Non-stick material, non-stick coating, cookware, and method for manufacturing cookware

Abstract

A non-stick material, a non-stick coating, a cooker and a method for manufacturing the cooker. The non-stick material comprises the following components in percentages by weight: 15%≤silicon dioxide≤ 40%, 1%≤aluminum oxide≤5%, 0.1%≤potassium oxide≤1%, 0.1%≤sodium oxide≤1%, 1%≤calcium oxide≤5%, 0.5%≤magnesium oxide≤3%, 0.2%≤titanium oxide≤1.3% and 50%≤iron oxide + ferrous oxide≤70%. By means of the non-stick material, a non-stick coating having both initial non-stick property and lasting non-stick property can be obtained.

Description

[0001] Non-stick material, non-stick coating, cookware, and method for manufacturing cookware. Technical Field: This application relates to the field of non-stick cookware technology, and more specifically, to a non-stick material, non-stick coating, cookware, and method for manufacturing cookware. Background: Fluorine coatings are common non-stick coatings in the art. However, non-stick coatings made using fluorine coatings have excellent initial non-stick properties, but are easily damaged by spatulas and prone to aging or decomposition due to high temperatures during use. These issues have seriously impacted the service life of coatings formed using fluorine coatings, resulting in poor long-term non-stick properties. Therefore, developing non-stick materials for cookware that combine both initial and long-term non-stick properties remains an unresolved issue. Summary of the Invention: Therefore, the purpose of this application is to provide a non-stick material, non-stick coating, cookware, and method for manufacturing cookware to address the problem that existing non-stick materials cannot achieve both initial and long-term non-stick properties. According to a first aspect of the present application, a non-stick material is provided for use in cookware, wherein the components of the non-stick material, in weight percentage, include: 15%W silicon dioxide (W40%), 1%W aluminum oxide (W5%), 0.1%W potassium oxide (W1%), 0.1%W sodium oxide (W1%), 1%W calcium oxide (W5%), 0.5%W magnesium oxide (W3%), 0.2%W titanium oxide (W1.3%), and 50%W iron oxide + ferrous oxide (W70%). In some embodiments, the non-stick material comprises, by weight, 18% silicon dioxide (30%), 1.1% aluminum oxide (4%), 0.2% potassium oxide (0.8%), 0.2% sodium oxide (0.8%), 1.1% calcium oxide (4%), 1% magnesium oxide (2.5%), 0.3% titanium oxide (1.0%), and 60% iron oxide + ferrous oxide (69.59%). In some embodiments, the non-stick material comprises at least one of the following characteristics: the non-stick material is black; and the average particle size of the non-stick material is in the range of 200 mesh to 400 mesh. In some embodiments, the non-stick material comprises an amorphous phase having a volume fraction in the range of 55% to 75%. In some embodiments, the non-stick material is a granular material. In some embodiments, the non-stick material is a silicate material.According to a second aspect of the present application, a non-stick coating is provided. The non-stick coating is formed from the non-stick material provided in the above embodiments and has a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction. In some embodiments, the predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction is 60%-95%. In some embodiments, the non-stick coating includes at least one of the following characteristics: a surface energy of 30 to 80 dynes; a porosity of 15% to 35%; a pore size of 0.1 μm to 5 μm; and a hardness of 400 to 800 HV. According to a third aspect of the present application, a cooker is provided. The cooker includes: a substrate and a non-stick coating formed on the substrate; the non-stick coating includes the non-stick coating provided in the above embodiments. In some embodiments, the cooker further includes: a sealing layer comprising grease or silicone oil to fill the surface pores of the non-stick coating. In some embodiments, the cookware further comprises a primer layer formed of a metal material and formed between the substrate and the non-stick coating. According to a fourth aspect of the present application, a method for manufacturing cookware is provided, comprising: providing a substrate; providing a non-stick material; and spraying the non-stick material onto a surface of the substrate to form a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction on the surface of the substrate. The non-stick material comprises the non-stick material provided according to the above embodiments. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating, the sealing layer comprising silicone oil and / or grease, thereby sealing the surface pores of the non-stick coating. In some embodiments, the step of forming the sealing layer on the non-stick coating comprises: applying silicone oil to the surface of the non-stick coating and sintering the non-stick coating at a first predetermined temperature for a first predetermined time, thereby forming the sealing layer on the non-stick coating. In other embodiments, the step of forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating includes: immersing the non-stick coating in grease at a second predetermined temperature for a second predetermined time, so that the grease penetrates into the surface pores of the non-stick coating, thereby forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating.In some embodiments, the substrate has a first surface and a second surface facing each other, and the step of forming a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction includes cooling the second surface of the substrate and spraying the non-stick material onto the first surface of the substrate, thereby forming a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction on the first surface of the substrate. In some embodiments, the step of spraying the non-stick material onto the substrate surface includes thermally spraying the non-stick material onto the substrate surface under conditions of a predetermined voltage and a predetermined current, wherein the predetermined voltage is in a range of 60 V to 90 V, and the predetermined current is in a range of 400 A to 650 A. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and / or other features and aspects of the present inventive concept will become clear and easily understood through the description of the embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 is an XRD pattern of a non-stick material provided according to an embodiment of the present application; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of a cookware provided according to an embodiment of the present application, cut along the thickness direction; Figure 3 is an enlarged schematic diagram of the structure at point I in Figure 2; Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of the non-stick coating and sealing layer provided according to the present application, cut along the thickness direction; Figure 5 is an XRD pattern of a non-stick coating provided according to an embodiment of the present application. Explanation of Symbols:

[0002] 100, non-stick cookware; 110, substrate; 120, non-stick coating; 130, primer layer; 140, sealing layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Example embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail below. Although example embodiments of the present invention are described below, it should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to facilitate a more thorough understanding of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art. Fluorine coatings are a common non-stick material in the art. However, while non-stick coatings made using fluorine coatings have excellent initial non-stick properties, they are easily damaged by spatulas and susceptible to aging or decomposition due to high temperatures during use. These issues have severely impacted the service life of coatings formed using fluorine coatings, resulting in poor long-term non-stick properties. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are essential raw materials for the synthesis of fluorocarbon coatings. With increasingly stringent industry regulations on PFAS, the elimination of fluorocarbon coatings from non-stick cookware is inevitable. This also means that the range of materials suitable for cookware coatings is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the development of new non-stick materials remains a pressing need in the cookware manufacturing industry. Currently, no material with a lower surface energy than fluorocarbon coatings has been discovered, but the demand for non-stick coatings in the cookware industry remains. Currently, ceramic coatings hold great promise as a potential replacement for fluorocarbon coatings. Ceramic coatings use silicone oil as their primary non-stick component. While their initial non-stick properties can approach those of fluorocarbon coatings, the silicone oil is consumed by high temperatures during cooking, quickly losing its non-stick properties. Therefore, the long-lasting non-stick properties of ceramic coatings cannot meet the non-stick requirements of cookware. With the development of the non-stick industry, spray coating materials based on metals (e.g., iron, stainless steel, low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel, cast iron, and copper) or ceramics (e.g., titanium oxide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, ferroferric oxide, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, and arsenic oxide) have emerged. These materials can form non-stick coatings, thus becoming known as "coating-free non-stick technology." The term "coating-free" simply means that organic coatings such as fluorine-based coatings or ceramic coatings are not used.While coatings formed from the aforementioned spray materials are wear-resistant, cookware with such coatings only provide a non-stick effect in the presence of oil, and their initial non-stick properties are relatively poor. They typically require modification with materials with improved non-stick properties, such as polysiloxanes or fluorinated materials, to meet national standards for initial non-stick properties. Furthermore, the non-stick properties of such materials decrease rapidly after wear, and residual polysiloxane can negatively impact the non-stick properties, making them even worse than before modification. As can be seen from the above, existing non-stick materials struggle to achieve both initial and long-term non-stick properties. Therefore, developing new non-stick materials that combine both initial and long-term non-stick properties is crucial in the cookware manufacturing industry. According to a first aspect of the present application, a non-stick material for cookware is provided, wherein the chemical composition of the non-stick material comprises, by weight percentage: 15%W silicon dioxide (W40%), 1%W aluminum oxide (W5%), 0.1%W potassium oxide (W1%), 0.1%W sodium oxide (W1%), 1%W calcium oxide (W5%), 0.5%W magnesium oxide (W3%), 0.2%W titanium oxide (W1.3%), and 50%W iron oxide + ferrous oxide (W70%). In some embodiments, the chemical composition of the non-stick material, by weight percentage, includes: 18% W silicon dioxide (30%), 1.1% W aluminum oxide (2%), 0.2% W potassium oxide (0.8%), 0.2% W sodium oxide (0.5%), 1.1% W calcium oxide (4%), 1% W magnesium oxide (2%), 0.3% W titanium oxide (1.0%), and 60% W iron oxide + ferrous oxide (69.59%). In this embodiment of the present application, the non-stick material is not a mixture formed by directly mixing the aforementioned components, but rather a material having a compositional structure similar to basalt. The non-stick material provided in this embodiment of the present application can be sprayed onto cookware to form a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction. Compared to coatings with a crystalline structure, non-stick coatings with an amorphous phase volume fraction can exhibit excellent non-stick properties due to their low surface energy due to their amorphous nature. In addition, the non-stick material with an amorphous structure has a certain hardness and wear resistance, which can further improve the scratch resistance of the non-stick coating formed by the non-stick material.According to the present application, the non-stick material may include silicon dioxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide. The non-stick material is a material with an amorphous phase volume fraction ranging from 55% to 75%. Non-stick materials inherently have low surface energy. Compared to non-stick materials made from crystalline materials, non-stick materials with an amorphous phase volume fraction ranging from 55% to 75% can produce non-stick coatings with a relatively higher amorphous phase volume fraction, thereby further optimizing long-lasting non-stick properties. Figure 1 is an XRD spectrum of a non-stick material provided according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in Figure 1, the characteristic peaks are not particularly distinct, and there are numerous and chaotic miscellaneous peaks, indicating poor crystallinity, indicating that the non-stick material has an amorphous structure. Using conventional full-spectrum fitting methods, the non-stick material's amorphous phase volume fraction is calculated to be 68%. According to the present application, the non-stick material may be a silicate-based inorganic non-metallic material. In the non-stick material, the various components are combined and present as a silicate-based material. The silicon dioxide in the non-stick material primarily serves as a framework, while the other components primarily provide metal cations. The silicon dioxide serving as a framework is used to connect the metal cations. Furthermore, in the non-stick material according to the present application, multiple metal atoms occupy existing lattice positions, resulting in lattice distortion. Excessive atomic size differences can even lead to excessive lattice distortion energy, making it impossible to maintain the crystalline lattice configuration. This causes the lattice to collapse, forming an amorphous structure, resulting in a surface energy significantly lower than that of conventional materials. In preferred embodiments, the greater the number of metal cations in the material, the greater the degree of crystal distortion, which is more conducive to a higher degree of amorphization. In the non-stick material for cookware provided by the present invention, the non-stick material is a reaction product formed by the mutual "chelation" of the main components, presenting itself as a silicate material. Specifically, it can be a composite metal cation silicate. Furthermore, the sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and iron elements in the non-stick material are non-toxic and harmless, meeting the safety requirements for use as a cookware material. On the other hand, these elements are chemically active and easily lose electrons to form metal cations, making it easy to form silicates with various structures.Aluminum is an amphoteric metal. In silicates, it often does not bind to silicate ions as a metal cation. Instead, it partially replaces some silicon atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, forming aluminum-oxygen octahedra. This has a higher electronegativity and is more attractive to metal cations. Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and iron are metal cations in non-stick materials. The difference in atomic radius between any two metal cations is much greater than 0.1 times the radius of a hydrogen atom. The coexistence of multiple metal cations can lead to more severe lattice distortion, making the material more amorphous, thus ensuring the non-stick properties of the material. Furthermore, iron is a transition element. Its ionic form readily forms complexes with free fatty acids in edible oils, making the non-stick material lipophilic. This enhances the lipophilicity of the resulting coating surface, further optimizing the non-stick properties. According to the present application, the non-stick material includes at least one of a framework structure and a chain structure. In some embodiments, the silicate material may include NaAlSi3O8. NaAlSi3O8 has a framework structure, in which some silicon atoms are replaced by aluminum atoms with a larger radius, and all oxygen atoms are inert oxygen. The resulting aluminosilicate can better adsorb metal cations and exhibit a high degree of distortion. In other embodiments, the silicate material may include Ca(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti) [(Si,Al)2O6], which has a chain structure, in which some silicon atoms are replaced by aluminum atoms with a larger radius, and comprises a variety of metal cations, resulting in a high degree of distortion. In an embodiment, based on 100% of the total weight of the non-stick material, the content of silicon dioxide may be 15 wt%-40 wt%, optionally 15 wt%-30 wt%, 20 wt%-30 wt%, 15 wt%-20 wt%, or 15 wt%-25 wt%. The content of aluminum oxide may be 1 wt%-5 wt%, optionally 1 wt%-4 wt%, 2 wt%-3 wt%, 2 wt%-5 wt%, or 3 wt%-4 wt%. The content of potassium oxide may be 0.1 wt%-1 wt%, optionally 0.1 wt%-0.9 wt%, 0.2 wt%-0.8 wt%, 0.3 wt%-0.7 wt%, or 0.4 wt%-1 wt%. The content of sodium oxide may be 0.1 wt%-1 wt%, optionally, 0.1 wt%-0.9 wt%, 0.4 wt%-0.8 wt%, 0.3 wt%-0.7 wt% or 0.4 wt%-1 wt%.The calcium oxide content may be 1 wt%-5 wt%, optionally 1 wt%-3 wt%, 2 wt%-4 wt%, 3 wt%-0.5 wt%, or 2 wt%-5 wt%. The magnesium oxide content may be 0.5 wt%-3 wt%, optionally 0.5 wt%-2.5 wt%, 1 wt%-3 wt%, 1.5 wt%-3 wt%, or 2 wt%-3 wt%. The content of titanium dioxide is 0.2%-1.3%, optionally, 0.2wt%-1.0wt%, 0.5wt%-1.3wt%, 0.9wt%-1.2wt% or 0.8wt%-1.1wt%. The total content of iron oxide and ferrous oxide can be 50wt%-70wt%, optionally, the content of iron oxide and ferrous oxide can be 50wt%-60wt%, 60wt%-70wt%, 50wt%-65wt% or 55wt%-65wt%. oIn some embodiments, the non-stick material is black, with the black color primarily due to the iron oxide in its composition. The black non-stick material does not change color after spraying, thus forming a black non-stick coating. This black non-stick coating reduces the contrast of burnt discoloration during use, enhancing the user's visual experience. Furthermore, due to the inherent properties of the non-stick material, the coating formed from it is more brittle than coatings formed from metal materials, making it easier to polish during use, thereby ensuring that the cookware remains clean and looking like new. In some embodiments, the non-stick material is granular, with an average particle size ranging from 200 to 400 mesh. If the average particle size of the non-stick powder is larger than 200 mesh, it is prone to clogging the powder feed pipe, resulting in insufficient powder melting, reduced non-stick coating adhesion, and lower coating quality. If the average particle size of the non-stick powder is smaller than 400 mesh, the powder has poor flowability and insufficient flight speed during spraying, making it prone to overmelting, reducing deposition efficiency and coating quality. According to the present application, a method for manufacturing a non-stick material is provided. Specifically, the non-stick material according to the present application can be obtained from basalt. Step S101: Prepare basalt. In this embodiment, the basalt used can be commercially available large blocks of natural basalt. Step S102: Initially crush the basalt. Specifically, a granular crusher is used to break the original large blocks of basalt into small blocks with a diameter of 1 cm to 5 cm. Step S103: Beneficiation and purification: The basalt after initial crushing is subjected to a process based on its appearance to remove basalt containing visible impurities. Step S104: Coarse grinding: The basalt after beneficiation and purification is ground using a Raymond mill to form a powder with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 1 mm. Step S105: Gravity separation and impurity removal: The basalt powder is further purified using a gravity separation process to remove as much dirt and other impurities as possible from the basalt powder. Step S106: fine grinding. A medium-speed micro-powder mill is used to further refine the basalt powder that has undergone gravity separation and impurity removal, so that the powder reaches the micron level, for example, 75 μm-150 μm, which is converted to a mesh size of 10-150 mesh. In this way, initial non-stick particles having the aforementioned composition range can be obtained.In step S107, the initial non-stick particles are crushed to obtain the non-stick material according to the present application. The particle size of the non-stick material is 200-400 mesh, and the amorphous phase of the non-stick material has a volume fraction of 55%-75%. In the present application, the non-stick material obtained by the above method is a material having a certain volume fraction of the amorphous phase. For example, the volume fraction of the amorphous phase is generally within the range of 55%-75%. The non-stick particles can be pretreated to obtain a non-stick material with a higher volume fraction of the amorphous phase. Specifically, the step of providing non-stick particles includes: providing initial non-stick particles; sintering the initial non-stick particles at 1300-1500°C for 3-5 hours, and then cooling at a preset cooling rate to obtain a non-stick material having a preset volume fraction of the amorphous phase. The preset cooling rate can be achieved by cooling the non-stick particles under cold air. For example, the preset cooling rate can be 50°C / s to 100°C / s. According to the present application, the non-stick particles obtained after certain pretreatment have a preset amorphous phase volume fraction, wherein the preset amorphous phase volume fraction can be in the range of 60%-80%. It can be understood that the non-stick material is a material with an amorphous phase volume fraction in the range of 60%-80%. According to a second aspect of the present application, a non-stick coating for cookware is provided, wherein the non-stick coating is formed using the non-stick materials provided in the above-mentioned embodiments. According to some embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material itself has a certain degree of amorphism, and spraying the non-stick material can retain the amorphism and form a non-stick coating with a certain amorphous phase volume fraction. In some embodiments, the amorphous phase volume fraction in the non-stick coating is 55%-75%. The amorphous phase volume fraction here is obtained because the material itself is amorphous and is retained after spraying. According to other embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material itself has a certain degree of amorphousness, for example, 55%-75%. The non-stick material is sprayed and the spraying process is controlled (described in detail in the cookware manufacturing method) to form a non-stick coating having a relatively high volume fraction of the amorphous phase. In some embodiments, the volume fraction of the amorphous phase in the non-stick coating is 60%-95%.The volume fraction of the amorphous phase here can be increased by 5%-30% compared to the previous embodiment. This is because the chemical composition, content, and spraying process of the non-stick material of this application are jointly determined. Therefore, an amorphous structure can be formed during spraying, resulting in relatively superior non-stick coating properties. In this specification, "volume fraction of the amorphous phase" is intended to refer to the volume fraction of the amorphous phase in the non-stick coating. A coating exhibits a disordered structure due to the varying orientations of its atoms. This disordered nature can result in a coating with a lower surface energy than a more ordered coating. For example, without considering other limiting factors, a greater volume fraction of the amorphous phase in a non-stick coating indicates a stronger amorphous nature, a lower surface energy, and improved non-stick properties, and vice versa. The surface energy of existing fluoropolymer non-stick coatings is generally between 18 and 25 dynes, and in some embodiments, the surface energy is between 30 and 40 dynes. The surface energy of the non-stick coating of this application is quite close to that of fluoropolymer coatings, demonstrating its superior initial non-stick properties. According to the present application, the non-stick coating has a predetermined pore structure. In some embodiments, the non-stick coating has a porosity ranging from 15% to 35%, and the pore size of the non-stick coating is from 0.1 μm to 5 μm. This pore structure is more suitable for filling with substances, such as silicone oil or grease, thereby further improving the non-stick properties on top of the amorphous structure, thereby achieving relatively better non-stick properties than fluorocarbon coatings. For example, the surface energy can be 10 to 20 dynes. In some embodiments, the hardness of the non-stick coating is from 400 HV to 800 HV. Such a hardness ensures the long-lasting non-stick properties of the non-stick coating. Figure 5 is an XRD spectrum of a non-stick coating provided according to an embodiment of the present application. As shown in Figure 5, the characteristic peaks are not particularly distinct, and there are many and chaotic miscellaneous peaks, indicating poor crystallinity, indicating that the non-stick coating has an amorphous structure. Using conventional full-spectrum fitting methods, the volume fraction of the amorphous phase in the non-stick coating is calculated to be 75%. According to a third aspect of the present application, a cooker is provided, specifically a non-stick cooker. The cookware includes a base and a non-stick coating, the non-stick coating is provided on the base, and the non-stick coating includes the non-stick coating provided according to the above embodiments or includes a non-stick coating formed by spraying the non-stick material provided by the above embodiments.Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cookware according to an embodiment of the present application, cut along its thickness. Figure 3 is an enlarged schematic view of point I in Figure 2. Referring to Figures 2 and 3, non-stick cookware 100 may include a base 110 and a non-stick coating 120. In some embodiments, the base may be made of a conventional metal material. Non-stick materials, a type of ceramic material, have relatively poor bonding strength with metal bases. To enhance the bonding strength between the non-stick coating and the base, the cookware may further include a primer layer 130. The primer layer 130 is made of a metal material and disposed between the base 110 and the non-stick coating 120. In an exemplary embodiment, the primer layer may be prepared using a metal material by thermal spraying or cold spraying. The primer layer material may be a conventional metal material, such as at least one of titanium, titanium alloys, iron, iron alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, copper, copper alloys, zirconium, and zirconium alloys. In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the base layer is in the range of 30 gm-60 gm. According to the present application, a non-stick coating can be formed by spraying a non-stick material having a specific chemical composition and content. Due to the high melting point of the non-stick material, the accumulation of non-stick material particles during the spraying process results in a relatively large number of pores in the resulting coating. For example, the resulting non-stick coating can have a porosity of 15% to 35%, with pore sizes ranging from 0.1 μm to 5 μm. This pore structure is suitable for oil storage, thus further enhancing initial non-stick performance. According to the present application, cookware with this coating can form a uniform oil film during cooking, which serves as a sealing layer 140 to ensure corrosion resistance. Combining a sealing layer 140 comprising grease or silicone oil with the amorphous coating not only ensures corrosion resistance but also achieves excellent non-stick properties without the use of fluorine coatings or ceramic coatings. Sealing layer 140 can also be formed during the cookware manufacturing process to seal the surface pores of the non-stick coating. In an exemplary embodiment, sealing layer 140 comprises grease or silicone oil. Filled grease or silicone oil protects the pores and is not easily damaged by use, further ensuring the sealing effect and improving corrosion resistance. In addition, it can further enhance non-stick properties.In some embodiments, one side (lower surface) of the non-stick coating is connected to a base layer or substrate, while the other side (upper surface) of the non-stick coating can directly serve as the inner surface of the cookware. To enhance the non-stick properties of the cookware, in other embodiments, one side (lower surface) of the non-stick coating is connected to the base layer or substrate, while grease or silicone oil is injected into the surface pores of the non-stick coating from the other side (upper surface) to form part of the inner surface of the cookware. As shown in Figure 4, the inner surface of the cookware is formed with an alternating arrangement of non-stick coatings and sealing layers. It will be understood that after the grease or silicone oil is injected into the surface pores of the non-stick coating 120 to form the sealing layer 140, the non-stick coating 120 and the sealing layer 140 are alternately arranged to form the inner surface of the cookware. The non-stick coating 120 can be continuous, while the sealing layer 140 is a collective term for multiple discontinuous sub-layers. In some embodiments, the resulting non-stick coating can have a thickness of 40 μm to 100 μm. According to a fourth aspect of the present application, a method for manufacturing cookware is provided, wherein the method comprises: step S101, providing a substrate; step S102, providing a non-stick material; and step S103, spraying the non-stick material onto the surface of the substrate to form a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction on the surface of the substrate. In an embodiment of the present application, the main components of the non-stick material, by weight percentage, include: 15% W SiO2 (40%), 1% W AlO3 (5%), 0.1% W K2O (1%), 0.1% W Na2O3 (1%), 1% W CaO (5%), 0.5% W MgO (3%), 0.2% W TiO (1.3%), and 50% W FeO + FeO (70%). The method for manufacturing cookware of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. Providing a Substrate: According to the present application, the substrate 110 can be made of commonly used materials. For example, the material may be stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, their corresponding alloys, or composite materials. The base 110 may have a shape corresponding to its function. For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , when the non-stick cookware 100 is a non-stick pan, the base 110 may have a conventional pan shape.It should be understood that FIG3 only exemplarily illustrates the main body of the non-stick pan and does not depict other parts. The non-stick pan according to the present invention may also include common cookware structures / components such as a handle (e.g., a pot handle). According to the present application, the substrate 110 may undergo certain pretreatments, such as grinding, sandblasting, and pickling. The substrate 110 has a certain surface roughness. In an exemplary embodiment, the surface roughness Ra value may be within a range of . A non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction is formed by spraying a non-stick material. According to the present application, the non-stick material may be the non-stick material described in the first aspect of the present application, which will not be described in detail here. According to the present application, the non-stick coating 120 having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction may at least partially cover the inner surface of the substrate 110. In other words, the non-stick coating 120 may cover a portion or all of the inner surface of the substrate 110. The non-stick coating 120 may include the non-stick material provided in the embodiments of the present application, formed by spraying, thereby imparting non-stick properties and improved hardness. According to the present application, the non-stick material is an amorphous material. Due to the special composition and content of the non-stick material of the present application, a non-stick coating 120 having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction can be formed by controlling the spraying process. According to some embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material can have an amorphous phase volume fraction within the range of 55%-75%. According to other embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material can have an amorphous phase volume fraction within the range of 60%-80%. In general, the amorphous phase volume fraction of the non-stick material of the present application can be within the range of 55%-80%. According to some embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material powder can have a certain degree of amorphism, for example, 55%-80%. The non-stick material powder can retain its amorphous nature to form a non-stick coating having a certain amorphous phase volume fraction. In some embodiments, the amorphous phase volume fraction in the non-stick coating is 55%-80%. This amorphous phase volume fraction is achieved by the material itself being amorphous and remaining after spraying. In an exemplary embodiment, the spraying is performed by thermal spraying, specifically plasma spraying.The plasma spraying process parameters can be: current of 400A-650A; voltage of 60V-90V; main gas (chlorine) flow rate of 1200L / h-1800L / h; hydrogen flow rate of 40L / h-100L / h; powder feed gas flow rate of 400L / h-600L / h; powder feed rate of 50g / min-100g / min; spraying distance (nozzle to workpiece) of 10cm-15cm; spraying angle of 45°-80°; and workpiece temperature of room temperature. According to the present application, the spraying parameters are related to the silica content in the non-stick material powder. When the silica content is high, the spraying power will be relatively higher. That is, the current and hydrogen flow rate should be increased, the main gas flow rate should be reduced, and the powder feed rate should also be reduced, and vice versa. By thermally spraying the non-stick material powder within the above process parameter range, a non-stick coating with suitable thickness and both amorphous properties and pores can be formed on the surface of the substrate. For example, the formed non-stick coating can have a thickness of 40. g m-100 gThe thickness of the non-stick coating can be 100 μm. For example, the porosity of the resulting non-stick coating can be 15% to 35%, with a pore size of 0.1 μm to 5 μm. This non-stick coating exhibits properties similar to those of the non-stick material, thus providing excellent non-stick properties, improved hardness, and desirable pore oil storage capacity. In other words, the amorphous non-stick coating according to the present invention can retain the various properties of the aforementioned non-stick material and, through spraying, exhibit properties superior to those of the non-stick material, such as, but not limited to, non-stickiness and hardness. According to other embodiments of the present application, the non-stick material powder itself has a certain degree of amorphism, for example, 55%-80%, and the spraying process is controlled to form a non-stick coating with a relatively high volume fraction of the amorphous phase. In some embodiments, the amorphous phase in the non-stick coating has a volume fraction of 60%-95%. This amorphous phase volume fraction can be increased by 5%-30% compared to the previous embodiment. This is determined by the chemical composition / content of the non-stick material of this application and the cooling rate of the coating during the spraying process. Therefore, an amorphous structure can be formed during spraying, resulting in the non-stick coating exhibiting relatively superior properties. According to this application, controlling the spraying process includes performing certain interventions during the formation of the non-stick coating. Specifically, the substrate 110 includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other. The step of forming the non-stick coating with a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction includes: cooling the second surface of the substrate, spraying the non-stick material onto the first surface of the substrate, thereby forming a non-stick coating with a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction on the first surface of the substrate. The step of cooling the second surface of the substrate includes applying cold air to the second surface of the substrate, and controlling the temperature of the cold air to be between -15°C and 5°C. A non-stick material is then sprayed onto the first surface of the substrate, thereby forming a non-stick coating having a predetermined amorphous phase volume fraction on the first surface of the substrate. The non-stick coating thus formed has a relatively increased amorphous phase volume fraction. In an exemplary embodiment, the amorphous phase volume fraction in the non-stick coating is 60%-95%, which can be increased by 5%-30%. This enables the surface of the cookware that contacts food to have a low surface energy, thereby achieving better non-stick properties. It should be noted that the first surface herein may be the inner surface, and the second surface may be the outer surface.Of course, this application does not impose any further limitations on this. It is understood that, based on the teachings of this application and according to actual usage requirements, those skilled in the art can designate the first surface as the outer surface and the second surface as the inner surface. In an exemplary embodiment, the step of applying cooling includes placing the second surface of the substrate in a cooling gas environment. The cooling gas temperature is -15°C to 5°C, and the cooling gas flow rate is 2000L / h to 4000L / h. Forming a Sealing Layer: According to this application, after forming the non-stick coating, a sealing layer can be provided on the outside of the non-stick coating to further enhance initial non-stick properties. Specifically, the method for manufacturing cookware further includes forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating to seal the surface pores of the non-stick coating and ensure the corrosion resistance of the cookware having the coating. In some embodiments, the step of forming the sealing layer on the non-stick coating includes applying silicone oil to the surface of the non-stick coating, allowing it to penetrate the surface pores of the non-stick coating, and sintering the non-stick coating at a first predetermined temperature for a first predetermined time, thereby forming the sealing layer on the non-stick coating. In an exemplary embodiment, the silicone oil may be polydimethylsilicone oil. After coating, the cookware coated with polydimethylsilicone oil may be placed in a sintering furnace for sintering and curing, wherein the first predetermined curing temperature is 300°C-400°C, and the first predetermined curing time is 3-10 minutes. In some embodiments, the step of forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating includes: immersing the non-stick coating in grease at a second predetermined temperature for a second predetermined time, allowing the grease to penetrate the surface pores of the non-stick coating, thereby forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating. In an exemplary embodiment, the grease may include peanut oil or tung oil. The peanut oil or tung oil is heated to a temperature below a second predetermined temperature and maintained for a second predetermined time, thereby forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating. The second predetermined temperature is 80°C-100°C, and the second predetermined time is 10-30 minutes. According to the present application, the non-stick coating coated with silicone oil or grease has hydrophobic properties, preventing the ingress of corrosive media and thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the cookware. Furthermore, the non-stick coating exhibits non-stick properties due to its low surface energy and closed-layer principle. For example, before silicone oil treatment, the non-stick coating may have a surface energy of 30 to 40 dynes.Although this is lower than the surface energy of a fluorine-based non-stick coating (18-25 dynes), after treatment with silicone oil, the surface energy of the non-stick coating can be reduced to 10-20 dynes, achieving non-stick performance comparable to or even superior to that of a fluorine-based non-stick coating. Silicone oil is superior to grease in optimizing non-stick properties. This application will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited to these examples. Example 1: The cookware according to Example 1 is manufactured using the following method. Step S10: Prepare a cookware base. Specifically, the steps of preparing the cookware base include deep drawing a stainless steel sheet, performing an alkali-washing and degreasing operation on the surface, drying, and sandblasting to obtain a cookware base with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Step S20: Prepare a non-stick material with an average particle size of 250-350 mesh. The non-stick material primarily comprises 21.06% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 69.59% iron oxide and ferrous oxide, with the remainder being impurities (e.g., organic matter and / or water). In step S30, the non-stick material is sprayed. The outer surface of the cookware base was placed in a circulating cooling air environment at a temperature of 5°C. A non-stick material was loaded into a powder feeder, and the plasma spraying parameters were set as follows: powder feed rate 80 g / min, spraying distance 11 cm, arc current 550 A, voltage 70 V, hydrogen pressure 0.7 MPa, hydrogen flow rate 100 L / h, oxygen pressure 1.2 MPa, and oxygen flow rate 1600 L / h. The non-stick material powder was plasma sprayed onto the inner surface of the cookware base, resulting in a non-stick coating with a thickness of 65 gm, thereby completing the production of the cookware of Example 1. Example 2 The cookware of Example 2 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly comprises: 21.06% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 50% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1.Example 3 The cookware of Example 3 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly comprises: 21.06% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 60% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 4 The cookware of Example 4 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 15% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 69.59% iron oxide+ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 5 The cookware of Example 5 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 30% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 62% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 6 The cookware of Example 6 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 40% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 50% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1.Example 7 The cookware of Example 7 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 15% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 60% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 8 The cookware of Example 8 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 20% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 60% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 9 The cookware of Example 9 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly includes: 30% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 60% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 10 The cookware of Example 10 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly comprises: 20% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 50% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1.Example 11: The cookware of Example 11 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different non-stick material (the non-stick material of this example mainly comprises: 30% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, and 50% iron oxide + ferrous oxide) was used instead of the non-stick material of Example 1. Example 12: The cookware of Example 12 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that after step S30, silicone oil was applied to the non-stick coating and then cured (curing time: 5 minutes, curing temperature: 350°C). Example 13: The cookware of Example 13 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that after step S30, a step of soaking the non-stick coating with palm oil (soaking time 15 mm, soaking temperature 100°C) was added. Example 14: Before step S20, a 40mm thick titanium alloy was pre-formed on the cookware base. gThe cookware of Example 14 was manufactured using the same method as in Example 1, except that a bottom layer was applied. The cookware of Example 15 was manufactured using the same method as in Example 1, except that in step S30, the outer surface of the cookware base was kept at room temperature instead of being placed in an environment with circulating cooling air. The cookware of Example 16 was manufactured using the same method as in Example 1, except that in step S20, the non-stick material was sintered (sintering temperature: 1400°C, sintering time: 4 hours), then cooled at a cooling rate of 80°C / s, and the sintered material was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1. Comparative Example 1 The cookware of Comparative Example 1 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different material (the material in this comparative example is a mixture of 21.06% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, 69.59% iron oxide, and the remainder impurities) was used instead of the non-stick material of Example 1. Comparative Example 2: The cookware of Comparative Example 2 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different material (the material in this comparative example is a mixture of 30% silicon dioxide, 1.32% aluminum oxide, 0.44% potassium oxide, 0.27% sodium oxide, 3.71% calcium oxide, 1.19% magnesium oxide, 0.45% titanium oxide, 50% iron oxide, and the remainder impurities) was used instead of the non-stick material of Example 1. Comparative Example 3: The cookware of Comparative Example 3 was manufactured using the same method as Example 1, except that in step S20, a different amorphous material (the material in this comparative example is 45 wt % titanium dioxide, 45 wt % iron oxide + ferrous oxide, 5 wt % calcium oxide + magnesium oxide, and the remainder phosphorus, carbon, and silicon) was used instead of the non-stick material of Example 1. Comparative Example 4 The cookware of Comparative Example 4 was manufactured using the same method as in Example 4, except that in step S20, a different material (the material in this comparative example is aluminum magnesium ferrous titanate) was used to replace the non-stick material of Example 1.Test Methods, Evaluation Criteria, and Test Results The amorphization degree of the non-stick materials in Examples 1 to 11 and 16, and the materials in Comparative Examples 1 to 4, was tested. The test results are shown in Table 1 below. 1. Test Methods and Evaluation Criteria

[0003] 1. Amorphous degree test method Amorphous degree test method: XRD test is used and the conventional full spectrum fitting method is used for analysis and calculation to obtain the amorphous degree of the sample. The steps of the conventional full spectrum fitting method are as follows: First, find a crystalline phase with the same chemical structure as the amorphous phase, assuming that the amorphous phase is a tiny grain of this crystalline phase. This crystalline phase can be used to establish a model of the peak position and intensity of the amorphous phase; secondly, fit the spectrum of the pure amorphous phase to determine the grain size and microstrain; finally, fix the grain size and microstrain, include this phase in the traditional Rietveld quantitative calculation, and the volume ratio of the amorphous phase of the corresponding material (that is, the degree of amorphization) can be obtained. II. Test results Table 1 Result test table As can be seen from Table 1, the non-stick materials of the present embodiments have a certain volume fraction of an amorphous phase. Regarding the composition of the non-stick materials, the lower the silicon dioxide content, the higher the content of other oxides (i.e., iron oxide, aluminum oxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide) in the non-stick material. This indicates a higher concentration of metal cations with larger diameters, resulting in more severe lattice distortion and a higher degree of amorphization. Pure metal oxides are typically crystalline materials and have no degree of amorphization. Performance tests were conducted on the coatings of the cookware obtained in Examples 1-16 and Comparative Examples 1-4, and the results are recorded in Table 2 below. The specific performance testing methods are as follows: I. Test Methods and Evaluation Criteria

[0004] 1. Amorphous Degree Testing Method: XRD testing is performed and the conventional full-spectrum fitting method is used for analysis and calculation to determine the degree of amorphization of the sample. The conventional full-spectrum fitting method follows the following steps: First, a crystalline phase with the same chemical structure as the amorphous phase is found. The amorphous phase is assumed to be a tiny grain of this crystalline phase. This crystalline phase can be used to establish a model for the peak position and intensity of the amorphous phase. Second, the spectrum of the pure amorphous phase is fitted to determine the grain size and microstrain. Finally, the grain size and microstrain are fixed, and this phase is included in the conventional Rietveld quantitative calculation to obtain the corresponding amorphous phase volume fraction (i.e., the degree of amorphization) of the coating.

[0005] 2. Initial Non-Stick Test Method: The initial non-stick test method is based on the fried egg non-stick test method in GB / T32095.2-2015. This method is an initial non-stick test and is divided into levels I, II, and III. Level I has the best non-stickiness and Level III has the worst non-stickiness.

[0006] 3. Long-lasting non-stick test method: Long-lasting non-stick test method: GB / T32388-2015 long-lasting non-stick test method, the unit is the number of times, the higher the number, the longer the life, the non-stick result is evaluated every 500 times, and the number of times when it is used to level III is recorded.

[0007] 4. Hardness testing and evaluation standards: The Vickers hardness test method is used to test the Vickers hardness of the cookware coating. The unit of hardness is HV. The higher the measured hardness value, the harder the sample, the stronger the non-stick coating's ability to resist abrasion from a spatula and food, and the less susceptible it is to wear. Therefore, the non-stick coating has a longer service life. Generally speaking, the hardness of the non-stick coating is expected to be no less than 200 HV.

[0008] 5. Surface Energy Testing and Evaluation Criteria: At 20°C, the contact angles of water and ethylene glycol on the sample surfaces were measured using a SINDIN SDC-200SH contact angle meter using the goniometric method. The surface energy of the samples was calculated using the OWRK method. The coatings in the Examples and Comparative Examples were used for surface energy testing. For surface energy testing, the measured surface energy of the samples was expected to be no greater than 100 dynes. Table 2: Test Results As can be seen from Table 2, the non-stick coating obtained in this application exhibits excellent initial and long-term non-stick properties. By sealing the coating formed by the thermal spraying process, a lower surface energy than fluorocarbon coatings can be achieved, ensuring initial non-stick properties. By controlling the spraying process (i.e., subjecting the outer surface of the cookware to a cooling gas environment during the plasma spraying process), the degree of amorphization of the non-stick coating can be increased to a certain extent, resulting in a relatively low surface energy, thereby ensuring good long-term non-stick properties. While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims and their equivalents. The embodiments should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Therefore, the scope of the invention is defined not by the specific embodiments thereof, but by the claims, and all differences within the scope are to be construed as being encompassed within the present invention.

Claims

Claims 1. A non-stick material for use in cooking utensils, characterized in that, The composition of the non-stick material includes, by weight percentage: 15%W silicon dioxide W40%, 1%W aluminum oxide W5%, 0.1%W potassium oxide W1%, 0.1%W sodium oxide W1%, 1%W calcium oxide W5%, 0.5%W magnesium oxide W3%, 0.2%W titanium oxide W1.3%, and 50%W iron oxide + ferrous oxide W70%.

2. The non-stick material according to claim 1, characterized in that The non-stick material has at least one of the following characteristics: the color of the non-stick material is black; the non-stick material is a material with an amorphous phase volume fraction in the range of 55%-75%, preferably 60%-80%; the non-stick material is a granular material.

3. The non-stick material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The average particle size of the non-stick material is 200 mesh to 400 mesh.

4. The non-stick material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that The non-stick material is a silicate material.

5. A non-stick coating, characterized in that, The non-stick coating is formed of the non-stick material according to any one of claims 1-4 and has a preset amorphous phase volume fraction.

6. The non-stick coating according to claim 5, characterized in that, The preset amorphous phase volume fraction is 55%-95%, preferably 60%-95%; and / or the non-stick coating has at least one of the following characteristics: the surface energy of the non-stick coating is 30 dynes to 80 dynes; the porosity of the non-stick coating is 15% to 35%; the pore size of the non-stick coating is 0.1 gm to 5|im; the hardness of the non-stick coating is 400HV to 800HV.

7. A cooking utensil, characterized in that The cooking utensil includes: a substrate; a non-stick coating formed on the substrate; wherein the non-stick coating includes the non-stick coating according to claim 5 or 6.

8. The cooking utensil according to claim 7, characterized in that, The cooking utensil further includes: A sealing layer, the sealing layer including grease or silicone oil for filling the surface pores of the non-stick coating.

9. The cooking utensil according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that The cooking utensil further includes: a primer layer, the primer layer being formed of a metal material and formed between the substrate and the non-stick coating.

10. A method for manufacturing a cooking utensil, characterized in that The method for manufacturing a cooking utensil includes: providing a substrate; providing a non-stick material; spraying the non-stick material on the surface of the substrate to form a non-stick coating having a preset amorphous phase volume fraction on the surface of the substrate, wherein the non-stick material includes the non-stick material according to any one of claims 1-4.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that The method for manufacturing a cooking utensil further includes: forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating, the sealing layer including silicone oil and / or grease, thereby sealing the surface pores of the non-stick coating.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein The step of forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating includes: coating silicone oil on the surface of the non-stick coating and sintering for a first preset time at a first preset temperature, thereby forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating; or immersing the non-stick coating in grease at a second preset temperature and maintaining for a second preset time, so that the grease penetrates into the surface pores of the non-stick coating, thereby forming a sealing layer on the non-stick coating.

13. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that, The substrate has opposite first and second surfaces. The step of forming a non-stick coating having a preset amorphous phase volume fraction includes: cooling the second surface of the substrate and spraying the non-stick material on the first surface of the substrate, thereby forming a non-stick coating having a preset amorphous phase volume fraction.

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