System and methods for deletion of large nucleic acid fragments
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/103579
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-07-05
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-09
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Abstract
Description
SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR DELETION OF LARGE NUCLEIC ACID FRAGMENTSBACKGROUND
[0001] Targeted deletion of genomic sequences is a useful method to generate gene knockouts. Gene knockouts allow researchers to study the function of a specific gene in vivo, and to understand the role of the gene in normal development and physiology as well as in the pathology of diseases. By studying the phenotype of the organism with the knocked-out gene, researchers can gain insights into the biological processes that the gene is involved in.
[0002] Targeted deletion can also have clinical significance. Gene duplication, or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification, is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in DNA replication and repair machinery as well as through fortuitous capture by selfish genetic elements.
[0003] Duplications of oncogenes are a common cause of many types of cancer. In such cases the genetic duplication occurs in a somatic cell and affects only the genome of the cancer cells themselves, not the entire organism. Recent comprehensive patient-level classification and quantification of driver events in TCGA cohorts revealed that there are on average 12 driver events per tumor, of which 1.5 are amplifications of oncogenes.
[0004] Erroneous gene duplication can lead to other diseases as well. For instance, gene duplications occur at frequency of about 10%in Duchenne (DMD) / Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) patients. Moreover, DMD can be treated by deleting part of the gene with mutations.
[0005] Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is caused by a duplication of the PMP22 gene on chromosome 17, resulting in excess production of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) . CMT1A is a neurological disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves.
[0006] Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is another peripheral neuropathy disorder caused by a deletion or duplication of a region on chromosome 17p11.2, which includes the PMP22 gene. HNPP results in nerve damage and recurrent episodes of weakness or numbness, often triggered by pressure or trauma.
[0007] Some cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) have been linked to gene duplications. For example, duplications in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in antioxidant defense, can cause FALS. The excess copies of the mutated SOD1 gene lead to the accumulation of toxic proteins, resulting in motor neuron degeneration.
[0008] The Duplication 15q syndrome a chromosomal disorder caused by the duplication of a segment of chromosome 15. It can result in various developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, seizures, and autism spectrum disorder. The duplications can involve different regions of chromosome 15, such as the proximal 15q11-q13 region, leading to distinct clinical features.
[0009] Similarly, the Duplication 17p syndrome involves the duplication of a segment of chromosome 17p which can cause a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, and distinctive facial features. Chromosome scale deletion could hold potential to treat Down syndrome (have an extra chromosome 21) .
[0010] Targeted and specific gene deletion, or more generally genomic sequence deletion, however, is challenging. (CRISPR) -Cas9 based deletion approaches have been reported, but they can only delete very small fragments with sufficient efficiency, and can results in errors including small indels as well as unintended deletions. The small indels can activate the p53 pathway leading to unintended adverse effects in the patients.
[0011] Improved methods for targeted and specific gene deletion, including large genomic sequence deletion, are needed.SUMMARY
[0012] Efficient targeted deletion holds great potential for treating a variety of genetic diseases, such as cancer and DMD / BMD. It is also critical for scientific research, such as uncovering the function of a gene or a non-coding element, and constructing disease models.
[0013] Various embodiments herein provide compositions and methods useful for deleting a target DNA sequence from a target DNA molecule. The disclosed GRAND-Del system employs a pair of pegRNA which, by virtue of their targeting nearby genomic sites, whether in a linear manner, or spatially (e.g., in 3-dimensional or 4-dimensional space) , and having sequences complementary to each other, collectively form a template for inserting an exogenous sequence to the target DNA molecule replace the target DNA sequence that is to be deleted.
[0014] One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising contacting the target DNA molecule with (a) a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase, (b) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (c) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence, wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt, wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, and wherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.
[0015] In some embodiments, the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment each has a length of 2-2000 nt, preferably 20-60 nt, more preferably 25 to 40 nt.
[0016] In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence has a length that is at least 10bp, 100bp, 1Kb, 10Kb, 100Kb, 1Mb, 10Mb, 20Mb, 30Mb, 40Mb, 50Mb, 100Mb, 200Mb, 300Mb, 400Mb, or 500Mb.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 10-1000 nt, or 10-500 nt, or 10-100 nt.
[0018] In some embodiments, the first fragment and the second fragment each independently has less than 95%, or less than 90%, 85%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%or 5%, sequence complementarity to the target DNA sequence.
[0019] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a nickase. In some embodiments, the nickase is a Cas9 protein containing an inactive HNH domain which cleaves the target strand, wherein the Cas9 protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of nickase of SpyCas9, SauCas9, NmeCas9, StCas9, FnCas9, CjCas9, AnaCas9, and GeoCas9, or wherein the Cas protein is a Cas12 protein, optionally selected from the group consisting of Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12f and Cas12i, further wherein the Cas12 protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of AsCpf1, FnCpf1, SsCpf1, PcCpf1, BpCpf1, CmtCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, Pb3310Cpf1, Pb4417Cpf1, BsCpf1, EeCpf1, BhCas12b, AkCas12b, EbCas12b, and LsCas12b.
[0020] In some embodiments, the reverse transcriptase is M-MLV reverse transcriptase or a reverse transcriptase that can function under physiological conditions.
[0021] In some embodiments, the nickase and reverse transcriptase each is provided as a nucleotide encoding the respective protein, or as a protein.
[0022] In some embodiments, each pegRNA is provided as a recombinant DNA encoding the pegRNA, or as a RNA molecule.
[0023] In some embodiments, the target DNA molecule is a chromosome or a chromosome fragment or a circular DNA.
[0024] In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the target DNA sequence removed from the target DNA molecule with a receiving DNA molecule comprising two single stranded ends commentary to at least a part of each of the two strands of the target DNA sequence.
[0025] In some embodiments, the receiving DNA molecule is a chromosome that has been edited to introduce the two single stranded ends by one or more prime editors.
[0026] In some embodiments, the receiving DNA is a plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmid comprises a centromere.
[0027] In some embodiments, the method further comprises nicking the target DNA molecule at one or more loci preferably within the target DNA molecule or within 1000 nt from the target DNA molecule.
[0028] In some embodiments, the contacting is in a mammalian cell, a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In some embodiments, the contacting is in vivo in a human patient. In some embodiments, the human patient has a disease mediated by gene duplication or a faulty gene.
[0029] In some embodiments, the gene duplication or faulty gene is at a gene selected from the group consisting of an oncogene, dystrophin, PMP22, a gene at chromosome locus 17p11.2, the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) , a gene at chromosome locus 15q11-q13, a gene at locus 17p and a beta-globin gene.
[0030] Also provided, in some embodiments, is a composition or kit useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising (a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence, wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt, wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, and wherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.
[0031] In some embodiments, the composition or kit further comprises the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.
[0032] Still further provided is one or more polynucleotides useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising or encoding (a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence, wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt, wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, and wherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.
[0033] In some embodiments, the one or more polynucleotides further comprises or encodes the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] FIG. 1 illustrates the components and editing process of the GRAND-Del editor.
[0035] FIG. 2 presents a process to verify the results of the GRAND-Del mediated deletion.
[0036] FIG. 3 shows methods and results of testing of the GRAND-Del efficiencies for targeted sequences ranging from 10Kb to 100Mb in length.
[0037] FIG. 4 shows methods and results of measuring the deletion junction accuracy.
[0038] FIG. 5 shows alternative designs of the GRAND-Del editors and their impacts on editing efficiency.
[0039] FIG. 6 shows that the GRAND-Del technology can be adapted for multiplex operation on multiple loci at high efficiencies.
[0040] FIG. 7 shows the destinations of the chromosomal fragments released from the GRAND-Del operations.
[0041] FIG. 8 shows visualization of chromosomal fragments released by GRAND-Del in HEK293T cells.
[0042] FIG. 9 shows the design and verification of targeted transposition.
[0043] FIG. 10 shows that introduction of sgRNA-induced nicks improved targeted transposition.
[0044] FIG. 11 illustrates the construction of artificial chromosomes.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0045] Definitions
[0046] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0047] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein” , “amino acid chain” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0048] The term “encode” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and / or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and / or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
[0049] The term “Cas protein” or “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -associated (Cas) protein” refers to RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzymes associated with the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immunity system in Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as other bacteria. Cas proteins include Cas9 proteins, Cas12a (Cpf1) proteins, Cas12b (formerly known as C2c1) proteins, Cas13 proteins and various engineered counterparts. Example Cas proteins include SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpf1, LbCpf1, FnCpf1, VQR SpCas9, EQR SpCas9, VRER SpCas9, SpCas9-NG, xSpCas9, RHA FnCas9, KKH SaCas9, NmeCas9, StCas9, CjCas9, AsCpf1, FnCpf1, SsCpf1, PcCpf1, BpCpf1, CmtCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, Pb3310Cpf1, Pb4417Cpf1, BsCpf1, EeCpf1, BhCas12b, AkCas12b, EbCas12b, LsCas12b, RfCas13d, LwaCas13a, PspCas13b, PguCas13b, RanCas13b.
[0050] Grand Deletion (GRAND-Del)
[0051] The present disclosure provides a new genetic editing method, termed GRAND (genome editing by RT templates at least partially aligned to each other but non-homologous to targeted sequences duo pegRNA) deletion, or simply GRAND-Del, that enables deletion of a target genomic sequence.
[0052] An example GRAND-Del technology employs a pair of prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) molecules illustrated in FIG. 1. A conventional pegRNA includes, in addition to a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) (which can be provided, along with a trRNA, as a single guide RNA (sgRNA) ) , a reverse transcriptase (RT) template (RTT) sequence and a primer binding site (PBS) . The PBS is complementary to the guide sequence (or “spacer” ) in the sgRNA, but is typically a few nucleotides shorter. When the guide sequence binds to the target genome sequence and dissociates the DNA double helix, the PBS binds to the opposite strand and initiates reverse transcription, using the RT template sequence as a template. The RTT can include mutations or small insertions relative to the target genome sequence, but needs to be largely homologous to the target genome sequence.
[0053] In each of the two pegRNA of a GRAND-Del system, the RTT does not have to be homologous to the target genome sequence. In some embodiments, the RTT preferably has reduced or even no homology to the target genome sequence. Instead, the two RTT (RTT1 and RTT2 as shown) share a complementary portion. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the RTT1 of pegRNA1 and the RTT2 of pegRNA2 have complementary sequences (or substantially complementary, such as at least 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 95%complementary sequence identity) so that they (or their products) can pair with each other.
[0054] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the pairing does not occur between the two pegRNA molecules. Instead, upon binding to the target genome sequence (Steps 100 and 110) , both pegRNA will serve as templates (RTT1 and RTT2) to generate (by reverse transcription) DNA sequences (201 and 202; single-stranded) (Step 120) . As Step 130 of FIG. 1 shows, by virtue of the complementary sequences and their close proximity, these two newly reverse transcribed single-stranded DNA fragments (201 and 202, also referred to as “flaps” ) can bind to each other (Step 120) to form a duplex region, displacing the original genomic sequences (101 and 102) , which are generally much longer. The displaced genomic sequences can be degraded / digested by enzymes in the cells. Meanwhile, the newly formed duplex is integrated into the genome via DNA repair (Step 120) .
[0055] In an alternative design, each of the RTT1 and RTT2 further includes a proximal region (PR) between the complementary distal region and the PBS (FIG. 5a) . As such, the newly generated flaps hybridize to each other at the distal ends ( “overlap” ) , but leave two single-stranded regions (products of PR1 and PR2) in the targeted genome. These single-stranded regions can serve as DNA replication templates and ultimately the inserted sequence (to replace the deleted genomic sequence) includes the PR1, the overlap and the PR2 (and their complements) .
[0056] As demonstrated in the experimental examples, the GRAND-Del technology is highly efficient (e.g., >50%for a targeted to-be-deleted sequence of 10Kb in length) , and can delete target sequences of as long as 100Mb. Also important, unlike the existing technologies, GRAND-Del does not generate intensive double strand breaks (DSB) , and thus can avoid undesired byproducts such as indels and inversions.
[0057] The GRAND-Del technology may have lower p53 activation risks as compared to those DSB-dependent methods. GRAND-Del limits off-target editing with the use of Cas9 nickase and paired pegRNAs with non-homologous RTT to targeted sequences. By contrast, the existing technologies cause P53 activation.
[0058] Accordingly, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising contacting the target DNA molecule with (a) a Cas protein (e.g., a regular Cas9, Cas12 or Cas13 protein, or a nickase) and a reverse transcriptase (optionally combined in a fusion protein, or separately provided) , (b) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (c) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence.
[0059] In some embodiments, (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt. In other words, the first fragment and the second fragment each is optional.
[0060] In some embodiments, (1) the first spacer and the first PBS target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT.
[0061] In some embodiments, the first new single strand and the second new single strand form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.
[0062] Collectively, the first fragment, the first pairing fragment, and a reverse-complement of the second fragment encode one of the strands of a nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the target DNA molecule. It is noted that the first fragment and the second fragment each can be empty (0 nucleotide) , or can be as long as thousands of nucleotides. Meanwhile, the target DNA sequence (between the first location and the second location on the target DNA molecule) is displaced and deleted. In general, as demonstrated, the newly inserted fragment can be short (e.g., <100 bp) while the deleted target DNA sequence can be quite long (e.g., 100’s of Mb) .
[0063] In some embodiments, the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment each has a length of less than 200 nt, or less than 150 nt, less than 120 nt, less than 100 nt, less than 80 nt, less than 70 nt, less than 60 nt, less than 50 nt, less then 40 nt, or less then 35 nt. In some embodiments, the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment each has a length of 5-100 nt, 10-60 nt, 20-50 nt, or 25 to 40 nt.
[0064] The first fragment (if included) , one of the pairing fragments, and the second fragment (the reserve complement thereof, if included) collectively encode a nucleic acid sequence to be inserted to a target genome sequence to replace and delete the target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the total encoded sequence is at least 10 bp in length, or at least 20 bp, 30 bp, 40 bp, 50 bp, 60 bp, 70 bp, 80 bp, 90, or 100 bp length. In some embodiments, the total encoded sequence is not longer than 1Kb, or not longer than 900 bp, 800 bp, 700 bp, 600 bp, 500 bp, 400 bp, 300 bp, 200 bp, 150 bp, 100 bp, 90 bp, 80 bp, 70 bp, 60 bp, 50 bp, 40 bp, or 30 bp.
[0065] In some embodiments, the first fragment and the second fragment each is at least 0 bp in length, or at least 2 bp, 5 bp, 10 bp, 20 bp, 30 bp, 40 bp, 50 bp, 60 bp, 70 bp, 80 bp, 90 bp, or 100 bp length. In some embodiments, the first fragment and the second fragment each is not longer than 1Kb, or not longer than 900 bp, 800 bp, 700 bp, 600 bp, 500 bp, 400 bp, 300 bp, 200 bp, 150 bp, 100 bp, 90 bp, 80 bp, 70 bp, 60 bp, 50 bp, 40 bp, or 30 bp.
[0066] As disclosed, the first fragment, the second fragment and / or the pairing fragments do not need to be homologous to the genomic sequences to be replaced. In some embodiments, the first fragment and the second fragment each independently has less than 95%, or less than 90%, 85%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%or 5%, sequence complementarity to the target DNA sequence.
[0067] As demonstrated in the example, the target DNA sequence (to be deleted) can be quite long. In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence has a length that is at least 10bp, 100bp, 1Kb, 10Kb, 100Kb, 1Mb, 10Mb, 20Mb, 30Mb, 40Mb, 50Mb, 100Mb, 200Mb, 300Mb, 400Mb, or 500Mb.
[0068] The pegRNA disclosed herein can be similar to the conventional pegRNA as used in prime editing. Prime editing is a genome editing technology by which the genome of living organisms may be modified. Prime editing directly writes new genetic information into a targeted DNA site. It uses a fusion protein, consisting of a catalytically impaired endonuclease (e.g., Cas9) fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase enzyme, and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) , capable of identifying the target site and providing the new genetic information to replace the target DNA nucleotides. Prime editing mediates targeted insertions, deletions, and base-to-base conversions without the need for double strand breaks (DSBs) or donor DNA templates.
[0069] The pegRNA is capable of identifying the target nucleotide sequence to be edited, and encodes new genetic information that replaces the targeted sequence. The pegRNA consists of an extended single guide RNA (sgRNA) (or alternatively just a crRNA) containing a primer binding site (PBS) and a reverse transcriptase (RT) template sequence. During genome editing, the primer binding site allows the 3’ end of the nicked DNA strand to hybridize to the pegRNA, while the RT template serves as a template for the synthesis of edited genetic information. Within the sgRNA or crRNA portion, there are a spacer (guide sequence) that guides the prime editor to the target genomic site, and a sgRNA / crRNA scaffold.
[0070] The fusion protein, in some embodiments, includes a nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase. A nickase can be derived from a regular Cas9 protein, such as SpCas9, FnCas9, St1Cas9, St3Cas9, NmCas9, SaCas9, AsCpf1, LbCpf1, FnCpf1, VQR SpCas9, EQR SpCas9, VRER SpCas9, SpCas9-NG, xSpCas9, RHA FnCas9, KKH SaCas9, NmeCas9, StCas9, or CjCas9. An example nickase is Cas9 H840A. The Cas9 enzyme contains two nuclease domains that can cleave DNA sequences, a RuvC domain that cleaves the non-target strand and a HNH domain that cleaves the target strand. The introduction of a H840A substitution in Cas9, through which the histidine residue at 840 is replaced by an alanine, inactivates the HNH domain. With only the RuvC functioning domain, the catalytically impaired Cas9 introduces a single strand nick, hence a nickase.
[0071] In some embodiments, the Cas protein is a Cas12 protein, such as Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12f and Cas12i. In some embodiments, the Cas12 protein is selected from the group consisting of AsCpf1, FnCpf1, SsCpf1, PcCpf1, BpCpf1, CmtCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, Pb3310Cpf1, Pb4417Cpf1, BsCpf1, EeCpf1, BhCas12b, AkCas12b, EbCas12b, and LsCas12b.
[0072] Non-limiting examples of reverse-transcriptases include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse-transcriptase, moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse-transcriptase and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse-transcriptase, and any reverse transcriptases that can function under physiological conditions.
[0073] In some embodiments, the prime editing system further includes a single guide RNA (sgRNA) (or alternatively just a crRNA) that directs the Cas9 H840A nickase portion of the fusion protein to nick the non-edited DNA strand. It is noted, however, that such an extra sgRNA / crRNA is not required in the GRAND-Del system.
[0074] Prime editing can be carried out by transfecting target cells with the pegRNA and the fusion protein. Transfection is often accomplished by introducing vectors into a cell. In some embodiments, the prime editors can be introduced to a cell directly as plasmids, linear DNA, proteins, RNA, and virus-like particles, or their complexes. Each molecule can be introduced separately, or together, without limitation.
[0075] Vectors may be introduced into the desired host cells by known methods, including, but not limited to, transfection, transduction, cell fusion, and lipofection. Vectors can include various regulatory elements including promoters. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an expression vector including any of the polynucleotides described herein, e.g., an expression vector including polynucleotides encoding the fusion protein and / or the pegRNA.
[0076] The spacers and the PBS can be designed such that they bind to genomic sequences flanking a region wherein DNA insertion and / or replacement is desired.
[0077] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the first pegRNA further includes a first primer-binding site (PBS) and a first spacer, enabling the fusion protein or complex to reverse-transcribe the first template sequence at a first PBS target sequence near the target site that is complementary to the first PBS, and the second pegRNA further includes a second PBS and a second spacer, enabling the fusion protein or complex to reverse-transcribe the second template sequence at a second PBS target sequence near the target site that is complementary to the second PBS. In some embodiments, the reverse transcription of the first RT template sequence and the second RT template sequence results in pairing of the reverse-transcribed first pairing fragment and the reverse-transcribed second pairing fragment.
[0078] As demonstrated in Examples 5-7, the target DNA sequence that is deleted from the target DNA molecule (also referred to as a “released” sequence, such as a released chromosomal fragment) can be randomly inserted into a different location in the chromosome or to a different chromosome. In some embodiments, such integration can be targeted at specific locations, e.g., by introducing “flaps” (single-stranded DNA tails) at the targeted location.
[0079] For instance, the flaps can be introduced by the conventional prime editing (PE) technology which provides templates for reverse transcription. When two flaps so introduced at a target location are complementary to the two ends (or close to the ends) of the released sequence, such complementarity can help initiate the integration process, such that the released sequence is inserted into the target location.
[0080] In some embodiments, the target location is in a chromosome. Such a target insertion, collectively with the earlier targeted deletion, results in targeted transposition.
[0081] In some embodiments, the target location is in a plasmid, such as one containing a centromere. When a released chromosomal fragment is inserted to such a plasmid, it generates an artificial chromosome.
[0082] In some embodiments, to improve the efficiency of the targeted transposition, one or more nick sites can be introduced at the target DNA molecule from which the released fragment is generated. The nick sites can be created, for instance, by extra sgRNA. In some embodiments, the nick sites are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more within the target sequence to be deleted. In some embodiments, the nick sites are close to the deletion sites, such as within 5000 nt, 2000 nt, 1000 nt, 500 nt, 300 nt, 200 nt, 100 nt, or 50 nt from either end of the target sequence to be deleted. In some embodiments, the nick sites are on a single strand of the target DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the nick sites are on both strands of the target DNA molecule.
[0083] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs in the presence of a DNA repair system, which forms a double-stranded DNA sequence introduced at the target site, wherein one strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence is encoded by the first fragment, the first pairing fragment, and a reverse-complement of the second fragment collectively. Such contacting can be, for instance, in a cell, in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. The cell may be a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, a plant cell, an animal cell, a mammal cell, or a human cell.
[0084] In some embodiments, the method is carried out in vivo in a human patient. In some embodiments, the human patient has a disease mediated by gene duplication. Examples diseases and involved gene duplications are known in the art.
[0085] In one embodiment, the disease is cancer and the duplicated gene is an oncogene. In one embodiment, the disease is Duchenne (DMD) or Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) and the duplicated or faulty gene is dystrophin whereas deletion part of the gene can restore protein function. In one embodiment, the disease is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and the duplicated gene is PMP22.
[0086] In one embodiment, the disease is hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) and the duplicated gene is on chromosome 17p11.2, which includes the PMP22. In one embodiment, the disease is familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) and the duplicated gene is the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene.
[0087] In one embodiment, the disease is Duplication 15q syndrome and the duplicated gene is in the 15q11-q13 region. In one embodiment, the disease is Duplication 17p syndrome and the duplicated gene is in the 17p region.
[0088] In one embodiment, the disease is Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) -like blood diseases and the duplicated gene is a beta-globin gene. In one embodiment, the disease is a trisomy disorder and the duplicated gene is a gene or a gene cluster that is incorrectly duplicated on the chromosome.
[0089] Also provided are compositions, kits and packages useful for conducting GRAND-Del. In some embodiments, the composition, kit or package includes at least a pair of pegRNA useful for the editing, as described herein.
[0090] In one embodiment, the composition or kit is useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, and includes (a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence. In some embodiments, (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt.In some embodiments, (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, and wherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule (while delete the target region) . In some embodiments, the composition or kit further includes the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.
[0091] As provided, one or more of the pegRNA and / or Cas protein / reverse transcriptase can be provided as polynucleotides encoding them. Therefore, in one embodiment, provided is a one or more polynucleotides useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising or encoding (a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and (b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence.
[0092] In some embodiments, wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt. In some embodiments, wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT. In some embodiments, the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the one or more polynucleotides further comprises or encodes the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.
[0093] EXAMPLES
[0094] Example 1. Detection of GRAND-Del Products
[0095] This example tested a newly designed method for targeted deletion of genomic sequences. The method, referred to herein as “GRAND-Del, ” is illustrated in FIG. 1.
[0096] Briefly, a GRAND-Del editor includes a pair of pegRNAs and a Cas9 nickase-RT fusion protein. The paired pegRNAs guide the Cas9 nickase-RT to recognize PAM sequences on the target chromosome, and bind and nick the opposite target DNA strands, respectively. The 3’ ends of nicking sites hybridize to the corresponding PBS region of pegRNAs, then the reverse transcriptase initiates and generates complementary new ssDNAs using the RT template (RTT) . The two newly generated ssDNAs anneal together and compete with the original genome fragments. Through the DNA repair pathway, the original strands are cleaved and replaced by RTT-introduced insertion.
[0097] To confirm success of the deletion, PCR primers were selected that target the regions flanking the to-be-deleted region (FIG. 2a) . The to-be-deleted regions, in endogenous loci HPRT1 and VEGFA, ranged from 10 Kb to 100 Mb in length, and thus could not be amplified by PCR. Only the resulting sequences after the deletion could be amplified. The amplified PCR products were further verified with Sanger sequence (FIG. 2b) . This example confirmed that the targeted regions were successfully deleted.
[0098] Example 2. Efficiencies of Large Deletion from 10Kb to 100Mb
[0099] This example tested the use of GRAND-Del in deleting genomic sequences ranging from 10Kb to 100Mb in length, in the genome of HEK293 cells.
[0100] The deletion efficiencies were measured by ddPCR (Droplet Digital PCR) . Two probes with different labels targeted the reference sequence (not subjected to deletion) and edited sequence (with deletion) , respectively. The reference sequence was located at a separate chromosome from editing site. The probes were designed to hybridize with insertion sequence (FIG. 3a) . Deletion efficiencies were represented by insertion efficiencies. This approach was used to quantify large deletion editing at four endogenous gene loci in HEK293T, including HPRT1, VEGFA, LSP1, and HEK3.
[0101] The results are shown in FIG. 3b. The deletion efficiency was greater than 50%when the to-be-deleted sequence was 10Kb long (at least for VEGFA and HPRT1) . For HPRT1, LSP1 and HEK3, the efficiencies dropped to about 5%when the length was 1Mb or longer. At the same length (1Mb) , however, the deletion efficiency at the VEGFA stayed at about 40%.
[0102] At 10-30Mb, the deletion efficiencies at all loci were at about 5%or below. Nevertheless, even at 100Mb, the GRAND-Del technology still was able generate targeted deletion at a significant level (1%or 2%) at the VEGFA and LSP1 loci.
[0103] Example 3. Examination of Deletion Precision
[0104] This example checked the accuracy of the targeted deletion with the GRAND-Del method.
[0105] The accuracy (i.e., junction accuracy) of the targeted deletion in HEK293T cells was checked by next generation sequencing (NSG) . The junction sequences were amplified by out-out PCR (with primers flanking the cutting site) . The purities of correct deletion products are shown in FIG. 4b (V: VEGFA; L: LSP1) and the relevant sequences are shown in FIG. 4c.
[0106] As shown in the figures, the general deletion accuracy for a deletion of a 10Kb sequence was over 99%. The accuracy was still as high as 97%when the deleted sequence was 1Mb long, and was as high as 93%when the deleted sequence was 100Mb.
[0107] Example 4. Optimization of Flaps
[0108] This example tested different designs of the GRAND-Del technology with different flaps.
[0109] In the example of FIG. 1, the two flaps are 100%complementary to each other and form a complete duplex, replacing the sequence to be deleted. In FIG. 5a, an alternative design is provided in which the flaps are only partially complementary. In other words, the two flaps share a complementary region ( “overlap” ) at their distal portion, but each includes an additional, non-complementary, proximal region. In this alternative design, the final sequence to be inserted at the deleted site includes the first proximal region, the complementary region, and the second proximal region.
[0110] The impacts of the lengths of the overlap regions and the non-complementary proximal regions were evaluated at the VEGFA agent, with a targeted deletion sequence of 1Mb or 30Mb. As shown in FIG. 5b and 5c, longer overlap sequences (80 bases or longer) tended to decrease the overall deletion efficiency, while the total length of the flaps did not have as significant impacts.
[0111] The ability to be adapted for multiplex operation for the GRAND-Del technology was also tested. In FIG. 6, GRAND-Del was applied to multiplex editing of a plurality of loci, and the efficiencies were determined by ddPCR. As shown, the GRAND-Del technology was used with 2 or 3 pairs of pegRNAs for 10kb or 1Mb deletion at different loci, and exhibited high efficiencies throughout.
[0112] Example 5. Destinations of Released Fragments from GRAND-Del
[0113] As shown above, PCR amplification has confirmed that GRAND-Del successfully deleted large chromosome fragments at target sites. In this example, whole genome sequencing was employed to investigate whether the deleted (or “released” ) fragments were deleted or not.
[0114] Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) showed the locations (or the absence) of the 1 Mb released fragment from Chr 6, in single-cell clones of HEK293T after GRAND-Del treatment. The results showed (FIG. 7) that the released chromosomal fragments had three two major outcomes and one minor outcome. The major outcomes are degradation and transposition, and the minor outcome is duplication.
[0115] Analysis of the events on Chr 3, Chr 6 and Chr 17, respectively, in single-cell clones of HEK293T after GRAND-Del treatment were summarized in FIG. 7c. N represents the numbers of single clones analyzed. As shown, a significant portion of the released fragments were transposed to a different location of the genome.
[0116] Visualization of chromosomal fragments released is presented in FIG. 8a using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) , for 100 Mb deletion on Chr 6. Column 1 (starting from left) represents Chr 6 centromere (green) , red fluorescent probes label ~108 kb genomic sequence flanking STAT6 gene, and the nuclei are instructed in blue. In Column 1, the 100Mb region is deleted and transferred to other chromosomes. In Column 2, duplication occurs in the region released by the GRAND-Del. Column 3 is the unedited chromosome of the wild type, which is used as a control. White arrows indicate wild-type chromosomes. Aberrant chromosomes were indicated by arrows with the same color of structural variation type.
[0117] Likewise, in FIG. 8b, FISH was done for 1 Mb deletion on Chr 17. In Column 1, red fluorescent probes label HER2 gene, and the 1Mb region of Chr 17 is deleted completely. In Column 2, the 1Mb region of Chr17 is not deleted. Column 3 is the unedited chromosome of the wild type, which is used as a control. In (a) or (b) , Edit-1 and Edit-2 are different single cell colonies from GRAND-Del treated samples for 100 Mb (a) or 1 Mb (b) release, respectively.
[0118] Example 6. Targeted transposition of Released Chromosomal Fragments
[0119] Based on the unexpected discovery that the GRAND-Del released chromosomal fragments were randomly re-integrated into chromosomes, the instant inventors envisioned that such re-integration can be specifically targeted. This example designed and tested such a specific targeted transposition method.
[0120] FIG. 9a presents a schematic diagram in which a chromosomal fragment released from Chromosome A is captured by Chromosome B or within the same chromosome but in a different location, assisted with primer editor (PE) -induced flaps. The PE-induced flaps were complementary to both ends of the released fragment. It is contemplated that such capture is facilitated by the DNA repair pathway.
[0121] The targeted transposition was confirmed with junction PCR (FIG. 9b) . Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) agarose gel of PCR amplicons showed left and right junction amplification for integration outcomes of 1Mb fragment released from Chr 6 or Chr 9 integrated into the LSP1 locus in two orientations in HEK293T cells. As summarized in FIG. 9c, the integration efficiencies of 1 Mb from Chr 6 into the LSP1 and HPRT1 loci, with two orientations in HEK293T cells, could be as high as 1%.
[0122] Potential methods to further enhance the targeted transposition efficiencies were also tested. In an optimization design (FIG. 10a) , extra sgRNA-mediated nicks were introduced into chromosome A to obtain fragments containing sticky ends. The flaps on Chromosome B, which were complementary to the sticky ends, captured the fragments released from Chromosome A and facilitated their integration. The addition of these extra sgRNA increased the integration efficiencies of 1 Mb from Chr 6 into the LSP1 in HEK293T cells (FIG. 10b) which were quantified by ddPCR.
[0123] Example 7. Construction of Artificial Chromosomes
[0124] It is believed that the chromosomal fragments released from a GRNAD-Del operation can provide basis for preparing artificial chromosomes.
[0125] As illustrated in FIG. 11, upon release of a chromosomal fragment, a centromere-containing plasmid is added, which has been PE-induced to have two flaps complementary to the released fragment. Upon contact between the released chromosomal fragment and the centromere-containing plasmid, an artificial chromosome is constructed.
[0126] * * *
[0127] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0128] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A method for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising contacting the target DNA molecule with(a) a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase,(b) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and(c) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence,wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt,wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, andwherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment each has a length of 2-2000 nt, preferably 20-60 nt, more preferably 25 to 40 nt.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the target DNA sequence has a length that is at least 10bp, 100bp, 1Kb, 10Kb, 100Kb, 1Mb, 10Mb, 20Mb, 30Mb, 40Mb, 50Mb, 100Mb, 200Mb, 300Mb, 400Mb, or 500Mb.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 10-1000 nt, or 10-500 nt, or 10-100 nt.5.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the first fragment and the second fragment each independently has less than 95%, or less than 90%, 85%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%or 5%, sequence complementarity to the target DNA sequence.6.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the Cas protein is a nickase.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the nickase is a Cas9 protein containing an inactive HNH domain which cleaves the target strand, wherein the Cas9 protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of nickase of SpyCas9, SauCas9, NmeCas9, StCas9, FnCas9, CjCas9, AnaCas9, and GeoCas9, or wherein the Cas protein is a Cas12 protein, optionally selected from the group consisting of Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12f and Cas12i, further wherein the Cas12 protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of AsCpf1, FnCpf1, SsCpf1, PcCpf1, BpCpf1, CmtCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, Pb3310Cpf1, Pb4417Cpf1, BsCpf1, EeCpf1, BhCas12b, AkCas12b, EbCas12b, and LsCas12b.8.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the reverse transcriptase is M-MLV reverse transcriptase or a reverse transcriptase that can function under physiological conditions.9.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the nickase and reverse transcriptase each is provided as a nucleotide encoding the respective protein, or as a protein.10.The method of any preceding claim, wherein each pegRNA is provided as a recombinant DNA encoding the pegRNA, or as a RNA molecule.11.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the target DNA molecule is a chromosome or a chromosome fragment or a circular DNA.12.The method of any preceding claim, further comprising contacting the target DNA sequence removed from the target DNA molecule with a receiving DNA molecule comprising two single stranded ends complementary to at least a part of each of the two strands of the target DNA sequence.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the receiving DNA molecule is a chromosome that has been edited to introduce the two single stranded flaps by one or more prime editors.14.The method of claim 12, wherein the receiving DNA is a plasmid.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the plasmid comprises a centromere.16.The method of any one of claims 12-15, further comprising nicking the target DNA molecule at one or more loci preferably within the target DNA molecule or within 1000 nt from the target DNA molecule.17.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the contacting is in a mammalian cell, a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, or a plant cell.18.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the contacting is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.19.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the contacting is in vivo in a human patient.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the human patient has a disease mediated by gene duplication or a faulty gene.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the gene duplication or faulty gene is at a gene selected from the group consisting of an oncogene, dystrophin, PMP22, a gene at chromosome locus 17p11.2, the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) , a gene at chromosome locus 15q11-q13, a gene at locus 17p and a beta-globin gene.22.A composition or kit useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising(a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and(b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence,wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt,wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, andwherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.23.The composition or kit of claim 22, further comprising the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.24.One or more polynucleotides useful for deleting a target DNA sequence in a target DNA molecule between a first location and a second location, comprising or encoding(a) a first prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) comprising a first primer-binding site (PBS) , a first spacer, and a first reverse transcriptase template (RTT) sequence, and(b) a second pegRNA comprising a second PBS, a second spacer, and a second RTT sequence,wherein (i) the first RTT sequence comprises a first fragment and a first pairing fragment, (ii) the second RTT sequence comprises a second fragment and a second pairing fragment, (iii) the first pairing fragment and the second pairing fragment are complementary to each other, and (iv) the first fragment and the second fragment each has a length of 0-2000 nt,wherein (1) the first spacer and the first PBS can target the first pegRNA to the first location allowing a Cas protein and a reverse transcriptase to nick the first location and extend a first strand of the target DNA molecule, using the first RTT as a template, to form a first new single strand that is complementary to the first RTT, and (2) the second spacer and the second PBS target the second pegRNA to the second location allowing the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase to nick the second location and extend a second strand of the target DNA molecule, using the second RTT as a template, to form a second new single strand that is complementary to the second RTT, andwherein the first new single strand and the second new single strand can form a double-stranded region, displacing the target DNA sequence from the target DNA molecule.25.The one or more polynucleotides of claim 24, which further comprises or encodes the Cas protein and the reverse transcriptase.
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