Backscattered square wave
A-IoT devices modulate a square wave for backscattering, addressing suboptimal backscattered signals by varying phase, frequency, and amplitude to enhance bit conveyance and signal reliability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/134491
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-14
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing backscattered signals from low-capability IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices, are not optimal, leading to potential frequency shift issues and resource wastage, especially when using frequency shift modulation.
A-IoT devices modulate a square wave for backscattering, varying phase offset, frequency, and amplitude to encode bits, enhancing signal reliability and separation from carrier waves.
The square wave modulation technique improves the capability of A-IoT devices to convey different bits, providing a more robust and reliable backscattering signal.
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Figure CN2024134491_21082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BACKSCATTERED SQUARE WAVEFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods for configuring resources for backscattering a square wave.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services that may include carrying voice, text, messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. The services may include unicast, multicast, and / or broadcast services. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power) . Aspects of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0003] The above multiple-access RATs have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, or global level. An telecommunication standard, in some aspects, is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other mobile broadband evolutions beyond NR) may be designed to better support Internet of things (IoT) and reduced capability device deployments, industrial connectivity, millimeter wave (mmWave) expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployment, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (e.g., cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansions, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other radio access technologies such as 6G may be introduced, to further advance mobile broadband evolution.SUMMARY
[0004] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a wireless device. The method may include receiving a carrier wave. The method may include backscattering a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a transmitting device. The method may include transmitting a carrier wave. The method may include receiving a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive a carrier wave. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to backscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to transmit a carrier wave. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a wireless device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the wireless device, may cause the wireless device to receive a carrier wave. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the wireless device, may cause the wireless device to backscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a transmitting device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitting device, may cause the transmitting device to transmit a carrier wave. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitting device, may cause the transmitting device to receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving a carrier wave. The apparatus may include means for backscattering a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a carrier wave. The apparatus may include means for receiving a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0012] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, the specification and accompanying drawings.
[0013] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure, but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0015] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an aspect of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0016] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a network node in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating a disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an aspect of energy harvesting, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an aspect of backscatter communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of backscattering a square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process of backscattering a square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of backscatter modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a multi-stage square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating examples of square wave properties, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating examples involving multiple ambient internet of things (A-IoT) devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a wireless device or an apparatus of a wireless device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a transmitting device or an apparatus of a transmitting device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] Fig. 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. In some aspects, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0031] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0032] A low capability device, such as an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device or a radio frequency identifier (RFID) tag, may rely on passive communication technologies, such as backscatter communication. Backscatter communication involves using a radio frequency (RF) signal to write or transmit data. A backscattering device may or may not include a battery or a power source. A transmitter / reader may be an RF source that transmits a continuous wave (CW) signal that may be received by multiple devices, such as a reader. A wireless device, such as a passive user equipment (UE) (e.g., a tag, an A-IoT device, a UE without energy source, a backscattering device) , may harvest energy (e.g., tens or hundreds of microwatts of electricity) from the signal. The passive UE may use passive reflection and modulation of the signal to transmit a backscatter signal using the harvested energy. That is, the passive UE may modulate the signal to encode data and then reflect a fraction of the wave to the reader or to the transmitter / reader. The backscatter signal may be encoded with information bits (e.g., identifying information, sensor information) of the passive UE. The reader may receive the backscatter signal and read the information bits.
[0033] A-IoT devices may be categorized according to A-IoT device types. In some aspects, an A-IoT device of type A may have no energy storage and no independent signal generation (i.e., backscattering transmission) . An A-IoT device of type B (or types 1 and 2a) may have energy storage but no independent signal generation (i.e., backscattering transmission) . An A-IoT device of type C (or type 2b) may have energy storage and independent signal generation (i.e., active RF component for transmission) .
[0034] In some scenarios, the A-IoT device may modulate a backscattered signal. However, the backscattered signal may not be an optimal signal. This may be the case when a frequency shift is expected to be used to separate the backscattered signal from the carrier wave frequency. If the backscattered signal is not optimal, the backscattered signal may fail and signaling resources may be wasted.
[0035] Various aspects relate generally to wireless communications for A-IoT devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to an A-IoT device that can separate a frequency shift function from a modulation coding aspect. According to various aspects described herein, an A-IoT device may backscatter a square wave. That is, a backscattered signal may be a square wave. The A-IoT device may select a square wave design for baseband coded bits. The A-IoT device may vary an initial phase offset, a frequency, and / or an amplitude of the square wave to code bits (e.g., 0, 1) of the backscattered signal.
[0036] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. By using a square wave that is modulated for different bits, the A-IoT device may have more of a capability to convey different bits. This may include a capability to separate frequency shifts from coding aspects. Such techniques may provide a more reliable or robust backscattering signal.
[0037] Multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. In some aspects, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR supports various technologies and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) , massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , millimeter wave (mmWave) technology, beamforming, network slicing, edge computing, Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity and management, and network function virtualization (NFV) .
[0038] As the demand for broadband access increases and as technologies supported by wireless communication networks evolve, further technological improvements may be adopted in or implemented for 5G NR or future RATs, such as 6G, to further advance the evolution of wireless communication for a wide variety of existing and new use cases and applications. Such technological improvements may be associated with new frequency band expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansion, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication, IoT (including passive or A-IoT) networks, reduced capability (RedCap) UE functionality, industrial connectivity, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) . These technological improvements may support use cases such as wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases.
[0039] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an aspect of a wireless communication network 100 in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110, shown as a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, a network node 110c, and a network node 110d. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120, shown as a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e.
[0040] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. In some aspects, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency ranges. Aspects of RATs include a 4G RAT, a 5G / NR RAT, and / or a 6G RAT. In some aspects, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with one another.
[0041] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are included in mid-band frequencies, that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, or FR5, and / or that are within the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz. In some aspects, each of FR4a, FR4-1, FR4, and FR5 falls within the EHF band. In some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs (e.g., 4G / LTE and 5G / NR) are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (e.g., based on user demand) in a single frequency band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and techniques described herein may be applicable to those modified frequency ranges.
[0042] A network node 110 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication between a UE 120 and one or more devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, an eNB, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a mobility element, a core, a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) .
[0043] A network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (e.g., a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (e.g., two or more distinct physical structures) . In some aspects, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. In some aspects, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node (having an aggregated architecture) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single node (e.g., a single physical structure) in the wireless communication network 100. In some aspects, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that uses a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0044] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. In some aspects, a disaggregated network node may have a disaggregated architecture. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating base station functionality into multiple units that can be individually deployed.
[0045] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and / or one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layer control functions, such as radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, and / or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some aspects, a DU also may host one or more lower PHY layer functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (iFFT) , beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, and / or scheduling of resources for one or more UEs 120. An RU may host RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an iFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, in some aspects, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120.
[0046] In some aspects, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. Additionally or alternatively, a network node 110 may include one or more Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and / or one or more Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RICs. In some aspects, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) . A virtual unit may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as associated with a cloud deployment.
[0047] Some network nodes 110 (e.g., a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. In some aspects, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. A network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or an in-home network node. In some aspects, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. In some aspects, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (e.g., a train, a satellite base station, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or a non-terrestrial network (NTN) network node) .
[0048] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes. In Fig. 1, the network node 110a may be a macro network node for a macro cell 130a, the network node 110b may be a pico network node for a pico cell 130b, and the network node 110c may be a femto network node for a femto cell 130c. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas, and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110. In some aspects, macro network nodes may have a high transmit power level (e.g., 5 to 40 watts) , whereas pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmit power levels (e.g., 0.1 to 2 watts) .
[0049] In some aspects, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. A downlink control channel may be used to transmit downlink control information (DCI) (e.g., scheduling information, reference signals, and / or configuration information) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (e.g., user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include one or more physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Uplink channels may similarly include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. An uplink control channel may be used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) (e.g., reference signals and / or feedback corresponding to one or more downlink transmissions) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (e.g., user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include one or more physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include one or more physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . The downlink and the uplink may each include a set of resources on which the network node 110 and the UE 120 may communicate.
[0050] Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (frames, subframes, slots, and / or symbols) , frequency domain resources (frequency bands, component carriers, subcarriers, resource blocks, and / or resource elements) , and / or spatial domain resources (particular transmit directions and / or beam parameters) . Frequency domain resources of some bands may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a continuous block of frequency domain resources (e.g., a continuous block of resource blocks) that are allocated for one or more UEs 120. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (where the uplink BWP and the downlink BWP may be the same BWP or different BWPs) . A BWP may be dynamically configured (e.g., by a network node 110 transmitting a DCI configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured, which means that a BWP can be adjusted in real-time (or near-real-time) based on changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or based on the specific requirements of the one or more UEs 120. This enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120.
[0051] As described above, in some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be, may include, or may be included in, an IAB network. In an IAB network, at least one network node 110 is an anchor network node that communicates with a core network. An anchor network node 110 may also be referred to as an IAB donor (or “IAB-donor” ) . The anchor network node 110 may connect to the core network via a wired backhaul link. In some aspects, an Ng interface of the anchor network node 110 may terminate at the core network. Additionally or alternatively, an anchor network node 110 may connect to one or more devices of the core network that provide a core access and mobility management function (AMF) . An IAB network also generally includes multiple non-anchor network nodes 110, which may also be referred to as relay network nodes or simply as IAB nodes (or “IAB-nodes” ) . Each non-anchor network node 110 may communicate directly with the anchor network node 110 via a wireless backhaul link to access the core network, or may communicate indirectly with the anchor network node 110 via one or more other non-anchor network nodes 110 and associated wireless backhaul links that form a backhaul path to the core network. Some anchor network node 110 or other non-anchor network node 110 may also communicate directly with one or more UEs 120 via wireless access links that carry access traffic. In some aspects, network resources for wireless communication (such as time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources) may be shared between access links and backhaul links.
[0052] In some aspects, any network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay network node, a relay station, or simply as a relay. A relay may receive a transmission of a communication from an upstream station (e.g., another network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit the communication to a downstream station (e.g., a UE 120 or another network node 110) . In this case, the wireless communication network 100 may include or be referred to as a “multi-hop network. ” In Fig. 1, the network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110a (e.g., a macro network node) and the UE 120d in order to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. Additionally or alternatively, a UE 120 may be or may operate as a relay station that can relay transmissions to or from other UEs 120. A UE 120 that relays communications may be referred to as a UE relay or a relay UE.
[0053] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may be included in an access terminal, another terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, and / or smart jewelry, such as a smart ring or a smart bracelet) , an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio) , an extended reality (XR) device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0054] A UE 120 and / or a network node 110 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system. The processing system includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “processors” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set, or may include the group of processors all being configured or configurable to perform the set of functions.
[0055] The processing system may further include memory circuitry in the form of one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (e.g., operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some aspects, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. The processing system may further include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE compliant) modem or a cellular (e.g., 3GPP 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G compliant) modem) . In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system may further include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains or transceivers. The UE 120 may include or may be included in a housing that houses components associated with the UE 120 including the processing system.
[0056] Some UEs 120 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) UEs, evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) , UEs, further enhanced eMTC (feMTC) UEs, or enhanced feMTC (efeMTC) UEs, or further evolutions thereof, all of which may be simply referred to as “MTC UEs” ) . An MTC UE may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with a robot, an uncrewed aerial vehicle, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag. Some UEs 120 may be considered IoT devices and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices. An IoT UE or NB-IoT device may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with an industrial machine, an appliance, a refrigerator, a doorbell camera device, a home automation device, and / or a light fixture. Some UEs 120 may be considered Customer Premises Equipment, which may include telecommunications devices that are installed at a customer location (such as a home or office) to enable access to a service provider's network (such as included in or in communication with the wireless communication network 100) .
[0057] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (e.g., a capability between UEs 120 of the first category and UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capacity UE (“RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, and / or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, and / or smart city deployments.
[0058] In some aspects, two or more UEs 120 (shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly with one another using sidelink communications (without communicating by way of a network node 110 as an intermediary) . As an aspect, the UE 120a may directly transmit data, control information, or other signaling as a sidelink communication to the UE 120e. This is in contrast to the UE 120a first transmitting data in an UL communication to a network node 110, which then transmits the data to the UE 120e in a DL communication. In various aspects, the UEs 120 may transmit and receive sidelink communications using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication protocols, device-to-device (D2D) communication protocols, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication protocols (which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, and / or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols) , and / or mesh network communication protocols. In some deployments and configurations, a network node 110 may schedule and / or allocate resources for sidelink communications between UEs 120 in the wireless communication network 100. In some other deployments and configurations, a UE 120 (instead of a network node 110) may perform, or collaborate or negotiate with one or more other UEs to perform, scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations for sidelink communications.
[0059] In various aspects, some of the network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may be configured for full-duplex operation in addition to half-duplex operation. A network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a half-duplex mode may perform only one of transmission or reception during particular time resources, such as during particular slots, symbols, or other time periods. Half-duplex operation may involve time-division duplexing (TDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 and UL transmissions of the UE 120 do not occur in the same time resources (that is, the transmissions do not overlap in time) . In contrast, a network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a full-duplex mode can transmit and receive communications concurrently (e.g., in the same time resources) . By operating in a full-duplex mode, network nodes 110 and / or UEs 120 may generally increase the capacity of the network and the radio access link. In some aspects, full-duplex operation may involve frequency-division duplexing (FDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 are performed in a first frequency band or on a first component carrier and transmissions of the UE 120 are performed in a second frequency band or on a second component carrier different than the first frequency band or the first component carrier, respectively. In some aspects, full-duplex operation may be enabled for a UE 120 but not for a network node 110. In some aspects, a UE 120 may simultaneously transmit an UL transmission to a first network node 110 and receive a DL transmission from a second network node 110 in the same time resources. In some other aspects, full-duplex operation may be enabled for a network node 110 but not for a UE 120. In some aspects, a network node 110 may simultaneously transmit a DL transmission to a first UE 120 and receive an UL transmission from a second UE 120 in the same time resources. In some other aspects, full-duplex operation may be enabled for both a network node 110 and a UE 120.
[0060] In some aspects, the UEs 120 and the network nodes 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some aspects, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some radio access technologies (RATs) may employ advanced MIMO techniques, such as mTRP operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NCJT) .
[0061] In some aspects, a wireless device (e.g., a UE 120, a passive UE, a semi-passive UE) may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may receive a carrier wave. The communication manager 140 may backscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0062] In some aspects, a transmitting device (e.g., a UE 120, a network node 110) may include a communication manager 140 or 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 or 150 may transmit a carrier wave. The communication manager 140 or 150 may receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 140 or 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0063] As indicated above, Fig. 1 is provided as an aspect. Other aspects may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 1.
[0064] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating, in some aspects, a network node 110 in communication with a UE 120 in a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0065] As shown in Fig. 2, the network node 110 may include a data source 212, a transmit processor 214, a transmit (TX) MIMO processor 216, a set of modems 232 (shown as 232a through 232t, where t ≥ 1) , a set of antennas 234 (shown as 234a through 234v, where v ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 236, a receive processor 238, a data sink 239, a controller / processor 240, a memory 242, a communication unit 244, a scheduler 246, and / or a communication manager 150. In some configurations, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 234, the modem (s) 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 214, and / or the TX MIMO processor 216 may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 240, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 242, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, and / or operations described herein. In some aspects, the network node 110 may include one or more interfaces, communication components, and / or other components that facilitate communication with the UE 120 or another network node.
[0066] The terms “processor, ” “controller, ” or “controller / processor” may refer to one or more controllers and / or one or more processors. In some aspects, reference to “a / the processor, ” “a / the controller / processor, ” or the like (in the singular) should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2, such as a single processor or a combination of multiple different processors. Reference to “one or more processors” should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2. In some aspects, one or more processors of the network node 110 may include transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, and / or controller / processor 240. Similarly, one or more processors of the UE 120 may include MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280.
[0067] In some aspects, a single processor may perform all of the operations described as being performed by the one or more processors. In some aspects, a first set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a first operation described as being performed by the one or more processors, and a second set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a second operation described as being performed by the one or more processors. The first set of processors and the second set of processors may be the same set of processors or may be different sets of processors. Reference to “one or more memories” should be understood to refer to any one or more memories of a corresponding device, such as the memory described in connection with Fig. 2. In some aspects, operation described as being performed by one or more memories can be performed by the same subset of the one or more memories or different subsets of the one or more memories.
[0068] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the transmit processor 214 may receive data ( “downlink data” ) intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs that includes the UE 120) from the data source 212 (such as a data pipeline or a data queue) . In some aspects, the transmit processor 214 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for the UE 120 in accordance with one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process the data (e.g., including encoding the data) for transmission to the UE 120 on a downlink in accordance with the MCS (s) selected for the UE 120 to generate data symbols. The transmit processor 214 may process system information (e.g., semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) ) and / or control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and / or control symbols. The transmit processor 214 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) ) and / or synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signals (SSS) ) .
[0069] The TX MIMO processor 216 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to the set of modems 232. In some aspects, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 232. Each modem 232 may use the respective modulator component to process (e.g., to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( (OFDM) ) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may further use the respective modulator component to process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a time domain downlink signal. The modems 232a through 232t may together transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via the corresponding set of antennas 234.
[0070] A downlink signal may include a DCI communication, a MAC control element (MAC CE) communication, an RRC communication, a downlink reference signal, or another type of downlink communication. Downlink signals may be transmitted on a PDCCH, a PDSCH, and / or on another downlink channel. A downlink signal may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data. A TB may be a unit of data that is transmitted over an air interface in the wireless communication network 100. A data stream (e.g., from the data source 212) may be encoded into multiple TBs for transmission over the air interface. The quantity of TBs used to carry the data associated with a particular data stream may be associated with a TB size common to the multiple TBs. The TB size may be based on or otherwise associated with radio channel conditions of the air interface, the MCS used for encoding the data, the downlink resources allocated for transmitting the data, and / or another parameter. In general, the larger the TB size, the greater the amount of data that can be transmitted in a single transmission, which reduces signaling overhead. However, larger TB sizes may be more prone to transmission and / or reception errors than smaller TB sizes, but such errors may be mitigated by more robust error correction techniques.
[0071] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 may be received by an antenna 234, may be processed by a modem 232 (e.g., a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of a modem 232) , may be detected by the MIMO detector 236 (e.g., a receive (Rx) MIMO processor) if applicable, and / or may be further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and / or control information. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 (which may be a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or another type of data sink) and provide the decoded control information to a processor, such as the controller / processor 240.
[0072] The network node 110 may use the scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink or uplink communications. In some aspects, the scheduler 246 may use DCI to dynamically schedule DL transmissions to the UE 120 and / or UL transmissions from the UE 120. In some aspects, the scheduler 246 may allocate recurring time domain resources and / or frequency domain resources that the UE 120 may use to transmit and / or receive communications using an RRC configuration (e.g., a semi-static configuration) , in some aspects, to perform semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) or to configure a configured grant (CG) for the UE 120.
[0073] One or more of the transmit processor 214, the TX MIMO processor 216, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, and / or the controller / processor 240 may be included in an RF chain of the network node 110. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by one or more processors of the network node 110) . In some aspects, the RF chain may be or may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110.
[0074] In some aspects, the network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to communicate with a core network and / or with other network nodes. The communication unit 244 may support wired and / or wireless communication protocols and / or connections, such as Ethernet, optical fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI) , and / or a wired or wireless backhaul. The network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to transmit and / or receive data associated with the UE 120 or to perform network control signaling. The communication unit 244 may include a transceiver and / or an interface, such as a network interface.
[0075] The UE 120 may include a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a through 252r, where r ≥ 1) , a set of modems 254 (shown as modems 254a through 254u, where u ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a data sink 260, a data source 262, a transmit processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, a controller / processor 280, a memory 282, and / or a communication manager 140. One or more of the components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing 284. In some aspects, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 252, the modem (s) 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be included in a transceiver that is included in the UE 120. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 280, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 282, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, or operations described herein. In some aspects, the UE 120 may include another interface, another communication component, and / or another component that facilitates communication with the network node 110 and / or another UE 120.
[0076] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the set of antennas 252 may receive the downlink communications or signals from the network node 110 and may provide a set of received downlink signals (e.g., R received signals) to the set of modems 254. In some aspects, each received signal may be provided to a respective demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to further demodulate or process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the set of modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260 (which may include a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) , and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280.
[0077] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data ( “uplink data” ) from a data source 262 (such as a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) and control information from the controller / processor 280. The control information may include one or more parameters, feedback, one or more signal measurements, and / or other types of control information. In some aspects, the receive processor 258 and / or the controller / processor 280 may determine, for a received signal (such as received from the network node 110 or another UE) , one or more parameters relating to transmission of the uplink communication. The one or more parameters may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, a channel quality indicator (CQI) parameter, or a transmit power control (TPC) parameter. The control information may include an indication of the RSRP parameter, the RSSI parameter, the RSRQ parameter, the CQI parameter, the TPC parameter, and / or another parameter. The control information may facilitate parameter selection and / or scheduling for the UE 120 by the network node 110.
[0078] The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals, such as an uplink DMRS, an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) , and / or another type of reference signal. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, and further processed by the set of modems 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM) . The TX MIMO processor 266 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., U output symbol streams) to the set of modems 254. In some aspects, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective modulator component to process (e.g., to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 254 may further use the respective modulator component to process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain an uplink signal.
[0079] The modems 254a through 254u may transmit a set of uplink signals (e.g., R uplink signals or U uplink symbols) via the corresponding set of antennas 252. An uplink signal may include a UCI communication, a MAC CE communication, an RRC communication, or another type of uplink communication. Uplink signals may be transmitted on a PUSCH, a PUCCH, and / or another type of uplink channel. An uplink signal may carry one or more TBs of data. Sidelink data and control transmissions (that is, transmissions directly between two or more UEs 120) may generally use similar techniques as were described for uplink data and control transmission, and may use sidelink-specific channels such as a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0080] One or more antennas of the set of antennas 252 or the set of antennas 234 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Fig. 2. As used herein, “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. “Antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters of the group of antennas. “Antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas, which may also include one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device.
[0081] In some aspects, each of the antenna elements of an antenna 234 or an antenna 252 may include one or more sub-elements for radiating or receiving radio frequency signals. In some aspects, a single antenna element may include a first sub-element cross-polarized with a second sub-element that can be used to independently transmit cross-polarized signals. The antenna elements may include patch antennas, dipole antennas, and / or other types of antennas arranged in a linear pattern, a two-dimensional pattern, or another pattern. A spacing between antenna elements may be such that signals with a desired wavelength transmitted separately by the antenna elements may interact or interfere constructively and destructively along various directions (such as to form a desired beam) . In some aspects, given an expected range of wavelengths or frequencies, the spacing may provide a quarter wavelength, a half wavelength, or another fraction of a wavelength of spacing between neighboring antenna elements to allow for the desired constructive and destructive interference patterns of signals transmitted by the separate antenna elements within that expected range.
[0082] The amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating phase shift, phase offset, and / or amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction. “Beam” may also generally refer to a direction associated with such a directional signal transmission, a set of directional resources associated with the signal transmission (e.g., an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , and / or a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal. In some implementations, antenna elements may be individually selected or deselected for directional transmission of a signal (or signals) by controlling amplitudes of one or more corresponding amplifiers and / or phases of the signal (s) to form one or more beams. The shape of a beam (such as the amplitude, width, and / or presence of side lobes) and / or the direction of a beam (such as an angle of the beam relative to a surface of an antenna array) can be dynamically controlled by modifying the phase shifts, phase offsets, and / or amplitudes of the multiple signals relative to each other.
[0083] Different UEs 120 or network nodes 110 may include different numbers of antenna elements. In some aspects, a UE 120 may include a single antenna element, two antenna elements, four antenna elements, eight antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. As another aspect, a network node 110 may include eight antenna elements, 24 antenna elements, 64 antenna elements, 128 antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. Generally, a larger number of antenna elements may provide increased control over parameters for beam generation relative to a smaller number of antenna elements, whereas a smaller number of antenna elements may be less complex to implement and may use less power than a larger number of antenna elements. Multiple antenna elements may support multiple-layer transmission, in which a first layer of a communication (which may include a first data stream) and a second layer of a communication (which may include a second data stream) are transmitted using the same time and frequency resources with spatial multiplexing.
[0084] While blocks in Fig. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. In some aspects, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.
[0085] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating, in some aspects, disaggregated base station architecture 300 in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the disaggregated base station architecture 300 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 320 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a Non-RT RIC 350 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 360 and / or a Near-RT RIC 370 (e.g., via an E2 link) . The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0086] Each of the components of the disaggregated base station architecture 300, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, the Near-RT RICs 370, the Non-RT RICs 350, and the SMO Framework 360, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0087] In some aspects, the CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, a DU 330 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 310. Each RU 340 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330.
[0088] The SMO Framework 360 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 310, a DU 330, an RU 340, a non-RT RIC 350, and / or a Near-RT RIC 370. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 380, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0089] The Non-RT RIC 350 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence and / or machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 370. The Non-RT RIC 350 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 370. The Near-RT RIC 370 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, and / or an O-eNB with the Near-RT RIC 370.
[0090] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 370, the Non-RT RIC 350 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 370 and may be received at the SMO Framework 360 or the Non-RT RIC 350 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some aspects, the Non-RT RIC 350 or the Near-RT RIC 370 may tune RAN behavior or performance. In some aspects, the Non-RT RIC 350 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 360 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0091] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an aspect. Other aspects may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 3.
[0092] The network node 110, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, the CU 310, the DU 330, the RU 340, or any other component (s) of Figs. 1, 2, or 3 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with backscattering a square wave, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. In some aspects, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, any other component (s) of Fig. 2, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340 may perform or direct operations of, in some aspects, process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . In some aspects, the wireless device described herein may be the UE 120, a passive UE, or a semi-passive UE. The wireless device described herein is the UE 120 without a power source, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Fig. 2. In some aspects, the receiving device described herein (that is to receive the reported data) is the network node 110 or the UE 120, is included in the network node 110 or the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 or the UE 120 shown in Fig. 2. The memory 242 may store data and program codes for the network node 110, the network node 110, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340. The memory 282 may store data and program codes for the UE 120. In some aspects, the memory 242 or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions (in some aspects, code or program code) for wireless communication. The memory 242 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . The memory 282 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . In some aspects, the set of instructions, when executed (e.g., directly, or after compiling, converting, or interpreting) by one or more processors of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or other processes as described herein. In some aspects, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions.
[0093] In some aspects, a wireless device (e.g., a UE 120, a passive device, a semi-passive device) includes means for receiving a carrier wave; and / or means for backscattering a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave. In some aspects, the means for the wireless device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0094] In some aspects, a transmitting device (e.g., a UE 120, a network node 110) includes means for transmitting a carrier wave; and / or means for receiving a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave. In some aspects, the means for the transmitting device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, modem 232, antenna 234, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller / processor 240, memory 242, or scheduler 246. In some aspects, the means for the transmitting device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0095] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an aspect 400 of energy harvesting, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0096] Energy harvesting includes a device obtaining energy from a source other than an on-device battery. This may include obtaining energy from a source outside of the device. Devices that use energy harvesting may have a small energy storage device or battery (e.g., smart watch, RedCap devices, eRedCap devices) or no energy storage device or battery (e.g., zero-power devices, IoT devices, wearables, or financial devices) . Such devices may be categorized based on energy storage capacities. Some devices may have no energy storage (storage capacity 1) . Some devices may store up to E1 Joules (storage capacity 2) . Some devices may store up to E2 Joules (storage capacity 3) .
[0097] Energy harvesting may include converting RF energy transferred from another device. The harvesting of RF energy may not fully charge a battery but may be used for some tasks like data decoding, operating some filters, data reception, data encoding, data reception, and / or data transmission. The energy may be accumulated over time. Energy harvesting may also be a part of self-sustainable networks, where a node in the network can interact in the network through the energy harvested in the network through transmissions.
[0098] As shown in Fig. 4, an RF receiver (e.g., a UE 120) may receive signals (e.g., radio signals carried on radio waves) from an RF transmitter (e.g., a network node 110 or UE 120) and convert electromagnetic energy of the signals (e.g., using a rectenna comprising a dipole antenna with an RF diode) into direct current electricity for use by the RF receiver. The RF receiver may be a low-power device or a zero-power device. The RF transmitter may be referred to as a “charging device. ”
[0099] As shown by reference number 405, in some aspects, the RF receiver may use a separated receiver architecture, where a first set of antennas is configured to harvest energy (e.g., using energy harvester 406) , and a second set of antennas is configured to receive data (e.g., using information receiver 408) . In this scenario, each set of antennas may be separately configured to receive signals at certain times, frequencies, and / or via one or more particular beams, such that all signals received by the first set of antennas are harvested for energy, and all signals received by the second set of antennas are processed to receive information.
[0100] As shown by reference number 410, in some aspects, the RF receiver may use a time-switching architecture (e.g., with time switcher 412) to harvest energy. The time switching architecture may use one or more antennas to receive signals, and whether the signals are harvested for energy or processed to receive information depends on the time at which the signals are received. In some aspects, one or more first time slots may be time slots during which received signals are sent to one or more energy harvesting components, such as energy harvester 406, to harvest energy, and one or more second time slots may be time slots during which received signals are processed and decoded by one or more information receivers 408 to receive information. In some aspects, the time slots may be pre-configured (e.g., by the RF receiver, the RF transmitter, or another device) .
[0101] As shown by reference number 415, in some aspects, the RF receiver may use a power splitting architecture (e.g., with power splitter 416) to harvest energy. The power splitting architecture may use one or more antennas to receive signals, and the signals are handled by one or both of the energy harvesting and / or information receiving components according to an energy harvesting rate. In some aspects, the RF receiver may be configured to use a first portion of received signals for energy harvesting and the remaining received signals for information receiving. The energy harvesting mode for a device may be semi-statistically configured by RRC messaging. In some aspects, the energy harvesting rate may be pre-configured (e.g., by the RF receiver, the RF transmitter, or another device) . Communications with a network entity may be required, even in the energy harvesting mode, but with a reduced radio capability to reduce power consumption.
[0102] The RF receiver may receive signals for energy harvesting on certain resources (e.g., time, frequency, and / or spatial resources) and at a certain power level that results in a particular charging rate. Energy harvested by the RF receiver may be used and / or stored for later use. In some aspects, in some aspects, the RF receiver may be powered directly by the harvested energy. In some aspects, the RF receiver may use an energy storage device, such as a battery, capacitor, and / or supercapacitor, to gather and store harvested energy for immediate and / or later use.
[0103] The energy harvesting device may have a low-power or wake-up radio that is configured to detect a low-power wake up signal (WUS) but not perform other communications. The energy harvesting device may have a main radio that is configured to perform communications and that consumes more power than the low-power radio or wake-up radio. The energy harvesting device may have limited RF capabilities (less than enhanced UE) or full RF capabilities (comparable to enhanced UE) .
[0104] Energy harvesting devices, more generally, may rely equally or differently on different energy harvesting techniques such as solar power, vibration, thermal energy, or RF energy harvesting. Energy harvesting can be predictable or unpredictable due to the energy being intermittently available. Current communications use fixed activity cycles for transmission and reception, such as an on duration of an active discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle. The active DRX cycle may include a part of the DRX cycle when a DRX on-duration timer (for a time that the UE is monitoring for PDCCH communications) or a DRX inactivity timer (time UE is active after successfully decoding a PDCCH communication) is running. A timer may run once it is started, until it is stopped or until it expires; otherwise, it is not running. A timer may start if it is not running or restarted if it is running. A timer may be started or restarted from its initial value.
[0105] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an aspect. Other aspects may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 4.
[0106] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an aspect 500 of backscatter communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0107] Energy harvesting (EH) devices may include A-IoT devices (e.g., RFID tags) that rely on passive communication technologies, such as backscatter communication. An A-IoT may also be referred to as an “A-IoT, ” “passive UE, ” “ambient backscatter device, ” or “backscatter device. ” An A-IoT device may include a passive device, a semi-passive device, or an active device. For transmission, an A-IoT device may include both backscatter communication and active transmission. Backscatter communication involves using an RF signal to write or transmit data without a battery or a power source. A transmitter / reader 502 may be an RF source that transmits a continuous wave (CW) signal (radio wave denoted as x (n) ) that may be received by multiple devices, such as a reader 504. A wireless device, such as passive UE 506 (e.g., a tag, an A-IoT device, a passive UE, a UE 120 without an energy source, a backscattering device) or a semi-passive UE (e.g., some battery power) , may harvest energy (e.g., tens or hundreds of microwatts of electricity) from the signal. The passive UE 506 or the semi-passive UE may use passive reflection and modulation of the signal to transmit a backscatter signal using the harvested energy. That is, the passive UE 506 or the semi-passive UE may modulate the signal to encode data and then reflect a fraction of the wave to the reader 504 or to the transmitter / reader 502. The backscatter signal may be encoded with information bits (e.g., identifying information, sensor information) of the passive UE 506 or semi-passive UE. The reader 504 may receive the backscatter signal and read the information bits. In some scenarios, the passive UE 506 or the passive UE may use information commands (e.g., write, transmit) or bits (e.g., data, configuration, indications) modulated in a received data or control signal to write commands or bits to the passive UE 506 itself.
[0108] In aspect 500, D1 is for the transmitter / reader 502, D2 is for the reader 504, and T is for the passive UE 506 for transmitted signal h. As shown by reference number 508, a CW signal may be represented by hD1D2 (n) . One modulation method for backscattering includes amplitude shift keying (ASK) , which switches on the reflection when transmitting information bit “1” and switches off the reflection when transmitting information bit “0” . Reference number 510 shows information bits by a backscattering device, represented as σfhD1T (n) hTD2 (n) s (n) ) . If the information bits of a backscattering device are s (n) ∈ {0, 1} , the received signal at the reader 504 may be y (n) = (hD1D2 (n) +σfhD1T (n) hTD2 (n) s (n) ) x (n) +noise, as shown by reference number 512. When s (n) =0, reflection is switched off at the passive UE 506 such that the reader 504 only receives a direct link signal (y (n) =hD1D2 (n) x (n) +noise) . When s (n) =1, reflection is switched on at the passive UE 506 such that the reader 504 receives the superposition of both the direct link signal and the backscatter, which is represented as y (n) = (hD1D2 (n) +σfhD1T (n) hTD2 (n) s (n) ) x (n) +noise, where σfdenotes the reflection coefficient. The modulated wave from the passive UE 506 may involve ASK, phase shift keying (PSK) , or frequency-shift keying (FSK) .
[0109] To receive the transmitted information bits by the passive UE 506, the reader 504 may first decode x (n) based on the known hD1D2 (n) , by treating the backscatter link signal as interference. The reader 504 may then detect the existence of the term σfhD1T(n) hTD2 (n) s (n) x (n) by subtracting hD1D2 (n) x (n) from y (n) .
[0110] There is a tradeoff between harvested energy at the passive UE 506 and a received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a reader (e.g., the reader 504) . The harvested energy at the passive UE 506 is a function of a first channel (forwarding link (FL) ) between the transmitter / reader 502 and the passive UE 506, and the SNR at the reader 504 is a function of both the first channel and a second channel (backscattering link (BL) ) between the passive UE 506 and the reader 504. Due to the difference between the first channel and the second channel and the energy harvester nonlinearity, the optimal transmit waveform design for SNR and the optimal transmit waveform design for energy maximization are different.
[0111] A topology may be monostatic, where the RF source and the reader are the same device. A topology may be bistatic, where the RF source and the reader are different devices, such as shown in aspect 500. While an RFID tag may have a simple structure and an envelope detector for a carrier wave from a reader, an A-IoT device may involve a topology that includes a network entity (e.g., gNB, a UE, and a tag (UE as relay) ) or a topology that includes a UE and a tag. The A-IoT tag can be more powerful and may harvest and store energy.
[0112] A-IoT devices may be categorized according to A-IoT device types. In some aspects, an A-IoT device of type A may have no energy storage and no independent signal generation (i.e., backscattering transmission) . An A-IoT device of type A may have no passive filtering capability, and thus a transmitting device may not transmit a signal to difference devices at the same time but with different frequencies. An A-IoT device of type B may have energy storage but no independent signal generation (i.e., backscattering transmission) . An A-IoT device of type A or an A-IoT device of type B may have no energy to maintain a clock (e.g., preconfiguring the monitoring occasion for a downlink signal may not work) . The use of stored energy may include amplification for reflected signals. An A-IoT device of type C may have energy storage and independent signal generation (i.e., active RF component for transmission) . An A-IoT device of type B or type C may have energy to maintain the clock, but the clock stability may be loose.
[0113] In some aspects, A-IoT devices or A-IoT device types may be placed into groups. Groups (grouping 1) may include a group for indoor devices, a group for outdoor devices, and a group for both indoor / outdoor devices. Other groups (grouping B) may include a group of inventory devices, a group of sensors, a group of positioning devices, or a group of command devices. Grouping A and grouping B may be separate or together (e.g., group first by A, and second by B) .
[0114] Indoor use cases for sensors may include for smart homes, smart laundry, smart agriculture, smart farms, and smart stables. Outdoor use cases for sensors may include smart grids, forest fire monitoring, dairy farming, smart manholes, and smart bridge health monitoring. Commands for the devices may include commands for an online modification of medical instrument status, device activation and deactivation, elderly health care, permanent device deactivation, electronic shelf labels, or smart agriculture controllers.
[0115] A read command in an RFID may allow a transmitting device (e.g., reader, interrogator) to read part or all of a tag’s reserved memory, electronic product code (EPC) memory, tag ID (TID) memory, or user memory. The reserved memory may include the kill password and and / or access passwords. The EPC memory may include memory addresses or a code (such as an EPC, and hereafter referred to as an EPC) that identifies the object belonging to the tag and if the tag implements Extended Protocol Control (XPC) . The TID memory may include identifying information for an interrogator to uniquely identify the custom commands and / or optional features that a tag supports. The user memory may allow user-specific data storage.
[0116] In some scenarios, bits may be modulated with FM0 / Miller, which is called line coding. A tag may encode backscattered data as either FM0 baseband or Miller modulation of a subcarrier at the data rate. Miller modulation may shift the backscattered signal away from carrier waves to avoid interference, as shown by example 514 in Fig. 5.
[0117] With RFIDs, a frequency shift may be implemented only with Miller-M coding, and Miller-M coding is optional. With A-IoT devices, a frequency shift is expected to be used to avoid interferences from carrier waves, other tags, and other NR signals. However, with current modulation techniques, the frequency shift function is part of the modulation coding aspect.
[0118] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an aspect. Other aspects may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 5.
[0119] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of backscattering a square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0120] The frequency shift function may be separated from the modulation coding aspect. According to various aspects described herein, an A-IoT device may backscatter a square wave. That is, a backscattered signal may be a square wave. The A-IoT device may select a square wave design for baseband coded bits. The A-IoT device may vary an initial phase offset, a frequency, and / or an amplitude of levels (e.g., high-levels (maximums) and / or low-levels (minimums) ) of the square wave to code bits (e.g., 0, 1) of the backscattered signal. By using a square wave that is modulated for different bits, the A-IoT device may have more of a capability to convey different bits. This may include a capability to separate frequency shifts from the coding aspects. Such techniques may provide a more reliable or robust backscattering signal.
[0121] For example, the A-IoT device may select binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation that conveys data by changing (modulating) two different phases of the square wave. Square wave 602 in Fig. 6 shows a first square wave pattern for bit 0 and a second square wave pattern (high-levels and low-levels in different locations) for bit 1. The A-IoT device may select an initial phase offset for a phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. Square wave 604 shows a quadrature PSK (QPSK) modulation producing a first square wave pattern for bits 0, 0 and a second square wave pattern for bits 0, 1. The A-IoT device may select a frequency of a square wave using FSK modulation. The frequency shift may include a change in periodicity and / or length of the high-levels (the high-level for bit 1 is longer than the high-level for bit 0) . Data rates may be dependent on frequencies of square wave. Square wave 606 shows a first frequency for bit 0 and a second (lower) frequency for bit 1. The A-IoT device may select an amplitude of a square wave using amplitude shift keying (ASK) . Square wave 608 shows high-levels with a first amplitude for bit 0 and high-levels with a second (lower) amplitude for bit 1.
[0122] In some aspects, modulation may include the implementation of backscattering coefficients (i.e., backscatter modulation) to the square wave. The backscattering coefficients may include ASK coefficients or PSK coefficients (i.e., ASK backscatter modulation or PSK backscatter modulation) . The backscattering coefficients may include OOK coefficients or BPSK coefficients (i.e., OOK backscatter modulation or BPSK backscatter modulation) . OOK is a binary ASK scheme, and BPSK is a binary PSK scheme) .
[0123] As indicated above, Fig. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 6.
[0124] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of backscattering a square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 7, a transmitting device 710 (e.g., network node 110, UE 120, transmitter / reader 502) and an A-IoT device 720 (e.g., UE 120, passive UE 506, semi-passive UE) may communicate with one another. The transmitting device 710 may transmit a carrier wave. The A-IoT device 720 may support a base set of square wave frequencies.
[0125] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 720 may have a capability 726 associated with square wave modulation. This capability 726 may include a modulation capability (e.g., which square wave modulations can the A-IoT device 720 perform) , a stage number capability (e.g., the A-IoT device 720 can modify the square wave to have multiple stages for a level) , a switching frequency capability (e.g., the A-IoT device 720 can switch to a certain frequency or set of frequencies) , and / or a switching frequency capability for backscatter coefficients (e.g., the A-IoT device 720 may switch among a set of backscatter coefficients) . As shown by reference number 725, the A-IoT device 720 may transmit an indication of the capability 726 (e.g., using transmission component 1404, communication manager 1406, and / or controller / processor 280) . The A-IoT device 720 may indicate supported square wave frequencies (upon request) .
[0126] The transmitting device 710 may indicate one or more square wave frequencies, from the basic set of square wave frequencies, to be used for A-IoT device responses. The transmitting device 710 may indicate with either, or a pair, of integer numbers (K, N) for the square wave frequency and the bandwidth. As fb (a basic frequency supported by A-IoT) is known to A-IoT devices, the A-IoT device 720 may calculate Kfb and Nfb. The A-IoT device 720 may respond with supported square wave frequencies with modulation based on the indicated initial square wave frequencies.
[0127] As shown by reference number 730, the transmitting device 710 may transmit a square wave indication as part of initial communications (e.g., inventory, access) (e.g., using transmission component 1404 or 1504, communication manager 1406 or 1506, and / or the controller / processor 240 or 280) . The transmitting device 710 may transmit the indication in a forward link control signal (e.g., query, command, preamble) . The square wave indication may indicate square wave frequencies, a data rate, and / or a bandwidth.
[0128] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 720 and the transmitting device 710 may predetermine a default square wave selection (modulation) scheme. For example, a default square wave may include a BPSK modulation square wave, where the A-IoT device may select between two phase offsets (0° and 180°) of a square wave. With the default scheme, A-IoT devices may report their modulation capabilities, including supported square wave modulation schemes (M-PSK / M-FSK / M-ASK) and the maximum orders. A-IoT devices may indicate a capability of a frequency range and step of square waves and / or a sample rate (impacts phase offset resolution) . Supported or indicated parameters may be indicated via an index. The transmitting device 710 may select and indicate a square wave modulation scheme to A-IoT devices for subsequent transmissions. The scheme indication may be invalid when A-IoT devices are triggered to perform an access procedure, provide information for an inventory, or receive a release command from the transmitting device 710.
[0129] In some aspects, the square wave indication may indicate a square wave modulation scheme that the A-IoT device 720 is to use. The square wave indication may involve preamble scanning. A-IoT devices may backscatter preambles and scan all supported schemes. For example, if the A-IoT device 720 supports BPSK, QPSK, and 2FSK square wave modulation, the A-IoT device 720 may backscatter a preamble (e.g., 00011011) first with BPSK square wave modulation, then with QPSK square wave modulation, and finally with 2FSK square wave modulation. The order of different schemes in the scanning may be predetermined.
[0130] In some aspects, A-IoT devices may backscatter preambles (sequences) that are mapped to all supported schemes. For example, a table may map preambles and square wave modulation schemes that are predetermined and known to A-IoT devices and readers. A-IoT devices may backscatter a specific end-symbol to indicate the end of scanning. The transmitting device 710 may perform blind detections to detect the supported square wave modulation schemes of A-IoT devices.
[0131] The square wave indication may include a stage number (e.g., quantity of stages for a square wave level) . Some multi-stage information may be non-transparent to readers. As multi-stage waves occupy the narrow bandwidths, if an A-IoT device supports multi-stage waves, the other device’s back link may be located on a closer frequency due to a lower harmonic (i.e., the multi-stage wave occupies a narrow bandwidth) . In some aspects that are indication-based, the transmitting device 710 may request that A-IoT devices report supported stage numbers. The A-IoT devices may report the supported stage numbers. In some aspects that are detection-based, A-IoT devices may backscatter with the maximum supported stage numbers for the indicated frequency of a square wave / multi-stage wave. The transmitting device 710 may detect powers of high-order harmonic waves to determine the stage numbers.
[0132] In some aspects, the transmitting device 710 may indicate A-IoT devices to report the maximum switching frequencies of backscatter coefficients / stages, and the A-IoT devices may report the maximum switching frequencies. A-IoT devices may support a large number of stages, but the switching frequency limits the usable number for a target wave frequency. The transmitting device 710 may select and indicate the stage number to A-IoT devices based at least in part on the reported maximum switching frequencies and stage numbers. The transmitting device 710 may further utilize high-order harmonic waves for soft combination based at least in part on the stage number. The transmitting device 710 may configure a narrower guard band for an A-IoT device with a lower harmonic for multi-user frequency division multiplexing (FDM) .
[0133] In some aspects, square wave information may be transparent to the transmitting device 710. The transmitting device 710 may expect the stage number to be 2 (i.e., square waves) . The transmitting device 710 may only adopt the center frequency (i.e., a first order harmonic) of a square wave for demodulation and may not utilize the high-order harmonic waves for combination. The transmitting device 710 may reserve guard bands to reduce interferences of the high-order harmonic waves of square waves. The transmitting device 710 may update the stage number based at least in part on a measurement of the spectrum at the initial back link.
[0134] As shown by reference number 735, the transmitting device 710 may transmit a carrier wave (e.g., using transmission component 1404 or 1504, communication manager 1406 or 1506, and / or the controller / processor 240 or 280) . As shown by reference number 740, the A-IoT device 720 may select a square wave modulation (e.g., using communication manager 1406 and / or the controller / processor 280) . This may include selecting an initial phase offset 702 between levels (e.g., high-levels and / or low-levels) of a square wave of a first coded bit and levels of the square wave for a second coded bit. Phase modulation may include using a first phase shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second phase shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0135] In some aspects, selecting a square wave modulation may include selecting a first frequency 704 for levels (e.g., high-levels and / or low-levels) of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency 742 for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit. This may involve a frequency shift from bit 0 to bit 1. By using the square wave, the A-IoT device 720 may enact a frequency shift that can be separated from each coded bit. This may provide a more robust backscattered signal that conserves signaling resources.
[0136] In some aspects, selecting a square wave modulation may include selecting a first amplitude 706 for levels (e.g., high-levels and / or low-levels) of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude 744 for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0137] As shown by reference number 745, the A-IoT device 720 may apply backscatter coefficients (e.g., using transmission component 1404, communication manager 1406, and / or the controller / processor 280) . This may include using coefficients 0 and +1 in association with on-off keying (OOK) , where 0 represents a low-level (minimum) of the square wave and +1 represents a high-level (maximum) of the square wave. In some aspects, using backscatter coefficients may include using coefficients of -1 and +1 in association with BPSK, where -1 represents a low-level of the square wave and +1 represents a high-level of the square wave.
[0138] The A-IoT device 720 may have adopted the square wave frequencies, data rate, or bandwidth indicated by the transmitting device 710. As shown by reference number 750, the A-IoT device 720 may backscatter a square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave. The A-IoT device 720 may transmit a backscattered signal that is a square wave in accordance with the square wave modulation selection. The A-IoT device 720 thus provides a more robust backscattered signal, which reduces latency and conserves signaling resources. The A-IoT device 720 may avoid interferences from carrier waves, other tags, and other NR signals. The A-IoT device 720 may support multiple modulation schemes to meet the desired data rates or performances. The A-IoT device 720 may support different kinds of backscattering (e.g., ASK / PSK) and may be transparent to readers (does not need to do blind detection) . The A-IoT device 720 may support different orders of backscatter coefficients (i.e., stage number) .
[0139] As indicated above, Fig. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 7.
[0140] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of backscatter modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0141] In some aspects, the A-IoT device may apply backscatter coefficients to a backscattered square wave. Example 800 shows that an A-IoT device may transmit an OOK-based backscattered signal with coefficients of 0 and 1. The OOK-based modulation may include a carrier wave brought by a direct current (DC) . As the square wave is [0, 1, 0, 1, ... ] , the square wave can appear as [-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5] + 0.5, where [-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5] is a basic square wave and "+ 0.5" is a DC. In the frequency domain, the square wave has two components: 1) + / -f_ {1, 3, 5…} , which are the harmonics of basic square wave; and 2) frequency 0 Hz, corresponding to the DC. Example 800 shows one component on either side of the carrier wave (shown by DC) as the arrows labeled -fshift and fshift. When backscattering, in the frequency domain, the carrier wave and the square wave may be convolutional multiplied. The conventional product of the carrier wave and the DC component may be equal to the carrier wave. There may be subcarriers for portions of the backscattered signal. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may transmit a BPSK-based backscattered signal with coefficients of -1 and 1. The BPSK-based modulation may not involve a DC. The transmitting device or reader may detect the backscattered signal in backscattered bands.
[0142] In some aspects, the A-IoT device may backscatter a square wave via an ASK / PSK / FSK backscatter modulation, with backscatter coefficients switching between amplitudes / phases / frequencies. For example, an OOK backscatter may generate a square wave with symbols 1, 0, 1, 0. In an example, a BPSK backscatter may generate a square wave with symbols 1, -1, 1, -1.
[0143] As indicated above, Fig. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 8.
[0144] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 of a multi-stage square wave, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0145] In some aspects, square waves may be enhanced to multi-stage waves. As shown by example 900, a multi-stage wave may approximate a sinusoidal wave (fewer high-order harmonic waves) . Multi-stage waves may be used if the A-IoT device has a multi-stage capability and supports ASK / PSK backscattering (larger number of backscatter coefficients, or a larger order of backscatter modulation) and faster switching among backscatter coefficients. The multi-stage square wave in example 900 has a stage number M = 4. The more stages, the fewer high-order harmonic waves, which involves a narrower required guard band. High-order harmonic waves may interfere with other signals, but such waves can be used for soft combination.
[0146] If the backscatter coefficients are OOK / BPSK backscatter coefficient (i.e., alphabet is {s1, s2} ) , the modulation mapping of the square wave from bit format to modulation symbols may be conventional (e.g., bit 0 mapped to s1, bit 1 mapped to s2. However, if the square wave is a multi-stage wave, the mapping may be from 1 bit of the square wave in bit format to a sequence of higher-order ASK / PSK modulation symbols. For an M-order ASK / PSK modulation with an alphabet {s1, s2, …, sM} , bit 0 is mapped to a sequence of modulation symbols [sM / 2+1, sM / 2+2, …, sM, sM-1, …, sM / 2+1] , bit 1 is mapped to a sequence of modulation symbols [sM / 2, sM / 2-1, …, s1, s2, …, sM / 2] . The durations of each modulation symbol in the sequences can be different to approximate a sinusoidal wave. For example, for 4ASK backscatter coefficients, the modulation mapping is not the conventional (bit 00 to +1, bit 01 to +2, bit 10 to +3, bit 11 to 0) . Rather, the modulation mapping may be one bit to a 4ASK sequence mapping, such as bit-0 mapped to [+2, +3, +2] and bit 1 mapped to [+1, 0, +1] , as shown by example 902.
[0147] M-PSK backscatter coefficients may also be used when a transmitting device / reader processes a square wave in a phase domain. For example, the transmitting device / reader may first recover phases of backscatter coefficients (e.g., 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) and then observe multiple stages.
[0148] As indicated above, Fig. 9 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 9.
[0149] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating examples 1000, 1002, and 1004 of square wave properties, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0150] In some aspects, the frequency of a square wave may be configured by a transmitting device / reader. Example 1000 shows a carrier wave at frequency fc. The frequency of the square wave may be an integer multiple of fb (i.e., Δf=Kfb) , where fb denotes a basic frequency supported by the A-IoT device. For example, in a special case, fb= subcarrier spacing (SCS) to help the transmitting device / reader detect a backscattered signal on subcarriers with an OFDM receiver. A basic period corresponds to the basic frequency is 1 / fb. The period T of the square wave may be 1 / Kfb. That is, the period T may correspond to a frequency shift K.
[0151] Example 1002 shows a frequency shift K from the carrier wave (CW) . In some aspects, the higher the frequency shift, the higher the maximum data rate (or bandwidth (BW) ) . The bandwidth (BW) = Nfb, where N denotes the coded bit number per 1 / fb duration. The maximum bit number per T = 1 / fb duration (shown in example 1004) may be max (N) = K~2K. For example 1004, K may be 4 and N may be 4. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may increase a frequency shift of the square wave based at least in part on an expected data rate. Also, given fb (i.e., Δf=Kfb) , the maximum bit number per T = 1 / fb duration (and corresponding number of periods T per bit duration) , and (BW) = Nfb where N denotes the coded bit number per 1 / fb (number of bots) , a frequency shift K of the square wave may be based at least in part on a bit duration and a number of periods in the bit duration.
[0152] The A-IoT device may transmit the square wave in subbands that are separate frequencies than the carrier wave. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may use a hopping frequency for the square wave in the subbands, as shown by example 1006. In this way, a signal fading may be mitigated.
[0153] As indicated above, Fig. 10 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 10.
[0154] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating examples 1100 and 1102 involving multiple A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0155] In multi-user FDM, the high-order harmonics of one A-IoT device may interfere with the harmonics of another A-IoT device. The frequency position of a carrier wave may be a reference. When a frequency of square wave is selected (resource selection) , the frequency of the square wave is the 1st order harmonic based on the reference. The 1st order harmonic is the selected resource for transmission and is what is used to transmit a signal for a first A-IoT device. The higher-order harmonics (3rd order, 5th order, …) based on this reference are to be reserved. That is, these resources cannot be assigned to other A-IoT devices, because these positions also have power caused by the square wave high-order harmonics of the first device. If these resources are assigned to another A-IoT device's square wave frequencies (1st order harmonic) at the high-order harmonics of the first device, the high-order harmonics of the first A-IoT device may cause interference for the other A-IoT devices. Example 1104 shows a carrier wave (CW) , a selected resource, and a reserved resource. The reserved resource may not be used due to the high order harmonics (e.g., the 3rd order harmonic) of the square wave.
[0156] To mitigate this interference, a guard band may be used. In some aspects, if there are two A-IoT devices that are detected or backscattering in an FDM scheme, the transmitting device / reader may configure a reserve guard band between the two A-IoT devices, as shown by example 1100. The guard band width may be based at least in part on a quantity and / or power of high-order harmonic waves of each device.
[0157] In some aspects, the backscattered signals of the two A-IoT devices in example 1100 may overlap with an offset (beginning of the boxes for the two A-IoT devices are offset from each other) , as shown by example 1102. Square wave high-order harmonics may be 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th …harmonics. The second A-IoT device (outer box) frequency shift value may be on the even harmonics (e.g., 2nd and 4th) of the first A-IoT device (inner box) without a guard band. Example 1102 shows the arrows of the A-IoT devices of example 1100 superimposed on each other, with the additional bold arrow belonging to A-IoT device 2. Accordingly, the interference between the two A-IoT devices is smaller.
[0158] There are other ways to mitigate the interference. In some aspects, the A-IoT device may increase a stage number of a multi-stage square wave to approximate a sine wave, which may reduce high-order harmonics. In some scenarios, a square wave’s harmonics may impact resource allocation in a frequency resource pool with multiple users. In some aspects, the reserve pattern of a resource pool may be mapped to a resource selection. The mapping may be based at least in part on one or more harmonics of a square wave of the A-IoT device and / or another A-IoT device. The mapping may avoid using a resource selection or a reserve pattern for the square wave (e.g., the 1st order harmonic) that overlaps with a frequency of the high-order harmonics of another A-IoT device.
[0159] The harmonics of a square wave may impact frequency hopping. In some aspects, A-IoT devices whose frequency shifts are even-order harmonics may only perform frequency hopping in even harmonics. A-IoT devices whose frequency shifts are odd-order harmonics may only perform frequency hopping in odd harmonics. The frequency reference for even and odd harmonics may be the frequency of carrier wave.
[0160] As indicated above, Fig. 11 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 11.
[0161] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1200 performed, for example, at a wireless device or an apparatus of a wireless device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where the apparatus or the wireless device (e.g., UE 120, passive UE 506, semi-passive UE, A-IoT device 720) performs operations associated with backscattering a square wave.
[0162] As shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include receiving a carrier wave (block 1210) . For example, the wireless device (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may receive a carrier wave, as described above in connection with Fig. 5 and operation 735 of Fig. 7.
[0163] As further shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include backscattering a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave (block 1220) . For example, the wireless device (e.g., using communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may backscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave, as described above in connection with Figs. 5-6 and operations 740 and 750 of Fig. 7.
[0164] Process 1200 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0165] In a first aspect, levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit, as described in connection with Fig. 6.
[0166] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 1200 includes selecting an initial phase offset between levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0167] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, backscattering the square wave includes using a first PSK modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second PSK modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0168] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 1200 includes selecting a first frequency for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0169] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, backscattering the square wave includes using a first FSK modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second FSK modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0170] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, process 1200 includes selecting a first amplitude for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0171] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, backscattering the square wave includes using a first ASK modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second ASK modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0172] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the backscattering includes applying backscatter modulation to the square wave, as described in connection with operation 745 of Fig. 7 and in connection with Fig. 8.
[0173] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the backscatter modulation includes ASK modulation or PSK modulation.
[0174] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the backscatter modulation includes OOK modulation or BPSK modulation.
[0175] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 1200 includes enhancing the square wave to have multiple stages based at least in part on multiple-order backscatter modulation for each level of the square wave, as described in connection with Fig. 9.
[0176] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 1200 includes increasing a frequency shift of the square wave based at least in part on an expected data rate, as described in connection with Fig. 7 and Fig. 10.
[0177] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, process 1200 includes transmitting an indication of one or more of a modulation capability, a stage number capability, or a switching frequency capability of the wireless device, as described in connection with operation 725 of Fig. 7.
[0178] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, process 1200 includes receiving an indication of one or more of a square modulation scheme or a stage number, as described in connection with operations 725 and 730 of Fig. 7.
[0179] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, process 1200 includes using a hopping frequency for the square wave, as described in connection with example 1006 in Fig. 10.
[0180] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, a reserve pattern of a resource pool is mapped to a resource selection based at least in part on one or more harmonics of the square wave, as described in connection with example 1104 in Fig. 11.
[0181] Although Fig. 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 12. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1200 may be performed in parallel.
[0182] Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1300 performed, for example, at a transmitting device or an apparatus of a transmitting device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example where the apparatus or the transmitting device (e.g., UE 120, network node 110, transmitting device 710) performs operations associated with a backscattered square wave.
[0183] As shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include transmitting a carrier wave (block 1310) . For example, the transmitting device (e.g., using transmission component 1404 or 1504 and / or communication manager 1406 or 1506, depicted in Fig. 14 or 15) may transmit a carrier wave, as described above in connection with Fig. 5 and operation 735 of Fig. 7.
[0184] As further shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include receiving a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave (block 1320) . For example, the transmitting device (e.g., using reception component 1402 or 1502 and / or communication manager 1406 or 1506, depicted in Fig. 14 or 15) may receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave, as described above, as described above in connection with Figs. 5-6 and operations 740 and 750 of Fig. 7.
[0185] Process 1300 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0186] In a first aspect, levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit, as described in connection with Fig. 6.
[0187] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the square wave includes backscatter modulation.
[0188] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the square wave includes multiple stages for each level of the square wave.
[0189] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 1300 includes transmitting an indication of one or more of a frequency, a data rate, a modulation scheme, or a stage number for the square wave.
[0190] Although Fig. 13 shows example blocks of process 1300, in some aspects, process 1300 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 13. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1300 may be performed in parallel.
[0191] Fig. 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1400 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1400 may be a wireless device (UE 120, passive UE 506, semi-passive UE, A-IoT device 720, transmitting device 710) , or a wireless device may include the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 includes a reception component 1402, a transmission component 1404, and / or a communication manager 1406, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 is the communication manager 140 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 1400 may communicate with another apparatus 1408, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1402 and the transmission component 1404.
[0192] In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 1-11. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 12, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may include one or more components of the wireless device described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0193] The reception component 1402 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1408. The reception component 1402 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the wireless device described in connection with Fig. 2.
[0194] The transmission component 1404 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1400 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1404 for transmission to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the wireless device described in connection with Fig. 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may be co-located with the reception component 1402 in one or more transceivers.
[0195] The communication manager 1406 may support operations of the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404. For example, the communication manager 1406 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1402 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1404. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1406 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0196] In some aspects associated with an A-IoT device, the reception component 1402 may receive a carrier wave. The communication manager 1406 may backscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0197] The communication manager 1406 may select an initial phase offset between levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and levels of the square wave for a second coded bit. The communication manager 1406 may select a first frequency for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit. The communication manager 1406 may select a first amplitude for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0198] The communication manager 1406 may enhance the square wave to have multiple stages for each level of the square wave. The communication manager 1406 may increase a frequency shift of the square wave based at least in part on an expected data rate. The transmission component 1404 may transmit an indication of one or more of a modulation capability, a stage number capability, or a switching frequency capability of the wireless device. The reception component 1402 may receive an indication of one or more of a square modulation scheme or a stage number.
[0199] In some aspects associated with a transmitting device / reader, the transmission component 1504 may transmit a carrier wave. The reception component 1502 may receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave. The transmission component 1504 may transmit an indication of one or more of a frequency, a data rate, a modulation scheme, or a stage number for the square wave.
[0200] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 14 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 14. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 14 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 14.
[0201] Fig. 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1500 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1500 may be a network entity (e.g., network node 110) , or a network entity may include the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 includes a reception component 1502, a transmission component 1504, and / or a communication manager 1506, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 1500 may communicate with another apparatus 1508, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1502 and the transmission component 1504.
[0202] In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 1-11. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1300 of Fig. 13. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may include one or more components of the transmitting device described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0203] The reception component 1502 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1508. The reception component 1502 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the transmitting device described in connection with Fig. 2.
[0204] The transmission component 1504 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1500 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1504 for transmission to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the transmitting device described in connection with Fig. 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may be co-located with the reception component 1502 in one or more transceivers.
[0205] The communication manager 1506 may support operations of the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504. For example, the communication manager 1506 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1502 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1504. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1506 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0206] The transmission component 1504 may transmit a carrier wave. The reception component 1502 may receive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave. The transmission component 1504 may transmit an indication of one or more of a frequency, a data rate, a modulation scheme, or a stage number for the square wave.
[0207] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 15 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 15. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 15 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 15.
[0208] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0209] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a wireless device, comprising: receiving a carrier wave; and backscattering a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0210] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0211] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, further comprising selecting an initial phase offset between levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0212] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein backscattering the square wave includes using a first phase shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second phase shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0213] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1-4, further comprising selecting a first frequency for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0214] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1-5, wherein backscattering the square wave includes using a first frequency shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0215] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, further comprising selecting a first amplitude for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0216] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein backscattering the square wave includes using a first amplitude shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude shift key modulation for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0217] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the backscattering includes applying backscatter modulation to the square wave.
[0218] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the backscatter modulation includes amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation.
[0219] Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the backscatter modulation includes phase shift keying (PSK) modulation.
[0220] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, further comprising enhancing the square wave to have multiple stages based at least in part on multiple-order backscatter modulation for each level of the square wave.
[0221] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, further comprising increasing a frequency shift of the square wave based at least in part on an expected data rate.
[0222] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, further comprising using a hopping frequency for the square wave.
[0223] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, further comprising transmitting an indication of one or more of a modulation capability, a stage number capability, or a switching frequency capability of the wireless device.
[0224] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, further comprising receiving an indication of one or more of a square modulation scheme or a stage number.
[0225] Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 1-16, wherein a reserve pattern of a resource pool is mapped to a resource selection based at least in part on one or more harmonics of the square wave.
[0226] Aspect 18: A method of wireless communication performed by a transmitting device, comprising: transmitting a carrier wave; and receiving a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.
[0227] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 18, wherein levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
[0228] Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 18-19, wherein the square wave includes backscatter modulation.
[0229] Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 19-20, further comprising detecting backscatter modulation of the square wave.
[0230] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 18-21, wherein the square wave includes multiple stages for each level of the square wave.
[0231] Aspect 23: The method of any of Aspects 18-22, further comprising transmitting an indication of one or more of a frequency, a data rate, a modulation scheme, or a stage number for the square wave.
[0232] Aspect 24: The method of any of Aspects 18-23, wherein backscattering the square wave includes backscattering the square wave such that a frequency shift function for the square wave is separate from a modulation coding of the square wave.
[0233] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 18-24, wherein backscattering the square wave includes backscattering the square wave to have two components in the frequency domain on either side of a frequency of the carrier wave.
[0234] Aspect 26: The method of any of Aspects 18-24, wherein backscattering the square wave includes backscattering the square wave to have one component in the frequency domain on either side of a frequency of the carrier wave.
[0235] Aspect 27: The method of any of Aspects 18-26, wherein a function of the square wave is a frequency shift from the carrier wave.
[0236] Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 18-27, wherein a frequency shift of the square wave corresponds to a period of the square wave.
[0237] Aspect 29: The method of any of Aspects 18-28, wherein a frequency shift of the square wave is based at least in part on a bit duration and a number of periods in the bit duration.
[0238] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 18-29, wherein a square wave of the wireless device is separated from a square wave of another wireless device by a guard band.
[0239] Aspect 31: The method of any of Aspects 18-30, wherein a square wave of the wireless device overlaps with a square wave of another wireless device by an offset.
[0240] Aspect 32: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0241] Aspect 33: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0242] Aspect 34: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0243] Aspect 35: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0244] Aspect 36: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0245] Aspect 37: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0246] Aspect 38: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-31.
[0247] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0248] As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, in some aspects, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0249] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold.
[0250] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an aspect, “at least one of:a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a +c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0251] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . It should be understood that “one or more” is equivalent to “at least one. ”
[0252] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless device, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to:receive a carrier wave; andbackscatter a square wave, the square wave based at least in part on the carrier wave.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to select an initial phase offset between levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and levels of the square wave for a second coded bit, and wherein the one or more processors, to cause the wireless device to backscatter the square wave, are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to use a first phase shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the first coded bit and a second phase shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the second coded bit.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to select a first frequency for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second frequency for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit, and wherein the one or more processors, to cause the wireless device to backscatter the square wave, are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to use a first frequency shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the first coded bit and a second frequency shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the second coded bit.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to select a first amplitude for levels of the square wave for a first coded bit and a second amplitude for levels of the square wave for a second coded bit, and wherein the one or more processors, to cause the wireless device to backscatter the square wave, are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to use a first amplitude shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the first coded bit and a second amplitude shift key modulation for the levels of the square wave for the second coded bit.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to apply backscatter modulation to the square wave.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to enhance the square wave to have multiple stages based at least in part on multiple-order backscatter modulation for each level of the square wave.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to increase a frequency shift of the square wave based at least in part on an expected data rate.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to backscatter the square wave, the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to backscatter the square wave such that a frequency shift function for the square wave is separate from a modulation coding of the square wave.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to backscatter the square wave, the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to backscatter the square wave to have two components in a frequency domain on either side of a frequency of the carrier wave or to have one component on either side of the frequency of the carrier wave.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a function of the square wave is a frequency shift from the carrier wave.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a frequency shift of the square wave corresponds to a period of the square wave.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a frequency shift of the square wave is based at least in part on a bit duration and a number of periods in the bit duration.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a square wave of the wireless device is separated from a square wave of another wireless device by a guard band.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a square wave of the wireless device overlaps with a square wave of another wireless device by an offset.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to use a hopping frequency for the square wave.17.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to cause the wireless device to transmit an indication of one or more of a modulation capability, a stage number capability, or a switching frequency capability of the wireless device.18.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a reserve pattern of a resource pool is mapped to a resource selection based at least in part on one or more harmonics of the square wave.19.An apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting device, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, individually or collectively configured to cause the transmitting device to:transmit a carrier wave; andreceive a square wave that is backscattered based at least in part on the carrier wave.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein levels of the square wave for a first coded bit vary in phase, periodicity, or amplitude from levels of the square wave for a second coded bit.
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