and solid anthraquinone, and also improve the utilization efficiency of solid anthraquinone through increasing the react surface area, solid anthraquinone were processed with carbon black (CB, 20nm, SAT nano Technology Material Co., Ltd) and a 5wt%NafionTM117 containing solution (Singma-Aldrich) in Isopropyl alcohol (IPA, sinopharm) and water mixed solvent (volume ratio 1: 1) . In a typical procedure, solid anthraquinone (2.0 g) was mixed with CB (0.5 g) . Coarse mixtures were finely ground in a mortar. The homogenized powder was suspended in the 5 wt%Nafion solution (4 g) in mixed solvent (50 g) and stirred vigorously for 30 min and sonicated in ice-water mixture bath for another 30 min. Then the suspension solution was dropped on carbon felt. The carbon felt was cut into 10 pieces of approximately 2 cm2 and transferred into oven at 95 ℃ for 3 hours to remove the solvent.
[0111] H-cell experiment
[0112] For electrochemical characterization, a small laboratory H-cell was used. Two carbon felts (with an area of 4cm2, 6mm in thickness, supplier Q-Carbon Material Co., Ltd) were employed as both the anode and the cathode. To monitor the potential of anode, a saturated calomel electrode reference electrode (SCE, form Tianjin Aida Hengsheng Technology Development Co., Ltd) was used in the anode chamber. A proton exchange membrane (3cm*3cm, Nafion 117, DuPont) was used to separate the anodic and cathodic electrolyte. The membrane was soaked in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution for at least 24 h prior to each test. 25 mL 0.5 M H2SO4 water solution was fed into the anode chamber as anolyte. Carbon felts loaded with anthraquinone (weight of anthraquinone is 2 g) was placed in the cathode chamber first. The catholyte consisted of 50 mM (Ethyl viologen diperchlorate, EV) and 0.5 M H2SO4 in 25 mL H2O and was fed into the cathode chamber as catholyte. The cathode chamber was purged with Ar gas for 1 h before applying current and the inert atmosphere was maintained during the electrochemical experiment.
[0113] Three electrodes electrochemical testing was performed on a Bio-Logic (Bio-Logic Science Instrument, VMP3) . Anodic carbon felt worked as working electrode, SCE worked as reference electrode, cathodic carbon felt worked as counter electrode. The H-cell was charged galvanostatically at a current of 20 mA.
[0114] Flow-cell experiment
[0115] For flow cell reactor, two carbon felts (2cm*2cm, thickness in 0.5mm) were employed as both the anode and the cathode. Instead of storing electrolyte in the chambers, both anolyte and catholyte was placed in additional two reservoirs and pumped by two peristaltic pumps, at a rate of 20 mL / min to the corresponding chambers, respectively. The carbon felts loaded with anthraquinone were placed in the cathodic reservoir. The other operation conditions are same as the H-cell experiment.
[0116] H2O2 produciton procedure
[0117] After~30 hours, the electrochemical reaction was stopped and the electrolyte in the cathode chamber (H cell) or the cathode reservoir (flow cell) was sucked out. O2 and 20 mL of pure water was introduced in the cathode chamber or the cathode reservoir. H2O2 was used to test strip to measure the concentration of H2O2 in the water. The weight concentration of the final H2O2 product is~0.5 wt. %.
[0118] Based the weight of H2O2 obtained, the calculated yield of solid anthrahydroquinone is~31%.
Claims
1.An electrochemical method for hydrogenating a solid anthraquinone compound to a solid anthrahydroquinone compound, comprising the following steps:a) providing an electrochemical cell having an anode chamber containing an anode, a cathode chamber containing a cathode, and a proton transfer membrane (PTM) between the anode and the cathode;b) feeding water and optionally an electrolyte to the anode chamber;c) feeding water, an oxidized redox mediator and optionally an electrolyte to the cathode chamber;d)passing an electric current between the anode and the cathode to produce an aqueous solution comprising protons and a reduced redox mediator in the cathode chamber; ande) contacting the aqueous solution produced at step d) with a solid anthraquinone compound to prepare a solid anthrahydroquinone compound and regenerate the oxidized redox mediator.2.The electrochemical method according to claim 1, wherein steps a) , b) and c) comprise removing oxygen.3.The electrochemical method according to claim 1, wherein the anthraquinone compound or the anthrahydroquinone compound has no solubility in water or a solubility in water lower than 0.1 wt. %, preferably lower than 0.01 wt. %, based on the total weight of water fed in step c) and dissolved anthraquinone compound or anthrahydroquinone compound.4.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solid anthraquinone compound is solid anthraquinone and the solid anthrahydroquinone compound is solid anthrahydroquinone.5.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solid anthraquinone compound is a solid alkylanthraquinone and the solid anthrahydroquinone compound is a solid alkylanthrahydroquinone, alkyl contains 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for instance 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or even 1 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably, alkyl is ethyl or amyl.6.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the electrolyte in the anode chamber is an acidic electrolyte selected from the group consisting of H2SO4, HClO4, HCl, H2C2O4, H3PO4, CH3COOH and HCOOH and preferably H2SO4 when the PTM, the anode and the cathode are not assembled together and the PTM is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) .7.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the electrolyte in the anode chamber is a basic electrolyte, such as NaOH or KOH when the PTM, the anode and the cathode are not assembled together and the PTM is a bipolar membranes (BPM) .8.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the electrolyte in the cathode chamber is an acidic electrolyte selected from the group consisting of H2SO4, HClO4, HCl, H2C2O4, H3PO4, CH3COOH and HCOOH and preferably H2SO4when the PTM, the anode and the cathode are not assembled together and the PTM is a PEM or BPM.9.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the electrolyte is present in the anode or cathode the chamber and the concentration of the electrolyte in water is from 0.01 M to 5 M and preferably from 0.5 M to 2 M.10.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the redox mediator has a redox potential of at least 50 mV, preferably at least 450 mV lower than that of the solid anthraquinone compound, as measured by CV.11.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the oxidized redox mediator is methyl viologen diperchlorate or ethyl viologen diperchlorate.12.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the concentration of the oxidized redox mediator in water of step c) is from 0.01 M to 4.0 M, and preferably 0.05 M to 2.0 M.13.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the electric current has a current density from 10 to 400 mA / cm2 and preferably from 100 to 200 mA / cm2.14.The electrochemical method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the solid anthraquinone compound has a BET surface area of at least 0.1 m2 / g, preferably at least 1 m2 / g, more preferably from 1 to 30 m2 / g, most preferably from 10 to 30 m2 / g.15.A process for producing hydrogen peroxide, wherein the method comprises a step of contacting the solid anthrahydroquinone compound obtained by the method of any one of claims 1 to 14 with oxygen and water.
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