Methods and systems for real-time identification of reflected waves generated by drilling operations
The method and system improve the accuracy of geological boundary determination and acoustic velocity estimation by iteratively updating a local reflectivity model based on acoustic signal processing, enabling real-time adjustments for optimized wellbore drilling.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/071559
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for identifying reflected acoustic waves during drilling operations are prone to errors, especially in complex geological structures, leading to inaccuracies in determining geological boundaries and acoustic velocities, which can impact the efficiency and safety of wellbore drilling.
A method and system that utilize an acoustic signal processing system to receive and process acoustic signals generated by a drill bit, iteratively update a local reflectivity model based on the difference between predicted and actual reflected waves, and determine physical properties of formations using seismic processing, enabling real-time geosteering and improved wellbore trajectory planning.
Enhances the accuracy of geological boundary determination and acoustic velocity estimation, allowing for real-time adjustments in wellbore drilling to optimize drilling efficiency and safety by improving the separation and identification of reflected acoustic waves.
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Figure CN2024071559_17072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR REAL-TIME IDENTIFICATION OF REFLECTED WAVES GENERATED BY DRILLING OPERATIONSBACKGROUND
[0001] Acoustic energy generated by a drill bit while drilling may be used to determine geological features within a subterranean region of interest. Acoustic sensors disposed at a drilling rig may record acoustic waves generated by a drill bit while drilling a wellbore. The acoustic waves may be recorded continuously and in real time. Geosteering may enable an optimal placement of a wellbore based on the results of real-time measurements of acoustic energy generated by the drill bit. For example, geosteering may be used to keep a directional wellbore within a hydrocarbon pay zone, to keep a wellbore in a particular section of a reservoir to minimize gas or water breakthrough and maximize economic production from the well, etc. When drilling a borehole, geosteering provides adjustment of the borehole position on the fly to reach one or more geological targets. The adjustments may be based on various data gathered while drilling.SUMMARY
[0002] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0003] In general, in one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method. The method includes receiving, by an acoustic signal processing system, a first acoustic signal generated by a first acoustic source within a subsurface region of interest, wherein the first acoustic signal comprises a plurality of reflected waves, and receiving a reflectivity model regarding the subsurface region. The method also includes determining, by the acoustic signal processing system, a local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on the reflectivity model and a spatial location of the first acoustic source. The method further includes generating, iteratively or recursively, by the acoustic signal processing system and until a stopping condition is reached, a plurality of predicted reflected waves based, at least in part, on the local reflectivity model, and updating the local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on a difference measure between the plurality of reflected waves and the plurality of predicted reflected waves. The method further includes determining, by a seismic processing system, a physical property of a formation, based, at least in part, on the updated local reflectivity model.
[0004] In general, in one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system. The system includes an acoustic acquisition system, an acoustic signal processing system, and a seismic processing system. The acoustic acquisition system disposed in a wellbore in a subsurface region of interest, where the acoustic acquisition system is configured to record acoustic signals. The acoustic signal processing system is configured to receive a first acoustic signal generated by a first acoustic source, where the first acoustic signal comprises a plurality of reflected waves, receive a reflectivity model regarding the subsurface region, and determine a local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on the reflectivity model and a spatial location of the first acoustic source. The acoustic signal processing system is also configured to generate, iteratively or recursively, until a stopping condition is reached, a plurality of predicted reflected waves based, at least in part, on the local reflectivity model, and update the local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on a difference measure between the plurality of reflected waves and the plurality of predicted reflected waves. The seismic processing system is configured to determine a physical property of a formation, based, at least in part, on the updated local reflectivity model.
[0005] It is intended that the subject matter of any of the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments described separately, except where otherwise contradictory.
[0006] Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1 illustrates a hydrocarbon reservoir in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0008] FIG. 2 shows a drilling system in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 3 shows an example of an acoustic signal in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 4 shows a seismic acquisition system of a subsurface region of interest, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 5 shows examples of seismic data produced by a seismic acquisition system in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 6 shows examples of simulated acoustic waves in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 7 shows an example of an extracted wavelet, according to one or more embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 8 shows examples of simulated acoustic waves in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 12 depicts a schematic diagram of a computer system in accordance with one or more embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] In the following detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.
[0020] Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc. ) may be used as an adjective for an element (i.e., any noun in the application) . The use of ordinal numbers is not to imply or create any particular ordering of the elements nor to limit any element to being only a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as using the terms “before” , “after” , “single” , and other such terminology. Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between the elements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from a second element, and the first element may encompass more than one element and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering of elements.
[0021] In the following description of FIGs. 1-12, any component described regarding a figure, in various embodiments disclosed herein, may be equivalent to one or more like-named components described with regard to any other figure. For brevity, descriptions of these components will not be repeated regarding each figure. Thus, each and every embodiment of the components of each figure is incorporated by reference and assumed to be optionally present within every other figure having one or more like-named components. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments disclosed herein, any description of the components of a figure is to be interpreted as an optional embodiment which may be implemented in addition to, in conjunction with, or in place of the embodiments described with regard to a corresponding like-named component in any other figure.
[0022] It is to be understood that the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a seismic signal” includes reference to one or more of such seismic signals.
[0023] Terms such as “approximately, ” “substantially, ” etc., mean that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide.
[0024] It is to be understood that one or more of the steps shown in the flowcharts may be omitted, repeated, and / or performed in a different order than the order shown. Accordingly, the scope disclosed herein should not be considered limited to the specific arrangement of steps shown in the flowcharts.
[0025] In general, disclosed embodiments include systems and methods to determine physical properties of formations using reflected acoustic waves. In particular, some embodiments use acoustic waves propagating through a subsurface region of interest to determine geological boundaries or acoustic velocities of formations. The acoustic waves may include direct and / or reflected acoustic energy, due to the presence of discontinuities, subsurface interfaces, and / or diffractors among other geological features. Signal processing techniques may be implemented to recover the geological features from recorded acoustic waves.
[0026] In the oil and gas industry, operations related to drilling and production in a wellbore involve collecting and processing a vast amount of information about the formation traversed by the wellbore. Information collected while drilling a wellbore may assist a driller in making decisions to optimize the drilling operation, for example, for maintaining or changing the direction to drill (geo-steering) . Techniques to measure the conditions of the downhole drilling equipment, such as drill bit orientation, weight-on-bit, and torque are known as “measurement-while-drilling” (MWD) and techniques to measure the properties of the formation, such as resistivity, density, or sonic wave speed during drilling operations are known as “logging-while drilling” (LWD) techniques. The implementation of LWD techniques while a particular formation is being drilled provides information on physical properties of the formation and the changing conditions of the wellbore.
[0027] A formation must present certain physical characteristics to permit the storage and the flow of hydrocarbons. For example, a desired physical characteristic in a geomaterial of a formation is high porosity, that is, the presence of voids and spaces in the geomaterial. Similarly, high permeability, that is, the ease with a fluid can percolate through a geomaterial is desirable. LWD devices such acoustic sensors may be used to measure the porosity of a formation, because the speed of an acoustic wave propagating through the formation is affected by the porosity of the propagation medium. Acoustic waves may include pressure waves generated in a medium when energy is released upon deformation or failure of the material. The acoustic waves may be characterized for example by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency band, phase and energy. When measured and analyzed accurately, acoustic waves may provide useful information regarding the source of the acoustic waves and the medium of propagation.
[0028] Acoustic signal acquisition and processing is a cost-effective technique to provide estimates of the condition of the geomaterial in a wellbore that can be performed without sampling the geomaterial in the formation. Furthermore, acquisition and evaluation of acoustic signals may be done promptly, remotely, and without interrupting the ongoing drilling operations. Techniques of acoustic signal processing have greatly contributed to the progress of the areas of geophysical exploration and prospecting, drilling operations, mineral processing and rock mechanics. However, processing of acoustic signals may require an effective separation of the different types of waves present in the acoustic signal. For example, extracting reflected acoustic waves from an acoustic signal may be of interest because reflected acoustic waves carry information regarding the geological discontinuities the acoustic waves encounter as they propagate through the subsurface region. Reflected acoustic waves may be identified by the smaller amplitudes and later arrival times relative to direct waves. However, such identification of reflected acoustic waves may rely on the judgement of the analyst, and may incur in errors, in particular in subsurface regions with complex geological structures. Methods and processing techniques to improve the identification and extraction of reflected acoustic waves may assist in improving the identification of physical properties of formations.
[0029] The resulting physical properties of formations may then be integrated into the established practical applications for real-time updating of geological boundaries and forming seismic images, that are themselves established processes integrated into the search for an extraction of hydrocarbon from subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs. The disclosed methods represent an improvement over existing methods for at least the reasons of lower cost and increased efficacy.
[0030] FIG 1. depicts a hydrocarbon reservoir in accordance with one or more embodiments. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a subsurface region (100) of interest may include one or more hydrocarbon reservoirs with various drilled wellbores (102) such as, for example, production wells (103) or injection wells (105) . As shown in FIG. 1, wells may extend from the surface of the Earth through various overburden layers to penetrate the hydrocarbon reservoir that may be bounded by an upper reservoir surface (106a) and a lower reservoir surface (106b) . Furthermore, a wellbore planning system (110) may contemplate planned wells (108) (e.g., planned wellbore path (112) ) at an identified hydrocarbon location (113) for a geological region. Wellbores may be drilled along a trajectory guided by the planned wellbore path (112) using a drilling system (114) ) .
[0031] FIG. 2 shows a drilling system around at well site in accordance with one or more embodiments. In general, well sites may be configured in a myriad of ways. Therefore, the well site in FIG. 1 is not intended to be limiting with respect to the particular configuration of the drilling equipment. The well site is depicted as being on land. In other examples, the well site may be offshore, and drilling may be carried out with or without use of a marine riser.
[0032] The drilling system (200) may be configured to drill a wellbore (108) , along a wellbore trajectory (203) , into a subsurface region (100) including various formations (204, 205) to reach a hydrocarbon reservoir (206) . The wellbore (108) may traverse a plurality of geological boundaries (222) that may be planes or surfaces marking changes in physical or chemical characteristics of formations (204, 205) . The wellbore trajectory (203) may be a curved or a straight trajectory and may traverse one or more geological boundaries (222) . All or part of the wellbore trajectory (203) may be vertical, and some wellbore trajectory (203) may be deviated or have horizontal sections. One or more portions of the wellbore (108) may be cased with casing in accordance with a wellbore plan.
[0033] For the purpose of drilling a new section of the wellbore (108) , the drilling rig (207) may include a drillstring (208) attached to the drilling rig (207) located on the surface of the earth “surface” (209) . The drillstring (208) may include one or more drill pipes connected to form conduit and a bottom hole assembly ( “BHA” ) (210) disposed at the distal end of the conduit. The BHA (210) may include a drill bit (212) to cut into the subsurface rock. The BHA (210) may include measurement tools, such as a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool. Measurement tools may include sensors and hardware to measure downhole drilling parameters, and these measurements may be transmitted to the surface (209) using any suitable telemetry system known in the art. The BHA (210) and the drillstring (208) may include other drilling tools known in the art but not specifically shown.
[0034] During a drilling operation the drillstring (208) is rotated relative to the wellbore (108) , and weight is applied to the drill bit (212) to enable the drill bit (212) to break rock as the drillstring (208) is rotated. In some cases, a top drive (214) may be coupled to the top of the drillstring (208) and is operable to rotate the drillstring (208) . In further embodiments, the drill bit (212) may be rotated using a combination of a drilling motor and the top drive (214) .
[0035] While cutting rock with the drill bit (212) , drilling fluid (commonly called “mud” ) may flow into the drillstring (208) through appropriate flow paths in the top drive (214) . The mud flows down the drillstring (208) and exits into the bottom of the wellbore (108) through nozzles in the drill bit (212) . The mud in the wellbore (108) then flows back up to the surface (209) in an annular space between the drillstring (208) and the wellbore (108) with entrained cuttings. Typically, the cuttings are removed from the mud, and the mud is reconditioned as necessary, before pumping the mud again into the drillstring (208) .
[0036] While drilling, the cutting action of the drill bit (212) generates acoustic waves (217) that propagate through the subsurface region (100) . When incident on a geological boundary (222) a portion of the propagating acoustic wave (217) is reflected forming “reflected acoustic waves” (232) , while another portion propagates through the geological boundary (222) . Acoustic waves (217) that have not already reached a geological boundary (222) are often called “direct acoustic waves” (230) . The part of the direct acoustic waves (230) that reach the drill bit (212) and that is transmitted through the drillstring (208) is termed herein “direct drilling acoustic waves” (234) . Similarly, the part of the reflected acoustic waves (232) that reach the drill bit (212) and that is transmitted through the drillstring (208) , is termed “reflected drilling acoustic waves” (235) . In general, the term “drilling acoustic waves” (228) refers to acoustic energy generated by the drill bit (212) and transmitted through the drillstring (208) , and may include both direct drilling acoustic waves (234) and reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) .
[0037] In one or more embodiments, an acoustic acquisition system (218) may be used in real-time during a drilling operation to acquire drilling acoustic waves (228) and transform them in usable acoustic signals. As shown in FIG. 2, the acoustic acquisition system (218) includes acoustic sensors (220) disposed proximal to the drill bit (212) . The acoustic acquisition system (218) may also include top drive acoustic sensors (216) placed on the top drive (214) to detect drillstring acoustic waves (228) that are transmitted to the top drive (214) . The acoustic sensors (216, 220) may include conventional geophones (configured to measure ground motion velocity or acceleration) , measurement microphones, contact microphones, or any other special sensors depending on the preferred acquisition requirements.
[0038] In some embodiments, the acoustic acquisition system (218) may include a downhole data transmission interface (224) , a surface data transmission interface (226) and a data acquisition unit (not shown) . The acoustic sensors (220) may be connected to the downhole data transmission interface (224) . In some embodiments, the downhole data transmission interface (224) and the acoustic sensors (220) may be contained in the BHA (210) . The surface data transmission interface (226) may be located at a stationary part of the top drive (214) .
[0039] Drilling acoustic waves (228) detected by the acoustic sensors (220) may be transmitted to the data acquisition unit by the downhole data transmission interface (224) . Similarly, drillstring acoustic waves (228) detected by the top drive acoustic sensors (216) may be transmitted to the data acquisition unit by the surface data transmission interface (226) . The data acquisition unit may sample and digitize the received drilling acoustic waves (228) . Drilling acoustic waves (228) may be digitized as a time series, typically referred to as a “waveform. ”
[0040] The drilling system (200) may be disposed at and communicate with other systems in the well environment, such as an acoustic signal processing system (236) , a seismic processing system (246) , and a wellbore planning system (110) . The drilling system (200) may control at least a portion of a drilling operation by providing controls to various components of the drilling operation. In one or more embodiments, the drilling system (200) may receive well-measured data from one or more sensors and / or logging tools arranged to measure controllable parameters of the drilling operation. During operation of the drilling system (200) , the well-measured data may include mud properties, flow rates, drill volume and penetration rates, rock physical properties, etc.
[0041] In some embodiments, drilling acoustic waves (228) digitized as drilling acoustic signals may be transferred from the data acquisition unit to the acoustic signal processing system (236) to be processed to determine properties of formations (204, 205) such as, geological boundaries (222) and / or acoustic velocities. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the size of the drill bit (212) is often small relative to the distance between the drill bit (212) and the geological boundaries (222) . Thus, the time of travel of the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) from the drill bit (212) to a boundary, such as ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) , and back to the drill bit (212) may be treated as a “two-way travel time” . Since the travel time of direct drilling acoustic waves (234) does not include a two-way travel time, a time lag between the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) and the direct drilling acoustic waves (234) may be generated. The time lag then depends on the distance between the drill bit (212) and the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) , as well as on the acoustic velocity of the formation (205) in which the drill bit (212) is located.
[0042] FIG. 3 shows schematically a drilling acoustic signal (300) that includes direct drilling acoustic waves (234) and reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) . The operation of drilling a wellbore includes one or more pauses during which drilling operations are stopped. During the pauses the drill bit (212) does not generate drilling acoustic waves (228) , however, the acoustic sensors (220) may still detect the latest reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) that were reflected at an ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) . The time t0 (302) of FIG. 3 indicates the moment the drill bit (212) is stopped and is considered the detection time of the last direct drilling acoustic wave (234) . Thus, direct drilling acoustic waves (234) are detected in the time window (304) .
[0043] In time window (306) of FIG. 3 only reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) are detected. Because they are attenuated as they travel from the drill bit (212) towards the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) and back to the drill bit (212) , the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) in window (306) are expected to have lower amplitudes relative to the direct drilling acoustic waves (234) in window (304) . The time t1 (308) indicates the time at which the last reflected drilling acoustic wave (235) reflected at the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) is detected by the acoustic sensors (220) . Therefore, the time difference (t1-t0) is the two-way travel time between the drill bit (212) and the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) .
[0044] Part of the direct acoustic waves (230) that reach the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) may be transmitted across the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) , be partially reflected at a farther boundary located farther ahead of the drill bit (212) , travel back to the drill bit (212) , and be detected by the acoustic sensors (220) . Again, because of attenuation, the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) that are reflected at the farther boundary may have lower amplitudes relative to the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) reflected at the ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) . Thus, the time window (t1-t0) in FIG. 3 only includes reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) that are reflected at the farther boundary. The time t2 (310) then indicates the time at which the last reflected drilling acoustic wave (235) reflected at the farther boundary is detected by the acoustic sensors (220) . Therefore, the time difference (t2-t0) is the two-way travel time between the drill bit (212) and the farther boundary. Waves reflected at other boundaries farther from the drill bit (212) may be detected in a similar manner, until the strength of the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) is at the level of noise present in the signal.
[0045] As discussed above, determining the two-way travel times for geological boundaries (222) traversed when drilling a wellbore (108) may assist in determining the geological boundaries (222) and the acoustic velocities of formations (204, 205) . However, the determination of times t0, t1, t2, etc., to estimate the two-way travel times may be affected by the effectiveness of separating the direct drilling acoustic waves (234) and the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) reflected at the different geological boundaries (222) . Thus, methods and systems that improve the separation of direct drilling acoustic waves (234) and the reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) may increase the accuracy in the determination of geological boundaries (222) and acoustic velocities of formations (204, 205) .
[0046] In some embodiments, processing well-log data acquired by logging tools, may be combined with the processing of acoustic waves to improve the accuracy of the estimated physical properties of formation (204, 205) . Well logs may be used to calculate mechanical properties based on rock physics equations to understand distribution and nature of rocks and fluids in the subsurface. A well log is a detailed and sequential collection of one category of data (e.g., gamma ray, sonic, porosity, resistivity, density, etc. ) for a geological formation by using a logging tool along the path of a well borehole in the ground. Common well logs include gamma ray log, a directional photoelectric log, effective porosity log, and bulk density log, however, many more logs may be present during drilling operations as provided by logging tools. Additional logs may include directional density logs and sonic logs, such as compressional and shear sonic logs. A sonic log may indicate a formation’s transit time which is a measure of how fast elastic seismic compressional and shear waves travel through the formation in the subsurface region (100) . Sonic logs may provide a formation interval transit time, which is typically a function of lithology and rock texture but particularly porosity. Density may indicate the bulk density along the subsurface region (100) . Each well log is a record of log values at an associated point on a wellbore trajectory (203) .
[0047] In some embodiments, processing other types of waves, such as seismic waves acquired with a seismic acquisition system as that of FIG. 4, may be performed by the seismic processing system (246) , and they may be used and / or combined with the processing of well-log data or acoustic waves to determine physical properties of formation (204, 205) . The properties of formations (204, 205) may be used to determine a location of a hydrocarbon reservoir (206) (or other subterranean features) . Knowledge of the existence and location of the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) and other subterranean features may be transferred to the wellbore planning system (110) .
[0048] The wellbore planning system (110) may use information regarding the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) location to plan a well, including a planned wellbore trajectory (203) from the surface (209) of the earth to penetrate the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) . In addition, to the depth and geographic location of the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) , the planned wellbore trajectory (203) may be constrained by surface limitations, such as suitable locations for the surface position of the wellhead, i.e., the location of potential or preexisting drilling rigs, drilling ships or from a natural or man-made island.
[0049] Typically, the wellbore plan is generated based on best available information at the time of planning from a geophysical model, geomechanical models encapsulating subterranean stress conditions, the trajectory of any existing wellbores (which it may be desirable to avoid) , and the existence of other drilling hazards, such as shallow gas pockets, over-pressure zones, and active fault planes. Information regarding the planned wellbore trajectory (203) may be transferred to the drilling system (200) described in FIG. 2.The drilling system (200) may drill the wellbore (108) along the planned wellbore trajectory (203) to access the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) .
[0050] The wellbore planning system (110) is used in the oil and gas industry for designing and planning drilling operations. It assists drilling engineers and teams in making strategic decisions related to wellbore placement, casing design, trajectory planning, and well path optimization. The wellbore planning system (110) allows drilling engineers to visualize and interact with wellbore data in a 3D environment. It provides a graphical representation of the planned well trajectory, existing well paths, geological formations, and potential hazards.
[0051] The wellbore planning system (110) integrates geological models, well logs, seismic data, and other subsurface information to facilitate the creation of accurate and realistic wellbore plans. By incorporating geological models, drilling engineers can optimize well placement in reservoir targets and avoid geohazards. Furthermore, the wellbore planning system (110) may assist in designing optimal well trajectories based on reservoir targets, geologic constraints, and drilling objectives. Engineers can define well paths that maximize drilling efficiency, reach specific targets (horizontal or vertical) , and account for geological formations and structural complexities.
[0052] The wellbore planning system (110) incorporates collision-avoidance algorithms to assess potential collision risks between nearby wells, salt bodies, or other subsurface infrastructure. By considering uncertainties in subsurface data and drilling conditions, the wellbore planning system (110) may assess collision probabilities for planned well paths. This analysis helps in quantifying risks associated with collision potential and improving well placement decisions. The wellbore planning system (110) provides real-time alerts to prevent wellbore collisions and maintain drilling safety.
[0053] The wellbore planning system (110) helps drilling engineers in designing casing strings and selecting appropriate tubulars based on the wellbore conditions, planned drilling operations, and regulatory requirements. It considers factors such as pressure, temperature, well depth, formation properties, and casing load capacity. Furthermore, the wellbore planning system (110) performs torque and drag analysis to evaluate the forces and stresses acting on the drillstring during drilling operations. This analysis helps in identifying potential issues such as differential sticking, buckling, or limitations in the drilling equipment. The wellbore planning system (110) may have the capability to integrate real-time drilling data, such as downhole measurements, drilling parameters, and formation evaluation results. This integration allows engineers to monitor the drilling progress, make on-the-fly adjustments to the well plan, and optimize drilling efficiency. Furthermore, the wellbore planning system (110) provides tools for generating reports, exporting data, and documenting drilling plans and decisions. These reports can be shared with regulatory agencies, drilling contractors, and other stakeholders to ensure alignment and compliance throughout the drilling lifecycle.
[0054] The wellbore planning system (110) assists drilling engineers in designing optimal well trajectories, minimizing risks, and maximizing drilling efficiency. They integrate various subsurface data sources, perform complex analyses, and provide visualization tools to support informed decision-making in well planning and drilling operations.
[0055] In some embodiments, the drilling system (200) may receive from the wellbore planning system (110) the updated wellbore trajectory (203) and drill the wellbore (108) along the updated wellbore trajectory (203) in real time ( “geo-steering” ) to reach one or more drilling targets. Processing of drilling acoustic signals in real-time may assist in the evaluation of properties of the geomaterials encountered by the drill bit (212) at the current depth of the drill bit (212) . As such, real-time property identification as the drill bit (212) progresses through the formations (204, 205) may assist the wellbore planning system (110) in updating a wellbore trajectory (203) to be used in real-time drilling operations, such as, for example, geo-steering, casing shoe positioning, etc.
[0056] FIG. 4 shows a seismic acquisition system (400) of a subsurface region of interest (100) , according to one or more embodiments. The seismic acquisition system (400) may utilize a seismic source (406) that generates radiated seismic waves (408) . The type of seismic source (406) may depend on the environment in which it is used. For example, on land the seismic source (406) may be a vibroseis truck or an explosive charge, but in water the seismic source (406) may be an airgun. The radiated seismic waves (408) may return to the surface as refracted seismic waves (410) or reflected seismic waves (414) .
[0057] Refracted seismic waves (410) and reflected seismic waves (414) may occur, for example, due to geological discontinuities or geological boundaries (222) that may be also known as “seismic reflectors” . The geological boundaries (222) may be boundaries between faults, fractures, or groups of fractures within a rock. The geological boundaries (222) may delineate a hydrocarbon reservoir (206) or gas deposit (420) . At the surface, refracted seismic waves (410) and reflected seismic waves (414) may be detected by seismic receivers (416) . Radiated seismic waves (408) that propagate from the seismic source (406) directly to the seismic receivers (416) , known as direct seismic waves (422) , are also detected by the seismic receivers (416) .
[0058] In some embodiments, a seismic source (406) may be positioned at a location denoted (xs, ys) , where x and y represent orthogonal axes on the earth’s surface above the subsurface region of interest (100) . The seismic receivers (416) may be positioned at a plurality of seismic receiver locations denoted (xr, yr) , with the distance between each receiver and the source being termed “the source-receiver offset” , or simply “the offset” . Thus, the direct seismic waves (422) , refracted seismic waves (410) , and reflected seismic waves (414) generated by a single activation of the seismic source (406) may be represented in the axes (xs, ys, xr, yr, t) . The t-axis indicates the recording time between the activation of the seismic acquisition system (400) and the sample time at which the seismic wave is detected by the seismic receivers (416) .
[0059] Seismic processing may reduce five-dimensional seismic data produced by a seismic acquisition system (400) to three-dimensional (x, y, t) seismic data by, for example, correcting the recorded time for the time of travel from the seismic source (406) to the seismic receiver (416) and summing ( “stacking” ) samples over two horizontal space dimensions. Stacking of samples over a predetermined time interval may be performed as desired, for example, to reduce noise and improve the quality of the signals.
[0060] Seismic data may also refer to data acquired at different time intervals, such as, for example, in cases where seismic surveys are repeated after a period of weeks, months, or years, to obtain time-lapse data. Seismic data may also be pre-processed or partially-processed data, e.g., arranged as “common shot gathers” (CSG) , i.e., sorting waveforms as acquired by different receivers and having a single source location. The type of seismic data is not intended as limiting, and any other suitable seismic data is intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 5 shows examples of seismic data (502) produced by a seismic acquisition system (400) in accordance with one or more embodiments. An example of a CSG (504) depicts direct seismic waves (422) , refracted seismic waves (410) , and reflected seismic waves (414) generated by a single activation of the seismic source (406) and recorded by a plurality of seismic receivers (416) deployed, for example in a line, on the surface of the earth. Each seismic receiver (416) may record waveforms, i.e., time-series representing the amplitude of ground-motion at a sequence of discrete times. Seismic data therefore may include a plurality of time-space waveforms (505) associated to the plurality of seismic receivers (416) .
[0062] In the CSG (504) shown in FIG. 5 the vertical axis represents the time scale (506) and the horizontal axis represents the offset (508) . In some embodiments, direct seismic waves (422) , refracted seismic waves (410) , and reflected seismic waves (414) may be identified in the CSG (504) by their arrival times, i.e., the times at which they are first detected by the seismic receivers (416) . The location of a particular type of wave in seismic data (502) acquired in time and space, such as in CSG (504) , may be termed as an “arrival” or as an “event” .
[0063] The CSG (504) illustrates how the arrivals are detected at later times by the seismic receivers (416) that are farther from the seismic source (406) . In some embodiments, arrivals of direct seismic waves (422) in the CSG (504) may be characterized by a straight line, while arrivals of reflected seismic waves (414) may present a hyperbolic shape, as seen in FIG. 4. Refracted seismic waves (410) may be characterized by arrivals approximating a straight line in offset-time.
[0064] In one or more embodiments, seismic data (502) acquired by a seismic acquisition system (400) may be arranged in a plurality of CSGs (510) to create a 3D seismic dataset. Alternatively, the seismic data may be represented as a “seismic volume” (512) consisting of a plurality of time-space waveforms with a time axis (514) , a first spatial dimension (516) , and a second spatial dimension (518) , where the first spatial dimension (516) and second spatial dimension (518) are orthogonal and span the Earth’s surface above the subsurface region of interest (100) .
[0065] Seismic data (502) may be processed by a seismic processing system (246) . Processing seismic data (502) may consist of several key groups of functions, each serving a specific purpose in the processing workflow. For example, the steps may include data injection, the loading, sorting and arrangement of raw seismic data (502) , acquired from various sources such as seismographs or land-based sensors, into the processing system. This data may include seismic waveforms, and may also include well logs, and survey information.
[0066] Data quality control is critical in seismic processing. The seismic processing system (246) employs various tools and techniques to identify and correct any artifacts, noise, or errors in the data. This step ensures the accuracy and reliability of subsequent processing steps.
[0067] Further, the raw seismic data (502) may be “conditioned” , i.e., the raw seismic data (502) is pre-processed to enhance its quality and make it suitable for further analysis. This step may include procedures such as filtering, deconvolution, noise suppression, and signal enhancement.
[0068] In addition, data may be “stacked” . Stacking involves combining multiple seismic traces to improve data quality and increase signal-to-noise ratio. This may enhance the identification of subsurface features and reduces random noise interference.
[0069] Velocity analysis is crucial for accurate imaging and interpretation of subsurface structures. It involves estimating the time-depth relationship of seismic reflections and determining the velocity model of the subsurface. The seismic processing system (246) will provide methods for multiple methods of performing velocity analysis, including normal moveout analysis, iterative Kirchhoff time-and depth-migration, tomography, and full waveform inversion.
[0070] The seismic processing system (246) may provide visualization tools to render the seismic data (502) in a visual format, enabling geoscientists to analyze, interpret, and perform visual quality control more effectively. This can include 2D / 3D seismic displays, depth slices, horizon maps, and virtual reality visualization.
[0071] The final step involves generating reports and documenting the results of the seismic processing workflow. This includes recording the processing parameters, interpretation results, and any uncertainties or limitations associated with the data processing. The seismic processing system (246) is required to perform these groups of steps for even a small commercial seismic survey.
[0072] The seismic processing system (246) may consist of various hardware components that work together to process and analyze seismic data (502) . Seismic processing requires significant computational power and storage capacity. High-performance servers and workstations are used to handle the massive amount of data and perform complex processing algorithms efficiently. Seismic data (502) can be massive, reaching terabytes or even petabytes in size. Reliable and high-capacity storage systems, such as Network Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Networks (SAN) , are utilized to store and manage the seismic data (502) effectively. In some cases, where processing demands are extremely high, the seismic processing system (246) may utilize cluster systems. Clusters are groups of interconnected computers or servers that work together to distribute the processing workload, enabling parallel processing and faster data analysis. A robust and high-speed network infrastructure is vital for seamless data transfer between different components of the seismic processing system (246) . This ensures efficient communication and data sharing, especially in multi-node or distributed processing environments.
[0073] The seismic processing system (246) may use GPUs for accelerating the computation of seismic processing algorithms. Their parallel processing capabilities significantly speed up tasks such as migration, inversion, and visualization. Despite advances in storage technology, data on tapes is still often used for long-term archiving and backup purposes. Tape systems provide high-capacity, cost-effective, and reliable storage solutions for seismic data (502) . Various peripherals such as monitors, keyboards, mice, network switches, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) , and backup power generators complete the hardware setup of a seismic processing system (246) . These peripherals ensure smooth operation, user interaction, and data integrity.
[0074] The software / firmware are at least as integral a part of the seismic processing system (246) as the hardware components and a seismic processing system (246) equipped with a unique software program is at least as distinctively different from other seismic processing systems without the unique software program as a seismic processing system (246) with GPUs is different from one without GPUs.
[0075] Seismic data (502) may be processed to generate a seismic velocity model (519) of the subterranean region of interest (100) . A seismic velocity model (519) is a representation of seismic velocity at a plurality of locations within a subterranean region of interest (100) . Seismic velocity is the speed at which a seismic wave, that may be a pressure-wave or a shear-wave, travel through a medium. Pressures waves are often referred to as “primary-waves” or “P-waves” . Shear waves are often referred to a “secondary-waves” or “S-waves” . Seismic velocities in a seismic velocity model (519) may vary in vertical depth, in one or more horizontal directions, or both. Layers of rock are created from different materials or created under varying conditions. Each layer of rock may have different physical properties from neighboring layers and these different physical properties may include seismic velocity.
[0076] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates that in some embodiments seismic data (502) may be processed by a seismic processing system (246) to generate a seismic image (530) of the subterranean region of interest (100) . For example, a time-domain seismic image (532) may be generated using a process called seismic migration (also referred to as simply “migration” herein) using a seismic velocity model (519) . In seismic migration, seismic events (e.g., reflections, refractions) recorded at the surface are relocated in either time or space to the location the event occurred in the subsurface. In some embodiments, migration may transform pre-processed shot gathers from a time-domain to a depth-domain seismic image (534) . In a depth-domain seismic image (534) , seismic events in a migrated shot gather may represent geological boundaries (536, 538) in the subsurface. Various types of migration algorithms may be used in seismic imaging. For example, one type of migration algorithm corresponds to reverse time migration.
[0077] In some embodiments, a seismic-well-tie (SWT) may be performed to verify and / or calibrate acquired well-log data with seismic data (502) . The SWT process may also highlight horizons in seismic data (502) that may be used to identify unconformities, reservoirs or fluid contacts. SWT involves the generation of synthetic seismograms from well log data that can be tied to seismic data. FIG. 6 illustrates schematically an example of performing SWT, in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a geological section (602) of a subsurface region (100) traversed by a wellbore (108) . The arrow (604) indicates the direction of increasing depth. Schematic examples of well-logs acquired while drilling for the geological section (602) are the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) . In some embodiments the resolution of the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) may be adjusted to make possible the combination the well-log data with seismic data (502) . For example, the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) may be upscaled to match the scale of the seismic data (502) by applying an averaging method. The averaging method may involve replacing a heterogeneous region with a homogeneous region containing effectively equivalent physical properties.
[0078] In some embodiments, combination of the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) may allow the generation of an acoustic impedance log (610) . Acoustic impedance quantifies abrupt changes in acoustic properties between formations. The abrupt changes or discontinuities in acoustic properties are the origin of reflecting waves that propagate through the formation. Thus, once the acoustic impedance log (610) provides the depths and values of impedances, the reflection coefficient log (612) may be constructed. The reflection coefficient includes quantification of the part of the incident acoustic energy that is reflected by a discontinuity.
[0079] In one or more embodiments, the reflection coefficient log (612) may be obtained directly from the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) using the following equation:
[0080] where vi+1ρi+1 is the multiplication of velocity and density values of the layer above the i-th boundary and vi-1ρi-1 is the multiplication of velocity and density values of the layer below the i-th boundary. The reflection coefficient log (612) provides depths and values for reflection coefficients in the geological section (602) . In order to generate time-dependent synthetic signals, the reflection coefficient log (612) may be transformed to the time domain to generate a reflectivity function, also known as “reflectivity time series” (614) that provides reflection coefficients in time. The arrow (616) indicates the direction of increasing time. Conversion of the reflection coefficient log (612) into the reflectivity time series (614) may be performed, for example, by assuming normal incidence and using two-way travel times.
[0081] The reflectivity time series (614) may then be combined with a wavelet (618) to generate synthetic reflected waves (620) . The wavelet (618) may emulate the amplitude, frequency distribution and phase of an actual acoustic or seismic wave. The wavelet (618) may be generated analytically by selecting wavelets typically used in seismic applications such as, for example, a Build Ricker, an Ormsby, or a Klauder wavelet, among others. The wavelet (618) may be combined with the reflectivity time series (614) using convolution as given by the expression: s (t) =w (t) *r (t) Equation (2)
[0082] where s (t) denotes the synthetic reflected waves (620) , w (t) is the wavelet (618) , and r (t) is the reflectivity time series (614) .
[0083] In some embodiments, the wavelet (618) may be extracted from data including propagating wave energy (and thus, waveforms) through the subsurface region (100) . Drilling acoustic signals (300) and seismic data (502) are non-limiting examples of data with waveforms that may be used to extract a wavelet (618) . In some embodiments, the wavelet (618) may be extracted from direct drilling acoustic waves (234) . Direct drilling acoustic waves (234) detected at different time windows may be combined to extract the wavelet (618) . For example, an average of a plurality of direct drilling acoustic waves (234) of different time windows may be determined. Further, a wavelet function may be fitted to the plurality of direct drilling acoustic waves (234) , or to their combination, to determine the wavelet (618) . Other time-functions known to those skilled in the art may be chosen to be fitted to the detected direct drilling acoustic waves (234) .
[0084] Turning to FIG. 7, FIG. 7 shows an example of a wavelet (618) extracted from drilling acoustic signals, in accordance with one or more embodiments. A plurality of direct waves may be detected at different time windows (704) in the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) , enclosed by the rectangles. The horizontal axis (708) of the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) indicates time, and the vertical axis (710) indicates the wave amplitude. The plurality of direct waves (714) is then plotted using an adjusted horizontal axis (712) . For example, the horizontal axis (712) in FIG. 7 indicates the time step number. The vertical axis (716) indicates the wave amplitude. In some embodiments, a combination such an average of the plurality of direct waves (714) may be considered as an extracted waveform. The extracted wavelet (718) may then be obtained by fitting a wavelet function to the extracted waveform. FIG. 7 shows the extracted wavelet (718) after a wavelet function is fitted to the average of the plurality of direct waves (714) . The wavelet function used for the extracted wavelet (718) in the example of FIG. 7 is a sinus function combined with an exponential-decay envelope. Once the wavelet function is determined, the extracted wavelet (718) may be generated with any desired time step. For example, the horizontal axis (720) of the extracted wavelet (718) indicates the time step number with a time step that is smaller than the time step of the detected plurality of direct waves (714) .
[0085] Returning to FIG. 6, in FIG. 6 the synthetic reflected waves (620) generated with the wavelet (618) and the reflectivity time series (614) may then be adjusted to tie in time the synthetic reflected waves (620) to one or more acquired seismic waveforms (622) located at the wellbore trajectory (203) . For example, the synthetic seismogram may be stretched or squeezed to reduce the time shifts (624) between the peaks of the synthetic reflected waves (620) and the peaks of the acquired seismic waveforms (622) . Tying the well-log data and the seismic data (502) as shown in FIG. 6 may allow accurate combination of geological and geophysical information. In particular, the reflectivity time series (614) may be adjusted based on the adjustments performed to the synthetic reflected waves (620) during the SWT process.
[0086] In some embodiments, a reflectivity model for the subsurface region (100) may be generated by combining reflectivity time series (614) from one or more drilled wellbores (102) with a seismic image (530) of the subsurface region (100) . The seismic image may provide the spatial locations of geological boundaries (222) between formations (204, 205) though all the subsurface region, not only at the drilled wellbores (102) . In other embodiments, the reflectivity model may be generated by combining the reflectivity time series (614) from one or more drilled wellbores (102) with stratigraphic horizons interpreted from a 3D seismic volume (512) acquired on the subsurface region (100) .
[0087] In some embodiments, combination of the reflectivity time series (614) with geological boundaries (222) or stratigraphic horizons may be performed with a spatial interpolation method. For example, an interpolation method may include a Kriging statistical method, but other interpolation methods are contemplated as well. Under certain assumptions, for example, a Kriging statistical method may predict intermediate values between data points, e.g., well log data points and seismic data points. In a Kriging statistical method, predictions at new locations may be generated by modeling the spatial dependence between neighboring observations as a function of their distance. In some embodiments, a Kriging statistical method is expressed using the following equation:
[0088] where Z (xo) is the property to be estimated at point xo, W (xi) are weights assigned to nearby points, Z (xi) are the values of the property at the nearby points, and N is the number of nearby points. In some embodiments, the process may include generating variograms and covariance functions to estimate the spatial dependence that fits data points to a geostatistical model. A Kriging statistical method may provide the smallest variance between a data value and a predicted value at the same point and zero expectations of interpolation errors.
[0089] Turning to FIG. 8, FIG. 8 illustrates the generation of a plurality of simulated or predicted reflected waves using a reflectivity model, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, the reflectivity model (802) may be used to generate the plurality of predicted reflected waves (804) at a target location in the subsurface region (100) . The target location may be, for example, the location where a wellbore (108) is being drilled. A local reflectivity model (806) at the target location may be extracted from the reflectivity model (802) . The local reflectivity model (806) may be combined with an extracted wavelet (808) , to generate the predicted reflected waves (804) . The extracted wavelet (808) may be extracted from drilling acoustic waves (228) . In some embodiments, the extracted wavelet (808) may be extracted from drilling acoustic waves (228) acquired at a drilled wellbore (102) in the subsurface region (100) . In other embodiments, the extracted wavelet (808) may be extracted from drilling acoustic waves (228) acquired at the wellbore (108) while drilling.
[0090] Keeping with FIG. 8, the predicted reflected waves (804) may be used to improve identification of reflected acoustic waves (810) . The reflected acoustic waves may be, for example, reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) . In some embodiments, a local reflectivity model (806) may be updated based on a difference measure between the predicted reflected waves (804) and the reflected acoustic waves (810) . The difference measure may be expressed in the form of an objective function f (t) that measures the misfit between the signals. For example, the objective function f (t) may be an amplitude misfit function, that measures the misfit between the amplitudes of the signals, as given by the expression:
[0091] where si (t) denotes the reflected acoustic waves (810) and mi (t) denotes the predicted reflected waves (804) . In the example of Eq. (4) the misfit is measured as a least square approximation of the difference of amplitudes. The local reflectivity model (806) is updated in an iterative or recursive manner until a stopping condition is reached. The stopping condition may be for example, the difference measure, such as the objective function f (t) being below a predetermined threshold. When the stopping condition is reached, the updated local reflectivity model (806) may be considered calibrated, and the reflected acoustic waves (810) may be considered verified. The updated local reflectivity model (806) and the identified reflected acoustic waves (810) may assist in the determination of physical features in the subsurface region (100) , and in some embodiments, in further determining the well trajectory of a wellbore (108) while drilling.
[0092] Turning to FIG. 9, FIG. 9 shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 9 describes an embodiment of the inventive method to determine physical properties from reflected drilling acoustic signals. While the various blocks in FIG. 9 are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some or all of the blocks may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all of the blocks may be executed in parallel. Furthermore, the blocks may be performed actively or passively.
[0093] In Block 900, a first acoustic signal generated by a first acoustic source within a subsurface region of interest is received, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The first acoustic signal includes reflected acoustic waves (232) . The acoustic source may generate energy in the form of acoustic waves (217) that may propagate in all directions through the subsurface region (100) . In some embodiments, the acoustic source may be the cutting action of the drill bit (212) in contact with a wellbore (108) while drilling. The acoustic signal may be the part of the acoustic waves (217) generated while drilling that are detected and digitized by an acoustic acquisition system (218) . In some embodiments, the reflected acoustic waves (232) , may be reflected drilling acoustic waves (235) , i.e., waves that travel from the drill bit (212) towards an ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) ahead of the drill bit (212) and then back to the drill bit (212) . The acoustic signal may also include direct drilling acoustic waves (234) , i.e., waves propagating directly from the drill bit (212) . A schematic example of an acoustic signal is shown in FIG. 3.
[0094] In Block 910, a reflectivity model regarding the subsurface region of interest is received, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The reflectivity model (802) includes attributes related to properties of formations (204, 205) in the subsurface region (100) . For example, the reflectivity model (802) may include depths and amplitudes of reflection coefficients. In another example, the reflectivity model (802) may include a plurality of reflective time series (614) .
[0095] In some embodiments, the reflectivity model (802) may have been previously generated from well-log data acquired at drilled wellbores (102) in the subsurface region (100) . Further, the well-log data may have been combined with seismic data (502) to generate values for the reflectivity model (802) at locations in the subsurface region (100) different than the drilled wellbores (102) .
[0096] FIG. 10 shows an example of a method to generate a reflectivity model, in accordance with one or more embodiments. In Block 1010, seismic data (502) acquired at the surface (424) of the subsurface region (100) is received by a seismic processing system (246) . The seismic data (502) may be acquired using a seismic acquisition system (400) as that shown in FIG. 4. The seismic data (502) may be processed to attenuate noise and may be organized in one or more spatial dimensions (516, 518) and a time axis (514) to form a plurality of time-space waveforms (505) . Further, the seismic data (502) may be processed to generate a plurality of stratigraphic boundaries (222) , as shown in Block 1020.
[0097] In Block 1030, a drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) and well-log data regarding a drilled wellbore (102) in the subsurface region (100) may be received by the seismic processing system (246) . The drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) may have been generated by a drill bit (212) when the drilled wellbore (102) was being drilled. The drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) may include direct drilling acoustic waves (234, 714) .
[0098] In Block 1040, a drilled-wellbore reflectivity model for the drilled wellbore (102) may be generated based on the well-log data. The drilled-wellbore reflectivity model may include the reflectivity time series (614) . The well-log data may include a sonic log (606) and a density log (608) . The sonic log (606) and the density log (608) may be pre-processed by applying an averaging method, such as, for example, the method of Backus. A reflection coefficient log (612) may be obtained by computing reflection coefficients using the sonic log (606) and the density log (608) , as indicated by Eq. 1 above. Further, the drill-wellbore reflectivity model may be determined by transforming the reflection coefficient log (612) into a reflectivity time series, by assuming normal incidence and using two-way travel times.
[0099] In Block 1050, a drilled-wellbore wavelet (618, 718) may be determined based, at least in part, on the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) . The drilled-wellbore wavelet (618, 718) may be extracted from waveforms identified in the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) . In some embodiments the identified waveforms represent direct drilling acoustic waves (714) .
[0100] FIG 11 shows an example of a method to determine an extracted wavelet from an acoustic signal, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The acoustic signal may be, for example, the drilling acoustic signal (300) , or the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) . In Block 1110, a plurality of windowed waveforms may be determined. For example, the windowed waveforms may be direct drilling acoustic waves (714) identified in time windows (704) of the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) . In Block 1120, an extracted waveform may be determined based on a combination of the plurality of windowed waveforms. In some embodiments, the extracted waveform may be an average of the of the plurality of windowed waveforms. In Block 1130 a wavelet function may be fitted to the extracted waveform to determine the extracted wavelet (618, 718) . For example, a wavelet function may be fitted to the average of the plurality of direct drilling acoustic waves (714) . The wavelet function may be a sinus function combined with an exponential-decay envelope. Other wavelet functions known in the art may be used, such as, the Build Ricker, the Ormsby, or the Klauder wavelet, among others. The extracted wavelet (618, 718) may then be generated with a desired time sampling.
[0101] Returning to FIG. 10, in Block 1060 the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model may be calibrated using the extracted wavelet (618, 718) and the seismic data (502) . In some embodiments, synthetic reflected waves (620) are generated by combining the extracted wavelet (618, 718) and the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model by a convolution operation. Furthermore, the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model may be calibrated using seismic data (502) , specifically, via a seismic-well tie. Acquired seismic waveforms (622) corresponding to the location of the drilled wellbore (102) may be used to adjust the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model, by reducing or removing the time-shifts between the generated synthetic reflected waves (620) and the acquired seismic waveforms (622) .
[0102] In Block 1070 the synthetic reflected waves (620) may be combined with the plurality of stratigraphic boundaries (222) to generate the reflectivity model (802) . In some embodiments, the stratigraphic boundaries (222) may be directly interpreted from a seismic volume (512) . In other embodiments, the stratigraphic boundaries (222) may be extracted from a seismic image (530) . The synthetic reflected waves (620) may be combined with the plurality of stratigraphic boundaries (222) with spatial interpolation. In some embodiments, the spatial interpolation includes Kriging interpolation.
[0103] Returning to FIG. 9, in Block 920 a local reflectivity model is determined based, at least in part, on the reflectivity model and a spatial location of the first acoustic source, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The local reflectivity model (806) may be generated by extracting a reflectivity time series from the reflectivity model (802) . The extracted reflectivity time series may correspond to the spatial location of the first acoustic source. The spatial location of the first acoustic source may be the location where a wellbore (108) is being drilled.
[0104] In some embodiments, a second acoustic signal generated by a second acoustic source within the subsurface region may be also received, as shown in Block 930 of FIG. 9. The second acoustic signal may include a drilling acoustic signal (300) acquired at the wellbore (108) while drilling. In some embodiments, the second acoustic source may be the drill bit (212) in contact with the wellbore (108) while drilling an earlier segment of the wellbore (108) . In other embodiments, the second acoustic signal may include a drilled-wellbore acoustic signal (702) acquired at a drilled wellbore (102) in the subsurface region (100) . In Block 932, an extracted wavelet (808) may be determined from the second acoustic signal. The extracted wavelet (808) may be extracted from direct drilling acoustic waves (234) identified in the second acoustic signal. The extracted wavelet (808) may be determined with the method shown in FIG. 11 and the corresponding description.
[0105] In Block 940, predicted reflected waves are generated based, at least in part, on the local reflectivity model, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Generating the predicted reflected waves (804) may include using an extracted wavelet (808) from the second acoustic signal. The extracted wavelet (808) may be combined with the local reflectivity model (806) to generate the predicted reflected waves (804) , as shown in Block 942. The predicted reflected waves (804) may be combined with the extracted wavelet (808) with a convolution operation.
[0106] In Block 940, the local reflectivity model is updated based, at least in part, on a difference measure between the reflected acoustic waves and the predicted reflected waves, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The difference measure may be expressed in the form of an objective function that measures the misfit between the reflected acoustic waves (810) and the predicted reflected waves (804) . The objective function may be an amplitude misfit function, that measures the misfit between the amplitudes of the reflected acoustic waves (810) and the predicted reflected waves (804) . The misfit function may be a least square approximation.
[0107] The generation of predicted reflected waves (804) and the update of the local reflectivity model (806) as given in Blocks 940, 942 and 950 may be performed an iterative or recursive manner until a stopping condition is reached. The stopping condition may be that the difference measure is below a predetermined threshold. When the stopping condition is reached, the updated local reflectivity model (806) may be considered calibrated, and the reflected acoustic waves (810) may be considered verified with data acquired independently at other locations, including drilled wellbores, of the subsurface region (100) .
[0108] In Block 960, a physical property of a formation is determined based, at least in part, on the updated local reflectivity model, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The seismic processing system (246) may be configured to receive the updated local reflectivity model (806) to determine a physical property of a formation (204, 205) . The physical property may be for example, an ahead-of-the-bit boundary boundary (223) , or a wave velocity of a formation (204, 205) . Location of an ahead-of-the-bit boundary (223) may be recalibrated in real time, and the drill bit (212) may be more accurately located. Furthermore, real-time calibration of geological boundaries (222, 223) may reduce predrilling depth uncertainty for key formations and may provide a more accurate selection of casing points for drilling.
[0109] The seismic processing system (246) may be configured to use the knowledge of the updated local reflectivity model (806) to refine geological boundaries (222, 223) and geological structures in a seismic image (530) . Examples of geological structures include, but are not limited to, faults, salt bodies and salt caverns. A seismic image (530) with improved resolution in space may facilitate the description of fine geological structures delimited by geological boundaries (222, 223) . In some embodiments, description of geological structures may assist in monitoring storage of chemicals, such as for example, CO2 or nitrogen, in deep underground geologic formations. Detailed description of fine geological structures may be important information to be used in the prevention of leakage of chemicals from the underground geologic formations.
[0110] In Block 970, a wellbore trajectory in the subsurface region is planned using the physical property, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Locations in a seismic image (530) may be delimited by geological boundaries (222, 223) and may indicate a probability of the presence of a hydrocarbon. Locations in a seismic image (530) may indicate an elevated probability of the presence of a hydrocarbon and may be targeted by well designers. On the other hand, locations in a seismic image (530) indicating a low probability of the presence of a hydrocarbon may be avoided by well designers.
[0111] The seismic processing system (246) may be configured to use the physical property to update the location of a hydrocarbon reservoir (206) and other formations (204, 205) . Knowledge of the location of the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) and other formations (204, 205) may then be transferred to the wellbore planning system (110) . Instructions associated with the wellbore planning system (110) may be stored, for example, in the memory (1209) within the computer system (1200) described in FIG. 12 below. The wellbore planning system (110) uses the knowledge of the manifestation of the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) and other formations (204, 205) to update a wellbore trajectory (203) within the subterranean region of interest. The updated wellbore trajectory (203) may be influenced by shallow drilling hazards, such as gas pockets, subterranean water flows, and / or unstable / metastable fault zones.
[0112] In Block 980, a portion of a wellbore is drilled guided by the planned wellbore trajectory, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The wellbore planning system (110) may transfer the planned wellbore trajectory (203) to the drilling system (200) described in FIG. 2. The drilling system (200) may drill a portion of the wellbore (108) along the planned wellbore trajectory (203) to access and produce the hydrocarbon reservoir (206) to the surface (209) .
[0113] In some embodiments the wellbore planning system (110) , the seismic processing system (246) , and the acoustic signal processing system (236) may each be implemented within the context of a computer system. FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a computer system (1200) used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the instant disclosure, according to an implementation. The illustrated computer (1200) is intended to encompass any computing device such as a high performance computing (HPC) device, a server, desktop computer, laptop / notebook computer, wireless data port, smart phone, personal data assistant (PDA) , tablet computing device, one or more processors within these devices, or any other suitable processing device, including both physical or virtual instances (or both) of the computing device. Additionally, the computer (1200) may include a computer that includes an input device, such as a keypad, keyboard, touch screen, or other device that can accept user information, and an output device that conveys information associated with the operation of the computer (1200) , including digital data, visual, or audio information (or a combination of information) , or a GUI.
[0114] The computer (1200) can serve in a role as a client, network component, a server, a database or other persistency, or any other component (or a combination of roles) of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in the instant disclosure. The illustrated computer (1200) is communicably coupled with a network (1202) . In some implementations, one or more components of the computer (1200) may be configured to operate within environments, including cloud-computing-based, local, global, or other environment (or a combination of environments) .
[0115] At a high level, the computer (1200) is an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, or manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some implementations, the computer (1200) may also include or be communicably coupled with an application server, e-mail server, web server, caching server, streaming data server, business intelligence (BI) server, or other server (or a combination of servers) .
[0116] The computer (1200) can receive requests over network (1202) from a client application (for example, executing on another computer (1200) ) and responding to the received requests by processing the said requests in an appropriate software application. In addition, requests may also be sent to the computer (1200) from internal users (for example, from a command console or by other appropriate access method) , external or third-parties, other automated applications, as well as any other appropriate entities, individuals, systems, or computers.
[0117] Each of the components of the computer (1200) can communicate using a system bus (1203) . In some implementations, any or all of the components of the computer (1200) , both hardware or software (or a combination of hardware and software) , may interface with each other or the interface (1204) (or a combination of both) over the system bus (1203) using an application programming interface (API) (1207) or a service layer (1208) (or a combination of the API (1207) and service layer (1208) . The API (1207) may include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API (1207) may be either computer-language independent or dependent and refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs. The service layer (1208) provides software services to the computer (1200) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (1200) . The functionality of the computer (1200) may be accessible for all service consumers using this service layer (1208) . Software services, such as those provided by the service layer (1208) , provide reusable, defined business functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface may be software written in JAVA, C++, or other suitable language providing data in extensible markup language (XML) format or other suitable format. While illustrated as an integrated component of the computer (1200) , alternative implementations may illustrate the API (1207) or the service layer (1208) as stand-alone components in relation to other components of the computer (1200) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (1200) . Moreover, any or all parts of the API (1207) or the service layer (1208) may be implemented as child or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
[0118] The computer (1200) includes an interface (1204) . Although illustrated as a single interface (1204) in FIG. 12, two or more interfaces (1204) may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1200) . The interface (1204) is used by the computer (1200) for communicating with other systems in a distributed environment that are connected to the network (1202) . Generally, the interface (1204) includes logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) and operable to communicate with the network (1202) . More specifically, the interface (1204) may include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications such that the network (1202) or interface's hardware is operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated computer (1200) .
[0119] The computer (1200) includes at least one computer processor (1205) . Although illustrated as a single computer processor (1205) in FIG. 12, two or more processors may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1200) . Generally, the computer processor (1205) executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of the computer (1200) and any algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the instant disclosure.
[0120] The computer (1200) also includes a memory (1209) that holds data for the computer (1200) or other components (or a combination of both) that may be connected to the network (1202) . For example, memory (1209) may be a database storing data consistent with this disclosure. Although illustrated as a single memory (1209) in FIG. 12, two or more memories may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1200) and the described functionality. While memory (1209) is illustrated as an integral component of the computer (1200) , in alternative implementations, memory (1209) may be external to the computer (1200) .
[0121] The application (1206) is an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (1200) , particularly with respect to functionality described in this disclosure. For example, application (1206) can serve as one or more components, modules, applications, etc. Further, although illustrated as a single application (1206) , the application (1206) may be implemented as multiple applications (1206) on the computer (1200) . In addition, although illustrated as integral to the computer (1200) , in alternative implementations, the application (1206) may be external to the computer (1200) .
[0122] There may be any number of computers (1200) associated with, or external to, a computer system containing computer (1200) , each computer (1200) communicating over network (1202) . Further, the term “client, ” “user, ” and other appropriate terminology may be used interchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, this disclosure contemplates that many users may use one computer (1200) , or that one user may use multiple computers (1200) .
[0123] In some embodiments, the computer (1200) is implemented as part of a cloud computing system. For example, a cloud computing system may include one or more remote servers along with various other cloud components, such as cloud storage units and edge servers. In particular, a cloud computing system may perform one or more computing operations without direct active management by a user device or local computer system. As such, a cloud computing system may have different functions distributed over multiple locations from a central server, which may be performed using one or more Internet connections. More specifically, cloud computing system may operate according to one or more service models, such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS) , platform as a service (PaaS) , software as a service (SaaS) , mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS) , serverless computing, artificial intelligence (AI) as a service (AIaaS) , and / or function as a service (FaaS) .
[0124] Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims.
Claims
1.A method, comprising:receiving, by an acoustic signal processing system, a first acoustic signal generated by a first acoustic source within a subsurface region of interest, wherein the first acoustic signal comprises a plurality of reflected waves;receiving, by the acoustic signal processing system, a reflectivity model regarding the subsurface region;determining, by the acoustic signal processing system, a local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on the reflectivity model and a spatial location of the first acoustic source;iteratively or recursively, until a stopping condition is reached:generating, by the acoustic signal processing system, a plurality of predicted reflected waves based, at least in part, on the local reflectivity model;updating, by the acoustic signal processing system, the local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on a difference measure between the plurality of reflected waves and the plurality of predicted reflected waves; anddetermining, by a seismic processing system, a physical property of a formation, based, at least in part, on the updated local reflectivity model.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising:planning, using a wellbore planning system, a planned wellbore trajectory in the subsurface region using the physical property; anddrilling, using a drilling system, a portion of a wellbore guided by the planned wellbore trajectory.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the first acoustic source is a drill bit in contact with a wellbore.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the physical property is a geological boundary.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the difference measure comprises an amplitude misfit function.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the stopping condition comprises the difference measure being below a predetermined threshold.7.The method of claim 1, wherein generating the plurality of predicted reflected waves comprises:receiving a second acoustic signal generated by a second acoustic source in the subsurface region;determining an extracted wavelet from the second acoustic signal; andcombining the local reflectivity model with the extracted wavelet to generate the plurality of predicted reflected waves.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the second acoustic signal comprises a drilled-wellbore acoustic signal.9.The method of claim 7, wherein combining the local reflectivity model with the extracted wavelet comprises convolution.10.The method of claim 7, wherein determining an extracted wavelet comprises:determining a plurality of windowed waveforms;determining an extracted waveform based on a combination of the plurality of windowed waveforms; andfitting a wavelet function to the extracted waveform to determine the extracted wavelet.11.The method of claim 7, wherein determining the extracted wavelet comprises detecting direct drilling acoustic waves.12.The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, by the seismic processing system, seismic data acquired at a surface of the subsurface region; andgenerating, by the seismic processing system, the reflectivity model based, at least in part, on the seismic data.13.The method of claim 12, wherein generating the reflectivity model comprises:generating a plurality of stratigraphic boundaries based, at least in part, on the seismic data;receiving a drilled-wellbore acoustic signal and a well-log data regarding a drilled wellbore in the subsurface region;generating a drilled-wellbore reflectivity model for the drilled wellbore based on the well-log data;determining a drilled-wellbore wavelet based on the drilled-wellbore acoustic signal;calibrating the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model using the drilled-wellbore wavelet and the seismic data; andcombining the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model and the plurality of stratigraphic boundaries to generate the reflectivity model.14.The method of claim 13, wherein combining the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model and the plurality of stratigraphic boundaries comprises Kriging interpolation.15.The method of claim 13, wherein calibrating the drilled-wellbore reflectivity model comprises a seismic-well-tie.16.A system, comprising:an acoustic acquisition system disposed in a wellbore in a subsurface region of interest, wherein the acoustic acquisition system is configured to record acoustic signals;an acoustic signal processing system configured to:receive a first acoustic signal generated by a first acoustic source, wherein the first acoustic signal comprises a plurality of reflected waves,receive a reflectivity model regarding the subsurface region,determine a local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on the reflectivity model and a spatial location of the first acoustic source,iteratively or recursively, until a stopping condition is reached:generate a plurality of predicted reflected waves based, at least in part, on the local reflectivity model, andupdate the local reflectivity model based, at least in part, on a difference measure between the plurality of reflected waves and the plurality of predicted reflected waves; anda seismic processing system configured to:determine a physical property of a formation, based, at least in part, on the updated local reflectivity model.17.The system of claim 16, further comprising:a wellbore planning system configured to plan a planned wellbore trajectory in the subsurface region using the physical property; anda drilling system configured to drill a portion of the wellbore guided by the planned wellbore trajectory.18.The system of claim 16, wherein the first acoustic source is a drill bit in contact with the wellbore.19.The system of claim 16, wherein the acoustic signal processing system is further configured to:receive a second acoustic signal generated by a second acoustic source within the subsurface region;determine an extracted wavelet from the second acoustic signal; andcombine the local reflectivity model with the extracted wavelet to generate the predicted reflected waves.20.The system of claim 19, wherein the second acoustic signal comprises a drilled-wellbore acoustic signal.
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