Grid connection for thermal solar collectors

Abstract

A system for connecting a solar collector to a power grid, wherein the system comprises at least one upright (2) of the solar collector, a foundation element, in particular a foundation structure (1) or a pilot pile (58), for anchoring the upright (2) in and / or fastening the upright (2) on a piece of ground, and also a transfer station for lines of the solar collector and lines of the power grid to be received axially movably, in order for the lines of the solar collector to be connected to the lines of the power grid (in a sealing manner).

Description

[0001] GRID CONNECTION OF THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTORS

[0002] Field of the invention

[0003] The invention relates to a transfer station for connecting lines of a solar collector to lines of a pipeline network. Furthermore, the invention relates to a system for connecting a solar collector to a pipeline network. Furthermore, the invention relates to a solar collector comprising at least one transfer station. Furthermore, the invention relates to a solar thermal system with one or more solar collectors that are connected to a pipeline network by means of one or more transfer stations.

[0004] Description of the invention

[0005] The invention relates to a transfer station for connecting solar thermal collectors (also called thermal solar collectors, solar collector units, or collector units) to a central grid. In particular, it involves connecting multiple collector units to a grid in parallel and being able to disconnect them from the grid at any time in the event of any defects without disrupting further operation.

[0006] A collector unit can comprise a plurality of collector modules, which are typically mounted on a support. The electrical and hydraulic lines of the collector unit originate from or are routed inside the support. The term "collector unit" will also be used subsequently as the "collector."

[0007] For the purposes of this application, a central pipeline network is understood to be an above-ground or underground pipeline network that is laid from one transfer station to the next and carries the collected energy from the collectors to a consumer. In most cases, the central pipeline network leads to a station with one or more heat storage units. A steam engine can be connected upstream of the heat storage units. In individual cases, it can also be a single collector that is connected to the grid. The collectors are supplied with electricity from the station, for example, to operate actuators and control valves. In addition, various signal lines run from the station to electronic units in the individual collectors. The collectors can be cleaned automatically. The cleaning water is transported under pressure via a central line from the station to the individual collectors.In a special version, the collectors can be designed to provide not only heat but also electricity from PV elements. In this case, wiring for the power electrical system must also be provided. Pipe openings can be provided accordingly to allow for the electrical cables to be pulled through in the event of a later retrofit.

[0008] One advantage of the invention is that all the electrical and hydraulic piping is bundled in a small space. When buried underground, components of the central network can be housed inside casing pipes. Pipe sections of the collectors can also be housed inside the upright, so that the upright also serves as a casing pipe. When laid above ground, it is also advisable to enclose all cables in a casing pipe. This pipe primarily serves to protect insulation from moisture, but does not have to meet the same requirements as a buried pipe. The individual collectors can each include supply and return pipes for the heat transfer medium; these should preferably not transfer heat to the electrical cables.In the transfer station according to the invention, which transfer station connects one or more collectors to the central pipe network, these flow and return pipes are accommodated accordingly and (fluidically) connected to heat pipes of the central pipe network (heating network).

[0009] The transfer station thus fulfills one, several, or all of the following tasks: A foundation for the collectors should be provided. This foundation, in particular, not only anchors the corresponding collector in or to the ground or subsoil, but also enables the most efficient and user-friendly connection of the collector to the central piping network, in particular to the hydraulic, heating, and cleaning fluid circuits or lines of the central piping network. Thermal expansion of the heat pipes and lines should be compensated, particularly in the area of ​​the connection to the central piping network. A possibility should be created to facilitate the maintenance of individual collectors and, in particular, to reliably shut off or interrupt hydraulic, heating, and cleaning fluid circuits.A way to connect the collector to the power supply for PV electricity and supply it with operating power should be created. Furthermore, the possibility of connecting the collector's signal lines to the corresponding signal lines of the central power grid should be created.

[0010] In a system for connecting a solar collector to a pipeline network, wherein the system comprises at least one upright of the solar collector and a foundation element, in particular a foundation body or a pilot pillar, for anchoring the upright in and / or fastening the upright to a subsurface, one object of the invention is achieved by a transfer station for the axially movable reception of both lines of the solar collector and lines of the pipeline network in order to connect the lines of the solar collector (preferably fluidically and preferably sealingly) to the lines of the pipeline network.

[0011] The fact that both the solar collector or collector lines and the lines of the (central) pipeline network can be accommodated in the transfer station with axial movement enables a reliable connection of the collector, especially those collector lines carrying a heat transfer medium, to the (central) pipeline network. The axially movable mount also allows for the compensation or absorption of thermal expansion of the collector lines and / or the pipeline network lines, ensuring a tight connection between the collector lines and the corresponding lines of the pipeline network during the collector's operating state, in which the collector is used as intended to convert solar radiation into thermal energy.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment, the transfer station comprises at least one expansion compensator, which expansion compensator comprises at least a first compensation block for axially movably receiving heat lines of the upright and a second compensation block for axially movably receiving (central) heat lines of the pipe network, wherein the first compensation block and the second compensation block are (fluidically) connected to one another and arranged transversely to one another. The (possibility of) receiving the (first and second) heat lines of the collector in the first compensation block and the (first and second), in particular central, heat lines of the pipe network in the second compensation block ensures a flexible connection of the collector to the pipe network that is adapted or adaptable to the conditions of the respective collector and / or pipe network.In particular, the first compensation block can have an axial direction that runs or is oriented parallel to an axial direction of the collector's heat lines, and the second compensation block can have an axial direction that runs or is oriented parallel to an axial direction of the (central) heat lines of the pipe network. Due to the (fluidic) connection of the two compensation blocks, the expansion compensator can be designed as a unit, which unit can be accommodated or mounted in the transfer station in a particularly simple and efficient manner.

[0013] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the transfer station, preferably the expansion compensator, particularly preferably the first compensation block, is fastened to the upright, in particular to a flange of the upright or upright flange, via a soft flange (upright flange) of the upright is connected to the foundation element.

[0014] This makes the construction of the transfer station as simple as possible. In particular, it makes it possible to bring the transfer station, together with the upright or upright flange, up to the foundation element and attach or connect it to it. This proves particularly advantageous with regard to the assembly and installation of the system or the solar thermal system in which the system is used, as it significantly simplifies assembly.

[0015] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the transfer station is arranged at least partially within the foundation element in an operating state of the system in which the upright is anchored in the subsoil and / or fastened to the subsoil by means of the foundation element as intended.

[0016] This enables the transfer station to be installed within the system in a particularly compact manner and protected from external influences.

[0017] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the transfer station comprises at least one shut-off device, by means of which shut-off device the connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipeline network can be interrupted and released.

[0018] This makes it particularly easy to disconnect the collector, which is connected to the pipeline network via the respective transfer station, from the grid or to connect it to the grid and maintain it.

[0019] In a further preferred embodiment, the shut-off device comprises sliding rods, each of which is provided with a through-bore and is movably mounted in the first compensation block and / or the second compensation block. Depending on the sliding position of the sliding rods, the connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipeline network can be interrupted or released. This allows for a particularly simple and reliable shut-off of the connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipeline network.

[0020] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that when the sliding rods are in a sliding position, a connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipeline network is interrupted, but a connection between the lines of the solar collector and an external connection of the transfer station is established. Preferably, the sliding rods are each provided with an axial bore (axial bore), which axial bore preferably runs transversely to the through-bore and is connected to an outer circumferential surface of the sliding rod via a bore, preferably running parallel to the through-bore. The bore preferably runs (only) between the axial bore and the outer circumferential surface and is thus designed as a blind bore.

[0021] This enables particularly safe and simple discharge and / or introduction of heat transfer medium from and / or into the pipes, particularly by means of the axial bore in the sliding rods.

[0022] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the transfer station comprises at least a first unit box for a cleaning device and / or a second unit box for electrical components and / or for establishing electrical connections, wherein preferably the first unit box and / or the second unit box are each closed by a detachable cover in the operating state of the system.

[0023] This allows the transfer station to be equipped with additional functionality in a compact design. The components installed in the unit boxes are also housed particularly securely.

[0024] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that a further shut-off device, in particular a control valve designed as a two- or three-way valve, is arranged in the unit box for a cleaning device in order to interrupt or release a connection between a line for cleaning fluid of the pipe network and a riser pipe leading in particular to a nozzle unit of the solar collector.

[0025] This makes it particularly easy to supply the collector with cleaning fluid. It also enables particularly simple and reliable maintenance of the collector's cleaning system.

[0026] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the further shut-off device is designed as a three-way valve and, in addition to the line for cleaning liquid of the pipe network and the riser, is also connected to a line to the outside, in particular to an irrigation line, wherein preferably this line to the outside or this irrigation line comprises a device to ensure a predeterminable pressure resistance against the outflow of cleaning liquid from the line.

[0027] This allows the collector to be separated from the cleaning fluid line of the

[0028] to separate the pipe network and at the same time to secure the riser against the outflow of cleaning fluid, since an outlet pressure, which outlet pressure can be provided by the device, can be selected to be greater than a pressure from the riser.

[0029] In a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that individual, several, or all lines of the solar collector and / or individual, several, or all lines of the pipe network are insulated, in particular vacuum-insulated, at least in sections. Preferably, the at least one expansion compensator, all expansion compensators, the first compensation block, and / or the second compensation block can be (thermally) insulated.

[0030] This can increase the efficiency of the collector or the entire solar thermal system.

[0031] One object of the invention is achieved by a solar collector comprising at least one upright and one or more collector modules, wherein the upright comprises a transfer station of the type described above on an outer side facing away from the collector modules, in particular on an underside, of a upright flange.

[0032] This allows the advantages described in the present application to be achieved in the solar collector.

[0033] In an analogous manner, these advantages can be achieved in a preferably thermal solar system if the solar system comprises at least one solar collector, preferably several solar collectors, of the type described above, which solar collector or which solar collectors is / are connected to a (central) pipeline network by means of one or more transfer stations of the type described above.

[0034] Further advantages and preferred embodiments of the transfer station, the system, the solar collector, and the solar thermal system will become apparent from the following description and the figures. Unless otherwise stated, individual embodiments, variants, and examples, as well as individual features of these embodiments, variants, and examples, can be combined as desired with other embodiments, variants, and examples and / or individual features of these embodiments, variants, and examples.

[0035] Preferably, the transfer station for connecting at least one collector to a central pipeline network comprises at least one receiving volume, in which receiving volume at least one expansion compensator, at least one shut-off and filling device, at least one terminal box for electrical connection and / or at least one control valve is / are arranged, wherein the at least one expansion compensator, preferably all expansion compensators, are fixedly connected to the collector or can be connected.

[0036] The expansion compensators and / or compensation blocks of the expansion compensators are preferably designed as (essentially) cubic or cuboid-shaped blocks, in which blocks holes or channels for the fluid and / or steam passage are incorporated. The heat pipes of the collector are connected to the transfer station by inserting the heat pipes into sealing guide sleeves (Teflon, Peak) of the expansion compensators. The seat can preferably be a precise fit (precision tubes) to ensure a good seal. Additional sealing with an O-ring or a quad ring is advisable but not absolutely necessary. The heat pipes are inserted during assembly. The heat pipes can therefore move axially with the thermal expansion within the expansion compensators.

[0037] The expansion compensators are preferably formed by two fixed blocks (Block 1, Block 2) positioned at a 90° angle to each other. Two (welded) pipes connect the two blocks.

[0038] Block! is the (compensation) block that accommodates the heat pipes from the collector, specifically from the collector upright, and is thus located in the receiving volume on the collector side. This block is firmly connected to the upright or the upright flange via two insulating clamps.

[0039] Block 2 is the (compensation) block that accommodates heat pipes from the central piping system (heating network). The same sealing principle applies here as with Block '! (guide sleeve and O-ring). Block 2 is ideally divided into two parts. This has the advantage of eliminating thermal bridges. From a structural perspective, it also offers the advantage of using standard semi-finished products.

[0040] In addition to the heat pipes, the block! provides sealing bushings for two sliding rods, which, depending on their position, connect the collectors to the grid or disconnect the collector circuit from the grid. Upon disconnection, a separate circuit is opened for filling and draining. Further details can be found in the description of the figures (especially Fig. 5A, 5B, Fig. 6A, 6B, 6C).

[0041] Insulation:

[0042] The collectors are designed for high temperatures; this means that, depending on the material selected for the sealing sets, temperatures of up to 250°C can be easily achieved using state-of-the-art technology. This is made possible in particular by efficient and seamless thermal insulation of the supply and return lines (supply and return pipes) in the collector, in the transfer station, and also in all the onward lines leading into the station. Particularly good insulation can be achieved if the heat pipes are laid inside a cladding tube. End plates are welded into the cladding tube outlets to create a sealed interior (see Fig. 26). Welding is preferably carried out in a vacuum. This creates vacuum tubes that prevent convective heat transfer. The remaining task is to minimize radiant heat. This offers the option of covering the heat pipes with a suitable material (e.g.Aluminum), which largely prevents radiation. Another option would be to coat the cladding tube or make it from heat-reflecting material. In particular, the weldability of the materials should be ensured. It is also conceivable to provide soldered joints between different metals to connect the end plates to the cladding tubes. The insulation effect can be improved by applying two-part insulation shells and / or by foaming. The material can be PU foam, since the solid pre-insulation prevents high temperatures. All lines can thus be embedded in insulation and positioned neatly. One now has an almost continuous vacuum system from the absorber to the station. Heat losses will be less than 5%, even at high temperatures up to 235°C.A further advantage is that the collector system can be kept frost-proof even at the lowest outside temperatures, without the need for frost protection. This is achieved by controlling the temperature of the pipes via the station. The heat required for this is minimal. Cleaning management:

[0043] An important task of the transfer station is to transport cleaning water from the central pipe network to the collectors, in particular to the collector nozzle units. This is accomplished via a control valve located in the receiving volume. The control valve can be designed as an automatically controlled shut-off valve. The valve unit connects a supply line for cleaning fluid (see Fig. 8), which is connected to the central pipe network, with a line for the cleaning water in the collector, in particular to the collector nozzle units, which line is subsequently also called the riser. With the two positions, open and closed, three work steps (A, B, C) result for a washing cycle.

[0044] A) Spraying with cleaning water:

[0045] The supply line is under pressure. The supply line (of the central piping system) and the riser (of the respective collector) are connected (shut-off valve open). Mirrors, absorbers, and, in special designs, even PV modules, can be cleaned and exposed to cleaning fluid via the collector's nozzles. The cleaning water (dirty water) then flows into a collecting tank, which is arranged on the collector, preferably directly below an outlet opening of the respective collector module of the collector, and collects there. In particular, each collector module of the collector can comprise a collecting tank, or it can be provided that the collector comprises a central collecting tank, which central collecting tank is connected to the outlet openings of several collector modules.

[0046] B) Storing wastewater:

[0047] The supply line to the central pipeline network is under pressure. The supply line and riser are separate (shut-off valve closed). In addition to the nozzle unit, the cleaning system in the collector includes a collecting tank and a valve that either opens the flow from the riser to the nozzles or opens the flow from the tank to the riser. This valve can be controlled electrically or purely mechanically via the pressure in the riser. It is possible for the valve to direct the cleaning fluid to one of the nozzle units under pressure. In a depressurized state (low differential pressure to the outside), a passage to the collecting tank opens (e.g. spring-controlled). Since the pressure drops without any subsequent flow, the dirty water in the collecting tank is now connected to the riser; however, the dirty water cannot yet flow from the collector into the central pipeline network because the shut-off valve in the transfer station is closed.Preferably, the riser pipe is used for both the inflow of cleaning water and the outflow of dirty water. All collectors can then undergo cleaning in sequence according to steps A and B. Using the riser pipe in the collectors, the supply line, and the central line in the network for forward and return flow not only offers a structural advantage (low cost), but also helps ensure that the cleaning lines from the collectors to the station are emptied after cleaning, thus preventing freezing.

[0048] C) Recycling of wastewater:

[0049] The supply line of the central pipeline network, and thus also the supply lines to all collector risers, are depressurized or under negative pressure. All shut-off valves open simultaneously. The wastewater can now drain from all collector tanks and flow back to the station via the supply line of the central pipeline network. There, the wastewater can be recycled. Once the collection tanks are at a geodetic height of at least three meters above the central pipeline and the water column in the risers pushes downwards, drainage occurs purely mechanically via suction.

[0050] A second and even a third wash cycle can now take place in the same way. In order to completely empty the central line with each wash cycle, a valve is provided at the end (outermost collector towards the station) through which the line can be opened to the outside. With a slight negative pressure, the line can now empty towards the station. When filling, it is recommended to keep this valve open slightly longer than necessary for filling. This allows cleaning water to escape. This is essentially a rinsing of the line to clean it. The water loss is small compared to the total water consumption. The collector surfaces to be cleaned can form a closed space (e.g. collectors that close off in pairs at the mirrors).

[0051] To increase the cleaning effect, the cleaning water can be preheated using heat from the collectors (up to 55°C, for example). This applies in particular to the first wash cycle. The subsequent wash cycles should be heated by extracting heat from the returning dirty water. There is a temperature drop from one wash cycle to the next. For the second wash cycle, approximately 40°C should be used, and for the third, approximately 30°C. During the third wash cycle, a cleaning agent containing nanoparticles can be added to the cleaning fluid to create a lotus effect. Each wash cycle can be carried out with its own cleaning agent. This means that three reservoirs with differently treated cleaning fluids (e.g. cleaning water) can be provided in the station.

[0052] Water and heat consumption for cleaning:

[0053] For a better understanding, let's consider a string with 10 collector units (collectors) that deliver a total of 300 kWp (thermal). One collector unit requires approximately 16 liters of cleaning fluid per wash cycle. With three wash cycles, the entire system requires 480 liters of cleaning fluid (e.g., water or cleaning water). Assuming a recycling factor of 75% for the first wash cycle and 90% for the second and third wash cycles, the water consumption is just 72 liters. Taking into account the loss from flushing the pipes, the estimated consumption is 80 liters per cleaning cycle. A seawater desalination plant using the stage distillation process can operate with a 300 kWp system in approximately 40 m 3water per day. Thus, the water consumption for daily cleaning amounts to just 0.18% of the drinking or domestic water produced. A 300 kWp system can produce approximately 25 m 3 Heat water by approximately 100°C. For the first cleaning step of all collectors, 160 liters are heated from 15°C to 55°C. Compared to the solar yield, this energy input amounts to just 0.25%. As you can see, the energy and water consumption is very low, so even daily cleaning is possible. The cleaning system shown here opens up a new market for mirror collectors. Daily or even weekly cleaning massively increases the efficiency of the field and protects the mirrors from destructive chemical and physical influences caused by deposits. Irrigation:

[0054] Installing automatic cleaning also offers the possibility of setting up an irrigation system at the same time. The supply line from the central pipe network can be used for both cleaning the collector modules and irrigating the area surrounding the collectors. Instead of the shut-off valve, a three-way valve is used, which has three outlets – one to the supply line, one to the riser, and one to a line leading outside. This valve can block any one or more of the three outlets. The line leading outside requires a device that ensures that flow is only possible above a specified minimum pressure (e.g., 0.5 bar). This prevents the riser from emptying during cleaning step B, even though the path to the outside is clear with this valve position. Further details can be found in the figure description (Fig. 27A, 27B, 27C).

[0055] Using agricultural land for energy generation is an increasingly common scenario. Tracking collector systems with uprights do not restrict agricultural use in any way. Land use is minimal, and partial shading often increases yields. The integrated irrigation distribution system further expands this synergy. Land development through artificial irrigation will become a central theme. The system described here will create sustainably managed "energy fields" on the outskirts of urban centers that can be used for a variety of purposes.

[0056] Short description of the characters

[0057] The invention is described in more detail below using exemplary embodiments and with reference to schematic figures. These explanations are neither intended to limit nor exhaustively represent the inventive concept. They show:

[0058] Fig. 1 four variants of a system, a transfer station or foundations,

[0059] Fig. 2 a variant of the transfer station,

[0060] Fig. 3 a foundation body with attached upright,

[0061] Fig. 4 with 4A, 4B the upright with a upright flange in two views;

[0062] Fig. 5 with 5A, 5B a variant of the transfer station in a frontal view (5A) and in an isometric view (5B),

[0063] Fig. 6 with Fig. 6A, 6B, 6C a first and a second expansion compensator with sliding rods (6A), the first expansion compensator in a sectional view (6B), and a sectional view of the second expansion compensator (6C),

[0064] Fig. 7 with 7A, 7B a variant of the transfer station with insulation blocks (7A) and a detailed view of the insulation blocks (7B).

[0065] Fig. 8 with 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D shows a variant of the transfer station with a supply line for cleaning and a cleaning unit box (8A), an inner wall element of the unit box in two views (8B), a detailed view of the supply line (8C), and a variant of the transfer station with insulation (8D). Fig. 9 shows a variant of the transfer station with a three-way valve and a line to the outside.

[0066] Fig. 10 a variant of the transfer station with aggregate box for the electrical system,

[0067] Fig. 11 with 11A, 11B, 11C a variant of the transfer station with a cover box (11A), a detailed view of the cover box (11B) and a detailed view of a push rod (11C),

[0068] Fig. 12 with 12A, 12B, 12C a variant of the transfer station with two-sided installation of connecting bodies (12A), a detailed view of the supply line for cleaning with the connecting bodies (12B) and a detailed view of the connecting body (12C),

[0069] Fig. 13 with 13A, 13B a ​​variant of the transfer station with piping on the electrical side (13A) and on the opposite side (13B),

[0070] Fig. 14 with 14A, 14B, 14C connecting bodies with different pipe connections for the electrical system (14A, 14B) and a distribution unit (14C),

[0071] Fig. 15 the connector body and distributor in assembly with a view of the interior,

[0072] Fig. 16 the connections to the unit box for the electrical system,

[0073] Fig. 17 an open view of all connections and technical components,

[0074] Fig. 18 a detailed view showing the effects of thermal expansion,

[0075] Fig. 19 a view of the technology of the transfer station,

[0076] Fig. 20 with 20A, 20B, 20C the upright flange with units for the connection of surface-laid cables in a first view (20A), in a second view (20B) and with upright (20C),

[0077] Fig. 21 with 21 A, 21 B, 21 C the upright flange with units for the connection of underground lines in a first view (21 A), a second view (21 B) and in an overall view of a possible delivery part (21 C).

[0078] Fig. 22 with 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, 22E five modular components for the foundation,

[0079] Fig. 23 with 23A, 23B, 23C a view into the interior of the foundation for a buried connection in three views (23A, 23B and 23C),

[0080] Fig. 24 an intermediate plate with two pipe sockets on both sides,

[0081] Fig. 25 a pilot foundation with drainage facility,

[0082] Fig. 26 vacuum-insulated heat pipes in two designs,

[0083] Fig. 27 the function of the three-way valve for cleaning in three positions.

[0084] Ways to implement the invention

[0085] Fig. 1 shows a system for connecting a solar collector (the terms collector system, solar collector and solar system are used synonymously in the present application) to a pipeline network, wherein the system comprises a post 2 of the solar collector or the solar system, a foundation element, in particular a foundation body 1, a slab foundation 57 and / or a pilot pillar 58, 59 for anchoring the post 2 in and / or fastening the post 2 to a subsurface, as well as a transfer station for the axially movable reception of both lines of the solar collector and lines of the pipeline network in order to connect the lines of the solar collector to the lines of the pipeline network. Four variants are shown here as examples, namely Var. 1, Var. 2, Var. 3 and Var. 4, for foundations with differently designed foundation elements.

[0086] Variants 1 to 3 are foundations for cables laid above ground or outdoors in casing pipes 45, whereas variant 4 shows a system with cables laid underground.

[0087] • Variant 1 (Var. 1) shows a cube-like foundation body 1 (e.g., with dimensions of 500 x 500 x 600 mm) on which the upright 2 of the collector system or the solar collector or the solar system is mounted. This foundation body 1, together with the upright flange 2a (upright 2 and upright flange 2a can be formed as a single welded part or as two separate components), is pressed onto a slab foundation 57 via tie rods (not shown). This is an ideal configuration for installation on flat roofs, especially on the roofs of large industrial buildings.

[0088] • Variant 2 (Var. 2) shows a ground-anchored foundation. A pilot pier 58 is driven into the ground – in this example, approximately 1.9 meters deep – where the solar collector is to be anchored. Excavation work is limited to drilling a hole in the ground. The post flange 2a is attached to the pilot pier 58 via cast-in anchor bolts (see Fig. 22D) with threaded ends.

[0089] • Variant 3 (Var. 3) also features a ground-anchored foundation. Pilot pier 59 is driven into the ground along its entire length – in this case, approximately 2.4 meters deep. Using tie rods that are bolted to the threaded end of the anchor bolts of pilot pier 59, similar to pilot pier 58, foundation body 1 from Variant 1 (Var. 1) is pressed against pilot pier 59, along with post 2 or post flange 2a. This variant is used when the soil does not provide sufficient support for Variant 2 (Var. 2).

[0090] • Variant 4 (Var. 4) now shows a ground-anchored foundation for buried outlet pipes or casing pipes 45. An upper foundation base of the pilot pier 59 is located approximately 0.76 meters below ground level. Tie rods, which are screwed to the threaded end of the anchor bolts of the pilot pier 59, similar to the pilot pier 58, now press a foundation intermediate piece 60 and the foundation body 1, together with the upright flange 2a, against the foundation base of the pilot pier 59. The foundation intermediate piece 60 has receptacles for attaching four form plates 61, which form a shaft on both sides for assembly and maintenance work.

[0091] More precise details on the foundation body 1, as well as on the pilot pillars 58 and 59, the foundation intermediate piece 60, and the mold plates 61 can be found in Fig. 22. These parts are also referred to as foundation modules or foundation elements in the context of the present application. Fig. 2 shows the transfer station of the system and illustrates its task and function using the inputs and outputs. All electrical equipment of the solar collector with the electrical lines 7, 8, 9, a riser line 5 for a cleaning device and heat pipes 4 from the upright 2 must be connected to the (central) pipe network, comprising (central) electrical lines 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, (central) heat pipes 19 and a (central) line 44 for cleaning fluid. As can be seen, this results in three exits of the transfer station, namely two in the horizontal direction (see the two casing pipes 45) and one in the vertical direction (see upright 2).

[0092] Expansion compensators for the heat pipes are preferably provided at all three outlets inside the compact unit or transfer station shown. Furthermore, preferably two shut-off devices are provided for the heat circuit. Furthermore, a shut-off device is provided for the cleaning line or the riser 5 for the cleaning device. The system should preferably be completely thermally insulated and completely sealed to the outside. All electrical lines 7, 8, 9 as well as 7.1, 8.1, 9.1 lead into a terminal box which is closed to the outside. Viewed from the outside, the foundations according to variants 1 and 3 represent a compact, sealed unit. Visible from the outside can be the upright 2 with flange 2a, covers 46 attached to both sides with a union pipe 46a (cover 46 and union pipe 46a are preferably formed as one piece orpreferably form a unit), the foundation body 1, various seals 62, 47 and the casing pipes 45 extending on both sides. For safety reasons, the cover 46 can be marked with a high-voltage symbol and / or fastened in such a way that removal of the cover 46 is only possible with the appropriate tool. Fig. 2 also shows the tie rods which serve to fasten the upright flange 2a and the foundation body 1 to the slab foundation 57 or the pilot piers 58, 59; however, in the assembled (operating) state of the system, these tie rods are no longer visible from the outside or are only visible at screw connections on the threaded ends of these tie rods.

[0093] Fig. 3 shows the foundation body 1, which has a (here) horizontally aligned recess with a shaped receptacle for the cover 46 (see Fig. 2). The shape of the upright flange 2a and the horizontal recess in the foundation body 1 create sufficient space for all the equipment and a receiving volume. For further modular use, a vertical shaft is also provided in the foundation body 1, which vertical shaft can open into the receiving volume. Support jaws 3 are inserted between the foundation body 1 and the upright flange 2a. These form material-friendly contact surfaces. The shape of the recess makes it possible to provide the two covers 46 between the upright flange 2a and the foundation body 1 in order to close the receiving volume, thus creating a sealed interior.

[0094] Fig. 4 shows a closer view of the upright 2 including the upright flange 2a, which is shown in half section. The heat pipes 4 with heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 can be seen. These heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 can also be referred to as heat pipes, lines, collector lines, condensate lines, or supply and return lines. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the heat line 4.1 is designed as the supply line and the heat line 4.2 as the return line. The heat lines are, as can be seen here, the same dimensions. This is only the case with instantaneous water heaters. In direct steam generation, the heat line 4.2 (return line), designed as a condensate line, is significantly smaller than the heat line 4.1 (supply line), designed as a steam line. Furthermore, the riser line 5 for the cleaning device for automatically cleaning the solar collector can be seen. The riser pipe 5 has a threaded connection 5.1 at an outlet leading into the receiving volume (see Fig. 4B).A union nut with an inserted seal can be screwed on here.

[0095] Three pipe openings 7a, 8a, 9a are provided for the insertion of electrical cables or lines 7, 8, 9. Pipe openings 7a and 9a are intended for the solar collector's power supply, while pipe opening 8a is intended for the supply of operating current and signal cables for the solar collector. It is also conceivable to omit the inserted pipes or pipe openings 7a, 8a, 9a and provide at least one cable duct in an insulating body. This duct is created, for example, by joining two insulating half-shells.

[0096] All pipe outlets 7a, 8a, 9a, the heat pipes 4, the heat lines 4.1, 4.2, and the riser 5 are positioned over a plate 6 or are connected to a plate 6. The riser 5 with connecting thread 5.1 is welded to the plate 6 so that no counter-holding is necessary when screwing. All of the aforementioned lines and pipes are embedded in insulation 10. The insulation 10 can be in two parts. The plate 6 pushes the insulation 10 upward or limits the insulation 10 in the direction of the receiving volume.

[0097] Fig. 5 illustrates the connection of heat pipes 4.1 and 4.2. Expansion compensators (compensation blocks) 13.1 and 13.2, namely a first expansion compensator (first compensation block) 13.1 and a second expansion compensator (second compensation block) 13.2, are connected to the upright flange 2a via a retaining plate 11 and retaining blocks 12, or are attached to the upright flange 2a. The expansion compensators 13.1 and 13.2 are connected (fluidically) by two conduit pipes 14 and form a compact unit (preferably a welded unit). The first expansion compensator (or the first compensation block) 13.1 is bolted to the retaining plate 11. This, in turn, is connected to the upright flange 2a via the retaining blocks 12. The retaining plate 11 also serves as an extension lock for insertion sleeves (in particular for the guide sleeves 15.1 described below) of the first expansion compensator 13.1 (see Fig. 6).

[0098] Fig. 6 shows the first expansion compensator 13.1, which is connected to the second expansion compensator 13.2 via the two conduits 14. The two expansion compensators 13.1 and 13.2 are arranged in particular such that an axial direction of the first expansion compensator 13.1 and an axial direction of the second expansion compensator 13.2 extend transversely to one another, preferably orthogonally. Sealing elements are also shown, each comprising a guide sleeve 15.1, 17.1 and an O-ring 15.2, 17.2. During assembly, the heat pipes 4.1, 4.2, 19.1, and 19.2 are inserted. Specifically, the heat pipes 4.1 and 4.2 are inserted into the guide sleeves 15.1 of the first expansion compensator 13.1 (not shown in Fig. 6), and the (central) heat pipes 19.1 and 19.2 of the (central) heat pipes 19 are inserted into the guide sleeves 17.1 of the second expansion compensator 13.2 (see Fig. 6C). The inserted heat pipes 4.1, 4.2, and 19.1 and 19.2 can move axially in the sealing elements to compensate for thermal expansion, or the inserted heat lines 4.1, 4.2, 19.1 and 19.2 are held axially movable in the sealing elements to compensate for thermal expansion. The (central) heat lines 19.1 and 19.2 from the network are of equal size at an insertion zone and have reductions 14 outside the insertion zone, in particular cross-sectional constrictions, since the flow from one (central) station of the central network to the next transfer station decreases. In other words: viewed in the flow direction of a heat transfer medium guided in the (central) heat lines 19.1 and 19.2, the (central) heat line 19.1 flowing into the second expansion compensator 13.2 initially has a first cross-section. In the area of ​​the reduction 14, a cross-section of this (central) heat line decreases.

[0099] 19.1 then has a second cross-section, which second cross-section is smaller than the first cross-section. At the insertion zone of this (central) heat pipe 19.1, i.e., in the area of ​​the (central) heat pipe 19.1 that is inserted into the second expansion compensator 13.2, this (central) heat pipe 19.1 thus has the second cross-section. Likewise, the (central) heat pipe 19.2 emerging from the second expansion compensator 13.2 has a cross-section identical to the second cross-section in its insertion zone, i.e., in the area of ​​this (central) heat pipe 19.2 that is inserted into the second expansion compensator 13.2. Viewed in the direction of another transfer station (not shown here) of another solar collector or in the flow direction of the heat transfer medium, the cross section of the outgoing (central) heat pipe 19.2 narrows again in the area of ​​the reduction 14, so that this (central) heat pipe 19.2 subsequently has a third cross-section, which third cross-section is smaller than the first cross-section and the second cross-section. Thus, the shear forces cancel each other out, and no external forces act on the (second) compensation block 13.2. Precision tubes with standardized dimensions can be used for the pipe sockets of the (central) heat lines 19.1 and 19.2, so that additional machining is no longer necessary. In addition to the variant shown here, it is also conceivable to provide only a reduction, either for the first (central) heat line 19.1 or for the second (central) heat line 19.2.

[0100] Two additional holes (for sliding rods) provided in the first compensation block 13.1 are preferably aligned perpendicular to (preferably opposite) flow directions of a heat transfer medium conveyed in the heat lines 4.1 and 4.2. Sealing sleeves 16, preferably made of Teflon, are provided in these holes (for sliding rods). These sealing sleeves 16 have drilled openings 16.1 for the passage of the heat transfer medium flowing through the first expansion compensator 13.1 in a channel 22. It is also conceivable to provide a special surface coating on the holes (for sliding rods) instead of the sealing sleeves 16.

[0101] Slide rods 18.1 and 18.2, in particular a first slide rod 18.1 and a second slide rod 18.2, are not identical parts due to the oblique (non-parallel) channels 22, but rather mirror-symmetrical parts. The slide rods 18.1 and 18.2 each have a radial (i.e., transverse to a longitudinal direction of the slide rods 18.1 and

[0102] 18.2) and a (non-through hole, for example only reaching as far as a center line or longitudinal axis of the respective sliding rod 18.1, 18.2). An axial hole 24 runs as far as the hole 21, but does not reach as far as the through hole 20. If the through hole 20 overlaps the drilled opening 16.1 and the channel 22 in the first expansion compensator 13.1, the corresponding line, for example the first heat line 4.1 or the second heat line 4.2 from the solar collector, is connected to the network, for example to the (central) heat pipes 19 or the (central) heat lines 19.1 and 19.2. If, on the other hand, the hole 21 overlaps the drilled opening 16.1 and the channel 22, the connection to the network is blocked. The heat pipes 4.1 and 4.2, i.e. flow and return, can thus be led outwards or inwards via the axial bores 24 of the corresponding sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2.from the transfer station. The collector circuit or a heating circuit is thus open to the outside. The two sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 are not coupled to one another, but can assume separate positions. Each sliding rod 18.1 and 18.2 has a retaining element, which can be designed, for example, as a collision plate 23, which retaining element can be brought into contact with a stop by moving the respective sliding rod 18.1 or 18.2 to either side. This defines an inner and an outer position of the respective sliding rod 18.1 and 18.2, with the retaining element contacting a different one of the stops in each position.

[0103] Other distinct positions of the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2, such as a third (middle) position, are also possible. In the third position, the retaining element can be located between the two stops, and both the through-bore 20 and the bore 21 can be located outside an overlap zone with the channel 22. In other words: In the third or middle position, the respective sliding rod 18.1 or 18.2 closes the respective channel 22 of the first expansion compensator 13.1.

[0104] In particular, there are four combined positions A, B, C, D for both sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2, which are of particular importance for commissioning and maintenance work on individual solar collectors:

[0105] A) Both push rods 18.1 and 18.2 are in the outer position (as shown in Fig. 6A and 6B).

[0106] B) The sliding rod 18.1 in the channel 22 connected to the supply line 4.1 is in the inner position. The sliding rod 18.2 in the channel 22 connected to the return line 4.2 is in the outer position.

[0107] C) Both push rods 18.1 and 18.2 are in the inner position.

[0108] D) Both push rods 18.1 and 18.2 are in the middle position.

[0109] Commissioning of systems or solar collectors that heat a heat transfer medium:

[0110] Here we consider systems with solar-heated instantaneous water heaters. Such systems can be filled with heat transfer medium using an on-site circulation pump. All collectors in the system are connected to the central network or pipe network (position A in all transfer stations). The circulation pump then starts up. The heat transfer medium, in particular the heat transfer fluid, is taken from a storage tank, which can be located in the station, preferably a two-phase buffer tank, pumped through heat lines 19.1 and 19.2 of the (central) network as well as heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 of the individual solar collectors, and returned to the storage tank. This process continues until no more air can be drawn in. Since the flow velocity in the pipes is relatively low, it must be assumed that some air will still be present in the pipes. All collectors are now disconnected from the network (position D).The pump continues to run and maintains a certain pressure, but cannot pump because the heat circuit in all collectors is blocked off in both the flow and return lines. Each collector is now vented individually. Starting with the outermost transfer station (i.e. the transfer station furthest from the station or storage tank), the shut-off valves in the flow and return lines are opened (position A). The pump can now pump and builds up a higher pressure. Since only one collector is connected to the grid, the flow velocity in the heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 of the solar collector to and from the individual collector modules (absorbers) is high enough to carry away any remaining air. When no more air gets into the station or storage tank, the relevant solar collector is disconnected from the grid (position D). This process is carried out in turn at each transfer station. Once all collectors orOnce the solar collectors have been vented, they are connected to the grid (position A for all collectors). The system is ready for operation.

[0111] Maintenance of collectors with instantaneous water heaters:

[0112] For maintenance of individual solar collectors, damaged collectors or collectors requiring maintenance are disconnected from the grid (position C) and drained. In this position, the heat transfer medium can drain from the collectors' supply and return lines, or from heat lines 4.1 and 4.2. The sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 have a quick-release coupling 25, which can be used to connect a hose. This allows the escaping heat transfer medium to be collected in a container. Filling is performed by opening the return circuit (position B). The system automatically vents itself due to the thrust of the heat transfer medium. A certain amount is then allowed to flow out, and the circuit is closed (position A) as soon as no more air is drawn in. The collector is reconnected to the grid. All of this can be done while the system is running. The vapor cushion in the two-phase storage tank largely maintains the system pressure in the event of this "leakage."The extracted heat transfer medium must be refilled into the storage tank. In particular, the heat transfer medium can be treated water without antifreeze.

[0113] Commissioning of plants that generate saturated steam:

[0114] Here, we consider a system with heat pipes that evaporate condensate at the heat surfaces and transport new condensate into the evaporation zone via capillary action. The entire process only works well if there is no partial pressure of air superimposed on the partial pressure of the vapor.

[0115] Venting and filling: All collectors and solar collectors are in position A. Filling is now carried out by creating a vacuum in the station on the central supply and return lines or heat pipes 19. Steam from the two-phase storage tank is now admitted into both lines. The temperature in the two-phase storage tank should be slightly higher, at around 50°C. Condensate is now admitted into the return line from a pressure regulating tank filled with condensate and at a slightly higher pressure (up to 0.5 bar difference) but a lower temperature than the condensate in the two-phase storage tank. The condensate now absorbs the steam and reaches the absorbent fabric at the inlet to the heat pipes. The system is now ready for operation. When the sun shines, the heat pipes are irradiated and automatically begin to evaporate the condensate. System pressure and temperature increase.Once a desired pressure has been reached, it can be kept constant solely through controlled heat extraction, adapted to the heat input of the collectors.

[0116] Maintenance of a collector system that generates steam:

[0117] For maintenance, damaged collectors are disconnected from the grid. If this happens during operation, the valve should be switched to position D. In this position, the collector lines to the grid and to the outside are closed off. Now wait until heat lines 4.1 and 4.2, which function as steam and condensate lines here, in the collector have cooled down. Once cooled down (<100°C), the valve can be switched to position C. The steam and condensate lines, or heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 in the collector, are open to the outside and closed off to the grid. Recommissioning should also take place once the entire system has cooled down, particularly to avoid damaging steam hammer. Once the system has cooled down sufficiently (<100°C), a vacuum is drawn from both lines (steam and condensate lines) simultaneously. The collector is then switched back into the grid (position A). Heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 automatically fill with condensate and steam (in particular, the first heat pipe 4.1 with steam and the second heat pipe 4.2 with condensate). The collector is back in operation.

[0118] Fig. 7 shows the arrangement from Fig. 5B with two insulating blocks 26. These insulating blocks 26 are attached to or on the first expansion compensator 13.1 on both sides in such a way that the insulating blocks 26 are flush with the retaining blocks 12 (see Fig. 7A). As can be seen from Fig. 7B, the insulating blocks 26 are designed as two identical parts that can be inserted or pushed onto the first expansion compensator 13.1 with a precise fit. The insulating blocks 26 are preferably designed such that they can withstand high temperatures, for example, up to 200°C, at the contact surfaces with the first expansion compensator 13.1 (which is concealed here by the insulating blocks 26). As can be seen from Fig. 7B, both insulating blocks 26 each have two recesses 26.1 in order to be able to insert the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 described above into the sealing sleeves 16.

[0119] Fig. 8 shows the installation of a supply line 28 for the cleaning device together with an aggregate box 27 for the cleaning device. The aggregate box 27 or an inner wall element 27a of the aggregate box 27 (see Fig. 8B) is mounted, preferably by means of screws, to the retaining blocks 12 (see Fig. 5), whereby one of the two insulating blocks 26 is fixed to the first expansion compensator 13.1. The supply line 28 is held in an opening of the aggregate box 27 or the inner wall element 27a facing the second expansion compensator 13.2. The supply line 28 has approximately the shape of a T-piece (cf. Fig. 8C), wherein the supply line 28 is held in the opening of the unit box 27 in such a way that a horizontal section of the supply line 28 is substantially parallel to an axial direction of the second expansion compensator 13.2 and that a vertical section of the supply line 28 protruding from the horizontal section runs essentially parallel to an axial direction of the first expansion compensator 13.1 and opens into the unit box 27 (cf. Fig. 8A). The supply line 28, in particular the horizontal section of the supply line 28, and the second expansion compensator 13.2 are surrounded by insulation 29 (cf. Fig. 8D), wherein the insulation 29, analogous to the insulation blocks 26, can be formed by two half-shells, which half-shells are applied or plugged onto both sides of the second expansion compensator 13.2. Fig. 9 shows a three-way valve 30, which is connected on the one hand to the supply line 28, in particular to the horizontal section of the supply line 28, and on the other hand to the riser 5, in particular to the connecting thread 5.1 (cf. Fig.4), and is further connected via a line 31 to a device 32, which device 32 builds up or provides a defined pressure resistance against the outflow of the cleaning water (outlet pressure).

[0120] Fig. 10 shows an aggregate box 33 for the electrical system or an inner wall element 33a of this aggregate box 33, wherein the aggregate box 33 for the electrical system is arranged opposite the aggregate box 27 for the cleaning device. The push rods 18.1, 18.2 can also be seen. The aggregate box 27 for the cleaning device and the aggregate box 33 for the electrical system can be structurally identical in their basic form, but machined differently. Fig. 10 shows rubber grommets 34, which seal the incoming pipes or the pipes leading into the aggregate box 33 (see Fig. 13). The aggregate box 33 can comprise or enable clamp connections and plug connections to enable electrically conductive connections between the central network and components of the system or the solar collector. It is also conceivable to provide electronic devices for power control in the aggregate box 33.This should make it possible to connect PV (photovoltaic) power from the individual collectors in series or parallel. When the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 are in the inner position, the collision plates 23 of the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 collide with the assembly box 33 or the inner wall element 33a of the assembly box 33. Rotating the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 is not possible, since this would also result in a collision of the collision plates 23, preferably with the...

[0121] The electrical unit box 33 or the inner wall element 33a of the unit box 33 would be subjected to collision, which would prevent the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 from twisting. This ensures that the bore 21 and the through-bore 20, with the corresponding sliding position of the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2, are aligned with the bore opening.

[0122] 16.1 are arranged overlapping to release the flow of heat transfer medium through the channel 22 (overlap with through hole 20) or to redirect it into the axial hole 24 (overlap with hole 21).

[0123] Fig. 11 shows a cover box or cover 35. In Fig. 11 A, this is already installed as intended in the electrical component box 33 or on the inner wall element 33a of the component box 33. In Fig. 11 B, a stop 36 can be seen on an inner side of the cover box or cover 35. The cover 35 is fastened to the inner wall element 33a in such a way that the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2, in the outer position, contact the stop 36 with the collision plates 23, so that further displacement or a further change in position of the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 beyond the stop 36 is no longer possible. In particular, the collision plates 23 can collide with the stop 36 in lateral edge regions 23a. Fig. 11C shows one of the sliding rods 18.1 and 18.2 in its entirety. Visible are the through-hole 20, the bore 21 and the axial bore 24, the collision plate 23, and the edge areas 23a.

[0124] Fig. 12A shows connecting bodies 36, which are attached to both sides of the second expansion compensator

[0125] 13.2 or axial ends of the second expansion compensator 13.2 and / or the insulation 29. In particular, the connecting bodies 36 can be screwed to the expansion compensators 13.2 and provide support for the half-shell insulation 29. They prevent the guide sleeves 17.1 from being pushed out, form a seat 37 for a cover with cable junctions (see Fig. 14), and, with three drill holes 38, 39, 40, ensure precise further laying or routing of the electrical cables 7, 8, 9. In addition, the connecting bodies 36 clamp the supply line 28 for cleaning (see Fig. 12B), so that axial ends of the horizontal section of the supply line 28 are accessible via corresponding openings 42 in the two connecting bodies 36. On the front side, two further openings 41 for the (central) heat lines 19.1 and 19.2 and the corresponding opening 42 for the cleaning line or the supply line 28 are provided in each of the two connecting bodies 36.The two connecting bodies 36 shown in the installation are identical parts. Fig. 12C shows the rear side of one of the two connecting bodies 36 from Figs. 12A and 12B, facing the second expansion compensator 13.2. The drill holes 38, 39, and 40 for routing the electrical cables 7, 8, and 9, as well as the two additional openings 41 and the corresponding opening 42, are visible.

[0126] Fig. 13 shows two views (Fig. 13A and Fig. 13B) of the compact unit. In particular, the piping for the electrical system, namely for the electrical lines 7, 8, 9, running between the inner wall element 33a and one of the connecting bodies 36, can be seen; a control valve, preferably designed as a three-way valve 30, for cleaning; an outlet resistor or device 32; the heat pipes 4 from the upright 2 and the heat lines 4.1 and 4.2 guided therein; the two connecting bodies 36; the two push rods 18.1 and 18.2; the cleaning line or riser line 5; and the two unit boxes, namely the unit box 27 for the cleaning device and the unit box 33 for the electrical system.

[0127] Fig. 14 shows one of the connecting bodies 36 with different piping or pipe fittings and a distributor 43. The different pipe fittings result in two versions of the connecting body 36: a first version 36.1 (Fig. 14A) and a second version 36.2 (Fig. 14B). Fig. 14C shows the distributor 43, which is pushed onto the connecting bodies 36.1 and 36.2 during assembly (see Fig. 15).

[0128] Fig. 15 shows an interior view of the connector bodies according to the first embodiment 36.1 and the second embodiment 36.2, as well as the two distributors 43 in assembly. As can be seen, in the assembled state, all pipes meet flush at contact points 54 (marked here only for one pair of pipes). This allows the electrical cables from the central wiring network to be easily pulled through to the electrical unit box 33, where they are connected to the electrical lines 7, 8, and 9.

[0129] Fig. 16 shows pipe outlets 55 leading to the electrical unit box 33. The electrical lines from the network can be drawn into the unit box 33 at inlets 55.1, 55.2, and 55.3. This applies to both sides. Thus, six outlets lead from the distributors 43, the connecting bodies 36, and the pipe outlets 55 to the unit box 33.

[0130] Fig. 17 shows an open view of all connections and technical components from the network to the transfer station. Visible are the (central) heat pipes 19.1 and 19.2, the line 44 for the cleaning fluid, the casing pipe 45, the cover 46 (with the adjoining sliding pipe), the seal 62 for the casing pipe 45, the seal 47 for the foundation body 1 and the upright flange 2a, and an insulation 48. An insulation 49 expands with the (central) heat pipes 19 or with the (central) heat pipes 19.1 and 19.2 and can move within the casing pipe 45, particularly axially. The connection is made by inserting the (central) heat pipes 19.1 and

[0131] 19.2 into a sealing set of the expansion compensator 13.2, wherein the sealing set comprises the guide sleeve 17.1 and the O-ring 17.2 (see Fig. 6C). The central line 44 for the cleaning fluid is also inserted on both sides into a sealing set of the supply line 28 (see Fig. 8C).

[0132] Fig. 18 shows a schematic detailed view illustrating thermal expansion. The insulation 49 expands with the expansion, particularly in the axial direction (indicated by the arrow in Fig. 18).

[0133] Fig. 19 shows a view of the space between the covers 46 in the installed state, wherein for reasons of clarity some of the parts and elements described above, in particular the inner wall elements 27a and 33a, the insulating blocks 26, the insulation 29 and the holding blocks 12 are not shown.

[0134] Fig. 20 shows the upright 2 (Fig. 20C) including the transfer station, pre-assembled with all units for connecting surface-laid lines of the central network. This is an example of a delivery unit. Two views are shown: Fig. 20A shows the (open) unit box 27 for the cleaning device and Fig. 20B shows the (open) unit box 33 for the electrical system, as well as the overall view of the upright 2 including the transfer station in the area below the upright flange 2a.

[0135] Fig. 21 shows the upright 2 analogous to Fig. 20, pre-assembled with all components, but in a variant for connecting buried lines of the central network. This is an example of a delivery unit. The entire expansion compensation technology, in particular the expansion compensator 13.2 with the connections for the electrical system and the cleaning system, is now relocated underground, but the system essentially remains the same. In particular, the connection bodies 36 in the variants 36.1 and 36.2 as well as the distributors 43 of the embodiments described above can be adopted. The upper part with the component boxes, namely the component box 33 for the electrical system and the component box 27 for the cleaning system, remains the same as in the case of the embodiments described above.

[0136] Fig. 22 shows modular components, namely the foundation body 1 (Fig. 22A), the foundation intermediate piece 60 (Fig. 22B), the pilot pier 59 (Fig. 22C), the pilot pier 58 (Fig. 22D), and one of the two form plates 61 (Fig. 22E), for the foundation.

[0137] The foundation body 1 (Module A) is designed as a molded part with a large recess or cutout, which creates space for the units (see Fig. 3). A vertical shaft allows for the insertion of a connection block or transfer station with all supply lines. Module A has four through-holes for inserting the tie rods for attaching the upright flange 2a.

[0138] The foundation intermediate piece 60 (Module B) is an intermediate piece with a vertical shaft for the passage of the second compensation block 13.2 with the connecting bodies 36.1 and 36.2 and corresponding insulation, and a continuous horizontal opening for the connection of the buried lines of the central network. Four vertical through-holes are also provided here for the insertion of the tie rods. A further four through-holes, now running horizontally, are provided for the installation of the form plates 61 of the shafts (Module E). The form plates 61 are installed using tie rods 51 (see Fig. 23). Casting in threaded rods would also be conceivable. However, this would pose problems with stacking.

[0139] Pilot pier 59 (Module C) is the supporting foundation. It has four threaded anchor bolts cast into it. Post 2 and post flange 2a are secured via tie rods that are threaded into the through holes of Modules A and B and screwed to the threads of the anchor bolts of Module C. Pilot pier 59 has a central, continuous internal bore. This saves weight while maintaining its load-bearing capacity.

[0140] Pilot pier 58 (Module D) is essentially of the same design as Module C, but has a large cutout or recess at one axial end, similar to Module A, to create space for the transfer station or equipment. The post 2 or post flange 2a is attached directly to the threads of the anchor bolts cast into pilot pier 58.

[0141] Form plate 61 (Module E) is the wall section for the shaft for assembly and maintenance work (assembly shaft). Form plate 61 has two through holes for fastening screws. Two form plates 61, mounted on Module B, each form an assembly shaft. By mounting two additional form plates 61 on an opposite side of the foundation intermediate piece 60, a second assembly shaft can be created. The two-part design allows for stacking. All modules A to E are weight-optimized to facilitate transport, handling, and assembly.

[0142] Fig. 23 shows a view of the interior of the foundation for a buried connection. Visible are first tie rods 50, which connect and press down the two modules A and B (cf. Figs. 22A and 22B) together with the upright 2 and the upright flange 2a, respectively. Also visible are second tie rods 51 for attaching the form plates 61. As with the above-ground systems, there is also a sliding tube 52 with a cover for module B. Fig. 23A shows a view of the interior of the foundation intermediate piece 60 and the (right-hand) assembly shaft; Fig. 23B shows a view of the interior of the foundation body 1; and Fig. 23C shows the foundation with the form plate 61 removed and a view of the interior of the (right-hand) assembly shaft. A sealing element 53 serves to seal in an area in which the sliding tube 52 pierces the two mold plates 61 of the assembly shaft.

[0143] Fig. 24 shows an inserted intermediate plate 49a with two pipe sockets 52a (extending on both sides). The pipe sockets 52a center the foundation blocks or modules A and B. The intermediate plate 49a and the cover plate 51a for the assembly shaft are arranged so as to overlap. A sealing element 50a can be inserted between the intermediate plate 49a and the cover plate 51a.

[0144] Fig. 25 shows an opening 56 in a pilot post, for example, in the pilot pier 59, for drainage. In a shaft with a gravel base, penetrating water can usually drain away. However, if drainage is prevented, for example, by a layer of clay, drainage must be provided. Since the pilot post has a central, continuous internal bore, the water can now drain into deeper layers of the earth.

[0145] Fig. 26 shows the (vacuum-insulated) pipes, in particular the heat pipes 4 from the upright 2, with the first heat pipe 4.1 and the second heat pipe 4.2, and the (central) heat pipes 19, with the first (central) heat pipe 19.1 and the second (central) heat pipe 19.2 in two versions, namely the first version 26A and the second version 26B.

[0146] Version 26A is used for steam-generating collectors and, in the illustrated example, shows the heat lines 19.1 and 19.2 of the central pipe network. The condensate line (first (central) heat line) 19.1 is significantly smaller here than the steam line (second (central) heat line) 19.2. The condensate has approximately the same temperature as the steam. Thus, the same thermal expansion occurs in both lines, which does not lead to any stresses. End plates are welded into the outlets of the cladding pipes 63, creating a sealed interior space in which the condensate line and the steam line are routed. In order to keep the stresses caused by the different temperatures of the lines (condensate line and steam line) and cladding pipe 63 to a minimum, it is possible to weld the condensate line (first (central) heat line 19.1) and the steam line (second (central) heat line 19.2) preheat before welding or soldering to the end plates (~120°C).

[0147] In the illustrated example, version 26 B shows the heat pipes 4 from the upright 2 and is used for collectors that heat a heat transfer fluid or heat transfer medium, preferably treated water, in a continuous flow. To avoid undue distortion, the flow (first heat pipe) 4.1 and the return (second heat pipe 4.2) must not exceed a maximum temperature difference of 30°C. This can be regulated by mixing in the station. Here, too, it makes sense to weld the heat pipes (flow 4.1 and return 4.2) to the end plates in a preheated state. Similar to the (central) heat pipes 19, the heat pipes 4 can also have cladding tubes 63 and end plates, so that the heat pipes 19.1 and 19.2 are guided in a sealed interior space. This allows for vacuum to be drawn. Welding takes place in a vacuum.

[0148] It is pointed out that the heat pipes 4 of the upright 2 and also the (central) heat pipes 19 of the central piping network are each possible in both embodiments shown, ie that the heat pipes 4 of the upright 2 and the (central) heat pipes 19 of the central piping network can each be designed either according to embodiment 26A or according to embodiment 26B.

[0149] Fig. 27 illustrates the function of the three-way valve 30 for cleaning. Position 27A opens the flow for the supply line 28 and riser 5 in both directions. Position 27B opens the flow from the supply line 28 into line 31 (to the outside, irrigation). Position 27C blocks all lines because the pressure from the riser is lower than an outlet pressure (overpressure compared to the outside pressure), which outlet pressure is provided by the device 32.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS 1. System for connecting a solar collector to a pipeline network, the system comprising at least a. a post (2) of the solar collector, b. a foundation element, in particular a foundation body (1) or a pilot pillar (58), for anchoring the post (2) in and / or fastening the post (2) to a subsurface, and c. a transfer station for the axially movable reception of both lines of the solar collector and lines of the pipeline network in order to connect the lines of the solar collector to the lines of the pipeline network.

2. System according to claim 1, wherein the transfer station comprises at least one expansion compensator, which expansion compensator comprises at least a first compensation block (13.1) for the axially movable reception of heat lines (4.1, 4.2) of the upright (2) and a second compensation block (13.2) for the axially movable reception of heat lines (19.1, 19.2) of the line network, wherein the first compensation block (13.1) and the second compensation block (13.2) are connected to one another and arranged transversely to one another.

3. System according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the transfer station, preferably the expansion compensator, is attached to the upright (2), in particular to a flange of the upright (2), via which flange the upright (2) is connected to the foundation element, preferably to the foundation body (1) or the pilot pier (58).

4. System according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transfer station in an operating state of the system, in which operating state the upright (2) is anchored in the subsoil and / or fastened to the subsoil by means of the foundation element, preferably by means of the foundation body (1) or the pilot pillar (58), as intended, is arranged at least in sections within the foundation element, preferably within the foundation body (1) or the pilot pillar (58).

5. System according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the transfer station comprises at least one shut-off device, by means of which shut-off device the connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipeline network can be interrupted and released.

6. System according to claim 5, wherein the shut-off device comprises sliding rods (18.1, 18.2), which sliding rods (18.1, 18.2) are each provided with an axial bore (24) and with a through-bore (20) and are slidably held in the first compensation block (13.1) or in the second compensation block (13.2) in order to interrupt or release the connection between the lines of the solar collector and the lines of the pipe network depending on a sliding position of the sliding rods (18.1, 18.2).

7. System according to claim 6, wherein in a sliding position of the sliding rods (18.1, 18.2) a connection of the lines of the solar collector with the lines of the pipeline network is interrupted, but a connection of the lines of the solar collector with an external connection of the transfer station is established.

8. System according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the transfer station comprises at least a first unit box (27) for a cleaning device and / or a second unit box (33) for electrical components and / or for establishing electrical connections, wherein preferably the first unit box (27) and / or the second unit box (33) are each closed by a detachable cover (46) in the operating state of the system.

9. System according to claim 8, wherein a further shut-off device, in particular a control valve designed as a two-way or three-way valve, is arranged in the unit box (27) for a cleaning device in order to interrupt or release a connection between a line (44) for cleaning fluid of the pipe network and a riser line (5) leading to a nozzle unit of the solar collector.

10. System according to claim 9, wherein the further shut-off device is designed as a three-way valve (30) and, in addition to the line (44) for cleaning liquid of the pipe network and the riser (5), is also connected to a line (31) to the outside, in particular to an irrigation line, wherein preferably the Line (31) comprises a device (32) to ensure a predeterminable pressure resistance against the outflow of cleaning fluid from the line (31).

11. System according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein individual, several or all lines of the solar collector and / or individual, several or all lines of the line network are at least partially insulated, in particular vacuum-insulated.

12. Solar collector comprising at least one upright (2) and one or more collector modules, wherein the upright (2) comprises a transfer station of the type described above on an outer side facing away from the collector modules, in particular on an underside of a upright flange (2a).

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