Topical and surface disinfectant compositions

Abstract

The present disclosure describes compositions and methods of manufacturing and using the same for providing residual disinfecting, biocidal activity on a surface (e.g., on the skin of a subject). The compositions of the present disclosure can be topically applied to the skin of a subject and be retained on the skin for a longer residence time. The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising any number of N-halamine precursors or the N-halamine derivatives thereof formulated for topical or surface application.

Description

WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 TOPICAL AND SURFACE DISINFECTANT COMPOSITIONS CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 574,203, filed April03, 2024, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[0002] Microorganisms (e.g., fungi, bacteria, virus, etc.) can grow on a number of surfaces,including skin. For example, bacteria and fungi (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans etc.) can grow on skin and unchecked growthcan result in deleterious health conditions (e.g., bacterial infection, fungal infection). Untreated microorganism growth can impair wound healing or have negative health effects. Without timely treatment, bacteria can form biofilms that are resistant to various antiseptics or antibiotic compositions. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0003] Each patent, publication, and non-patent literature cited in the application is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety as if each was incorporated by reference individually. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0004] FIGURE 1 illustrates the formation of a mineral plastic hydrogel comprisingpoly(hydantoin acrylamide-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid) copolymer (HASA) and the effect of centrifugation on the hydrogel.

[0005] FIGURE 2 illustrates the procedure for styrene-ethylene-propylene linear diblockcopolymer (SEP) in mineral oil oleogel formation.

[0006] FIGURE 3A illustrates oleogel formulations prepared by mixing HASA powder into SEPmineral oil oleogel.

[0007] FIGURE 3B illustrates oleogel formulations prepared by emulsifying HASA solutions intoSEP mineral oil oleogel.

[0008] FIGURE 4 illustrates stratification of aqueous solution in the SEP mineral oil oleogels.

[0009] FIGURE 5 illustrates Staphylococcus aureus recovery following treatment with HASAoleogel formulations.

[0010] FIGURE 6 illustrates Staphylococcus aureus recovery following treatment with HASAWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 oleogel formulations.

[0011] FIGURES 7A-7B illustrates the appearance of a HASA-polyether gel formulation.

[0012] FIGURE 8A illustrates the formulation procedure for HASA-carbomer gels.

[0013] FIGURE 8B illustrates a HASA-carbomer gel formulation that does not resist flow uponinversion.

[0014] FIGURE 8C illustrates a HASA-carbomer gel formulation that resists flow upon inversion.

[0015] FIGURE 8D illustrates a carbomer gel formulation that resists flow upon inversion.

[0016] FIGURE 9 illustrates a HASA-carbomer gel formulation that exhibits non-runningbehavior.

[0017] FIGURE 10 illustrates HASA-carbomer gel failure following prolonged exposure toelevated temperatures.

[0018] FIGURE 11 illustrates the pH stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0019] FIGURE 12 illustrates chlorine concentrations of HASA-carbomer gel formulations overtime.

[0020] FIGURE 13A illustrates chlorine stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0021] FIGURE 13B illustrates pH stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0022] FIGURE 13C illustrates chlorine stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0023] FIGURE 13D illustrates pH stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0024] FIGURE 14A illustrates chlorine stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0025] FIGURE 14B illustrates chlorine stability of HASA-carbomer gel formulations over time.

[0026] FIGURE 15 illustrates gel failure of a NaOCl-carbomer gel formulation.

[0027] FIGURE 16A illustrates Staphylococcus aureus recovery following treatment with HASA-carbomer gel formulations.

[0028] FIGURE 16B illustrates Staphylococcus aureus recovery following treatment with HASA-carbomer gel formulations.

[0029] FIGURE 17 illustrates Candida albicans survival on porcine dermal skin explantsfollowing treatment with HASA-carbomer gel formulations.

[0030] FIGURE 18 illustrates Pseudomonas aeruginosa survival on porcine dermal skin explantsfollowing treatment with HASA-carbomer gel formulations.

[0031] FIGURE 19 illustrates example wound placement for in vivo antimicrobial efficacy andwound healing experiments.

[0032] FIGURE 20 illustrates a representative administration procedure for administering liquidcompositions to a porcine wound.

[0033] FIGURE 21 illustrates a representative administration procedure for administering gelWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 compositions to a porcine wound.

[0034] FIGURE 22 illustrates representative wounds inoculated with methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Days 3 and 7 following treatment.

[0035] FIGURE 23 illustrates representative wounds inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa atDays 3 and 7 following treatment.

[0036] FIGURE 24 illustrates representative wounds inoculated with Trichophyton rubrum atDays 3 and 7 following treatment.

[0037] FIGURES 25A-25B illustrate representative wound biopsy placement.

[0038] FIGURES 26-27 illustrate MRSA recovery from inoculated wounds at Days 3 and 7following treatment.

[0039] FIGURES 28-29 illustrate P. aeruginosa recovery from inoculated wounds at Days 3 and 7following treatment.

[0040] FIGURES 30-31 illustrate T. rubrum recovery from inoculated wounds at Days 3 and 7following treatment.

[0041] FIGURE 32 illustrates epithelialization of wounds inoculated with T. rubrum at Days 3 and7 following treatment.

[0042] FIGURE 33 illustrates epithelial wound thickness of wounds inoculated with T. rubrum atDays 3 and 7 following treatment.

[0043] FIGURE 34 illustrates white cell infiltration of wounds inoculated with T. rubrum at Days3 and 7 following treatment.

[0044] FIGURE 35 illustrates granulation tissue formation of wounds inoculated with T. rubrum atDays 3 and 7 following treatment. SUMMARY

[0045] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising a first polymer and asecond polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain forms a N- halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source; and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer.

[0046] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising a first polymer and asecond polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises an N-WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 chlorinated halamine and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer.

[0047] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of generating a mixture, the methodcomprising: combining a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer.

[0048] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising: a) a polymercomprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water- soluble moiety; b) a first gelling agent; and c) a second gelling agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

[0049] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising: a) a polymercomprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises an N-chlorinated halamine, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; b) a first gelling agent; and c) a second gelling agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

[0050] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of generating a mixture, the methodcomprising: combining a polymer, a first gelling agent, a second gelling agent, and a solvent to generate the mixture, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

[0051] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising: a) a polymercomprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 soluble moiety, b) an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2; and c) a solvent.

[0052] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of generating a mixture, the methodcomprising: combining a polymer, a polyvalent ionic salt, and a solvent to generate the mixture, wherein: (i) the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and (ii) an inorganic salt having a cation with a formal charge of at least +2.

[0053] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising: a) a polymercomprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety, b) a gel-forming agent, wherein the gel-forming agent is substantially insoluble in water; and c) an oil.

[0054] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of generating a mixture, the methodcomprising: combining a polymer, a gel-forming agent, and an oil to generate a gel mixture, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the gel-forming agent is substantially insoluble in water.

[0055] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method for treating a condition of skin, themethod comprising: applying to the skin an application of a composition, the composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a N- chlorinated halamine and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety.

[0056] In some embodiments, disclosed here in a method for treating a condition of the skin, themethod comprising: a) applying to the skin an application of a first composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a N-chlorinated halamine and optionally wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; b) contacting the skin with the first composition for a first duration of time; c) subsequent to the contacting with the first composition, applying to the skin an application of a second compositionWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 that is different than the first composition; and d) contacting the skin with the second composition for a second duration of time. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0057] Compositions and methods in the present disclosure can, for example, generate a topicalcoating that exhibits residual biocidal activity (e.g., antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, etc.) beyond the initial time of application or generation of the coating (e.g., for at least or up to about 10 minutes, at least or up to about 30 minutes, 1 hour, at least or up to about 2 hours, , at least or up to about 6 hours, at least or up to about 12 hours, at least or up to about 24 hours, at least or up to about 2 days, or at least or up to about 1 week). Compositions and methods herein can, for example, generate a topical coating exhibiting such biocidal activity in between regular applications, e.g., to reduce level / occurrence of or re-contamination.

[0058] Compositions and methods of the disclosure

[0059] The present disclosure provides compositions and methods of manufacturing and using thesame for providing biocidal activity (e.g., antimicrobial and / or anti-fouling activity). The compositions of the present disclosure can be used to generate a composition for topical application (e.g., an ointment, a gel, a cream, or a lotion comprising a biocidal moiety and, optionally, a binder) that can provide or exhibit the biocidal activity. The composition can be applied to a surface (e.g., the skin of a subject, on the surface of manufacturing equipment, on the surface of food preparation equipment, or on medical devices), wherein upon application the composition is retained and has a longer residence time on the surface. The composition can be a topical composition applied to the skin of, or in the mouth of a subject. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., topical composition) can comprise an ointment (e.g., antibiotic ointment), gel (e.g., burn relieving gel, aloe-vera gel), cream (e.g., prescription or non-prescription cream, burn relieving cream, anti-itch cream), or lotion (e.g., sunscreen lotion).

[0060] Biocidal moieties:

[0061] In some embodiments, the compositions as disclosed herein can comprise a biocidal moiety.The biocidal moiety can exhibit or can be activated to exhibit biocidal activity. For example, the biocidal moiety can comprise N-halamine precursors or the N-halamine derivatives thereof (e.g., activated N-halamines, such as N-chlorinated halamines). The compositions can further comprise an activating moiety of the biocidal moiety. For example, the compositions can comprise a halogen source (e.g., a source of chlorine atoms, a source of bromine atoms, or a source of iodine atoms) usable to activate or sustain activated state of N-halamines in the compositions and / or a topical coating formed by such compositions. In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety can be waterWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 soluble.

[0062] In some embodiments, the compositions as disclosed herein can comprise a small moleculebiocidal moiety. In some embodiments, the composition may not comprise a binder (e.g., a polymeric binder). Upon application of the composition (e.g., to the skin of a subject), the small molecule biocidal moiety can be dried on the surface to exhibit biocidal activity, e.g., in absence of any binder.

[0063] In some embodiments, the small molecule biocidal moiety can be a monomer capable offorming a polymer. In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety can be a large molecule, such as a polymer comprising a plurality of repeated units comprising a biocidal functional group (e.g., N- halamines).

[0064] In some embodiments, the composition for topical or surface application generated by thecompositions and methods of the present disclosure can comprise N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines), to exhibit the biocidal activity. In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines can be a part of a polymer (e.g., a homopolymer, a copolymer, etc.). In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines can be a small molecule mixed in the composition. In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines can be part of a polymer mixed in the composition. In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines can be a small molecule blended with polymer (e.g., blended with a binder to generate a mixture usable for topical application). In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N- halamines can be part of a polymer blended with a polymer (e.g., blended with a binder to generate a mixture usable for topical or surface application).

[0065] In some embodiments, the composition as disclosed herein can have a single type ofbiocidal moiety, such as the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines thereof.

[0066] The compositions of the present disclosure can comprise polymers that can form anynumber of N-halamines upon exposure to a halogen source (e.g., an electrophilic halogen source such as an electrophilic chlorine source). The polymers can comprise any number of N-halamine precursors that can form the N-halamines. The N-halamines can exhibit antimicrobial and / or anti- fouling activity or efficacy against microorganisms. Polymer compositions for topical or surface application can comprise or consist essentially of N-halamine precursors or N-halamines. Upon discharge, compositions for topical application can inactivate (e.g., kill immediately) any microorganisms on a substrate (e.g., skin of a subject) and continue to inactivate any additional microorganisms for an extended period of time, e.g., for hours to days or to weeks.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition for topical or surface application as disclosed hereinWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 can exhibit the right balance of stability and activity of N-halamine molecules, e.g., (i) exhibiting sufficient stability to meet the shelf-life target of biocidal products or antiseptic products (e.g., greater than or equal to 6 months, greater than or equal to 1 year, greater than or equal to 2 years, or more), while (ii) maintaining the efficacy performance once applied and in-use, as disclosed herein.

[0068] In some embodiments, the composition for topical or surface application as provided hereincan comprise (A) the biocidal moiety as provided herein and (B1) the activator of the N-halamine precursor. The activator can comprise electrophilic halogen (e.g., electrophilic chlorine). In some embodiments, the electrophilic halogen can be bound to the N-halamine precursor that would otherwise be non-halogenated in absence of the electrophilic halogen, to form activated N-halamine such as N-halogenated halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamine). In some embodiments, the electrophilic halogen can be excess halogen that is not bound to the N-halamine precursor. For example, the excess electrophilic halogen can be part of a halogen source as provided herein (e.g., gaseous chlorine (Cl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), potassium hypochlorite (KOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), potassium dichloroisocyanurate (KDCC), solid iodine (I2, sodium hypoiodite (NaIO), potassium hypoiodite (KIO), liquid bromine (Br2) sodium hypobromite (NaBrO), potassium hypobromite (KBrO), sodium dibromoisocyanurate (NaDBrC), or magnesium hypochlorite (Mg(OCl)2)).

[0069] In some embodiments, the activator of the biocidal moiety can comprise an electrophilichalogen source. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise chlorine. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise sodium hypochlorite. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise hypochlorous acid. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise sodium dichloroisocyanurate. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise magnesium chloride. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise calcium chloride. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise potassium dichloroisocyanurate. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise calcium hypochlorite. In some embodiments, the halogen source can comprise magnesium hypochlorite.

[0070] In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition can exhibit a targetpH value or range. In some embodiments, the composition can exhibit the target pH value or range in absence of any additional pH adjustment of the composition. In some embodiments, the target pH value or range can be basic, neutral, or acidic. The target pH value of the composition can be less than or equal to about 13, less than or equal to about 12, less than or equal to about 11, less than or equal to about 10, less than or equal to about 9, less than or equal to about 8.5, less than or equal to about 8, less than or equal to about 7, 6.5, less than or equal to about 6, less than or equalWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 to about 5.5, less than or equal to about 5, less than or equal to about 4.5, less than or equal to about 4, less than or equal to about 3.5, less than or equal to about 3, less than or equal to about 2.5, less than or equal to about 2, less than or equal to about 1.5, less than or equal to about 1, or less. In some embodiments, the target pH value can be about 13, about 12, about 11, about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1. In some embodiments, the target pH value can be about 7. In some embodiments, the target pH value can be about 6. In some embodiments, the target pH value can be about 5. The target pH range of the composition can be between about 2 and about 10, between about 2 and about 9, between about 2 and about 8, between about 2 and about 7, between about 2 and about 6, between about 2 and about 5, between about 2 and about 4, between about 2 and about 3, the target pH range of the composition can be between about 3 and about 8, between about 3 and about 7, between about 3 and about 6, between about 3 and about 5, between about 3 and about 4, between about 4 and about 8, between about 4 and about 7, between about 4 and about 6, between about 4 and about 5, between about 5 and about 8, between about 5 and about 7, between about 5 and about 6, between about 6 and about 8, between about 6 and about 7, or between about 7 and about 8.

[0071] In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition can exhibit a targetrheological property (e.g., viscosity, resistance to flow, or thixotropy). In some embodiments, a provided herein, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit a resistance to flow. In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit a resistance to flow, wherein upon being a placed in a vessel and inverted, the gel composition does not flow inside the vessel. In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit thixotropy. In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit thixotropy, wherein upon application of a continuous shear force, the viscosity of the composition decreases. In some embodiments, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit shear thinning. In some embodiments, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit rheopexy. In some embodiments, as provided herein, the resulting gel composition comprising the polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof exhibit a target viscosity. In some embodiments, the gel composition comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can exhibit the target viscosity in the absence of any viscosity modulating agents (e.g., aWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 viscosity-increasing agent or a viscosity-decreasing agent).

[0072] In some embodiments, the gel composition can exhibit the target viscosity in the absence ofany viscosity modulating agents (e.g., a viscosity-increasing agent or a viscosity-decreasing agent). In some embodiments, the target viscosity value of the gel composition can be about or greater than 1 centipoise (cP), about or greater than 5 cP, about or greater than 10 cP, about or greater than 100 cP, about or greater than 500 cP, about or greater than 1,000 cP, about or greater than 1,500 cP, about or greater than 2,000 cP, about or greater than 3,000 cP, about or greater than 4,000 cP, about or greater than 5,000 cP, about or greater than 6,000 cP, about or greater than 7,000 cP, about or greater than 8,000 cP, about or greater than 9,000 cP, about or greater than 10,000 centipoise cP, about or greater than 20,000 cP, about or greater than about 30,000 cP, about or greater than 40,000 cP, about or greater than 50,000 cP, about or greater than 60,000 cP, about or greater than 70,000 cP, about or greater than 80,000 cP, about or greater than 90,000 cP, about or greater than 100,000 cP, about or greater than 110,000 cP, about or greater than 120,000 cP, about or greater than 130,000 cP, about or greater than 140,000 cP, about or greater than 150,000 cP, about or greater than 160,000 cP, about or greater than 170,000 cP, about or greater than 180,000 cP, about or greater than 190,000 cP, about or greater than 200,000 cP, about or greater than 210,000 cP, about or greater than 220,000 cP, about or greater than 230,000 cP, about or greater than 240,000 cP, about or greater than 250,000 cP, about or greater than 260,000 cP, about or greater than 270,000 cP, about or greater than 280,000 cP, about or greater than 290,000 cP, about or greater than 300,000 cP, about or greater than 350,000 cP, about or greater than 400,000 cP, about or greater than 450,000 cP, about or greater than 500,000 cP, about or greater than 550,000 cP, about or greater than 600,000 cP, about or greater than 650,000 cP, about or greater than 700,000 cP, about or greater than 750,000 cP, about or greater than 800,000 cP, about or greater than 850,000 cP, about or greater than 900,000 cP, about or greater than 950,000 cP, about or greater than 1,000,000 cP, about or greater than 2,000,000 cP, about or greater than 3,000,000 cP, about or greater than 4,000,000 cP, about or greater than 5,000,000 cP, about or greater than 6,000,000 cP, about or greater than 7,000,000 cP, about or greater than 8,000,000 cP, about or greater than 9,000,000 cP, about or greater than 10,000,000 cP, about or greater than 25,000,000 cP, about or greater than 50,000,000 cP, or about or greater than 100,000,000 cP. In some embodiments, the target viscosity is as measured by rotational viscometry. In some embodiments, the target viscosity is as measured by rotation viscometry at room temperature (e.g., about 22 °C).

[0073] In some embodiments, the target viscosity of the gel composition can be between about 1 cPto about 5 cP.,about 1 cP to about 100 cP, about 1 cP to about 1,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 10,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 20,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 30,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 40,000 cP,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 about 1 cP to about 50,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 100,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 200,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 300,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 400,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 500,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 600,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 700,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 800,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 900,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 1,000,000 cP, about 1 cP to about 10,000,000 cP, about 10,000 cP to about 2,000,000 cP, about 25,000 cP to about 75,000 cP, about 50,000 cP to about 150,000 cP, about 100,000 cP to about 200,000 cP, 150,000 cP to about 300,000 cP, about 100,000 cP to about 300,000 cP, about 150,000 cP to about 400,000 cP, about 200,000 cP to about 400,000 cP, about 300,000 cP to about 400,000 cP, between about 300,000 cP to about 500,000 cP, about 500,000 cP to about 1,000,000 cP, about 500,000 cP to about 2,000,000 cP about 1,000,000 cP to about 2,500,000 cP, about 2,500,000 cP to about 5,000,000 cP, about 5,000,000 cP to about 7,500,000 cP, or about 7,500,000 cP to about 10,000,000 cP.

[0074] In some embodiments, the level of halogens or the halogen source in the composition canaffect stability of the composition (e.g., stability of the N-halamines of the composition).

[0075] Additives:

[0076] In some embodiments, the composition can comprise (A) the biocidal moiety as providedherein and (B3) the one or more additives. In some embodiments, the one or more additives of the composition as disclosed herein can comprise surfactants (e.g., non-ionic and / or ionic surfactants), anti-fouling compounds, pH adjusting agents, viscosity modulating agents, antioxidants, and / or additional biocides (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs)).

[0077] In some embodiments, the one or more additives can be mixed with the biocidal moiety in asolvent. In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety can comprise N-halamine precursors (e.g., a polymer comprising repeating units of N-halamine precursors), and the one or more additives can be mixed with the biocidal moiety prior to, simultaneously with, or subsequent to activation of the N-halamine precursors into N-halogenated halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines). Upon mixing, the one or more additives can be physically mixed with or chemically conjugated to the biocidal moiety.

[0078] In some embodiments, in the composition, the amount (e.g., weight percentage, molarpercentage, etc.) of the biocidal moiety can be less than the amount of the one or more additives by at least or up to about 1%, at least or up to about 2%, at least or up to about 3%, at least or up to about 4%, at least or up to about 5%, at least or up to about 10%, at least or up to about 15%, at least or up to about 20%, at least or up to about 30%, at least or up to about 40%, at least or up to about 50%, at least or up to about 60%, at least or up to about 70%, at least or up to about 80%, at least or up to about 90%, or at least or up to about 95%. In some embodiments, in the composition, the amount (e.g., weight percentage, molar percentage, etc.) of the one or more additives can beWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 less than the amount of the biocidal moiety by at least or up to about 1%, at least or up to about 2%, at least or up to about 3%, at least or up to about 4%, at least or up to about 5%, at least or up to about 10%, at least or up to about 15%, at least or up to about 20%, at least or up to about 30%, at least or up to about 40%, at least or up to about 50%, at least or up to about 60%, at least or up to about 70%, at least or up to about 80%, at least or up to about 90%, or at least or up to about 95%. In some embodiments, in the composition, the amount (e.g., weight percentage, molar percentage, etc.) of the one or more additives and the amount of the biocidal moiety can be substantially the same.

[0079] In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety can be a large molecule, such as a polymercomprising a plurality of repeating units comprising a biocidal functional group (e.g., N-halamine). An average molar mass (e.g., a number average molar mass as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC)) of the polymeric biocidal moiety can be at least or up to about 1 kilodaltons (kDa), at least or up to about 2 kDa, at least or up to about 3 kDa, at least or up to about 4 kDa, at least or up to about 5 kDa, at least or up to about 6 kDa, at least or up to about 7 kDa, at least or up to about 8 kDa, at least or up to about 9 kDa, at least or up to about 10 kDa, at least or up to about 11 kDa, at least or up to about 12 kDa, at least or up to about 13 kDa, at least or up to about 14 kDa, at least or up to about 15 kDa, at least or up to about 16 kDa, at least or up to about 17 kDa, at least or up to about 18 kDa, at least or up to about 19 kDa, at least or up to about 20 kDa, at least or up to about 50 kDa, at least or up to about 100 kDa, or at least or up to about 150 kDa.

[0080] In some embodiments, the biocidal moiety can be a polymer comprising a plurality ofrepeating units comprising a biocidal functional group (e.g., N-halamine) In some embodiments, a\ sample of the polymer can have a polydispersity, e.g., as determined by GPC. A polydispersity can be defined by a ratio of a weight average molar mass of the polymer in the sample (Mw) to the number average molar mass (Mn). The sample of the polymer can have a polydispersity of at least or up to about 1.2, at least or up to about 1.3, at least or up to about 1.4, at least or up to about 1.5, at least or up to about 1.6, at least or up to about 1.7, at least or up to about 1.8, at least or up to about 1.9, at least or up to about 2, at least or up to about 2.5, at least or up to about 3, at least or up to about 3.5, or at least or up to about 4.

[0081] In some embodiments, an anti-fouling compound can be added to the composition asdisclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of the anti-fouling compounds can include non-ionic hydrophilic compounds (e.g., oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), propylene suloxide, polyglycerol dendrons, polyoxazoline polymer, polypeptide, polypeptoid, dextran, mannitol, etc.), zwitterionic compounds (e.g., phosphobetaine (PB), sulfobetaine (SB),WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 carboxybetaine (CB), phosphorylcholine (PC), polyampholyte polymers, etc.), and amphiphilic compounds (e.g., polymer with perfluoroalkyl tagged OEG as side chains, hyperbranched amphiphilic fluoropolymers, etc.). For example, the anti-fouling compound can be zwitterionic compounds and / or or polymers. The zwitterionic compounds can be derived from phosphorylcholine, carboxylbetaine, and / or or sulfobetaine. Non-limiting examples of the zwitterionic compounds can include [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3- sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, polysulfobetaines, and any combination thereof.

[0082] In some embodiments, the anti-fouling compound as disclosed herein can be copolymerizedwith a N-halamine precursor or the N-halamine derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the anti- fouling compound can be provided separately from a polymer comprising the N-halamine precursor or the N-halamine derivative thereof.

[0083] Non-limiting examples of the pH adjusting agent include sodium hydroxide, hydrochloricacid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid, glycine, sodium lactate, lactic acid, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, carbonic acid, sodium succinate, succinic acid, sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, sodium phosphates, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, histidine, histidine hydrochloride, and any combination thereof.

[0084] Non-limiting examples of viscosity modulating agents include viscosity-enhancing agents.Non-limiting examples of viscosity-enhancing include: plant-derived hydrocolloids (e.g., pectin, agar, alignates, acacia, tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, starch, cellulose), fermentation products (e.g., xanthan gum, dextran, gellan gum, or pullulan), and polymer products (e.g., methylcellulose). Non-limiting examples of viscosity modulating agents include viscosity reducing agents.

[0085] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Vitamin E,glutathione, lipoic acid, melatonin, uric acid, carotenes, ubiquinol, resveratrol, tocopherols, polyphenols, selenium, flavonoids, phosphite antioxidants (e.g., PUREfos 168 or RICHFOS 158), or phenolic antioxidants (e.g., Synox-3114 or Synox-1135) and any combination thereof.

[0086] Non-limiting examples of additional biocides (e.g., non-N-halamine biocides) includeQACs, polybiguanides, or essential oils (e.g., fennel, peppermint, caraway, etc.), hydrogen peroxide, silver, copper, and titanium dioxide.

[0087] Additional details of compositions:

[0088] The biocidal moiety can be mixed into the gel composition as a solid form or as dissolved ina solvent. Solvents usable to dissolve the biocidal moiety as disclosed herein can include water (e.g., deionized water), alkyl glycol ethers, esters, polyethers, and ketones. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl glycol ethers include ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethylWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, andtripropylene glycol methyl ether. Non-limiting examples of polyols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol. Non-limiting examples of ketones can include acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, and methyl phenyl ketone. Non-limiting of polyethers include methylene-terminated polyethers.

[0089] In some embodiments, the N-halamine precursor as disclosed herein can be halogenated,e.g., at least one nitrogen atom (e.g., amine, amide, or imide group) of the N-halamines is conjugated to a halogen atom, such as Cl, Br, or I. The activatable N-halamine precursor as disclosed herein can comprise at least one nitrogen atom (e.g., amine, amide, or imide group) that is hydrogenated (e.g., secondary amine) instead of being halogenated.

[0090] In some embodiments, the biocide can form a single type of activated N-halamines or aplurality of types of activated N-halamines. Non-limiting examples of N-halamine precursors or N- halamine derivatives thereof can include aliphatic N-halamine, heterocyclic N-halamine, N- halamine monomer which contains at least a vinyl group, polymeric N-halamines that are homopolymers, heteropolymers, or a combination thereof.

[0091] Molecules comprising the biocidal moieties:

[0092] In some embodiments, the N-halamine as disclosed herein can be derived from animidazolidine having the structure:wherein X1and X2are independently hydrogen atoms or halogen atoms (e.g., Cl, Br, or I) and R1, R2, and R3are independently hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, vinyl groups, linear or branched alkyl groups containing, e.g., from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, or more. In some embodiments, at least one of the R1, R2, and R3is independently an oxygen atom.

[0093] Non-limiting examples of N-halamines include 1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one, 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one, trichloroisocyanuric acid, potassium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, 1-bromo- 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, N-chloro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidinol laurate, and [N-(2-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)propan-2- yl)acrylamide].

[0094] In some embodiments, fully or partially halogenated N-halamines can be utilized. In someWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 embodiments, the number of different types of N-halamines in the composition as disclosed herein can be selected to, e.g., control properties (e.g., biocidal properties) and / or stabilities of such composition.

[0095] In some embodiments, N-halamines of the composition as disclosed herein can compriselow molecular weight N-halamines and / or high molecular weight N-halamines. In some embodiments, N-halamines of the composition as disclosed herein can be provided in polymers, such as homo- and / or hetero- polymers, such as co-polymers, ter-polymers polymerized. The polymers can be formed with any suitable monomers to obtain such desired compounds with wide range of molecular weights.

[0096] A composition of the present disclosure can comprise polymers comprising a repeating unitthat can form a halogenated N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source. The repeating unit can comprise any number of N-halamine precursors that can from an N-halamine (e.g., halogenated N-halamine). An N-halamine precursor can be a part of the backbone of the repeating unit and / or a part of a side chain of the repeating unit. The N-halamine precursor can comprise a nitrogen atom bound to a hydrogen atom. The N-halamine precursor can be a part of, for example, primary or secondary amines, amides, imides, cyclic amines (e.g., hydantoins, piperazines, etc.), cyclic amides, or cyclic imides. The N-halamine precursor can be a part of a non-heterocyclic compound. Alternatively, the N-halamine precursor can be a part of a heterocyclic compound. A heterocycle can be aromatic (heteroaryl) or non-aromatic. Non-limiting examples of heterocycles include pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, piperidine, succinimide, maleimide, morpholine, and imidazole. Non-limiting examples of heterocycles include heterocyclic units having a single ring containing one or more heteroatoms, non-limiting examples of which include, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolidinonyl, hydantoinyl, and piperazinyl.

[0097] A composition of a present disclosure can comprise polymers that can form a single type ofN-halamine. Alternatively, the polymers can form a plurality of different types of N-halamines, for example, two or more different types of N-halamines. The different types of-N-halamines can have different structures and / or different numbers of nitrogen-halogen covalent bonds.

[0098] A N-halamine precursor (or the N-halamine derivative thereof) can be a part of a side chainof a repeating unit of the polymer. The side chain can comprise any type of linker moiety between the N-halamine precursor and the backbone of the polymer. The linker moiety can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Non-limiting examples of the linker moiety include an ester, ether, thioether, ethyleneglycol, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocyclylene, arylene, heteroarylene, and heterocycloalkylene group, any of which can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some embodiments, a linker is not present.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0099] The nitrogen-containing heterocycle can comprise a hydantoin group. The hydantoin groupcan have the structure:wherein: X1is H or halogen; X2is H or halogen; R1is H or C1-C4alkyl; and R2is H or C1-C4alkyl.

[0100] In some embodiments, the hydantoin group has the structure:, wherein: X1is H or halogen; and X2is H or halogen. In some embodiments, X1is H and X2is H. In some embodiments, X1is Cl and X2is Cl. In some embodiments, one of X1and X2is Cl and one of X1and X2is H.

[0101] A composition of the present disclosure can comprise polymers comprising at least onespecies of repeating unit. The polymers can comprise at least or up to 1 species of repeating unit, at least or up to 2 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 3 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 4 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 5 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 6 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 7 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 8 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 9 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 10 different species of repeating unit.

[0102] An average degree of polymerization of a species of repeating unit in a sample of a polymercan be at least or up to about 4, at least or up to about 5, at least or up to about 6, at least or up to about 7, at least or up to about 8, at least or up to about 9, at least or up to about 10, at least or up to about 11, at least or up to about 12, at least or up to about 13, at least or up to about 14, at least or up to about 15, at least or up to about 16, at least or up to about 17, at least or up to about 18, at least or up to about 19, at least or up to about 20, at least or up to about 25, at least or up to about 30, at least or up to about 35, at least or up to about 40, at least or up to about 45, at least or up to about 50, at least or up to about 60, at least or up to about 70, at least or up to about 80, at least or up to about 90, at least or up to about 100, at least or up to about 200, at least or up to about 300, at least or up to about 400, at least or up to about 500, at least or up to about 600, at least or up to about 700, at least or up to about 800, at least or up to about 900, at least or up to about 1,000, at least or up to about 2,000, at least or up to about 3,000, at least or up to about 4,000, at least or up to about 5,000, at least or up to about 6,000, at least or up to about 7,000, at least or up to aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 8,000, at least or up to about 9,000, at least or up to about 10,000, at least or up to about 15,000, at least or up to about 20,000, at least or up to about 25,000, at least or up to about 30,000, at least or up to about 35,000, at least or up to about 40,000, at least or up to about 45,000, at least or up to about 50,000, or at least or up to about 100,000.

[0103] A composition of the present disclosure can comprise homopolymers. The homopolymerscan comprise a single species of repeating unit. In some embodiments, the single species of repeating unit forms any number of N-halamines as provided herein. For example, the single species of repeating unit comprises an N-halamine precursor (or the N-halamine derivative thereof). In another example, the single species of repeating unit comprises (i) an N-halamine precursor (or the N-halamine derivative thereof) and (ii) a water soluble moiety, as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the single species of repeating unit in the homopolymers does not comprise a water soluble moiety.

[0104] A composition of the present disclosure can comprise copolymers, for example, bipolymers,terpolymers, and quaterpolymers. The copolymers can comprise alternating copolymers, random copolymers, statistical copolymers, segmented polymers, block copolymers, multiblock copolymers, gradient copolymers, graft copolymers, star copolymers, branched copolymers, hyperbranched copolymers, and any combination thereof. The copolymers can comprise two or more species of repeating unit that are different from one another. The copolymers can comprise at least or up to 2 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 3 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 4 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 5 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 6 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 7 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 8 different species of repeating unit, at least or up to 9 different species of repeating unit, or at least or up to 10 different species of repeating unit.

[0105] A composition of the present disclosure can comprise a copolymer comprising a plurality(e.g., two or more) different species of repeating unit, wherein each species of the plurality of different species of repeating unit can form any number of N-halamines. In some embodiments, two different species of repeating unit can comprise different structures of N-halamine precursors (or the N-halamine derivative thereof). In some embodiments, two different species of repeating unit can comprise (i) the same structure of N-halamine precursor (or the N-halamine derivative thereof), but (ii) different monomeric derivatives and / or different linker moieties between the respective N-halamine precursor and the copolymer backbone.

[0106] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first species and the second species of therepeating units of the copolymer can be about the same (e.g., within a range that is 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% greater or less than the numerical value) or substantially the same as feed ratio (e.g., molarWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 ratio) of the respective monomers of the first species and the second species added during polymerization of the copolymer. The feed ratio can range between about 99:1 and about 1:99, e.g., at least or up to about 1:99, at least or up to about 5:95, at least or up to about 10:90, at least or up to about 15:85, at least or up to about 20:80, at least or up to about 25:75, at least or up to about 30:70, at least or up to about 35:65, at least or up to about 40:60, at least or up to about 45:55, at least or up to about 50:50, at least or up to about 55:45, at least or up to about 60:40, at least or up to about 65:35, at least or up to about 70:30, at least or up to about 75:25, at least or up to about 80:20, at least or up to about 85:15, at least or up to about 90:10, at least or up to about 95:5, or at least or up to about 99:1 first species of repeating unit:second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first species and the second species of the repeating unit can range between about 99:1 and about 1:99, e.g., at least or up to about 1:99, at least or up to about 5:95, at least or up to about 10:90, at least or up to about 15:85, at least or up to about 20:80, at least or up to about 25:75, at least or up to about 30:70, at least or up to about 35:65, at least or up to about 40:60, at least or up to about 45:55, at least or up to about 50:50, at least or up to about 55:45, at least or up to about 60:40, at least or up to about 65:35, at least or up to about 70:30, at least or up to about 75:25, at least or up to about 80:20, at least or up to about 85:15, at least or up to about 90:10, at least or up to about 95:5, or at least or up to about 99:1 first species of repeating unit:second repeating unit, wherein the first species of repeating unit comprises the N-halamine or precursor or derivative thereof and the second repeating unit comprises a water soluble moiety.

[0107] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a repeating unit comprising a moiety usable for polymerization of the polymer. Non- limiting examples of moieties usable for polymerization include acrylonitrile, styrene, acrylamide, methyl-methacrylate, ethylene, propylene, butylenes, butadienes, other alkenes and dienes, moieties and derivatives thereof (e.g., derivatives comprising any number of N-halamine precursors and / or N-halamines). Additional non-limiting examples of moieties include (i) polar acrylate or acrylic moieties, such as those having nitrile functional groups including methacrylonitrile, 2- cyanoethylacrylate, and 2-cyanoethylmethacrylate, (ii) nonpolar acrylate moieties, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, and n-octyl acrylate, (iii) aldehydic moieties, such as acrolein and methacrolein, (iv) hydroxy-containing moieties, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropylacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate, (v) anhydride moieties, such as maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride, (vi) aromatic moieties, such as alpha-methylstyrene, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, and benzylWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 methacrylate, (vii) acrylamide moieties, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylamide, and (viii) derivatives and / or combinations thereof.

[0108] In some embodiments, a repeating unit of the polymer of the present disclosure can bederived from an acrylamide monomer. Non-limiting examples of an acrylamide monomer include acrylamide and substituted acrylamides, such as methacrylamide, ethylacrylamide, crotonamide, N- methyl acrylamide, N-butyl acrylamide, and N-ethyl methacrylamide.

[0109] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a largemolecule biocidal moiety (e.g., a polymeric biocidal moiety) derived from a monomeric unit having the structure:.

[0110] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a repeating unit that can form at least one N-halamine and has the structure:, wherein: L1is an amide, ester, or arylene group; Q1is alkylene or absent; X1is H or halogen; and X2is H or halogen. In some embodiments, Q1is methylene, ethylene, propylene, or butylene. In some embodiments, Q1is methylene. In some embodiments, Q1is ethylene. In some embodiments, Q1is propylene. In some embodiments, Q1is butylene. In some embodiments, Q1is 1,1-dimethylethylene.

[0111] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a repeating unit with the structure:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601, wherein: X1is H or halogen; and X2is H or halogen. In some embodiments, X1is H and X2is H. In some embodiments, X1is Cl and X2is Cl. In some embodiments, one of X1and X2is Cl and one of X1and X2is H.

[0112] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a copolymercomprising a second species of repeating unit comprising a water-soluble moiety as provided herein as a side chain (e.g., quaternary amine compounds, amide compounds, carboxylic acid compounds, sulfonic acid compounds, phosphoric acid compounds, phosphonic acid compounds, etc.). In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise (e.g., as part of the side chain) alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine (e.g., including heterocyclic amine), amide, imine, etc. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a polymerizable bond (e.g., C = C double bond) and one or more of carboxylic acid functional group, amide functional group, sulfonic acid functional group, phosphoric acid functional group, phosphonic acid functional group, etc.

[0113] Non-limiting examples of the second species of repeating unit comprising a carboxylic acidfunctional group can include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, crotonic acid, glutaconic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, modifications thereof, derivatives thereof, ionized forms thereof, residues thereof, and salts thereof.

[0114] In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of anacrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized from thereof.

[0115] In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of anacrylate moiety or an ionized form thereof. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of acrylate or an ionized form thereof. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of a modified acrylate. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a phosphate functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a phosphate moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a polyether functional group. In some embodiments, the modifiedWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 acrylate can comprise a polyether moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a vinyl functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a vinyl alcohol moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a styrene functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can comprise a modified styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylate can be a substituted styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise ortho substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise meta substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise para substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the substituted styrene moiety can be substituted with a phosphate functional group. In some embodiments, the styrene moiety can be substituted with a sulfonate functional group.

[0116] In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of anacrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof. In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a residue of a modified acrylamide. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a phosphate functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a phosphate moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a polyether functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a polyether moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a vinyl functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a vinyl alcohol moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a styrene functional group. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can comprise a modified styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified acrylamide can be a substituted styrene moiety. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise ortho substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise meta substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the modified styrene moiety can comprise para substituted styrene. In some embodiments, the substituted styrene moiety can be substituted with a phosphate functional group. In some embodiments, the styrene moiety can be substituted with a sulfonate functional group.

[0117] Non-limiting examples of the second species of repeating unit comprising a sulfonic acidfunctional group can include vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, sulfoethyl acrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-3- methacryloxypropyl sulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 3-allyloxy-2-WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid, modifications thereof, derivatives thereof, ionized forms thereof, residues thereof, and salts thereof.

[0118] Non-limiting examples of the second species of repeating unit comprising a phosphatefunctional group can include 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate, 10-(phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate, and vinylphosphonic acid, modifications thereof, derivatives thereof, ionized forms thereof, residues thereof, and salts thereof.

[0119] In some embodiments, the second species of repeating unit can comprise a vinyl moiety aspart of the polymerizable functional group (e.g., to copolymerize with the first species of repeating unit that also comprises a vinyl moiety). Non-limiting examples of the second species of repeating unit (e.g., that enhances water solubility or dissolvability of the resulting copolymer) can include acrylic acid, acrylamide, n-vinylpyrrolidione, 2-vinlypyridine, vinylphosphonic acid, N- vinylacetamide, methacrylamide, 3-allyloxy-1,2,propanediol, methacrylic acid, etc.

[0120] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the firstrepeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1- C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0121] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the firstrepeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is aWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0122] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the firstrepeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, NCl, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NCl, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, Cl, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0123] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the firstrepeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, NCl, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NCl, or N(methyl); R1is H, Cl, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0124] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formula (I):or an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(C1- C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0125] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formula (I): or an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula (II): ; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0126] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is: , wherein: Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0127] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the firstrepeating group or a portion thereof is: ; and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is: , wherein: Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0128] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:; and the second repeating group or a portionthereof is: , wherein: Q2is O, NCl, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, Cl, – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0129] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:; and the second repeating group or a portionthereof is: , wherein: Q2is O, NCl, or N(methyl); R1is H, Cl, – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0130] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formula (I):or an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0131] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formula (I):or an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound ofWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 formula; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n– Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0132] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O– Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0133] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0134] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or awherein Q1is O, NH, NCl, or N(C1-C3- alkyl); Q2is O, NCl, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, Cl, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1- C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0135] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a copolymer comprising a plurality of unitsof a first repeating group and a plurality of units of a second repeating group, wherein: the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or awherein Q1is O, NH, NCl, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NCl, or N(methyl); R1is H, Cl, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n– O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom that is substituted with a chlorine atom.

[0136] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formulaor an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compoundWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 of formulasolvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, ––C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0137] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method comprising combining: a sample ofa compound of formulaor an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, ––C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0138] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:ionized form thereof.

[0139] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:ionized form thereof.

[0140] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:

[0141] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:ionized form thereof.

[0142] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:ionized form thereof.

[0143] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:ionized form thereof.

[0144] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:or an ionized form thereof.

[0145] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601ionized form thereof.

[0146] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:

[0147] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein can havea repeating unit comprising the structure:and an additional repeating unit comprising the structure:or an ionized form thereof.

[0148] In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule (e.g., copolymer) as provided herein cancomprise a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 1 unit, at least or up to about 2 units, at least or up to about 3 units, at least or up to about 4 units, at least or up to about 5 units, at least or up to about 6 units, at least or up to about 7 units, at least or up to about 8 units, at least or up to about 9 units, at least or up to about 10 units, at least or up to about 15 units, at least or up to about 20 units, at least or up to about 21 units, at least or up to about 22 units, at least or up to about 23 units, at least or up to about 24 units, at least or up to about 25 units, at least or up to about 30 units, at least or up to about 35 units, at least or up to about 40 units, at least or up to about 45 units, at least or up to about 50 units, at least or up to about 55 units, at least or up to about 60 units, at least or up to about 65 units, at leastWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 or up to about 70 units, at least or up to about 80 units, at least or up to about 90 units, at least or up to about 100 units, at least or up to about 150 units, at least or up to about 200 units, at least or up to about 250 units, at least or up to about 300 units, at least or up to about 350 units, at least or up to about 400 units, at least or up to about 450 units, at least or up to about 500 units, or at least or up to about 1000 units of the first repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 1 unit, at least or up to about 2 units, at least or up to about 3 units, at least or up to about 4 units, at least or up to about 5 units, at least or up to about 6 units, at least or up to about 7 units, at least or up to about 8 units, at least or up to about 9 units, at least or up to about 10 units, at least or up to about 15 units, at least or up to about 20 units, at least or up to about 21 units, at least or up to about 22 units, at least or up to about 23 units, at least or up to about 24 units, at least or up to about 25 units, at least or up to about 30 units, at least or up to about 35 units, at least or up to about 40 units, at least or up to about 45 units, at least or up to about 50 units, at least or up to about 55 units, at least or up to about 60 units, at least or up to about 65 units, at least or up to about 70 units, at least or up to about 80 units, at least or up to about 90 units, at least or up to about 100 units, at least or up to about 150 units, at least or up to about 200 units, at least or up to about 250 units, at least or up to about 300 units, at least or up to about 350 units, at least or up to about 400 units, at least or up to about 450 units, at least or up to about 500 units, or at least or up to about1000 units of the second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least or up to about 2 units of the second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 10 units of the first repeating unit and at least or up to about 10 units of the second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 20 units of the first repeating unit and at least or up to about 20 units of the second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 40 units of the first repeating unit and at least or up to about 40 units of the second repeating unit. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least or up to about 100 units of the first repeating unit and at least or up to about 100 units of the second repeating unit.

[0149] Water dissolvable biocidal molecules:

[0150] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., average amount) of chlorine conjugated to (orextracted from) the composition comprising the plurality of N-chlorinated halamines as provided herein (e.g., as characterized by measuring the amount of Cl2via iodometric / thiosulfate titration) can be at least or up to about 100 parts per million of each molecule (e.g., each copolymer on average) (ppm), at least or up to about 200 ppm, at least or up to about 500 ppm, at least or up to about 1,000 ppm, at least or up to about 2,000 ppm, at least or up to about 4,000 ppm, at least or upWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 to about 5,000 ppm, at least or up to about 6,000 ppm, at least or up to about 8,000 ppm, at least or up to about 10,000 ppm, at least or up to about 15,000 ppm, at least or up to about 20,000 ppm, at least or up to about 30,000 ppm, at least or up to about 40,000 ppm, at least or up to about 50,000 ppm, at least or up to about 60,000 ppm, at least or up to about 70,000 ppm, at least or up to about 80,000 ppm, at least or up to about 90,000 ppm, at least or up to about 100,000 ppm, at least or up to about 120,000 ppm, at least or up to about 150,000 ppm, at least or up to about 200,000 ppm, at least or up to about 210,000 ppm, at least or up to about 220,000 ppm, at least or up to about 230,000 ppm, at least or up to about 240,000 ppm, at least or up to about 250,000 ppm, at least or up to about 300,000 ppm, at least or up to about 400,000 ppm, at least or up to about 500,000 ppm, at least or up to about 600,000 ppm, at least or up to about 700,000 ppm, at least or up to about 800,000 ppm, at least or up to about 900,000 ppm, at least or up to about 1,000,000 ppm, at least or up to about 0.1 percent per weight of the molecule (wt %), at least or up to about 0.2 wt %, at least or up to about 0.5 wt %, at least or up to about 1 wt %, at least or up to about 2 wt %, at least or up to about 3 wt %, at least or up to about 4 wt %, at least or up to about 5 wt %, at least or up to about 6 wt %, at least or up to about 7 wt %, at least or up to about 8 wt %, at least or up to about 9 wt %, at least or up to about 10 wt %, at least or up to about 11 wt %, at least or up to about 12 wt %, at least or up to about 13 wt %, at least or up to about 14 wt %, at least or up to about 15 wt %, at least or up to about 16 wt %, at least or up to about 17 wt %, at least or up to about 18 wt %, at least or up to about 19 wt %, at least or up to about 20 wt %, at least or up to about 21 wt %, at least or up to about 22 wt %, at least or up to about 23 wt %, at least or up to about 24 wt %, at least or up to about 25 wt %, at least or up to about 26 wt %, at least or up to about 27 wt %, at least or up to about 28 wt %, at least or up to about 29 wt %, at least or up to about 30 wt %, at least or up to about 35 wt %, at least or up to about 40 wt %, at least or up to about 45 wt %, at least or up to about 50 wt %, at least or up to about 55 wt %, at least or up to about 60 wt %, at least or up to about 65 wt %, at least or up to about 70 wt %, at least or up to about 75 wt %, or at least or up to about 80 wt %.

[0151] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., average amount) of chlorine of the compositioncomprising the plurality of N-chlorinated halamines as provided herein (e.g., as characterized by a spectrometer method using N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) as an indicator) can be measured as a molar ratio of the molecule (e.g., each copolymer on average) over Cl2from the molecule (molecule:Cl2), and such ratio can be at least or up to about 1:1, at least or up to about 1:2, at least or up to about 1:3, at least or up to about 1:4, at least or up to about 1:5, at least or up to about 1:6, at least or up to about 1:7, at least or up to about 1:8, at least or up to about 1:9, at least or up to about 1:10, at least or up to about 1:15, at least or up to about 1:20, at least or up to aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 1:25, at least or up to about 1:30, at least or up to about 1:40, at least or up to about 1:50, at least or up to about 1:60, at least or up to about 1:70, at least or up to about 1:80, at least or up to about 1:90, at least or up to about 1:100, at least or up to about 1:200, at least or up to about 1:300, at least or up to about 1:400, at least or up to about 1:500, at least or up to about 1:1,000, at least or up to about 1:2,000, or at least or up to about 1:5,000.

[0152] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., average amount) of chlorine of the compositioncomprising the plurality of N-chlorinated halamines as provided herein (e.g., as characterized by a spectrometer method using N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) as an indicator) can be measured as a molar ratio of Cl2in the composition over the molecule (e.g., each copolymer on average) (Cl2:molecule), and such ratio can be at least or up to about 1:1, at least or up to about 1:2, at least or up to about 1:3, at least or up to about 1:4, at least or up to about 1:5, at least or up to about 1:6, at least or up to about 1:7, at least or up to about 1:8, at least or up to about 1:9, at least or up to about 1:10, at least or up to about 1:15, at least or up to about 1:20, at least or up to about 1:25, at least or up to about 1:30, at least or up to about 1:40, at least or up to about 1:50, at least or up to about 1:60, at least or up to about 1:70, at least or up to about 1:80, at least or up to about 1:90, at least or up to about 1:100, at least or up to about 1:200, at least or up to about 1:300, at least or up to about 1:400, at least or up to about 1:500, at least or up to about 1:1,000, at least or up to about 1:2,000, or at least or up to about 1:5,000.

[0153] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure as provided herein cancomprise a biocidal moiety comprising (i) the first species of repeating unit comprising N- chlorinated halamine and (ii) the second species of repeating unit comprising a functional group selected from sulfonic acid (e.g., from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid monomer), carboxylic acid (e.g., acrylic acid), and phosphate (e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate, 10- (Phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate, vinylphosphonic acid).

[0154] In some embodiments, a composition comprising a biocidal moiety (e.g., polymericmolecule comprising the N-chlorinated halamines) can be a colloidal composition wherein the biocidal moiety is dispersed throughout. In some embodiments, a composition comprising a biocidal moiety (e.g., polymeric molecule comprising the N-chlorinated halamines) can be a colloidal composition wherein the biocidal moiety is emulsified throughout. In some embodiments, the composition is a colloidal composition wherein the biocidal moiety comprising a polymer comprising N-chlorinated halamines, is dispersed throughout. In some embodiments, the composition is a colloidal composition wherein the biocidal moiety comprising a polymer comprising N-chlorinated halamines, is emulsified throughout. In some embodiments, the composition is a colloidal composition that can be applied on a surface (e.g., the skin of a subject,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 the surface of manufacturing equipment, the surface of food preparation equipment), wherein upon application the composition disinfects the surface by inactivating existing bacteria, and wherein subsequently after application the composition remains in place and has increases residence time on the surface.

[0155] Mineral plastic hydrogels

[0156] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a composition exhibiting antimicrobialactivity, methods of generating such composition, and methods of use thereof. The composition can be a gel, such as a hydrogel, that can be applied to a tissue (e.g., topically applied to a skin of a subject) or a surface. The composition can comprise a polymer exhibiting the antimicrobial activity, such as a repeating unit comprising a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamine) when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source (e.g., chlorine). The polymer can further comprise a water-soluble moiety that permits the polymer to be soluble in a solvent, such as an aqueous solvent. For example, the polymer can be a copolymer comprising the repeating unit (e.g., for the antimicrobial activity) and an additional repeating unit comprising the water-soluble moiety. The water-soluble moiety can have an anionic formal charge, e.g., can comprise an acid such as sulfonic acid, acrylic acid, or phosphonic acid. The water-soluble moiety can comprise a group that is ionizable at neutral pH to carry a negative charge. Accordingly, the composition can comprise the solvent, such that, for example, the polymer is at least partially dissolved in the solvent. The composition can further comprise an inorganic salt comprising a multivalent ion, such as a cation having a formal charge of at least positive two (2). At least one of the multivalent ions can be configured to form ionic bonds with at least two of the water-soluble moiety, to form ionic crosslinks sufficient to form a gel. The ionic crosslinks can be between different parts of a single polymer or between two or more polymers within the composition.

[0157] In some embodiments, the inorganic salt can comprise both the multivalent ion and theelectrophilic halogen source, thereby configured to form the ionic crosslinks and the N-halamine in the polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer can be activated to comprise the N-halamine prior to mixing with the inorganic salt.

[0158] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a mineralplastic hydrogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a mineral plastic hydrogel comprising a biocidal molecule. In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule of the mineral plastic comprises a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the biocidal molecule of the mineral plastic hydrogel comprises a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0159] In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can beprepared from a biocidal molecule and a polyvalent ion, wherein the atom of the ion has a valency of more than one (e.g., 2, or 3). Polyvalent ions are capable of forming ionic crosslinks with polycations and polyanions to form the mineral plastic. In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a biocidal molecule comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive two (2). Non-limiting examples of cations with a formal charge of at least positive 2 can include: Al3+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cr2+, Cr3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Mn3+, Sn2+, Sn4+, and Zn2+. Non-limiting examples of inorganic salts comprising a cation with a formal charge of at least positive 2 include: MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, and Ca(OCl)2. In some embodiments, the polyvalent ion can be divalent, trivalent, or quadrivalent.

[0160] In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can beprepared from a solution of the biocidal molecule. In some embodiments, the solution of the biocidal molecule can comprise a solution of a copolymer comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the copolymer comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can be dissolved in an aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, the copolymer comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can be dissolved in water. In some embodiments, the copolymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can be dissolved in organic solvent. In some embodiments, the copolymer comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof can be dissolved in a mixture of water and organic solvent.

[0161] In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can beprepared from an aqueous solution of a biocidal molecule and an aqueous solution of a inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an aqueous solution of a polyvalent metal ion salt (e.g., MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, or Ca(OCl)2). In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an aqueous solution of a polyvalent metal ion salt (e.g., MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, or Ca(Ocl)2), wherein the polymer further comprises a side chain comprising a functional group with an anionic formal charge. In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge ofWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 at least positive 2, wherein the inorganic salt does not comprise chlorine (e.g., MgSO4or MgCl2). In some embodiments, the mineral plastic prepared from an aqueous solution comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2 can further react with a source of oxidizing chlorine (e.g., hypochlorous acid) to activate the N-halamines. In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogels can release oxidizing chlorine.

[0162] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared by combining a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2.

[0163] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal positive charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution (e.g., an aqueous solution) comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof and a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the solution comprising the polymer is characterized by the weight percentage of the polymer in the solution. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the polymer comprising a N-halamine, precursor, or derivative thereof can be defined by the mass of the polymer comprising the N-halamine, precursor, or derivative thereof over the mass of solvent used to prepare the solution (w / w). In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.01% w / w, at least or about 0.05% w / w, at least or about 0.1% w / w, at least or about 0.5% w / w, at least or about 1% w / w, at least or about 2% w / w, at least or about 3% w / w, at least or about 4% w / w, at least or about 5% w / w, at least or about 6% w / w, at least or about 7% w / w, at least or about 8% w / w, at least or about 9% w / w, at least or about 10% w / w, at least or about 11% w / w, at least or about 12% w / w, at least or about 13% w / w, at least or about 14% w / w, at least or about 15% w / w, at least or about 16% w / w, at least or about 17% w / w, at least or about 18% w / w, at least or about 19% w / w, at least or about 20% w / w, at least or about 21% w / w, at least or about 22% w / w, at least or about 23% w / w, at least or about 24% w / w, at least or about 25% w / w, at least or about 26% w / w, at least or about 27% w / w, at least or about 28% w / w, at least or about 29% w / w, at least or about 30% w / w,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 at least or about 31% w / w, at least or about 32% w / w, at least or about 33% w / w, at least or about 34% w / w, at least or about 35% w / w, at least or about 36% w / w, at least or about 37% w / w, at least or about 38% w / w, at least or about 39% w / w, at least or about 40% w / w, at least or about 41% w / w, at least or about 42% w / w, at least or about 43% w / w, at least or about 44% w / w, at least or about 45% w / w, at least or about 46% w / w, at least or about 47% w / w, at least or about 48% w / w, at least or about 49% w / w, or at least or about 50% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising between about 0.01% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and about 10% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and about 5% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and 1% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 10% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 5% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and 1% w / w, between about 1% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 1% w / w and about 10% w / w, or between about 1% w / w and about 5% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a derivative, or a precursor thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.01% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.1% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 1% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 5% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 10% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 20% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 25% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 50% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof.

[0164] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereofWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 combined with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal positive charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising a polymer and a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the solution of the inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2 is characterized by the weight percentage of the inorganic salt in the solution. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2 can be defined by the mass of the inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2 over the mass of solvent used to prepare the solution (w / w). In some embodiments, the mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.01% w / w, at least or about 0.05% w / w, at least or about 0.1% w / w, at least or about 0.5% w / w, at least or about 1% w / w, at least or about 2% w / w, at least or about 3% w / w, at least or about 4% w / w, at least or about 5% w / w, at least or about 6% w / w, at least or about 7% w / w, at least or about 8% w / w, at least or about 9% w / w, at least or about 10% w / w, at least or about 11% w / w, at least or about 12% w / w, at least or about 13% w / w, at least or about 14% w / w, at least or about 15% w / w, at least or about 16% w / w, at least or about 17% w / w, at least or about 18% w / w, at least or about 19% w / w, at least or about 20% w / w, at least or about 21% w / w, at least or about 22% w / w, at least or about 23% w / w, at least or about 24% w / w, at least or about 25% w / w, at least or about 26% w / w, at least or about 27% w / w, at least or about 28% w / w, at least or about 29% w / w, at least or about 30% w / w, at least or about 31% w / w, at least or about 32% w / w, at least or about 33% w / w, at least or about 34% w / w, at least or about 35% w / w, at least or about 36% w / w, at least or about 37% w / w, at least or about 38% w / w, at least or about 39% w / w, at least or about 40% w / w, at least or about 41% w / w, at least or about 42% w / w, at least or about 43% w / w, at least or about 44% w / w, at least or about 45% w / w, at least or about 46% w / w, at least or about 47% w / w, at least or about 48% w / w, at least or about 49% w / w, or at least or about 50% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising between about 0.01% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and about 10% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and about 5% w / w, between about 0.01% w / w and 1% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 10% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and about 5% w / w, between about 0.1% w / w and 1% w / w, between about 1% w / w and about 20% w / w, between about 1% w / w and about 10% w / w, or between about 1% w / w and about 5% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel ofWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.01% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.1% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 1% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 5% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 10% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 20% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 25% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 50% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of least positive 2.

[0165] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a positive formal charge of at least positive two. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.01% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 1% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 0.1% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 0.1% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 1% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 1% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In someWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 5% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 5% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 10% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 10% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 20% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 20% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 25% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 25% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising at least or about 50% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising at least or about 50% w / w of an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2.

[0166] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the inorganic salt is dissolved in the polymer solution following the combining. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared by combining a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2.

[0167] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the combining generates a solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. In someWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof, combined with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the combining generates a solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. The solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the precursor, or the derivative thereof and the inorganic salt can be characterized by the weight percentages of the polymer and the weight percentage of the inorganic salt in the solution. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 1% w / w polymer and at least or about 1% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 5% w / w polymer and at least or about 5% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 10% w / w polymer and at least or about 10% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 15% w / w polymer and at least or about 15% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 20% w / w polymer and at least or about 20% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 25% w / w polymer and at least or about 25% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 25% w / w polymer and at least or about 25% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 30% w / w polymer and at least or about 30% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 35% w / w polymer and at least or about 35% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 40% w / w polymer and at least or about 40% w / w inorganic salt, at least or about 45% w / w polymer and at least or about 45% w / w inorganic salt, or at least or about 50% w / w polymer and at least or about 50% w / w inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 1% w / w polymer and at least or about 1% w / w inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 5% w / w polymer and at least or about 5% w / w inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 10% w / w polymer and at least or about 10% w / w inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 25% w / w polymer and at least or about 25% w / w inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the derivative, or the precursor thereof and the inorganic salt can comprise at least or about 50% w / w polymer and at least or about 50% w / w inorganic salt.

[0168] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedfrom a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 wherein the combining generates a solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be prepared from a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof combined with a solution comprising an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the combining generates a solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. The solution comprising the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the precursor, or the derivative thereof and the inorganic salt can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising the N-halamine, the precursor, or the derivative thereof and the inorganic salt (polymer:inorganic salt). In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising the N- halamine, the precursor, or the derivative thereof and the inorganic salt can be about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 1:15, about 1:20, about 1:25, about 1:30, about 1:35, about 1:40, about 1:45, about 1:50, about 1:55, about 1:60, about 1:65, about 1:70, about 1:75, about 1:80, about 1:85, about 1:90, about 1:95, about 1:100, about 2:1, about 5:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, about 20:1, about 25:1, about 30:1, about 35:1, about 40:1, about 45:1, about 50:1, about 55:1, about 60:1, about 65:1, about 70:1, about 75:1, about 80:1, about 85:1, about 90:1, about 95:1, about 100:1, about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 1:15, about 1:20, about 1:25, about 1:30, about 1:35, about 1:40, about 1:45, about 1:50, about 1:55, about 1:60, about 1:65, about 1:70, about 1:75, about 1:80, about 1:85, about 1:90, about 1:95, about 1:100, about 2:1, about 5:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, about 20:1, about 25:1, about 30:1, about 35:1, about 40:1, about 45:1, about 50:1, about 55:1, about 60:1, about 65:1, about 70:1, about 75:1, about 80:1, about 85:1, about 90:1, about 95:1, or about 100:1 polymer:inorganic salt.

[0169] In some embodiments, a mineral plastic hydrogel of the present disclosure can be preparedby combining a solution comprising a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof with an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2, wherein the combining generates a solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the combining further comprises agitating the solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt. Non-limiting examples of agitating the solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt can include stirring the solution, using a vortex mixer to mix the solution, inverting a vessel containing the solution, and shaking a vessel containing the solution. In some embodiments, the preparing further comprises isolating the mineral plastic hydrogel from the solution. In some embodiments, the isolating can include centrifuging the solution comprising the polymer and the inorganic salt and removing the mineral plastic hydrogel from the supernatant.

[0170] Oil gel formulations

[0171] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a composition exhibiting antimicrobialWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 activity, methods of generating such composition, and methods of use thereof. The composition can be a gel, such as an oleogel or oil gel composition, that can be applied to a tissue (e.g., topically applied to a skin of a subject) or a surface. The composition can comprise a polymer exhibiting the antimicrobial activity, such as a repeating unit comprising a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamine) when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source (e.g., chlorine). The polymer can further comprise a water-soluble moiety that permits the polymer to be soluble in a solvent, such as an aqueous solvent. For example, the polymer can be a copolymer comprising the repeating unit (e.g., for the antimicrobial activity) and an additional repeating unit comprising the water-soluble moiety. The composition can further comprise a gel-forming agent that is at least partially soluble in an oil. For example, the gel-forming agent is substantially insoluble in water. The gel-forming agent can be a polymer comprising a styrene moiety, e.g., a styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer. Accordingly, the composition can comprise the oil, such that, for example, the gel-forming agent is at least partially dissolved in the oil to form an initial gel. The initial gel can be combined with the polymer to generate the composition exhibiting the antimicrobial activity.

[0172] In some embodiments, the initial gel can be mixed with the polymer without pre-dissolvingthe polymer in an aqueous solvent to generate an antimicrobial gel. In some embodiments, the polymer can be dissolved in an aqueous solvent (e.g., water) to form an aqueous mixture, and such aqueous mixture can be mixed with the initial gel to generate an antimicrobial gel.

[0173] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise an oleogel oran oil gel. An oleogel can be a liquid oil entrapped in a network of structural molecules. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be a gel mixture comprising one or more oils and one or more molecules capable of providing a network structure. In some embodiments, the one or more molecules capable of providing a network structure can be gel-forming agents.

[0174] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a petroleum-basedproduct. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a petroleum- based oil safe for application on skin. In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin is a white oil. In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin is mineral oil. In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin is white mineral oil. In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin can be a US Pharmacoepeia (USP)-grade white mineral oil (e.g., Drakeol 600®, Drakeol 350®, Drakeol 35®, Drakeol 34®, Drakeol 32®, Drakeol 21®, or Drakeol 19®). In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin can be a National Formulary (NF) light mineral oil (e.g., Drakeol 15®, Drakeol 13®, Drakeol 10®, Drakeol 10B®, Drakeol 9®, Drakeol 7®, DrakeolWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 6VR®, Drakeol 5®, Draketex 50®, or Peneteck®). In some embodiments, a petroleum-based oil safe for application on skin can be a technical white oil (e.g., Parol 100®, Parol 80®, Parol 70®, 4463 Oil, 6970 Oil, or 6970 LP Oil. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise an oil derived from a natural source. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a natural gas-based product. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a natural gas (GTL)-based oil. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a natural gas-based oil safe for application on skin. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a white GTL-based oil (e.g., Shell Ondina X®, or Shell Risella X®). In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise an oil derived from an animal source. In some embodiments, an oil derived from an animal source is safe for application on skin. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise an oil derived from a plant source. Non-limiting examples of oils derived from a plant source include: Soybean oil, Canola oil, Corn oil, Sunflower oil, Safflower oil, Flaxseed oil, Almond oil, Peanut oil, Fish oil, Algal oil, Palm oil, Palm stearin, Palm olein, Palm kernel oil, high oleic soybean, canola, sunflower, safflower oils, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated palm stearin, fully hydrogenated soybean, canola or cottonseed oils, high stearic sunflower oil, Olive oil, enzymatically and chemically interesterified oils, butteroil, cocoa butter, avocado oil, almond oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, an oil derived from a plant source is safe for application on skin.

[0175] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise one or moremolecules capable of providing a network structure. In some embodiments, the one or more molecules capable of providing a network structure can be gel-forming agents. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agents can be at least partially soluble in an oil. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agents can be substantially insoluble in water. In some embodiments, the one or more gel-forming agents can comprise one or more polymers. In some embodiments, the one or more polymers can comprise one or more copolymers. Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be used in an oleogel formulation include: ethylcellulose, cellulose, polyacrylamide, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, castor oil-based gelation polymers, aminopolysaccharide polymer, hydrogenated styrene / isoprene copolymers, hydrogenated styrene / butadiene copolymers, or polymeric ester of saccharides and fatty acids.

[0176] In some embodiments, the one or more gel-forming agents can comprise one or more starpolymers. In some embodiments, the one or more star polymers can comprise one or more monomers. In some embodiments, the one or monomers can comprise ethylene and propylene moieties. In some embodiments, the one or more gel-forming agents can comprise an EP starWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 polymer.

[0177] In some embodiments, the one or more gel-forming agents can comprise one or morecopolymers. In some embodiments, the one or more copolymers can comprise one or more block copolymers. In some embodiments, the one or more block copolymers can comprise at least two monomers. In some embodiments, copolymer comprising one or more monomers can be characterized by the mass percentage of a monomer in the copolymer, wherein the mass percent (% w / w) of monomer in the copolymer can be the mass of monomer over the total mass of the polymer. In some embodiments, the copolymer can comprise about 1% w / w, about 5% w / w, about 10% w / w, about 15% w / w, about 20% w / w, about 25% w / w, about 30% w / w, about 35% w / w, about 40% w / w, about 45% w / w, about 50% w / w, about 55% w / w, about 60% w / w, about 65% w / w, about 70% w / w, about 75% w / w, about 80% w / w, about 85% w / w, about 90% w / w, about 95% w / w, or about 99% w / w of a monomer.

[0178] In some embodiments, a monomer of the block copolymer can comprise a styrene moiety.In some embodiments, a monomer of the block copolymer can comprise an ethylene moiety. In some embodiments, a monomer of the block copolymer can comprise a propylene moiety. In some embodiments, a monomer of the block copolymer can comprise a butylene moiety. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a block copolymer comprising monomers comprising styrene, ethylene, and propylene moieties. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a block copolymer comprising monomers comprising styrene, ethylene, and butylene moieties. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a linear diblock copolymer comprising a styrene block and an ethylene- propylene block (SEP). In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a linear triblock copolymer comprising styrene endblocks, and an ethylene / propylene midblock, and a styrene block (SEPS). In some embodiments, the styrene endblocks can be on the same side of the ethylene-propylene midblock. In some embodiments, the styrene endblocks can be on opposite sides of the ethylene-propylene midblock. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a block copolymer comprising styrene, ethylene, and butylene moieties. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a linear diblock copolymer comprising a styrene block and an ethylene-butylene block (SEB). In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a linear triblock copolymer comprising styrene endblocks, and an ethylene-butylene midblock, and a styrene block (SEBS). In some embodiments, the styrene endblocks can be on the same side of the ethylene-butylene midblock. In some embodiments, the styrene endblocks can be on opposite sides of the ethylene-butylene midblock. In some embodiments, the block copolymer comprising styrene can be characterized by the massWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 percentage of styrene in the copolymer, wherein the mass percent (% w / w) of styrene in the copolymer can be the mass of styrene over the total mass of the polymer. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise at least or up to about 1% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 10% w / w, at least or up to about 15% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 35% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 45% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 55% w / w, at least or up to about 60% w / w, at least or up to about 65% w / w, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 75% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 85% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w styrene. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can comprise a hydrogenated styrenic block copolymer.

[0179] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be prepared by combiningthe one or more oils with the one or more gel-forming agents. In some embodiments, the combining comprising heating the mixture and stirring until the one or more gel-forming agents are dissolved in the one or more oils. In some embodiments, the combining comprises heating the mixture of the one or more oils with the one or more gel-forming agents at a temperature sufficient to dissolve the one or more gel-forming agents in the one or more oils. In some embodiments, the combining comprising heating the mixture and stirring until the one or more gel-forming agents are dissolved in the one or more oils. In some embodiments, the combining comprises heating the mixture for at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 45 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 13 hours, at least 14 hours, at least 15 hours, at least 16 hours, at least 17 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 72 hours, or at least 1 week. In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be prepared by heating the mixture of the one or more oils and the one or more gel-forming agents until the one or more gel-forming agents are dissolved followed by cooling of the mixture.

[0180] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be characterized by theweight percentage of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel. In some embodiments, the mass percentage (%w / w) of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel can be calculated as the mass of the molecules over the mass of the gel-forming agents and the one or more oils. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel is at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2.0% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3.0%WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 w / w, at least or up to about 3.5% w / w, at least or up to about 4.0% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.5% w / w, at least or up to about 6.0 % w / w, at least or up to about 6.5% w / w, at least or up to about 7.0% w / w, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8.0% w / w, at least or up to about 8.5% w / w, at least or up to about 9.0% w / w, at least or up to about 9.5% w / w, at least or up to about 10.0% w / w, at least or up to about 11% w / w, at least or up to about 12% w / w, at least or up to about 13% w / w, at least or up to about 14% w / w, at least or up to about 15% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 35% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 45% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 60% w / w, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 2.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 2.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 3.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 3.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 4.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 4.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 5.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel- forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 5.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 6.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 6.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 7.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 7.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 8.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 8.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 9.0% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 9.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the gel- forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 10.0% w / w.

[0181] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be characterized by theweight per volume percentage of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel. In someWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 embodiments, the weight per volume percentage (%w / v) of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel is calculated as the mass of the gel-forming agents over the total volume of the oleogel. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel is at least or up to about 0.5% w / v, at least or up to about 1.0% w / v, at least or up to about 1.5% w / v, at least or up to about 2.0% w / v, at least or up to about 2.5% w / v, at least or up to about 3.0% w / v, at least or up to about 3.5% w / v, at least or up to about 4.0% w / v, at least or up to about 4.5% w / v, at least or up to about 5% w / v, at least or up to about 5.5% w / v, at least or up to about 6.0 % w / v, at least or up to about 6.5% w / v, at least or up to about 7.0% w / v, at least or up to about 7.5% w / v, at least or up to about 8.0% w / v, at least or up to about 8.5% w / v, at least or up to about 9.0% w / v, at least or up to about 9.5% w / v, at least or up to about 10.0% w / v, at least or up to about 11% w / v, at least or up to about 12% w / v, at least or up to about 13% w / v, at least or up to about 14% w / v, at least or up to about 15% w / v, at least or up to about 20% w / v, at least or up to about 25% w / v, at least or up to about 30% w / v, at least or up to about 35% w / v, at least or up to about 40% w / v, at least or up to about 45% w / v, at least or up to about 50% w / v, at least or up to about 60% w / v, at least or up to about 70% w / v, at least or up to about 80% w / v, at least or up to about 90% w / v, at least or up to about 95% w / v, or at least or up to about 99% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 1.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel- forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 2.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 3.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 3.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 4.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 4.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 5.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 5.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 6.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel- forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 6.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 7.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 7.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 8.0% w / v. In some embodiments, theWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 8.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 9.0% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 9.5% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the gel-forming agent in the oleogel is at least or up to about 10.0% w / v.

[0182] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be characterized by theweight percentage of the one or more oils in the oleogel. In some embodiments, the mass percentage (%w / w) of the one or more oils in the oleogel can be calculated as the mass of the one or more oils over the mass of the gel-forming agents and the one or more oils. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the one or more oils in the oleogel is at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2.0% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3.0% w / w, at least or up to about 3.5% w / w, at least or up to about 4.0% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.5% w / w, at least or up to about 6.0 % w / w, at least or up to about 6.5% w / w, at least or up to about 7.0% w / w, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8.0% w / w, at least or up to about 8.5% w / w, at least or up to about 9.0% w / w, at least or up to about 9.5% w / w, at least or up to about 10.0% w / w, at least or up to about 11% w / w, at least or up to about 12% w / w, at least or up to about 13% w / w, at least or up to about 14% w / w, at least or up to about 15% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 35% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 45% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 60% w / w, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 20% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 25% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 30 % w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 35% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 40% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 45% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 55% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 60% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is atWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 least or up to about 65% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 75% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 80% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 85% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 90% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 95% w / w. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 99% w / w.

[0183] In some embodiments, an oleogel of the present disclosure can be characterized by theweight per volume percentage of the one or more oils in the oleogel. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage (%w / v) of the one or more oils in the oleogel is calculated as the mass of the oils over the total volume of the oleogel. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the one or more oils in the oleogel is at least or up to about 0.5% w / v, at least or up to about 1.0% w / v, at least or up to about 1.5% w / v, at least or up to about 2.0% w / v, at least or up to about 2.5% w / v, at least or up to about 3.0% w / v, at least or up to about 3.5% w / v, at least or up to about 4.0% w / v, at least or up to about 4.5% w / v, at least or up to about 5% w / v, at least or up to about 5.5% w / v, at least or up to about 6.0 % w / v, at least or up to about 6.5% w / v, at least or up to about 7.0% w / v, at least or up to about 7.5% w / v, at least or up to about 8.0% w / v, at least or up to about 8.5% w / v, at least or up to about 9.0% w / v, at least or up to about 9.5% w / v, at least or up to about 10.0% w / v, at least or up to about 11% w / v, at least or up to about 12% w / v, at least or up to about 13% w / v, at least or up to about 14% w / v, at least or up to about 15% w / v, at least or up to about 20% w / v, at least or up to about 25% w / v, at least or up to about 30% w / v, at least or up to about 35% w / v, at least or up to about 40% w / v, at least or up to about 45% w / v, at least or up to about 50% w / v, at least or up to about 60% w / v, at least or up to about 70% w / v, at least or up to about 80% w / v, at least or up to about 90% w / v, at least or up to about 95% w / v, or at least or up to about 99% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 15% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 20% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 30% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 35% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 40% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 45% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 50% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volumeWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 55% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 60% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 65% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 70% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 75% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 80% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 85% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 90% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 95% w / v. In some embodiments, the weight per volume percentage of the oil in the oleogel is at least or up to about 99% w / v.

[0184] In some embodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise SEP copolymer. In someembodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise SEPS copolymer. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise SEB copolymer. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise SEBS copolymer. In some embodiments, the gel-forming agent can comprise EP star copolymer.

[0185] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidalmolecule formulated in an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a N-halamine formulated in an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in an oleogel, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising an oil a gel-forming agent, wherein the polymer comprising the N- halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v gel-forming agent in mineral oil, wherein the polymer is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEP copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N- halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEPS copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N- halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEB copolymer, wherein the polymerWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEBS copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N-halamine formulated in a oleogel comprising mineral oil and EP star copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by combining a polymer comprising a N- halamine with an oleogel comprising an oil and a gel-forming agent, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v gel-forming agent in mineral oil, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEP copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEPS copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEB copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and SEBS copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a polymer comprising a N-halamine in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and EP star copolymer, wherein the polymer comprising the N-halamine is in a solid state.

[0186] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared bydissolving an amount of a polymer comprising a N-halamine in solvent to prepare a N-halamine polymer solution, and emulsifying the N-halamine polymer solution in the oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by dissolving an amount of a polymer comprising a N-halamine in aqueous solvent to prepare an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution, and emulsifying the aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in the oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising mineral oil and a gel-forming agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying anWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% gel-forming agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% SEP copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v SEPS copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v SEB copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v SEBS copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by emulsifying an aqueous N-halamine polymer solution in an oleogel comprising about 4.0% w / v EP star copolymer.

[0187] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidalmolecule and an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and solid polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidal molecule, an oleogel, and an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine and aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2 % w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.75% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2.0% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3.0%, at least or up to about 3.5% w / w, at least or up to about 4.0% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.0% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 7% w / w, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8.0% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 10% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 60%, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 75% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w of a biocidal molecule. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of a biocidal molecule.

[0188] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidalmolecule, an oleogel, and an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N- halamine and aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 0.1% w / w, at most or about 0.2 % w / w, at most or about 0.25% w / w, at most or about 0.3% w / w, at most or about 0.4% w / w, at most or about 0.5% w / w, at most or about 0.6% w / w, at most or about 0.7% w / w, at most or about 0.75% w / w, at most or about 0.8% w / w, at most or about 0.9% w / w, at most or about 1.0% w / w, at most or about 1.5% w / w, at most or about 2.0% w / w, at most or about 2.5% w / w, at most or about 3.0%, at most or about 3.5% w / w, at most or about 4.0% w / w, at most or about 4.5% w / w, at most or about 5.0% w / w, at most or about 6% w / w, at most or about 7% w / w, at most or about 7.5% w / w, at most or about 8.0% w / w, at most or about 9% w / w, at most or about 10% w / w, at most or about 20% w / w, at most or about 25% w / w, at most or about 30% w / w, at most or about 40% w / w, at most or about 50% w / w, at most or about 60% w / w, at most or about 70% w / w, at most or about 75% w / w, at most or about 80% w / w, at most or about 90% w / w, at most or about 95% w / w, or at most or about 99% w / w of aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 1% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 5% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 10% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 15% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 20% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of aqueous solvent.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0189] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidalmolecule, an oleogel, and an oil. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine and aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 0.1% w / w, at most or about 0.2 % w / w, at most or about 0.25% w / w, at most or about 0.3% w / w, at most or about 0.4% w / w, at most or about 0.5% w / w, at most or about 0.6% w / w, at most or about 0.7% w / w, at most or about 0.75% w / w, at most or about 0.8% w / w, at most or about 0.9% w / w, at most or about 1.0% w / w, at most or about 1.5% w / w, at most or about 2.0% w / w, at most or about 2.5% w / w, at most or about 3.0%, at most or about 3.5% w / w, at most or about 4.0% w / w, at most or about 4.5% w / w, at most or about 5.0% w / w, at most or about 6% w / w, at most or about 7% w / w, at most or about 7.5% w / w, at most or about 8.0% w / w, at most or about 9% w / w, at most or about 10% w / w, at most or about 20% w / w, at most or about 25% w / w, at most or about 30% w / w, at most or about 40% w / w, at most or about 50% w / w, at most or about 60% w / w, at most or about 70% w / w, at most or about 75% w / w, at most or about 80% w / w, at most or about 90% w / w, at most or about 95% w / w, or at most or about 99% w / w of oil.

[0190] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidalmolecule and an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and solid polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a biocidal molecule, an oleogel, and an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be a mixture of an oleogel and an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine and aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2 % w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.75% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2.0% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3.0%, at least or up to about 3.5% w / w, at least or up to about 4.0% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.0% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 7% w / w, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8.0% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 10% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 60%, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 75% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at leastWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 80% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 85% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 90% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of an oleogel.

[0191] In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 0.1%w / w, at most or about 0.2 % w / w, at most or about 0.25% w / w, at most or about 0.3% w / w, at most or about 0.4% w / w, at most or about 0.5% w / w, at most or about 0.6% w / w, at most or about 0.7% w / w, at most or about 0.75% w / w, at most or about 0.8% w / w, at most or about 0.9% w / w, at most or about 1.0% w / w, at most or about 1.5% w / w, at most or about 2.0% w / w, at most or about 2.5% w / w, at most or about 3.0%, at most or about 3.5% w / w, at most or about 4.0% w / w, at most or about 4.5% w / w, at most or about 5.0% w / w, at most or about 6% w / w, at most or about 7% w / w, at most or about 7.5% w / w, at most or about 8.0% w / w, at most or about 9% w / w, at most or about 10% w / w, at most or about 20% w / w, at most or about 25% w / w, at most or about 30% w / w, at most or about 40% w / w, or at most or about 50% w / w of gel-forming agent.

[0192] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be an emulsified mixtureof an oleogel and an aqueous solution of a polymer comprising a N-halamine and aqueous solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can further comprise a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant can stabilize the emulsified mixture of the oleogel and the aqueous solution of the polymer comprising a N-halamine and aqueous solvent. Non- limiting examples of surfactants suitable for stabilizing the emulsified mixture can include cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and non-ionic surfactants. Non-ionic surfactants include surfactants can include comprising a polyoxyethylene moiety, or surfactants comprising a polyhydric alcohol moiety. Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include: polyethylene glycol monocetyl ether, trilaurin, glycerol trisearate, sorbitan monopalmitate, triolein, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 85, hydroxypropoyl methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 glyceryl monooleate, propyleneglycol alginate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan tristearate, monocaprylin, dialurin, sucrose stearate, isooctyl palmitate, glycerine monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate, dodecyl polyglucoside, monomyristin, or pentaerythrityl tetrastearate.

[0193] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a N-halamine and an oleogel comprising a gel-forming agent in mineral oil. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising a N- halamine, an aqueous solvent (e.g., water), and an oleogel comprising a gel-forming agent in mineral oil. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2 % w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.75% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2.0% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3.0%, at least or up to about 3.5% w / w, at least or up to about 4.0% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.0% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 7% w / w, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8.0% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 10% w / w, at least or up to about 20% w / w, at least or up to about 25% w / w, at least or up to about 30% w / w, at least or up to about 40% w / w, at least or up to about 50% w / w, at least or up to about 60%, at least or up to about 70% w / w, at least or up to about 75% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, or at least or up to about 99% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 0.5% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 0.75% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 1.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 2.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 3.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 5.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 5.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of theWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 6.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 7.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 8.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 9.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 10.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 11.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 12.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 13.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 14.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 15.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 16.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 17.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 18.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 19.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 20.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 21.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 22.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N- halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 23.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 24.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, aWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about at least or up to about 25.0% w / w of a polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of a polymer comprising a N-halamine.

[0194] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a N-halamine, an aqueous solvent (e.g. water), and an oleogel comprising a gel-forming agent in mineral oil.. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 0% w / w, at most or about 0.1% w / w, at most or about 0.2 % w / w, at most or about 0.25% w / w, at most or about 0.3% w / w, at most or about 0.4% w / w, at most or about 0.5% w / w, at most or about 0.6% w / w, at most or about 0.7% w / w, at most or about 0.75% w / w, at most or about 0.8% w / w, at most or about 0.9% w / w, at most or about 1.0% w / w, at most or about 1.5% w / w, at most or about 2.0% w / w, at most or about 2.5% w / w, at most or about 3.0%, at most or about 3.5% w / w, at most or about 4.0% w / w, at most or about 4.5% w / w, at most or about 5.0% w / w, at most or about 6% w / w, at most or about 7% w / w, at most or about 7.5% w / w, at most or about 8.0% w / w, at most or about 9% w / w, at most or about 10% w / w, at most or about 20% w / w, at most or about 25% w / w, at most or about 30% w / w, at most or about 40% w / w, at most or about 50% w / w, at most or about 60%, at most or about 70% w / w, at most or about 75% w / w, at most or about 80% w / w, at most or about 90% w / w, at most or about 95% w / w, or at most or about 99% w / w of aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 0% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 1% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 5% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 10% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 15% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise at most or about 20% w / w aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of aqueous solvent.

[0195] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a N-halamine, aqueous solvent, and an oleogel comprising a gel-forming agent in mineral oil. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 0.1% w / w, about 0.2 % w / w, about 0.25% w / w, about 0.3% w / w, about 0.4% w / w, about 0.5% w / w, about 0.6% w / w, about 0.7% w / w, about 0.75% w / w, about 0.8% w / w, about 0.9% w / w, about 1.0% w / w, about 1.5% w / w, about 2.0% w / w, about 2.5% w / w, about 3.0%, about 3.5% w / w, about 4.0% w / w, about 4.5% w / w, about 5.0% w / w, about 6% w / w, about 7% w / w, about 7.5% w / w, about 8.0% w / w, about 9% w / w, about 10% w / w, about 20% w / w, about 25% w / w, about 30% w / w, about 40% w / w, about 50% w / w, about 60%, about 70% w / w, about 75% w / w, about 80% w / w, about 90% w / w, about 95% w / w, or about 99% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 80% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 85% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the disclosure can comprise about 90% w / w of an oleogel. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, about 1 g, about 1.5 g, about 2 g, about 2.5 g, about 5 g, about 10 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of an oleogel.

[0196] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by theratio of the mass of the biocidal molecule to mass of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to the gel- forming agent is about 1;100, about 1:50 about 3:100, about 1:25, about 1:20, about 3:50, about 7:100, about 2:25, about 9:100, about 1:10, about is 11:100, about 3:25, about 13:100, about 7:50, about 3:20, about 4:25, about 17:100, about 9:50, about 19:100, about 1:5, about 21:100, about 11:50, about 23:100, about 6:25, about 1:4, about 13:50, about 27:100, about 7:25, about 29:100, about 3:10, about 4:10, about 1:2, about 3:5, about 7:10, about 4:5, about 9:10, about 1:1, about 2:1,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1, about 7:1, about 8:1, about 9:1, or about 10:1 polymer:gel-forming agent. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N- halamine to the gel-forming agent is about 1:50. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to the gel-forming agent is about 1:10. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to the gel-forming agent is about 3:25. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to the gel-forming agent is about 19:100. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N- halamine to the gel-forming agent is about 1:5. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to SEP copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to SEPS copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to SEB copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to SEBS copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of the polymer comprising a N-halamine to EP star copolymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the ratio of the mass of the one or more gel-forming agents in the oleogel to the mass of the biocidal molecule. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the gel-forming agent to the polymer comprising a N-halamine is about 0.5:1, about 1:1, about 1.5:1, about 2:1, about 2.5:1, about 3:1, about 3.5:1, about 4:1, about 4.5:1, about 5:1, about 5.5:1, about 6:1, about 6.5:1, about 7:1, about 7.5:1, about 8.0:1, about 8.5:1, about 9:1, about 9.5:1, about 10:1, about 15:1, or about 20:1 gel-forming agent:polymer. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the gel-forming agent to the polymer comprising a N- halamine is about 2.5:1. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the gel-forming agent to the polymer comprising a N-halamine is about 5:1. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the gel- forming agent to the polymer comprising a N-halamine is about 8:1. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the gel-forming agent to the polymer comprising a N-halamine is about 10:1. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of SEP copolymer to the polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of SEPS copolymer to the polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of SEB copolymer to the polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of SEBS copolymer to the polymer comprising a N-halamine. In some embodiments, a compositionWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 of the present disclosure can be characterized by the mass ratio of EP star copolymer to the polymer comprising a N-halamine.

[0197] Carbomer compositions

[0198] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a composition exhibiting antimicrobialactivity, methods of generating such composition, and methods of use thereof. The composition can be a gel that can be applied to a tissue (e.g., topically applied to a skin of a subject). The composition can comprise a polymer exhibiting the antimicrobial activity, such as a repeating unit comprising a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N- halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamine) when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source (e.g., chlorine). The polymer can further comprise a water-soluble moiety that permits the polymer to be soluble in a solvent, such as an aqueous solvent. For example, the polymer can be a copolymer comprising the repeating unit (e.g., for the antimicrobial activity) and an additional repeating unit comprising the water-soluble moiety. Accordingly, the composition can further comprise the aqueous solvent, such that, for example, the polymer is at least partially dissolved in the aqueous solvent to generate an aqueous mixture. The composition can further comprise an additional polymer. The additional polymer can be insoluble or have low solubility in the aqueous solvent. For example, the additional polymer can comprise an acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, the aqueous mixture can be combined with the additional polymer comprising an acrylate moiety to form the gel composition.

[0199] In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise the electrophilic halogensource (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) in an amount sufficient to form the N-halamine in the at least the portion of the side chain of the polymer. In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise an additional basic solution, wherein upon combining the gel composition with the basic solution, the pH of the composition is increased (e.g., to a pH value greater than 6).

[0200] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer,e.g., a polymer comprising an acrylic acid moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising acrylic acid. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising cross-linked acrylic acid moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising one or more cross-linked acrylic acid moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising an acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymer comprising cross- linked acrylate moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise one or more acrylate moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the presentWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 disclosure can comprise one or more cross-linked acrylate moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise acrylate and alkyl acrylate moieties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C1-C30 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C1-C10 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C10-C20 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C20-C30 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C10-C30 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a C20 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise acrylate and a C20 alkyl acrylate moiety. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C1-C30 alkyl acrylate). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C1-C10 alkyl acrylate). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C10-C20 alkyl acrylate). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C20-C30 alkyl acrylate). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C10-C30 alkyl acrylate). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise poly(acrylate / C20 alkyl acrylate).

[0201] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer anda biocidal molecule. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a biocidal molecule comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a polymer comprising a N- halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof in a mass ratio of about 100:1, about 50:1, about 25:1, about 20:1, about 15:1, about 10:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1.5:1, about 1:1, about 1:1.5, about 1:2, about 1:3:, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:10, about 1:15, about 1:20, about 1:25, about 1:50, or about 1:100 carbomer:polymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof in a mass ratio of about 3:1 carbomer:polymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof in a mass ratio of about 1.5:1 carbomer:polymer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a carbomer and a polymer comprising a N-halamine, a precursor, or a derivative thereof in a massWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 ratio of about 1:1 carbomer:polymer.

[0202] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up toabout 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2% w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.1%, at least or up to about 1.2% w / w, at least or up to about 1.3% w / w, at least or up to about 1.4% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up to about 3% at least or up to about 4% w / w, or at least or up to about 5% w / w carbomer. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 0.1 g, about 0.15 g, about 0.2 g, about 0.3 g, about 0.4 g, about 0.5 g, about 0.6 g, about 0.7 g, about 0.8 g, about 0.9 g, about 1.0 g, about 1.1 g, about 1.2 g, about 1.3 g, about 1.4 g, about 1.5 g, about 1.6 g, about 1.7 g, about 1.8 g, about 1.9 g, about 2.0 g, about 2.5 g, about 5.0 g, about 10 g, about 20 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of a carbomer.

[0203] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up toabout 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2% w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.1%, at least or up to about 1.2% w / w, at least or up to about 1.3% w / w, at least or up to about 1.4% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up to about 3% at least or up to about 4% w / w, or at least or up to about 5% w / w polymer comprising a N-halamine precursor or N- halamine derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 0.1 g, about 0.15 g, about 0.2 g, about 0.3 g, about 0.4 g, about 0.5 g, about 0.6 g, about 0.7 g, about 0.8 g, about 0.9 g, about 1.0 g, about 1.1 g, about 1.2 g, about 1.3 g, about 1.4 g, about 1.5 g, about 1.6 g, about 1.7 g, about 1.8 g, about 1.9 g, about 2.0 g, about 2.5 g, about 5.0 g, about 10 g, about 20 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of a polymer comprising a N-halamine precursor or a N-halamine derivative thereof.

[0204] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up toabout 0.1% w / w, at least or up to about 0.2% w / w, at least or up to about 0.25% w / w, at least or up to about 0.3% w / w, at least or up to about 0.4% w / w, at least or up to about 0.5% w / w, at least or up to about 0.6% w / w, at least or up to about 0.7% w / w, at least or up to about 0.8% w / w, at least or up to about 0.9% w / w, at least or up to about 1.0% w / w, at least or up to about 1.1%, at least orWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 up to about 1.2% w / w, at least or up to about 1.3% w / w, at least or up to about 1.4% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up to about 3% at least or up to about 4% w / w, or at least or up to about 5% w / w polymer comprising a N-halamine precursor or N- halamine derivative thereof. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 0.1 g, about 0.15 g, about 0.2 g, about 0.3 g, about 0.4 g, about 0.5 g, about 0.6 g, about 0.7 g, about 0.8 g, about 0.9 g, about 1.0 g, about 1.1 g, about 1.2 g, about 1.3 g, about 1.4 g, about 1.5 g, about 1.6 g, about 1.7 g, about 1.8 g, about 1.9 g, about 2.0 g, about 2.5 g, about 5.0 g, about 10 g, about 20 g, about 25 g, about 50 g, about 75 g, about 100 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g of a polymer comprising a N-halamine precursor or a N-halamine derivative thereof.

[0205] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up toabout 70% w / w, at least or up to about 75% w / w, at least or up to about 80% w / w, at least or up to about 85% w / w, at least or up to about 90% w / w, at least or up to about 90.5% w / w, at least or up to about 91% w / w, at least or up to about 91.5% w / w, at least or up to about 92% w / w, at least or up to about 92.5% w / w, at least or up to about 93% w / w, at least or up to about 93.5%, at least or up to about 94% w / w, at least or up to about 94.5% w / w, at least or up to about 95% w / w, at least or up to about 95.5% w / w, at least or up to about 96% w / w, at least or up to about 96.5% at least or up to about 97% w / w, at least or up to about 97.5% w / w, at least or up to about 98% w / w, at least or up to about 98.5% w / w, at least or up to about 99.5%, or at least or up to about 99.9% w / w water. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise about 5.0 g, about 10 g, about 15 g, about 20 g, about 25 g, about 30 g, about 35 g, about 40 g, about 45 g, about 50 g, about 55 g, about 60 g, about 65 g, about 70 g, about 75 g, about 80 g, about 85 g, about 90 g, about 95 g, about 100 g, about 110 g, about 120g, about 130 g, about 140 g, about 150 g, about 160 g, about 170 g, about 180 g, about 190 g, about 200 g, about 210 g, about 220 g, about 230 g, about 240 g, about 250 g, about 500 g, or about 1000 g water.

[0206] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by: (i)adding a mass of a biocidal molecule in water, (ii) adding the carbomer to the top of the dissolved biocidal molecule, (iii) mixing to dissolve the biocidal molecule and disperse the carbomer and generate a mixture, and (iv) neutralizing the mixture. In some embodiments, the neutralizing comprises first adding a volume of a neutralizing base and then adjusting the pH to a value greater than 6.0 with base (e.g., NaOH). In some embodiments, the neutralizing base can comprise an oxidizing chlorine species (e.g., NaOCl). In some embodiments, the mass to volume ratio of the biocidal molecule to the neutralizing base is about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1.0. In some embodiments, the mass to volumeWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 ration of the biocidal molecule to the neutralizing base is about 0.6.

[0207] Polyether compositions

[0208] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a composition exhibiting antimicrobialactivity, methods of generating such composition, and method of use thereof. The composition can be a fel that can be applied to a tissue (e.g., topically applied to a skin of a subject). The composition can comprise a polymer exhibiting the antimicrobial activity, such as a repeating unit comprising a side change, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N- halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamine) when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source (e.g., chlorine). The polymer can further comprise a water-soluble moiety that permits the polymer to be soluble in a solvent, such as an aqueous solvent. For example, the polymer can be a copolymer comprising the repeating unit (e.g., for the antimicrobial activity) and an additional repeating unit comprising the water-soluble moiety. Accordingly, the composition can further comprise the aqueous solvent, such that, for example, the polymer is at least partially dissolved in the aqueous solvent to generate an aqueous mixture. The composition can further comprise at least one gelling agent. The gelling agent can be characterized by its rheological property. Non-limiting examples of rheology properties include thixotropy, viscosity, and resistance to flow. The composition can comprise at least two gelling agents, wherein the gelling agents differ by at least one rheological property.

[0209] In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise the electrophilic halogensource (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) in an amount sufficient to form the N-halamine in the at least the portion of the side chain of the polymer. In some embodiments, the composition can further comprise an additional basic solution, wherein upon combining the gel composition with the basic solution, the pH of the composition is increased (e.g., to a pH value greater than 6). In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the N-halamine. In some embodiments, the N- halamine is N-chlorinated halamine.

[0210] In some embodiment, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least onegelling agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 gelling agents. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least 2 gelling agents, wherein the gelling agents differ by at least one rheological property. Non-limiting examples of rheological properties include thixotropy, viscosity, and resistance to flow. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least 2 gelling agents, wherein the gelling agents differ by their thixotropic properties. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise two gelling agents,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 wherein the first gelling agent is a thixotropic gelling agent and wherein the second gelling agent is a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

[0211] In some embodiments, the thixotropic gelling agent comprises functional groups capable ofbonding with functional groups of the polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the thixotropic gelling agent comprises functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds with functional groups of the polymer backbone. In some embodiments, the thixotropic gelling agent comprises functional groups that form hydrogen bonds with functional groups of the polymer backbone, wherein the formation of hydrogen bonds results in the formation of a weak network between the gelling agent and the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N- halamine. In some embodiments, the formation of the weak network between the gelling agent and the polymer results in the formation of a composition which does not flow under zero shear stress. In some embodiments, the thixotropic gelling agent can comprise fumed silica.

[0212] In some embodiments, the non-thixotropic gelling agent can comprise an agent increases theviscosity of the composition. In some embodiments, the non-thixotropic gelling agent can comprise an agent that increases the solubility of the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine in the gel composition. In some embodiments, the non-thixotropic gelling agent can comprise polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol can be characterized by the number average molar mass (Mn). In some embodiments, the polyethylene glycol can have a number average molar mass of at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, at least 1000, at least 1100, at least 1200, at least 1300, at least 1400, at least 1500, at least 1600, at least 1700, at least 1800, at least 1900, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, at least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500, or at least 10000. In some embodiments the polyethylene glycol can have a number average molar mass of at least 800.

[0213] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise a polymercomprising a side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, a first gelling agent, and a second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, or about 1:10 first gelling agent:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling, andWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 5:1 first gelling agent:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to from a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 1:1 first gelling agent:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2.5:1, about 2:1, about 1.5:1, about 1:1, about 1:1.5, about 1:2, about 1:2.5, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, or about 1:10 polymer:first gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 1:1.5 polymer:first gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 2.5:1 polymer:first gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2.5:1, about 2:1, about 1.5:1, about 1:1, about 1:1.5, about 1:2, about 1:2.5, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, or about 1:10 polymer:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N- halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 3:1 polymer:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 2.5:1 polymer:first gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 3:5:1 polymer:first gelling agent:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the composition can comprise the polymer comprising the side chain configured to form a N-halamine or the N-halamine, the first gelling agent, and the second gelling agent in a mass ratio of about 2.5:1:1 polymer:first gelling agent:second gelling agent. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent is fumed silica and the second gelling agent is polyethylene glycol.

[0214] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up toabout 1% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up toWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3% w / w, at least or up to about 4% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.5% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 6.5% w / w, at least or up to about 7%, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8% w / w, at least or up to about 8.5% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 9.5% w / w, at least or up to about 10% at least or up to about 15% w / w, or at least or up to about 20% w / w polymer comprising a side chain configured to form a N- halamine or the N-halamine. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 1% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3% w / w, at least or up to about 4% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.5% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 6.5% w / w, at least or up to about 7%, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8% w / w, at least or up to about 8.5% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 9.5% w / w, at least or up to about 10% at least or up to about 15% w / w, or at least or up to about 20% w / w first gelling agent. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can comprise at least or up to about 1% w / w, at least or up to about 1.5% w / w, at least or up to about 2% w / w, at least or up to about 2.5% w / w, at least or up to about 3% w / w, at least or up to about 4% w / w, at least or up to about 4.5% w / w, at least or up to about 5% w / w, at least or up to about 5.5% w / w, at least or up to about 6% w / w, at least or up to about 6.5% w / w, at least or up to about 7%, at least or up to about 7.5% w / w, at least or up to about 8% w / w, at least or up to about 8.5% w / w, at least or up to about 9% w / w, at least or up to about 9.5% w / w, or at least or up to about 10% second gelling agent.

[0215] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by: (i)blending the first gelling agent with the second gelling agent to generate a blended mixture, (ii) adding a mass of a biocidal molecule in water, (iii) adding the blended mixture to the biocidal molecule in water, (iv) mixing to mix the biocidal molecule dissolved in water and the blended mixture of gelling agents, and (iv) neutralizing the mixture. In some embodiments the neutralizing comprises adjusting the pH to a value greater than 6.0 with base (e.g., NaOH).

[0216] Biocidal and antimicrobial activity:

[0217] In some embodiments, the composition as disclosed herein can be utilized to generate atopical coating exhibiting the biocidal activity. The coating can be generated on the skin of a subject. In some embodiments, the composition as disclosed herein can be a topical composition exhibiting the biocidal activity. In some embodiments, the topical coating can exhibit the biocidal activity on the skin of a subject.

[0218] In some embodiments, the biocidal activity of the composition can be characterized orWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 measured by the ability to kill or reduce (e.g., prevent) colonization of a microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism can be a bacterial, fungal (e.g., yeast), protozoal microorganism.

[0219] Non-limiting examples of a genus of a bacteria include Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter,Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Mycobacterium, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. Non-limiting examples of a bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Mammary Pathogenic Escherichia coli (MPEC), Bacillus cereus, Bacillus hemolysis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycoplasma bovis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Trueperella pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[0220] Non-limiting limiting examples of a fungal microorganism includeAlternaeria spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, Fusarium spp, Trichophyton spp, Cryptococcus spp,Histoplasma spp, Microsporum spp, Penicillium spp, Pneumocystis spp Trichosporon spp, Scedosporium spp, Paeciliomyces spp, Acremonium spp, Stachybotrys spp, and Dermatiaceous molds.

[0221] Non-limiting examples of a protozoal microorganism include Neospora species(e.g. Neospora caninum; Neospora hughesi), Toxoplasma species (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii), Hammondia species (e.g. Hammondia heydorni), Besnoitia species, Cystoisospora species, Frenkelia species, Nephroisospora species, Sarcocystis species, and Hyaloklossia species.

[0222] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity against Trichophytonrubrum. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity against Candida auris. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity against Candida albicans. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[0223] In some embodiments, the biocidal topical coating comprising the activated N-halaminescan exhibit one or more of the following characteristics and further described herein: durability, persistency, chlorine retention, pH stability, and reduction microorganism inoculum.

[0224] In some embodiments, a composition comprising the biocidal molecule of the presentdisclosure can be applied to a surface (e.g., the skin of a subject) and the resulting composition can exhibit durability or persistency for a short duration of time (e.g., less than about 10 days, less thanWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 about 5 days, less than about 2 days, less than about 1 day, less than about 12 hours, etc.), thereby exhibiting short-term residual biocidal activity. Thus, the resulting composition may not be a permanent coating on the surface skin. In some embodiments, a composition comprising the biocidal molecule of the present disclosure can be removed from a surface and the composition persists on the surface for a short duration of time. In some embodiments, a composition comprising the biocidal molecule of the present disclosure can be removed from the surface and the composition removed from the surface. In some embodiments, the composition on the surface may be removed with minimal force (e.g., minimal shear force from wiping the surface of the skin). In some embodiments the resulting composition on the surface may be removed by washing the surface (e.g., with water and a detergent, or with a solvent capable of dissolving the composition). In some embodiments, a composition comprising the biocidal molecule of the present disclosure can be applied to a surface, and the composition can exhibit enhanced durability or persistency. In some embodiments, a composition comprising the biocidal molecule of the present disclosure can be applied to a surface, and the composition can exhibit enhanced residual biocidal activity. In some embodiments, the resulting topical composition is not a permanent coating on a surface.

[0225] In some embodiments, chlorine retention of the composition of the present disclosure can beobserved for at least or up to about 12 hours, at least or up to about 24 hours, at least or up to about 2 days, at least or up to about 3 days, at least or up to about 4 days, at least or up to about 5 days, at least or up to about 6 days, at least or up to about 7 days, at least or up to about 8 days, at least or up to about 9 days, at least or up to about 10 days, at least or up to about 11 days, at least or up to about 12 days, at least or up to about 13 days, at least or up to about 14 days, at least or up to about 3 weeks, or at least or up to about 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the chlorine levels of the composition can be the chlorine levels as measured on the surface (e.g., skin) following application of the composition. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can be maintained for a period of at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 35 minutes, at least 40 minutes, at least 45 minutes, at least 50 minutes, at least 60 minutes, at least 90 minutes, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, or at least 1 week following application.

[0226] In some embodiments, chlorine retention can be characterized as retaining at least about25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the initial amount of chlorine. In some embodiments, changing concentration(s) of the content(s) of the composition for application (e.g., biocidal molecule, binder, additives, etc.) can effectively yield a target duration of chlorine retention in the composition. In some embodiments, the composition can retain at least about 90% of the initial amount of chlorine for at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 1 year, or at least 2 years. In some embodiments, the composition can retain at least about 90% of the initial amount of chlorine for at least 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the composition can retain at least 90% of the initial amount of chlorine for at least 1 year.

[0227] In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can bemaintained at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the composition following application. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can be maintained at the MIC of the composition for at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, or at least 48 hours following application. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can be maintained at the minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) of the composition following application. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can be maintained at the MBC of the composition for at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, or at least 48 hours following application.

[0228] In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can bemaintained at a concentration of about 100 ppm, about 110 ppm, about 120 ppm, about 130 ppm, about 140 ppm, about 150 ppm, about 160 ppm, about 170 ppm, about 180 ppm, about 190 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 210 ppm, about 220 ppm, about 230 ppm, about 240 ppm, about 250 ppm, about 260 ppm, about 270 ppm, about 280 ppm, about 290 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 310 ppm, about 320 ppm, about 330 ppm, about 340 ppm, about 350 ppm, about 360 ppm, about 370 ppm, about 380 ppm, about 390 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 410 ppm, about 420 ppm, about 430 ppm, about 440 ppm, about 450 ppm, about 460 ppm, about 470 ppm, about 480 ppm, about 490 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 900 ppm, about 1000 ppm, about 1100 ppm, about 1200 ppm, about 1300 ppm, about 1400 ppm, about 1500 ppm, about 1600 ppm, about 1700 ppm, about 1800 ppm, about 1900 ppm, about 2000 ppm, about 2500 ppm, aboutWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 3000 ppm, about 3500 ppm, about 4000 ppm, about 4500 ppm, about 5000 ppm, about 5500 ppm, about 6000 ppm, about 6500 ppm, about 7000 ppm, about 7500 ppm, about 8000 ppm, about 9000 ppm, about 9500 ppm, about 10,000 ppm, about 11,000 ppm, about 12,000 ppm, about 13,000 ppm, about 14,000 ppm, or about 15,000 ppm. following application. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the composition of the present disclosure can be maintained at a concentration between about 100 ppm and about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm and about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm and about 400 ppm, about 100 ppm and about 500 ppm, about 150 ppm and about 250 ppm, about 150 ppm and about 350 ppm, about 150 ppm and about 450 ppm, about about 150 ppm and about 550 ppm, about 200 ppm and about 300 ppm, about 200 ppm and about 400 ppm, about 200 ppm and about 500 ppm, or about 500 ppm and about 1000 ppm following application. In some embodiments, chlorine levels of the of the present disclosure can be maintained at a concentration between about 150 ppm and about 450 ppm for at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, or at least 48 hours following application.

[0229] In some examples, one or more additives or binders as disclosed herein can be used, e.g., toensure that the chlorine bound to the N-halamine molecules are stable over the product life.

[0230] In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., gel) as disclosed herein can yield at least about1-log reduction, at least about 2-log reduction, at least about 3-log reduction, at least about 4-log reduction, at least about 5-log reduction, at least about 6-log reduction, at least about 7-log reduction, at least about 8-log reduction, or at least about 9-log reduction, at least about 10-log reduction, (e.g., bacteria, viruses and / or fungi) within a given time. Such given time can be at most about 2 weeks, at most about 1 week, at most about 6 days, at most about 5 days, at most about 4 days, at most about 3 days, at most about 2 days, at most about 1 day, at most about 12 hours, at most about 11 hours, at most about 10 hours, at most about 9 hours, at most about 8 hours, at most about 7 hours, at most about 6 hours, at most about 5 hours, at most about 4 hours, at most about 3 hours, at most about 2 hours, at most about 1 hour, at most about 30 minutes, at most about 20 minutes, at most about 15 minutes, at most about 14 minutes, at most about 13 minutes, at most about 12 minutes, at most about 11 minutes, at most about 10 minutes, at most about 9 minutes, at most about 8 minutes, at most about 7 minutes, at most about 6 minutes, at most about 5 minutes, at most about 4 minutes, at most about 3 minutes, at most about 2 minutes, at most about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, or less. For example, the composition can yield at least about 8-log reduction of bacteria in at most about 10 minutes (e.g., at most about 9 minutes, at most about 5 minutes, at most about 1 minute, or at most about 30 seconds, or less). For example, the composition can yield at least about 6-log reduction of bacteria in at most about 10 minutes (e.g., atWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 most about 9 minutes, at most about 5 minutes, or less). In another example, the composition can yield at least about 3-log reduction of bacteria in at most about 24 hours. In another example, the composition can yield at least about 3-log reduction of bacteria in at most about 48 hours. In another example, the coating can yield at least about 3-log reduction of viruses in at most about 10 minutes (e.g., at most about 9 minutes, at most about 5 minutes, or less). Such biocidal activity can be ascertained by performing cytotoxicity assay against the microorganism (e.g., bacteria and / or viruses) in vitro at a temperature of at least or up to about -10 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about -5 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 0 degree Celsius, at least or up to about 4 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 5 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 10 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 15 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 20 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 25 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 30 degrees Celsius, at least or up to about 40 degrees Celsius, or at least or up to about degrees Celsius.

[0231] In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure can have biocidal activityagainst a microorganism for at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, atleast 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 13 hours, at least 14 hours, at least 15 hours, at least 16hours, at least 17 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 19 hours, at least 20 hours, at least 21 hours, at least 22 hours, at least 23 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 2 days, at least 3 days,at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, or at least 7 days following application. In someembodiments, the microorganism as provided herein can include Staphylococcus aureus. In some embodiments, the microorganism as provided herein can include Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In some embodiments, the microorganism as provided herein can include Trichophyton rubrum. In some embodiments, the microorganism as provided herein can include Candida albicans. In some embodiments, the microorganism as provided herein can include Candida auris.

[0232] In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can compriseapplying the composition directly to a skin of a subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present can comprise applying a liquid form of the composition directly to the skin of the subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can comprises applying a gel form of the composition (e.g., a carbomer gel composition or a polyether gel composition) directly to the skin of the subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can further comprising an additional application of the composition to the skin of the subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can comprise applying a liquid form of the composition directly to the skin of theWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 subject followed by applying a gel from of the composition directly to the skin of the subject.

[0233] In some embodiments, disclosed herein in a method of treating a condition of skin, themethod comprising: applying to the skin an application of a composition, the composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a N-chlorinated halamine and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety. In some embodiment, the method further comprises subsequent to the applying to the skin the application of the composition, applying to the skin an application of an additional composition that is different than the composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a liquid composition comprising the polymer comprising the N- chlorinated halamine. In some embodiments, the applying comprises contacting the skin with the composition for at least 1 minute, at least 2 minutes, at least 3 minutes, at least 4 minutes, at least 5 minutes, at least 6 minutes, at least 7 minutes, at least 8 minutes, at least 9 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, or at least 1 hour. In some embodiments, the contacting with the composition is for at least 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the contacting with the composition is for at least 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the additional composition does not comprise a N-chlorinated halamine. In some embodiments, the additional composition comprises an aqueous solvent configured to remove the composition from the surface of the skin. In some embodiments, the aqueous solvent comprises water. In some embodiments, the additional composition comprises a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer. In some embodiments the additional composition comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, a first gelling agent, and a second agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent (e.g., fumed silica) and the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent (e.g., polyethylene glycol). In some embodiments, the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 30 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, or at least 1 week. In some embodiments, the method further comprises subsequent to the contacting with the additional composition, applying to the skin anWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 additional application of the composition. In some embodiments, the method further comprises subsequent to the contacting with the additional composition, applying to the skin an additional application of the additional composition. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the additional composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the composition and the additional composition exhibit biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises an infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a bacterial infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a yeast infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a fungal infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a C. albicans infection, a P. aeruginosa infection, a C. auris infection, a S. aureus, infection, a MRSA infection, or a T. rubrum infection. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises a skin wound. In some embodiments, application of the composition and the additional composition increases wound healing. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises a dermatologic condition.

[0234] In some embodiments, the method comprises: (a) applying to the skin an application of afirst composition, the composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a N-chlorinated halamine and optionally wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; (b) contacting the skin with the first composition for a first duration of time; (c) subsequent to the contacting with the first composition, applying to the skin an application of a second composition that is different than the first composition; and (d) contacting the skin with the second composition for a second duration of time. In some embodiments, the first composition is a liquid composition comprising the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine. In some embodiments, the contacting with the first composition is for at least 1 minute, at least 2 minutes, at least 3 minutes, at least 4 minutes, at least 5 minutes, at least 6 minutes, at least 7 minutes, at least 8 minutes, at least 9 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, or at least 1 hour. In some embodiments, the contacting with the first composition is for at least 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the contacting with the first composition is for at least 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the second composition does not comprise a N-chlorinated halamine. In some embodiments, the second composition comprises an aqueous solvent configured to remove the first composition from the surface of the skin. In some embodiments, the aqueous solvent comprises water. In some embodiments, the second composition comprises a first polymer and a secondWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer. In some embodiments the second composition comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, a first gelling agent, and a second agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent (e.g., fumed silica) and the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent (e.g., polyethylene glycol). In some embodiments, the contacting with the second composition is for at least 30 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 9 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 11 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, or at least 1 week. In some embodiments, the method further comprises subsequent to the contacting with the second composition, applying to the skin an additional application of the first composition. In some embodiments, the method further comprises subsequent to the contacting with the second composition, applying to the skin an additional application of the second composition. In some embodiments, the first composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the second composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the first composition and the second composition exhibit biocidal activity when applied to the skin. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises an infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a bacterial infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a yeast infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a fungal infection of the skin. In some embodiments, the infection of the skin comprises a C. albicans infection, a P. aeruginosa infection, a C. auris infection, a S. aureus, infection, a MRSA infection, or a T. rubrum infection. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises a skin wound. In some embodiments, application of the first composition and the second composition increases wound healing. In some embodiments, the condition of the skin comprises a dermatologic condition.

[0235] In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can increasewound healing when applied to a wound of a subject. Non-limiting examples of metrices for wound healing can include epithelialization, white blood cell infiltration, epithelial thickness, and granulation tissue formation. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can increase epithelialization of a wound of a subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can decrease white blood cell infiltration into a wound ofWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 a subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can increase epithelial thickness of a wound of a subject. In some embodiments, application of a composition of the present disclosure can increase granulation tissue formation in a wound of a subject.

[0236] In some embodiments, an amount of one or more biocidal moieties (e.g., a N-halamineprecursors or the activated N-halamine derivative thereof) required to achieve the biocidal activity of the composition as disclosed herein (e.g., as measured in log reduction of target bacteria or viruses) can be less than an amount of control biocides (e.g., broad-spectrum antibiotics) needed in a control composition to yield a similar level of the biocidal activity. EXAMPLES Example 1: Procedure for establishing antimicrobial efficacy

[0237] The antimicrobial efficacy of a composition disclosed herein can be assessed by evaluatingthe biocidal efficacy against a pathogen (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538).

[0238] For example, a bacterial culture can be prepared from a thawed frozen culture added totryptic soy broth and incubated (e.g., at 36 ± 1°C for 24 ± 2 hours). A test culture can be prepared by transferring an amount (e.g., 1 milliliter (mL)) of the bacterial culture to a volume of tryptic soy broth (e.g., 500 mL) and incubated (e.g., at 36 ± 1°C for 24 ± 2 hours). A test surface (e.g., a stainless steel coupon, microfiber cloth, or sterile surgical drapes) can be inoculated with the test culture (e.g., by soaking the test surface in the test culture) for a period of time (e.g., 10 minutes), and then transfer to a sterile container (e.g., a sterile petri dish) and dried (e.g., at 36 ± 1°C for two hours). After drying, the inoculated test surface can then be treated with a composition (e.g., by dipping the inoculated test surface into a volume of the composition) for a period of time (e.g., 1 minute). The treated test surface can then be transferred to a separate vessel (e.g., a 30-50 mL Nalgene vessel), and allowed to sit (e.g., for 24 hours). The treated test surfaces can then be neutralized (e.g., by treating with a volume of 1x letheen). Following neutralizing, bacteria on the surface can be recovered by vortexing (e.g., for 30 seconds) and sonicating (e.g., for 30 seconds) and enumerated on tryptic soy agar (e.g., at 36 ± 1°C for 24 ± 2 hours). The antimicrobial efficacy can be calculated as the log reduction of bacteria.

[0239] The antimicrobial efficacy of a composition can be evaluated in the presence of medical soil(e.g., simulated human arm sweat or artificial human wound fluid exudate), by preparing the test culture with an amount (e.g., 5% by weight or 5% by volume) of the medical soil and assessing the antimicrobial efficacy as detailed above. Example 2: Mineral plastic hydrogel formulationsWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0240] A composition as disclosed herein can be a formulation comprising a polymer comprisingN-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines) and polyvalent ions (e.g., polyvalent cations from salt forms thereof). In some embodiments, the polymer can comprise a copolymer comprising (i) a first repeating unit comprising the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines, and (ii) a second repeating unit comprising a water- soluble moiety (e.g., comprising a residue of a sulfonic acid, a residue of an acrylic acid, a residue of a phosphate, etc.). The resulting compositions can be assessed for rheological properties (e.g., viscosity), physical properties, pH, chlorine concentration, and / or biocidal activity (e.g., against bacteria, viruses, and / or fungi).

[0241] Formation of mineral plastic hydrogels

[0242] A sample of poly(hydantoin acrylamide-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid)(HASA) or chlorinated poly(hydantoin acrylamide-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (HASA-Cl) copolymer is dissolved in deionized water. To the dissolved HASA or HASA-Cl polymer, a solution of a polyvalent metal ion salt (e.g., MgCl2, MgSO4, CaCl2, or CaOCl2) is added, and the resulting mixture is further mixed to form a hydrogel. A minimum amount of both HASA / HASA-Cl and the polyvalent metal ion salt (e.g., at least about 10 weight by weight%) loading for both of HASA / HASA-Cl and the polyvalent metal ion salt) can be required to form an isolatable fraction of mineral plastic hydrogel. The hydrogel is formed as a foam due to agitation during mixing trapping gases in the hydrogel, or as a precipitate. Centrifugation of a foam hydrogel removes trapped gasses from the foam, resulting in an isolatable, viscoelastic, self-healing, dehydratable and rehydratable semi-solid.

[0243] A sample of a mineral plastic hydrogel was prepared by dissolving 1 g of HASA copolymerin 5 mL of water, forming a HASA polymer solution with a 20 weight% solution. To the HASA polymer solution, 1 g of MgSO4was added, resulting in a solution of 20 weight% HASA and 20 weight% MgSO4. Following agitation of the solution, a mineral plastic hydrogel was formed in the form of a foam. The resulting mineral plastic hydrogel foam was centrifuged (e.g., at 2,000 rpm for 1 minute) and the resulting supernatant removed to isolate the hydrogel. FIGURE 1 illustrates the effect of centrifugation on a foam mineral plastic hydrogel prepared with MgSO4.

[0244] Additional samples of mineral plastic hydrogels were prepared as described above. A 10weight% solution prepared with HASA copolymer and CaCl2produced a flocculant precipitate with very poor swelling ratio. A 10 weight% solution prepared with HASA copolymer and MgSO4produced a small volume of viscous foam. Example 3: Oil gel formulationsWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0245] A composition as disclosed herein can be a formulation comprising a polymer comprisingN-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines) and an oil gel, or oleogel, comprising one or more oils and one or more polymers. The oil component in the oleogel can include an oil obtained from a petroleum-based source (e.g., mineral oil). The polymer component in the oil can include a copolymer (e.g., a block copolymer). In some embodiments, the polymer can comprise a copolymer comprising (i) a first repeating unit comprising the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines, and (ii) a second repeating unit comprising a water- soluble moiety (e.g., comprising a residue of a sulfonic acid, a residue of an acrylic acid, a residue of a phosphate, etc.). The resulting compositions can be assessed for physical rheological properties (e.g., viscosity), physical properties, pH, chlorine concentration, and / or biocidal activity (e.g., against bacteria, viruses, and / or fungi).

[0246] Preparation of a styrene-ethylene-propylene oleogel

[0247] To prepare a styrene-ethylene-propylene oleogel, 40 g of a styrene-ethylene-propylene(SEP) diblock copolymer (e.g., KratonTMG1701 or G1702 polymer products) was added per 100 mL of oil (e.g., heavy mineral oil). The resulting opaque mixture was heated at an elevated temperature (e.g., 160 °C) and stirred until all of the SEP diblock copolymer product was dissolved and the oil fully infiltrated the polymer, (e.g., two to six hours), with the resulting mixtures observed to be fully transparent with no opacity, translucency, or localized differences in refractive index observed. The resulting oil / polymer mixture was then cooled to room temperature. Upon cooling, the formed oleogel was observed to have increased viscosity and thixotrophy compared to the oil and polymer product alone. FIGURE 8 illustrates the oleogel preparation procedure. Two SEP oleogel compositions were prepared according to the procedure detailed above and are summarized in TABLE 1. TABLE 1

[0248] Preparation and characterization of HASA-Cl SEP oleogel formulations

[0249] Oleogel formulations of HASA-Cl can be prepared by directly adding and mixing solidHASA-Cl powder into the prepared SEP oleogel and physically combining the HASA-Cl into the SEP oleogel. TABLE 2 details two HASA-CL SEP oleogel formulations prepared by combining a copolymer of HASA, wherein the HASA comprises a chlorinated HA-group, with the the SEP oleogel. Such HASA polymer can include a HAHA polymer prepared with a 50:50 ratio of HA:SAWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 that was prepared and subsequently chlorinated and isolated (HASA55-Cl). For example, about 100 mg of HASA55-Cl is combined into about 10 g of SEP oleogel. TABLE 2FIGURE 3A illustrates the appearance of prepared Composition C and Composition D in 20 mLscintillation vials showing distribution of solid HASA55-Cl throughout the SEP oleogels.

[0250] Oleogel formulations of HASA-Cl can be prepared by first dissolving HASA-Cl in a smallvolume of water and then emulsifying the dissolved HASA-Cl solution in the oleogel. TABLE 3 details 4 HASA-Cl SEP oleogel formulations prepared by dissolving 50 to 100 mg of HASA-Cl in 1 to 2 g of deionized water and emulsifying the dissolved HASA-Cl into the SEP oleogel by agitation with a total sample mass of about 10 g. TABLE 3G, and Composition H in 20 mL scintillation vials showing emulsification of HASA55-Cl in the SEP oleogels. Composition E and Composition G were observed to have stratification of the HASA55-Cl emulsion and the SEP oleogel, while no stratification of HASA55-Cl and SEP oleogel was observed with Composition F and Composition H. Composition F and Composition H had aqueous weight percentages of approximately 15% and 10% by mass, respectively, while Composition E and Composition G had aqueous weight percentages of approximately 20% by mass. The above findings indicate that in the absence of any additional agents (e.g., emulsifying agents), a maximum aqueous weight percentage of around 10% to 15% by mass is tolerated with the SEP oleogel formulations, indicating that limiting the aqueous loading in the HASA55-Cl SEPWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 oleogel composition results in compositions more resistant to stratification. FIGURE 4 illustrates Composition E and Composition G in 20 mL scintillation vials with stratification of HASA55-Cl and SEP oleogel, as indicated by the observed phase separation.

[0251] The concentration of chlorine in HASA55-Cl SEP oleogel compositions was measured bycolorimetric titration with 50 mg of the HASA55-CL SEP oleogel composition agitated in 50 g of deionized water with acetic acid, potassium iodide, and N,N-diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine. The measured chlorine concentrations were compared to the nominal chlorine concentrations, calculated based on the amount of chlorinated polymer added to the mixture. Measured and nominal chlorine concentrations for HASA55-Cl SEP oleogel formulations are summarized in TABLE 4. TABLE 4

[0252] Biocidal efficacy testing of SEP oleogel compositions

[0253] Oleogels formulations without functional polymer were prepared according to previously-prepared procedure, and are summarized in TABLE 5. TABLE 5

[0254] A 7 log Colony Forming Units (CFU) / mL suspension of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)bacteria (e.g., ATCC 6538) was prepared in tryptic soy broth. To 9.5 mL of the S. aureus S. aureus inoculum. Sterile S. aureus inoculum, and incubated inWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 compositions were added to each stainless steel coupon and contacted for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes of contacting, the stainless steel coupons were transferred to 50 mL centrifuge tubes containing 20 mL of Dey-engley broth and were neutralized by vortexing for 30 seconds, diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and plated on tryptic soy agar plates. S. aureus growth was assessed after 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation and compared with PBS as a negative control. FIGURE 5 illustrates S. aureus recovery after treatment with the oleogel compositions. S. aureus log reduction values for each composition are summarized in TABLE 6. TABLE 6Samples of Composition F and Composition H both exhibited biocidal activity against S. aureus with 2.82 log reduction and 3.36 log reduction, respectively. Vortexing alone was insufficient to remove the oleogel from the stainless steel coupons, as indicated by the lower recovery observed with both the Composition A and Composition B samples, which do not contain HASA55-Cl. To ensure complete removal of the oleogel, the biocidal efficacy of the oleogel compositions was assessed according to above, with a 7-minute sonication step added following the 30 second vortexing. S. aureus growth was assessed at 24 and 48 hours with PBS and mineral oil used as negative controls. FIGURE 6 illustrates S. aureus recovery after treatment with the oleogel compositions. S. aureus log reduction values for each composition are summarized in TABLE 7. TABLE 7HASA55-Cl SEP oleogel compositions prepared by emulsification of aqueous HASA55-Cl in SEP oleogels have strong biocidal efficacy against S. aureus with greater-than 4 log reduction. Compositions without HASA55-Cl or compositions with HASA55-Cl dispersed throughout the oleogel do not exhibit biocidal efficacy against S. aureus. The findings indicate that HASA55-Cl can be formulated in a SEP oleogel formulation with the resulting HASA55-Cl SEP oleogel formulation having high biocidal activity. Example 4: Polyether hydrogel formulationsWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0255] A composition as disclosed herein can be a formulation comprising a polymer comprises N-halamine precursors and and / or activated N-halamine (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines) and at least one gelling agent. In some embodiments, the polymer can comprise a copolymer comprising (i) a first repeating unit comprising the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines, and (ii) a second repeating unit comprising a water-soluble moiety (e.g., comprising a residue of a sulfonic acid, a residue of an acrylic acid, a residue of a phosphate, etc.). In some embodiments, the composition can comprises the copolymer comprising the first repeating unit comprises the N- halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines, a first gelling agent, and a second agent. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by a rheological property. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent can differ by their thixotropic properties. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent can comprise a thixotropic gelling agent and the second agent can comprise a non-thixotropic gelling agent. The first gelling can form hydrogen bonds with the polymer backbone to create a weak network which under zero shear stress will not flow, but when subjected to shear stress the network will disassociate and the material will flow. In some embodiments, the first gelling agent can comprise fumed silica. In some embodiments, the second gelling agent can comprise polyethylene glycol. The resulting composition can be assessed for rheological properties, pH, chlorine concentration, and / or biocidal activity.

[0256] Preparation of a polyether hydrogel composition:

[0257] A composition for topical or surface application can be prepared by combining a polymercomprising N-chlorinated halamines, fumed silica, and polyethylene glycol. The composition can be prepared by blending the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamines with fumed silica, polyethylene glycol, and water. To determine the effect of fumed silica on polyethylene glycolamounts on the composition properties, compositions were prepared according to TABLE 8, andpH values were adjusted with NaOH. After preparing, the pH and chlorine content of the prepared compositions were assessed as described above. The appearance of a representative polyether formulation is illustrated in FIGUREs 7A and 7B. TABLE 8WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 Example 5: Carbomer formulations

[0258] A composition as disclosed herein can be a formulation comprising a polymer comprisingN-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines (e.g., N-chlorinated halamines) and a carbomer. In some embodiments, the polymer can comprise a copolymer comprising (i) a first repeating unit comprising the N-halamine precursors and / or activated N-halamines, and (ii) a second repeating unit comprising a water-soluble moiety (e.g., comprising a residue of a sulfonic acid, a residue of an acrylic acid, a residue of a phosphate, etc.). The carbomer can be a crosslinker polymer comprising acrylic acid (e.g., polyacrylic acid). The resulting compositions can be assessed for rheological properties (e.g., viscosity), pH, chlorine concentration, and / or biocidal activity (e.g., against bacteria, viruses, and / or fungi).

[0259] Co-neutralization of a polymer comprising N-halamine precursors and polyacrylic acid:

[0260] A composition for topical or surface application can be prepared by co-neutralization ofpolyacrylic acid and a polymer comprising N-halamine precursors. FIGURE 8A illustrates the co- neutralization procedure involving HASA and polyacrylic acid. To determine the effect polyacrylic acid and HASA amounts on the composition properties, various compositions were prepared according to TABLE 9. For example, 1.00 g of HASA was added to a beaker containing 100 mL of deionized water. 1.5 g of polyacrylic acid (e.g., poly(acrylate / C20 alkyl acrylate (Carbopol® Ultrez 20)) was then added on top of the water and HASA mixture, and the resulting composition mixed (e.g., for 30 minutes) until the HASA was dissolved and the polyacrylic acid dispersed throughout the aqueous HASA solution. To the aqueous HASA solution with dispersed polyacrylic acid, 1.5 mL of an electrophilic halogen source (e.g., NaOCl) was added to chlorinate the HASA and neutralize the polyacrylic acid. Following addition of NaOCl, the pH was adjusted to nominally pH 6 with 2 M NaOH, as recorded by Mettler Toledo pH meter, resulting in a viscous composition comprising chlorinated HASA (HASA-Cl) and polyacrylic acid. A composition prepared without HASA was prepared according to the procedure described above. A composition for topical or surface application can be prepared by co-neutralization of medical grade polyacrylic acid and a polymer comprising N-halamine precursors. A composition prepared with medical grade polyacrylic acid (ETD 2020 NF) was prepared according to the procedure described above.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 TABLE 9A

[0261] Rheological assessment of compositions comprising polyacrylic acid

[0262] Compositions comprising polyacrylic acid can be assessed for rheological properties (e.g.,resistance to flow, viscosity, and thixotropy) to assess the suitability of the compositions for ointment applications. To assess the resistance to flow, a sample of each composition was placed in a vessel and the vessel inverted. FIGURE 8B illustrates a sample of Composition K, which doesWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 not resist flow upon inversion. FIGURE 8C illustrates samples of Composition L, which resists flow upon inversion. FIGURE 8D illustrates samples of Composition M, which resists flow upon inversion. In addition to assessing to resistance to flow in an inverted vessel, FIGURE 9 shows a sample of Composition L collected on a glass rod, where Composition L exhibited non-running semi-solid behavior.

[0263] To determine the effect of temperature exposure over time, samples of Composition L werestored at room temperature, 37 °C, and 50 °C over a period of 9 days and the resistance to flow upon inversion assessed after 5 days and 9 days. FIGURE 10 illustrates the effect of temperature and time on the resistance to flow upon inversion. After 5 days of storage at 50 °C, Composition L did not resist flow upon inversion. After 9 days of storage at 37 °C, Composition L did not resist flow upon inversion. Across 9 days of storage at room temperature, Composition L resisted flow upon inversion.

[0264] The viscosity of a composition can be assessed (e.g., by a rotational viscometer).Composition L was measured to have a viscosity of 366,000 centipoise (cP) at 22.8 °C as measured by a rotational viscometer with L3 spindle at 0.3 rotations per minute (RPM) and 92.1% motor load. To assess the effect of HASA-Cl on viscosity, Composition M was measured to have a viscosity of 1,790,000 cP at 22.4 °C as measured with L4 spindle at 0.3 RPM and 89.6% motor load. The above finding illustrates that the addition of HASA-Cl to polyacrylic decreases the viscosity of polyacrylic acid. To assess whether Composition L exhibits thixotropy, a sample of Composition L was subjected to continuous shear (e.g., for 10 minutes) until an equilibrium viscosity reached, after reaching an equilibrium viscosity, the viscosity was measured with a rotational viscometer with L4 spindle at 1.0 RPM and 31.0%, where the viscosity was measured to be 186,000 cP at 22.1 °C. The viscosity of the polyacrylic acid compositions was compared to a commercially available topical gel antiseptic (Alocane® Maximum Strength Emergency Burn Gel), which had a measured viscosity of 98,000 cP at 22.2 °C as measured with L4 spindle at 3.0 RPM and 49.0% motor load.

[0265] The above findings illustrate that HASA can be formulated as HASA-Cl with a polyacrylicacid in a viscous composition that resists flow upon inversion in a vessel and exhibits thixotropy. The measured viscosity of a polyacrylic acid composition comprising HASA-Cl was observed to have a similar viscosity as a commercially available topical gel. This indicates that HASA-Cl formulated with polyacrylic acid could be suitable for topical or surface applications.

[0266] Chlorine concentrations and pH stability of polyacrylic acid compositions

[0267] The pH of batch samples of polyacrylic acid compositions was measured by pH meter.Composition L had measured pH of 6.08 to 6.18 across batches while Composition M hadWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 measured pH of 6.10 to 6.19 between batches. The pH of the polyacrylic acid compositions was compared to the pH of the commercially available topical gel antiseptic product, which had a measured pH of 5.91.

[0268] To determine whether the pH of a polyacrylic acid composition was stable over time,samples of Composition L were stored at room temperature for 11 days and 37 °C and 50 °C for 9 days. The pH of each sample was measured intermittently and recorded. FIGURE 11 illustrates the pH stability of Composition L over time. Composition L was observed to have stable pH for all temperatures and time-points assessed.

[0269] The concentration of chlorine in Composition L was assessed by mixing a 50 mg sample ofComposition L in 50 mL of deionized water with dilute acetic acid, potassium iodide, and N,N- diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine, and the chlorine concentration was calculated by colorimetric titration. The chlorine concentration was calculated to be nominally 1700 ppm. To determine whether the chlorine concentration of Composition L was stable, samples of Composition L were stored at room temperature for 11 days and 37 °C and 50 °C for 9 days and the concentration of chlorine in each sample was intermittently measured by colorimetric titration. FIGURE 12 illustrates the concentration of chlorine in Composition L over time. Concentrations of chlorine in Composition L stored at room temperature for 11 days were measured to decrease slowly from nominally 1700 ppm to nominally 1400 ppm, indicating steady release of chlorine from the composition. Concentrations of chlorine in Composition L stored at 37 °C were measured to decrease from nominally 1700 ppm prior to storage at 37 °C to nominally 1000 ppm after 9 days, while chlorine concentrations were measured to decrease from nominally 1700 ppm prior to storage at 50 °C to nominally 0 ppm after 9 days.

[0270] The pH and chlorine stability of high chlorine concentration carbomer compositionsprepared with medical grade polyacrylic acrylic acid were assessed according the proceduresdescribed above. Various carbomer formulations were prepared according to TABLE 9B asdescribed above. After preparation, the baseline pH and chlorine content were measured. The compositions were stored at room temperature and the pH and chlorine content assessed on subsequent days. A summary of the chlorine content and pH of over time is provided for Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y is provided in TABLE 9C. FIGURE 13A illustrates the concentration of chlorine in Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y over time. FIGURE 13B illustrates the pH of Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Yover time. A summary of the chlorine content and pH of over time is provided for Composition Z,Composition AA, and Composition AB is provided in TABLE 9D. FIGURE 13C illustrates the concentration of chlorine in Composition Z, Composition AA, and Composition AB over time.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 FIGURE 13D illustrates the pH of Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y over time. TABLE 9E lists a summary of the % overall change in chlorine levels over time for Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y. FIGURE 14A illustrates the average change in chlorine concentration over time for Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y. TABLE 9F lists a summary of the % overall change in chlorine levels over time for Composition Z, Composition AA, and Composition AB. FIGURE 14B illustrates the average change in chlorine concentration over time for Composition Z, Composition AA, and Composition AB. TABLE 9BTABLE 9CTABLE 9DWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601TABLE 9ETABLE 9F

[0271] All six compositions evaluated with nominal chlorine concentrations of 6,000 ppm(Composition W, Composition X, and Composition Y), and 9,000 ppm (Composition Z, Composition AA, and Composition AB), were observed to slowly release chlorine over time. With the nominal 6,000 ppm compositions on average losing 14.42% of chlorine content over 7 days and the nominal 9,000 ppm compositions on average losing 9.42% of chlorine content over 7 days when stored at room temperature.

[0272] Comparison of Chlorine and pH stability of HASA and NaOCl carbomer formulationsWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0273] To determine the effect that HASA imparts on stability of a chlorinated hydrogel, twocompositions of a carbomer hydrogel with a nominal chlorine concentration of 6,000 ppm were prepared according to the procedure described above according to TABLE 9G. After preparation, the samples were stored in the absence of air at room temperature and the pH and chlorine contentof the composition was assessed over time as described above. TABLE 9H summarizes the pH andchlorine stability over time for the compositions. The viscosity of Composition AC and AD were measured at 48 hours after formulation as described above. Composition AC was observed to have a viscosity of 754,000 cP, as measured by L4 spindle at 0.5 RPM at 24.5 °C, while Composition AD was observed to have a viscosity of 4,625 cP as measured by L3 spindle at 20 RPM at 24.2 °C. FIGURE 15 illustrates the appearance of Composition AC and Composition AD after 48 hours of storage. Following inversion, Composition AD flows under the shear of gravity alone, indicating a loss in viscosity and Bingham-plastic shear stress threshold. TABLE 9GTABLE 9H

[0274] The above findings indicate that chlorine is quickly eliminated from a carbomer gel and thatHASA functions to stabilize chlorine levels in carbomer formulations.

[0275] The above findings indicate that formulation of HASA-Cl with polyacrylic acid results in acomposition that is pH stable and slowly releases chlorine over time at room temperature.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0276] Biocidal efficacy testing of polyacrylic acid compositions

[0277] A 7 lgCFU / mL suspension of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria was prepared intryptic soy broth. To 9.5 mL of the S. aureus to make an S. aureus the S. aureus inoculum, and incubated in an uncovered petri dish for 20 min at 37 °C. After drying, 20 minutes of contact, the stainless steel coupons were removed and transferred to a 50 mL centrifuge tube containing 20 mL of Dey-engley broth. The samples were neutralized by vortex for 30 seconds and sonicating for 7 minutes prior to diluting with phosphate buffered saline and plating on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates. The TSA plates were incubated at 37 °C, and S. aureus growth assessed after 24 and 48 hours. The biocidal efficacy of Composition L and Composition M was compared to PBS as a negative control and against the commercial topical antiseptic gel. FIGURES 13A and 13B illustrate S. aureus recovery at 24 hours across two experiments. In both experiments, Composition L had similar performance to the commercial topical gel antiseptic, reaching 3.6 log reduction in the first experiment compared to the 4.4 log reduction of the commercial topical gel antiseptic, and with both Composition L and the commercial topical gel antiseptic achieving full killing in the second experiment.

[0278] The above findings illustrate that formulation of HASA-Cl with polyacrylic acid results in aviscous composition with stable pH that slowly releases chlorine over time at room temperature. The composition has similar rheological properties and biocidal efficacy as a commercially available topical gel antiseptic. These findings illustrate that HASA-Cl formulated with polyacrylic result can be utilized for ointment applications requiring biocidal activity (e.g., as an anti-fungal ointment, or an antiseptic ointment). Example 6: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity on tissue explants

[0279] In some embodiments, one or more of the compositions disclosed herein (e.g., see Example2, Example 3, Example 4, or Example 5) can be applied to a tissue (e.g., skin) to elicit an antimicrobial effect. In some embodiments, applications of such compositions on a skin can prevent growth of or reduce a biofilm on the skin. In some embodiments, efficacy of such compositions can be evaluated on artificial wound beds in animal models (e.g., porcine dermal explants).

[0280] For example, the carbomers from Example 5 were tested in a porcine dermal explant toassess the antimicrobial effect. Briefly, porcine dermal explants were sterilized with super critical CO2. Following sterilization, the explants were inoculated with microbes (e.g., Candida albicans orWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 Pseudomonias aeruginosa) in the log growth phase leading to a microbial challenge (e.g., that of at least 1x106CFU / mL after 72 hours). Following inoculation, the explants were washed twice with PBS, and then treated with a volume (e.g., 2 mL) of one of the following conditions (Composition S, Composition R, Composition N, Compoisiton O, Composition P, Composition Q, Clortrimazole (1%), Silver sulfadiazine (1%), Topcare® triple antibiotic ointment, or PBS) and incubated (e.g., for 24 hours at 37 °C). Following treatment, the explants were washed three-times with PBS and the microbe recovered and the antimicrobial efficacy determined by calculating microbe survival (e.g., logCFU / explant). TABLE 10 lists C. albicans survival and reduction following treatment with the conditions for 24 hours. FIGURE 17 illustrates the survival of C. albicans biofilms following 24 hours of treatment. TABLE 11 lists P. aeruginosa survival and reduction following treatment with the conditions for 24 hours. FIGURE 18 illustrates the survival of P. aeruginosa biofilms following 24 hours of treatment. For both microbes, treatment with a composition of the disclosure decreases survival of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Composition Q with the highest chlorine content was observed to have the largest antimicrobial effect and the other carbomer compositions were observed to have a dose-dependent antimicrobial effect on P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The carbomer compositions had greater antimicrobial effects than the clotrimazole, silver sulfadiazine, and triple antibiotic compositions. TABLE 10TABLE 11WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0281] In another example, the carbomers from Example 5 were tested in a porcine dermal explantto assess the antimicrobial effect. Briefly, porcine dermal explants were sterilized with super critical CO2. Following sterilization, the explants were inoculated with Candida auris (C. auris). in the log growth phase leading to a microbial challenge and biofilm formation. After biofilm formation for 24 hours, planktonic C. auris were removed by washing the explant (e.g., 2 times with PBS). Following the wash, samples were separated into two groups, each consisting of 7 treatment arms for treatment with: chlorhexidine, a commercial antiseptic (e.g., Hibclens ®), a liquid composition of chlorinated HASA 50:50 at 6000 ppm Cl2(“0.6% liquid HASA-Cl”), liquid HASA-Cl at 12,0000 ppm Cl2(“1.2% liquid HASA-Cl”), a carbomer formulation of chlorinated HASA 50:50 at 3,000 ppm Cl2(“0.3% carbomer HASA-Cl”), carbomer HASA-Cl at 6,000 ppm Cl2(“0.6% carbomer HASA-Cl”), PBS, a unchlorinated carbomer formulation of HASA (“carbomer HASA”), or combinations thereof.

[0282] The first treatment group consisted of the following treatment arms:(1) 4% chlorhexidine (2) 4% Hibclens ® (3) 0.6% liquid HASA-Cl (4) 1.2% liquid HASA-Cl (5) 0.6% liquid HASA-Cl followed by 0.3% carbomer HASA-Cl (6) 4% Hibclens ® followed by 0.3% carbomer HASA-Cl (7) 2% Hibclens ® followed by 0.6% carbomer HASA-Cl Explants were treated with the chlorhexidine, Hibclens ®, or liquid HASA-Cl for 5 minutes and then rinsed with sterile water (e.g., two-times in 2 mL for 2 minutes). Following the rinse, carbomer HASA-Cl was applied for treatments (5), (6), and (7). After 24 hours, the samples were washed (e.g., 2x in PBS), and the C. auris recovered and enumerated.

[0283] The second treatment group consisted of the following treatment arms:(8) 2% chlorhexidine ® (9) 2% Hibclens ®WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 (10) 0.6% liquid HASA-Cl (11) 1.2% liquid HASA-Cl (12) 0.6% liquid HASA-Cl followed by 0.3% carbomer HASA-Cl (13) 2% Hibclens ® followed by 0.3% carbomer HASA-Cl (14) PBS followed carbomer HASA (15) PBS as a baseline control Explants were treated with chlorhexidine, Hibclens ®, liquid HASA-Cl, or PBS for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes of treatment, carbomer HASA-Cl was applied for treatments (12) and (13) and carbomer HASA was applied for treatment (14) and the carbomer formulations were allowed to stay on the explant for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the samples were washed (e.g., 2x in PBS), and the C. auris recovered and enumerated.

[0284] TABLE 12A lists C. auris recovery following treatment. TABLE 12B provides acomparison of the different treatment conditions with and without application. Application of carbomer HASA-Cl following treatment with Hibclens ® or liquid HASA-Cl significantly increased efficacy against C. auris ranging between a 2.5 log and a 3.9 log improvement. TABLE 12AWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 TABLE 12BExample 7: Evaluation of in vivo biocidal activity and wound healing capacity of a composition of the disclosure

[0285] The in vivo biocidal activity and wound healing capacity of a composition disclosed hereincan be evaluated against pathogens in full and partial thickness wounds. In some embodiments, a carbomer formulation of HASA-Cl is evaluated against full and partial thickness wounds generated in porcine skin inoculated with a target pathogen and the biocidal activity of the composition and wound healing capacity evaluated against commercially available antiseptic solutions. In some embodiments, the biocidal activity of a carbomer composition of HASA-Cl is evaluated against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Trichophyton rubrum.

[0286] A porcine model of wound healing was used to establish the in vivo biocidal activity andwound healing capacity of a carbomer formulation of HASA-Cl at 3,000 ppm Cl2and compared to a liquid formulation of HASA-Cl at 6,000 ppm Cl2. Following preparation of the porcine skin (e.g., following clipping of hard and washing with non-antibiotic soap and sterile water), wounds were created on each animal according to the following specification: for animals infected with MRSA (MRSA US300), or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATC27312 (PA27312), full thickness wounds were made in the paravertebral and thoracic area with sterile 10 mm punch biopsy. For animals infected with Trichophyton rubrum ATC28188 (TR28188), partial thickness wounds were made on the paravertebral and thoracic area with an electrakeratome fitted with a 10 mm blade. A total of 6 wounds were made for each treatment condition evaluated with an additional 3 wounds made to establish a baseline. Each pathogen was evaluated on a separate animal and all wounds wereWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 separated by more than 3-5 cm of unwounded skin. FIGURE 19 illustrates a diagram showing placement of the wounds on the skin of an animal.

[0287] Wounds were inoculated with MRSA USA300 or PA27312 at an inoculum concentration of106CFU / mL with a total inoculation volume of 25 μL for each wound. Wounds were inoculated with TR28188 at an inoculum concentration of approximately 105to 106CFU / mL with a total inoculation volume of 100 μL for each wound. After inoculation, wounds were covered with a polyurethane film dressing for 24 hours for MRSA USA300 and PA27312-innoculated animals and 72 hours for TR28188-innoculated animals to ensure colonization and biofilm formation.

[0288] After the pathogens were allowed to colonize and form a biofilm, the polyurethanedressings were removed and the baseline wounds were recovered as baseline counts prior to treatment. A total of 7 treatment conditions were evaluated for each pathogen, detailed below: (A) liquid HASA-Cl , 6,000 ppm Cl2(B) carbomer HASA-Cl , 3,000 ppm Cl2(C) liquid HASA-Cl followed by carbomer HASA-Cl (D) Comparator I (E) Comparator II (F) Sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by unchlorinated carbomer vehicle control (G) Untreated polyurethane film control For MRSA USA300 and PA27312-innoculated animals, Comparator I was Betadine® povidone- iodine solution and Comparator II was Prontosan® gel. For TR28188-innoculated animals, Comparator I was clotrimazole and Comparator II was miconazole. Treatments were applied to the wounds according to the following procedures: (A) liquid HASA-Cl was administered by soaking sterile gauze in the HASA-Cl solution and the gauze applied over the wound for 10 minutes; (B) carbomer HASA-Cl was administered by dispensing approximately 200 μL of the composition to wound; (C) liquid HASA-Cl was administered by applying soaked gauze to the wound as described above, followed by dispensing approximately 200 μL of carbomer HASA-Cl composition to the wound; (D) Betadine® povodine-iodine was applied by applying soaked gauze over the wound for 10 minutes, clotrimazole was applied by dispending approximately 200 μL to the wound; (E) 200 μL of Prontosan® gel was administered to the wound, while miconazole was dispensed according to the manufacturer’s protocol by spraying a thin film on the isolated area; (F) sterile gauze soaked in PBS was placed on the wound for 10 minutes, followed by dispensing approximately 200 μL of the unchlorinated vehicle control to wound; (G) the wounds were covered with polyurethane film dressings. Following administration of the corresponding treatment, the wounds were covered withWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 polyurethane film and secured around the animal. Treatments were applied daily for 7 days. FIGURE 20 illustrates a representative administration procedure consisting of applying soaked gauze over the full and partial thickness wounds. FIGURE 21 illustrates a representative administration procedure consisting of applying the composition (e.g., carbomer HASA-Cl) directly to the wound.

[0289] During the treatment period, clinical observations of erythema were made and scored.Wounds from MRSA USA300 and PA27312-innoculated animals exhibited mild erythema on Day 0, while no erythema was observed on any of the wounds from TR28188-innoculated animals. On Day 3 of treatment, all treatment groups from MRSA USA300 and PA27312-innoculated animals exhibited mild erythema that was lower than the observed erythema on Day 0. By Day 7, both MRSA USA300 and PS27312-innoculated animals exhibited no erythema. No wounds from TR28188-infected animals exhibited any erythema. FIGURES 22-24 illustrate representative images of wounds from MRSA USA300, PA27312, and TR28188-innoculated animals for all treatment conditions at Days 3 and 7, respectively.

[0290] On Day 0 of treatment, corresponding to 24 hours after inoculation with MRSA USA300and PA27312, or 72 hours after inoculation with TR28188, three wounds were biopsied (e.g., with a 6 mm punch biopsy) and recovered as a baseline. Wounds treated with one of the 7 treatment groups were biopsied on days 3 and 7 after treatment application. FIGURE 25A illustrates the biopsy placement for MRSA USA300 and PA27312-innoculated animals and FIGURE 25B illustrates the biopsy placement for TR28188-innoculated animals. The biopsy samples were then processed and the pathogen recovered and quantified. Wound healing was assessed on TR28188- innoculated animals on Days 3 and 7 of treatment. An incisional biopsy sample was taken from the wound according to the diagram in FIGURE 25B. After biopsy, the specimens were processed for histological analysis and analyzed for the following parameters to determine potential treatment response: (1) Percent of wound epithelialized, (2) Epithelial thickness, (3) White cell infiltrate, and (4) Granulation tissue formation.

[0291] FIGURE 26 illustrates MRSA USA300 recovery at baseline, and days 3 and 7 followingtreatment. Among the treatments evaluated, liquid HASA-Cl (A) exhibited similar biocidal efficacy at Day 3 as Betadine® providone-iodine (D), and the PBS + unchlorinated carbomer (F) treatment conditions. Carbomer HASA-Cl (B) treatment alone had similar biocidal efficacy as theProntosan® gel treatment. Wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl followed by carbomer HASA-Cl (C) had theWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 lowest MRSA USA300 counts with treatment resulting in a bacterial reduction of 78.66% compared to baseline. The combination of liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) resulted in improved antimicrobial efficacy compared to liquid HASA-Cl (A) or carbomer HASA-Cl (B) treatment alone. On Day 7, the combination liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) treatment exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy, resulting in a 97.12% bacterial reduction compared to baseline. The combination of liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) treatment resulted in higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to either liquid HASA-Cl (A) or carbomer HASA-Cl (B) alone. FIGURE 27 illustrates MRSA USA300 recovery at Days 3 and Days 7 for each treatment condition evaluated. Among all of the treatments evaluated, the combination of liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) resulted in the highest antimicrobial efficacy at both Days 3 and 7.

[0292] FIGURE 28 illustrates P27312 recovery at baseline and days 3 and 7 following treatment.P27312 bacterial counts at Day 3 were all observed to increase relative to baseline. Wounds treated with carbomer HASA-Cl (B), liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C), and Prontosan® gel (E) exhibited the smallest bacterial growth among the treatments assessed. At Day 7, wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) had the lowest bacterial counts, accounting for a 76.6% reduction in bacterial counts relative to control. Treatment with both liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) resulted in higher bacterial growth inhibition than treatment with liquid HASA-Cl (A) or carbomer HASA-Cl (B) treatment alone. FIGURE 29 illustrates P27312 recovery at Days 3 and Days 7 for each treatment condition evaluated. Among the treatments evaluated, wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl (A) and liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) had the highest reduction of bacterial counts from Day 3 to Day 7.

[0293] FIGURE 30 illustrates TR28188 recovery at baseline and days 3 and 7 following treatment.On Day 3, Wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) exhibited the lowest fungal count, with similar fungal counts observed for liquid HASA-Cl (A), carbomer HASA-Cl (B), and miconazole (E) treatments. Liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) treated wounds were observed to have a 92.26% fungal reduction compared to baseline. On Day 7, wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) had the lowest fungal count, exhibiting a fungal reduction of more than 98.4% compared to baseline and negative controls. Carbomer HASA-Cl (B) treated wounds had a slightly lower fungal count compared to liquid HASA-Cl (A)-treated wounds. Clotrimazole-treated wounds exhibited a lower fungal count compared to liquid HASA-Cl (A) and carbomer HASA-Cl (B) treated wounds. FIGURE 31 illustrates TR28188 at Days 3 and 7 for each treatment condition evaluated. Each treatment condition exhibited decreased fungal counts from Days 3 to 7.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0294] FIGURE 32 illustrates the percent of epithelization of the wound area, corresponding to thepercent of the wound area covered by newly formed epidermis with one or more layers of keratinocytes. On Days 3 and 7, all wounds were observed to have reached 100% reepithelization, indicating no detrimental effects in the healing process for any treatment condition evaluated.

[0295] FIGURE 33 illustrates the epithelial thickness of each biopsy at Days 3 and 7. Theepithelial thickness measured an average thickness of five points of newly formed epithelium, reflecting the process of keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and epidermal maturation. Wounds treated with carbomer HASA-Cl (B) had the highest epithelial thickness at Day 3. On Day 7, wounds treated with clotrimazole had the highest epithelial thickness.

[0296] FIGURE 34 illustrates white cell infiltration in the wound area at Days 3 and Day 7. Whitecell infiltration is used to assess the inflammation reaction that could either be a part of the normal process of wound repair, due to microbial infection, or tissue reaction to foreign materials in the wound. At Day 3, moderate white cell infiltration (3.3) was observed for wounds treated with liquid HASA-Cl (A), clotrimazole (D), and the untreated control (G). Wounds treated with miconazole (E) exhibited the lowest white cell infiltration (2.0) corresponding to mild infiltration. On Day 7, liquid HASA-Cl (A), untreated control (G), and miconazole (E)-treated wounds had no change in white cell infiltration. Liquid HASA-Cl and carbomer HASA-Cl (C) treated wounds were observed to have moderate white cell infiltration at both days 3 and 7.

[0297] FIGURE 35 illustrates granulation tissue formation in the wounds at Days 3 and Day 7.Granulation tissue formation is a hallmark of dermal reconstruction, which include new blood vessel formation and the accumulation of fibroblasts and collagen extracellular matrices. The granulation tissue formation metric measures the percent of wound bed filled with newly formed granulation tissue. On Day 3, all wounds were observed to have a granulation tissue formation score corresponding to 11-30%, while liquid HASA-Cl (A) and clotrimazole (D) treated wounds were observed to have the highest granulation tissue formation at Day 7.

[0298] The above results indicate that treatment with liquid HASA-Cl followed by carbomerHASA-Cl results in the best reduction in pathogen counts against MRSA, P. aeruginosa, and T. rubrum, with the combination treatment resulting in the most significant anti-microbial efficacy against T. rubrum.

[0299] The above findings illustrate that compositions comprising N-halamines, including thecarbomer compositions disclosed herein, have antimicrobial effects on tissue. In some aspects, the compositions have greater antimicrobial effects against biofilms than commercially-available ointment compositions. The above findings illustrate that carbomer compositions can be used for topical applications requiring biocidal activity (e.g., to eliminate biofilms on skin).WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 EMBODIMENTS

[0300] Embodiment A1. A method of generating a mixture, the method comprising:combining a polymer, a polyvalent ionic salt, and a solvent to generate the mixture, wherein: (i) the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and (ii) an inorganic salt having a cation with a formal charge of at least +2.

[0301] Embodiment A2. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein a mass ratio of the polymerand the inorganic salt in the mixture (polymer:inorganic salt) is between about 100:1 and about 1:10, between about 10:1 and about 1:10, between about 10:1 and about 1:5, or between about 5:1 and about 1:5.

[0302] Embodiment A3. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is presentin the mixture at a concentration of at least about 0.1 weight / weight % (wt / wt%), at least about 0.5 wt / wt%, at least about 1 wt / wt%, at least about 2 wt / wt%, at least about 5 wt / wt%, at least about 10 wt / wt%, or at least about 20 wt / wt%.

[0303] Embodiment A4. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is presentin the mixture at a concentration of between about 0.1 wt / wt% and about 20 wt / wt%, between about 0.1 wt / wt% and about 10 wt / wt%, or between about 1wt / wt% and about 5 wt / wt%.

[0304] Embodiment A5. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the combining comprises:(a) forming a polymer solution by combining the polymer and the solvent; and(b) contacting the polymer solution with the inorganic salt.

[0305] Embodiment A6. The method of Embodiment A1, further comprising, subsequent tothe combining, separating the gel mixture from a portion of the solvent via centrifugation.

[0306] Embodiment A7. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0307] Embodiment A8. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4- imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

[0308] Embodiment A9. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a group that is ionizable at neutral pH to carry a negative charge.

[0309] Embodiment A10. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0310] Embodiment A11. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid.

[0311] Embodiment A12. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a reside of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0312] Embodiment A13. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0313] Embodiment A14. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of an acrylate, a modified acrylate, or an ionized form thereof.

[0314] Embodiment A15. The composition of Embodiment A14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a phosphate moiety.

[0315] Embodiment A16. The composition of Embodiment A14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a polyether moiety.

[0316] Embodiment A17. The composition of Embodiment A14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0317] Embodiment A18. The composition of Embodiment A14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a styrene moiety.

[0318] Embodiment A19. The composition of Embodiment A18, wherein the styrene moiety isa substituted styrene moiety.

[0319] Embodiment A20. The composition of Embodiment A19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0320] Embodiment A21. The composition of Embodiment A19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is meta substituted styrene.

[0321] Embodiment A22. The composition of Embodiment A19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is para substituted styrene.

[0322] Embodiment A23. The composition of Embodiment A19, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a phosphate moiety.

[0323] Embodiment A24. The composition of Embodiment A19, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a sulfonate moiety.

[0324] Embodiment A25. The composition of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0325] Embodiment A26. The composition of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

[0326] Embodiment A27. The composition of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0327] Embodiment A28. The composition of Embodiment A27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

[0328] Embodiment A29. The composition of Embodiment A27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

[0329] Embodiment A30. The composition of Embodiment A27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0330] Embodiment A31. The composition of Embodiment A27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a styrene moiety.

[0331] Embodiment A32. The composition of Embodiment A27, wherein the styrene moiety isa substituted styrene moiety.

[0332] Embodiment A33. The composition of Embodiment A32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0333] Embodiment A34. The composition of Embodiment A32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is meta substituted styrene.

[0334] Embodiment A35. The composition of Embodiment A32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is para substituted styrene.

[0335] Embodiment A36. The composition of Embodiment A32, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a phosphate moiety.

[0336] Embodiment A37. The composition of Embodiment A32, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a sulfonate moiety.

[0337] Embodiment A38. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0338] Embodiment A39. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate or an ionized form thereof.

[0339] Embodiment A40. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of 10-(phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.

[0340] Embodiment A41. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0341] Embodiment A42. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is presentin the composition at a concentration of at least 10 weight %.

[0342] Embodiment A43. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the polymer is present inthe composition at a concentration of at least 10 weight %.

[0343] Embodiment A44. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is MgSO4.

[0344] Embodiment A45. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is MgCl2.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0345] Embodiment A46. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt isCa(OCl)2.

[0346] Embodiment A47. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the inorganic salt is CaCl2.

[0347] Embodiment A48. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the mixture is a gel.

[0348] Embodiment A49. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the N-halamine is N-chlorinated halamine.

[0349] Embodiment A50. The method of Embodiment A1, wherein the solvent is an aqueousliquid.

[0350] Embodiment A51. The method of any one of Embodiments A1-A50, wherein thepolymer is a copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises the first and second repeating units.

[0351] Embodiment B1. A composition comprising:a) a polymer comprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety, b) an inorganic salt comprising a cation having a formal charge of at least positive 2; and c) a solvent.

[0352] Embodiment B2. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein a mass ratio of thepolymer and the inorganic salt in the mixture (polymer:inorganic salt) is between about 100:1 and about 1:10, between about 10:1 and about 1:10, between about 10:1 and about 1:5, or between about 5:1 and about 1:5.

[0353] Embodiment B3. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt ispresent in the mixture at a concentration of at least about 0.1 weight / weight % (wt / wt%), at least about 0.5 wt / wt%, at least about 1 wt / wt%, at least about 2 wt / wt%, at least about 5 wt / wt%, at least about 10 wt / wt%, or at least about 20 wt / wt%.

[0354] Embodiment B4. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt ispresent in the mixture at a concentration of between about 0.1 wt / wt% and about 20 wt / wt%, between about 0.1 wt / wt% and about 10 wt / wt%, or between about 1wt / wt% and about 5 wt / wt%.

[0355] Embodiment B5. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the composition is agel.

[0356] Embodiment B6. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the composition has aviscosity of between about 1,000 centipopise (cP) to about 5,000,000 cP.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0357] Embodiment B7. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0358] Embodiment B8. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4- imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

[0359] Embodiment B9. The composition of any one of Embodiments B1-B5, wherein the secondrepeating unit comprises a group that is ionizable at neutral pH to carry a negative charge.

[0360] Embodiment B10. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0361] Embodiment B11. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0362] Embodiment B12. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0363] Embodiment B13. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0364] Embodiment B14. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second unitcomprises a residue of an acrylate, a modified acrylate, or an ionized form thereof.

[0365] Embodiment B15. The composition of Embodiment B14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a phosphate moiety.

[0366] Embodiment B16. The composition of Embodiment B14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a polyether moiety.

[0367] Embodiment B17. The composition of Embodiment B14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0368] Embodiment B18. The composition of Embodiment B14, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a styrene moiety.

[0369] Embodiment B19. The composition of Embodiment B18, wherein the styrene moiety isa substituted styrene moiety.

[0370] Embodiment B20. The composition of Embodiment B19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0371] Embodiment B21. The composition of Embodiment B19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is meta substituted styrene.

[0372] Embodiment B22. The composition of Embodiment B19, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is para substituted styrene.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0373] Embodiment B23. The composition of Embodiment B19, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a phosphate moiety.

[0374] Embodiment B24. The composition of Embodiment B19, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a sulfonate moiety.

[0375] Embodiment B25. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0376] Embodiment B26. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

[0377] Embodiment B27. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

[0378] Embodiment B28. The composition of Embodiment B27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

[0379] Embodiment B29. The composition of Embodiment B27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

[0380] Embodiment B30. The composition of Embodiment B27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0381] Embodiment B31. The composition of Embodiment B27, wherein the modifiedacrylamide comprises a styrene moiety.

[0382] Embodiment B32. The composition of Embodiment B27, wherein the styrene moiety isa substituted styrene moiety.

[0383] Embodiment B33. The composition of Embodiment B32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0384] Embodiment B34. The composition of Embodiment B32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is meta substituted styrene.

[0385] Embodiment B35. The composition of Embodiment B32, wherein the substitutedstyrene moiety is para substituted styrene.

[0386] Embodiment B36. The composition of Embodiment B32, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a phosphate moiety.

[0387] Embodiment B37. The composition of Embodiment B32, wherein the styrene issubstituted with a sulfonate moiety.

[0388] Embodiment B38. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0389] Embodiment B39. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0390] Embodiment B40. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of 10-(phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.

[0391] Embodiment B41. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the second repeatingunit comprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0392] Embodiment B42. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt ispresent in the composition at a concentration of at least 10 weight %.

[0393] Embodiment B43. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the polymer is presentin the composition at a concentration of at least 10 weight %.

[0394] Embodiment B44. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein inorganic salt isMgSO4.

[0395] Embodiment B45. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt isMgCl2.

[0396] Embodiment B46. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt isCa(OCl)2.

[0397] Embodiment B47. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the inorganic salt isCaCl2.

[0398] Embodiment B48. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the N-halamine is N-chlorinated halamine.

[0399] Embodiment B49. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the solvent is anaqueous liquid.

[0400] Embodiment B50. The composition of any one of Embodiments B1-B25, wherein thepolymer is a copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit.

[0401] Embodiment B51. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the first repeatinggroup or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.

[0402] Embodiment B52. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the first repeatinggroup or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:oror an ionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.

[0403] Embodiment B53. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the first repeatingionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.

[0404] Embodiment B54. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein the polymer is formedfrom a process, the process comprising combining a sample of a compound of formula (I): ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula (II):; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, –– C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.

[0405] Embodiment B55. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein free radicalpolymerization conditions comprise heating at about 80 °C with PPS for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises water.

[0406] Embodiment B56. The composition of Embodiment B1, wherein free radicalpolymerization conditions comprise heating at about 55 °C with AIBN for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises ethanol and methanol.

[0407] Embodiment C1. A method of generating a mixture, the method comprising:combining a polymer, a gel-forming agent, and an oil to generate a gel mixture, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the gel-forming agent is substantially insoluble in water.

[0408] Embodiment C2. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the combining comprises:(a) forming an initial gel mixture by contacting the gel-forming agent and the oil; and (b) contacting the initial gel mixture and the polymer, thereby generating the gel mixture.

[0409] Embodiment C3. The method of Embodiment C2, wherein in (b), the polymer is in asolid state prior to contacting with the initial gel mixture.

[0410] Embodiment C4. The method of Embodiment C2, wherein in (b), the contactingcomprises contacting: (i) the initial gel mixture with; (ii) an aqueous mixture comprising the polymer and an aqueous solvent, thereby forming the gel mixture, wherein the gel mixture is an emulsion.

[0411] Embodiment C5. The method of Embodiment C4, wherein the emulsion is a water-in-oil emulsion.

[0412] Embodiment C6. The method of Embodiment C4, wherein the emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion.

[0413] Embodiment C7. The method of Embodiment C4, wherein the aqueous solvent existsin the gel mixture at a weight percentage of no greater than about 10%.

[0414] Embodiment C8. The method of Embodiment C2, wherein the forming the initial gelmixture by contacting the gel-forming agent and the oil comprises:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 (1) heating a mixture, wherein the mixture comprises the gel-forming agent and the oil, thereby providing a heated mixture, to dissolve at least a portion of the gel-forming agent in the oil, and (2) cooling the heated mixture, thereby forming the initial gel mixture.

[0415] Embodiment C9. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agentcomprises a polymer having a styrene-derived repeating unit.

[0416] Embodiment C10. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agentcomprises a block copolymer comprising styrene and ethylene-propylene blocks.

[0417] Embodiment C11. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agentcomprises a block copolymer comprising styrene endblocks and an ethylene-propylene midblock.

[0418] Embodiment C12. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agentcomprises a block copolymer comprising styrene and ethylene-butylene blocks.

[0419] Embodiment C13. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agentcomprises a block copolymer comprising styrene endblocks and an ethylene-butylene midblock copolymer.

[0420] Embodiment C14. The method of claim C1, wherein the gel-forming agent comprises anethylene-propylene star polymer.

[0421] Embodiment C15. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the oil is a mineral oil.

[0422] Embodiment C16. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the oil is a gas-to-liquid oil.

[0423] Embodiment C17. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the polymer is present inthe gel composition at a concentration of at least about 0.01 weight %.

[0424] Embodiment C18. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the gel-forming agent ispresent in the gel composition at a concentration of at least about 3 weight %.

[0425] Embodiment C19. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the oil is present in the gelcomposition at a concentration of at least about 70 weight %.

[0426] Embodiment C20. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0427] Embodiment C21. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the first repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4- imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

[0428] Embodiment C22. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0429] Embodiment C23. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0430] Embodiment C24. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

[0431] Embodiment C25. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

[0432] Embodiment C26. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of an acrylate, a modified acrylate, or an ionized form thereof.

[0433] Embodiment C27. The method of Embodiment C26, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a phosphate moiety.

[0434] Embodiment C28. The method of Embodiment C26, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a polyether moiety.

[0435] Embodiment C29. The method of Embodiment C26, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0436] Embodiment C30. The method of Embodiment C26, wherein the modified acrylatecomprises a styrene moiety.

[0437] Embodiment C31. The method of Embodiment C26, wherein the styrene moiety is asubstituted styrene moiety.

[0438] Embodiment C32. The method of Embodiment C31, wherein the substituted styrenemoiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0439] Embodiment C33. The method of Embodiment C31, wherein the substituted styrenemoiety is meta substituted styrene.

[0440] Embodiment C34. The method of Embodiment C31, wherein the substituted styrenemoiety is para substituted styrene.

[0441] Embodiment C35. The method of Embodiment C31, wherein the styrene is substitutedwith a phosphate moiety.

[0442] Embodiment C36. The method of Embodiment C31, wherein the styrene is substitutedwith a sulfonate moiety.

[0443] Embodiment C37. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety.

[0444] Embodiment C38. The method of Embodiment C1, wherein the second repeating unitcomprises a residue of acrylamide, a modified acrylamide, or an ionized form thereof.

[0445] Embodiment C39. The method of Embodiment C38, wherein the modified acrylamidecomprises a phosphate moiety.

[0446] Embodiment C40. The method of Embodiment C38, wherein the modified acrylamidecomprises a polyether moiety.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601

[0447] Embodiment C41. The method of Embodiment C38, wherein the modified acrylamidecomprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

[0448] Embodiment C42. The method of Embodiment C38, wherein the modified acrylamidecomprises a styrene moiety.

[0449] Embodiment C43. The method of Embodiment C38, wherein the styrene moiety is asubstituted styrene moiety.

[0450] Embodiment C44. The method of Embodiment C43, wherein the substituted styrenemoiety is ortho substituted styrene.

[0451] Embodiment C45. The method of Embodiment C43, wherein the substituted s...

Claims

WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A composition comprising a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source; and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer. 2 The composition of claim 1, further comprising an aqueous solvent. 3 The composition of claim 1, further comprising the electrophilic halogen source. 4 The composition of any one of claims 1-3, further comprising a base.5 The composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the composition has a pH of at leastabout 6. 6 The composition of claim 1, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.7 The composition of claim 1, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a residue of 2-propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof. 8 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof. 9 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid or an ionized form thereof. 10 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof. 11 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof. 12 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylate or an ionized form thereof. 13 The composition of claim 12, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a phosphate moiety. 14 The composition of claim 12, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a polyether moiety. 15 The composition of claim 12, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety. 16 The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

20. The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

21. The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

22. The composition of claim 18, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a styrene moiety.

23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

24. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate or an ionized form thereof.

25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 10- (phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.

26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

27. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer comprises a moiety derived from polymerization of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof and a moiety derived from polymerization of an alkyl acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

28. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second polymer comprises a moiety derived from polymerization of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof and a moiety derived from polymerization of a C20 alkyl acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

29. The composition of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the polymer comprising the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit is a copolymer.

30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the polymer comprising the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit is a block copolymer.

31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601, wherein Q1is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit. 32 The composition of claim 1, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:oror an ionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit. 33 The composition of claim 1, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:or an ionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit. 34 The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer is formed from a process, the process comprising combining a sample of a compound of formulaor an ionized formWSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 thereof; a sample of a compound of formulasolvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, ––C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom. 35 The composition of claim 34, wherein free radical polymerization conditions comprise heating at about 80 °C with PPS for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises water. 36 The composition of claim 34, wherein free radical polymerization conditions comprise heating at about 55 °C with AIBN for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises ethanol and methanol. 37 A composition comprising a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises an N- chlorinated halamine and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer. 38 A composition comprising: a) a polymer comprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a moiety that forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; b) a first gelling agent; and c) a second gelling agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow. 39 The composition of claim 38, further comprising an aqueous solvent. 40 The composition of claim 38, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 41. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

42. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a group that is ionizable at neutral pH to carry a negative charge.

43. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

44. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid.

45. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety, a residue of acrylic acid, or an ionized form thereof.

46. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylate or an ionized form thereof.

47. The composition of claim 46, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a phosphate moiety.

48. The composition of claim 46, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a polyether moiety.

49. The composition of claim 46, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

50. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.

51. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

52. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

54. The composition of claim 52, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

55. The composition of claim 52, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

56. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

57. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 10- (phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 58. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

59. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent.

60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica.

61. The composition of claim 38, wherein the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

62. The composition of claim 61, wherein the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

63. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent and the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

64. The composition of claim 63, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica and the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

65. The composition of claim 38, wherein the mixture is a gel.

66. The composition of claim 38, wherein the N-halamine is N-chlorinated halamine.

67. The composition of claim 39, wherein the solvent is an aqueous liquid.

68. The composition of any one of claims 38-67, wherein the polymer is a copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises the first and second repeating unit.

69. The composition of claim 68, wherein the polymer is a block copolymer.

70. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:; Q2is O, NH, or N(C1-C3-alkyl); R1is H, –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or –C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R3is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R4is H or C1-C3-alkyl; R5is H or C1-C3- alkyl; R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionized or ionizable moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 71. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:or an ionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.

72. The composition of claim 38, wherein the first repeating group or a portion thereof is:and the second repeating group or a portion thereof is:or an ionized form thereof, wherein the polymer comprises at least 2 units of the first repeating unit and at least 2 units of the second repeating unit.

73. The composition of claim 38, wherein the polymer is formed from a process, the process comprising combining a sample of a compound of formulaor an ionized form thereof; a sample of a compound of formula; and a solvent under free radical polymerization conditions to provide a mixture, wherein: Q1is O, NH, or N(methyl); Q2is O, NH, or N(methyl); R1is H, ––C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–Charged Group, or – C(R2)(R3)(CH2)n–O–Charged Group; R2is H or methyl; R3is H or methyl; R4is H or methyl; R5is H or methyl R6is H or C1-C3alkyl; R7is H or C1-C3alkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; Charged Group is an ionizable or ionized moiety; and Heterocycle is a heterocyclic ring containing a nitrogen atom.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 74. The composition of claim 73, wherein free radical polymerization conditions comprise heating at about 80 °C with PPS for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises water.

75. The composition of claim 73, wherein free radical polymerization conditions comprise heating at about 55 °C with AIBN for about 4 hours under nitrogen, wherein the solvent comprises ethanol and methanol.

76. A composition comprising: a) a polymer comprising a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises an N-chlorinated halamine, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; b) a first gelling agent; and c) a second gelling agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

77. A method for treating a condition of skin, the method comprising: applying to the skin an application of a composition, the composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side chain comprises a N-chlorinated halamine and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the composition is a liquid composition comprising the polymer.

79. The method of claim 77, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the composition for at least 5 minutes.

80. The method of claim 77, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the composition for at least 10 minutes.

81. The method of claim 77, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the composition for at least 20 minutes.

82. The method of claim 77, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the first composition for at least 30 minutes.

83. The method of any one of claims 77-82, wherein subsequent to the applying to the skin the application of the composition, applying to the skin an application of an additional composition that is different than the composition.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the additional composition does not comprise a N- chlorinated halamine.

85. The method of claim 83, wherein the additional composition comprises an aqueous solvent suitable to remove the first composition from the skin.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the aqueous solvent comprises water.

87. The method of claim 83, wherein the additional composition comprises a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer.

88. The method of claim 83, wherein the additional composition comprises the polymer comprising the N-chlorinated halamine, a first gelling agent, and a second agent, wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent.

90. The method of claim 89, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica.

91. The method of claim 88, wherein the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

93. The method of claim 88, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica and the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

94. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 30 seconds.

95. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 1 minute.

96. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 5 minutes.

97. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 1 hour.

98. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 6 hours.

99. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 12 hours.

100. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 1 day.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 101. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 2 days.

102. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 3 days.

103. The method of any one of claims 83-93, wherein the applying comprises contacting the skin with the additional composition for at least 7 days.

104. The method of any one of claims 83-103, further comprising subsequent to the contacting with the second composition, applying to the skin an additional application of the composition.

105. The method of any one of claims 83-103, further comprising subsequent to the contacting with the second composition, applying to the skin an additional application of the additional composition.

106. The method of any one of claims 83-105, wherein the composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin.

107. The method of any one of claims 83-105, wherein the additional composition exhibits biocidal activity when applied to the skin.

108. The method of any one of claims 83-105, wherein the composition and the additional composition exhibit biocidal activity when applied to the skin.

109. The method of any one of claims 77-108, wherein the condition of the skin comprises an infection of the skin.

110. The method of claim 109, wherein the condition of the skin comprises a bacterial infection of the skin.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein the bacterial infection of the skin comprises a S. aureus infection.

112. The method of claim 110, wherein the bacterial infection of the skin comprises a methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection.

113. The method of claim 110, wherein the bacterial infection of the skin comprises a P. aeruginosa infection.

114. The method of claim 109, wherein the condition of the skin comprises a yeast infection of the skin.

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the yeast infection of the skin comprises a C. albicans infection.

118. The method of claim 114, wherein the yeast infection of the skin comprises a C. auris infection.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 119. The method of claim 109, wherein the condition of the skin comprises a fungal infection of the skin.

120. The method of claim 119, wherein the fungal infection of the skin comprises a T. rubrum infection.

121. The method of any one of claims 77-108, wherein the condition of the skin comprises a skin wound.

122. The method of any one of claims 77-108, wherein the condition of the skin comprises a dermatologic condition.

123. A method of generating a mixture, the method comprising: combining a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein the side forms a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the second polymer is an acrylic acid-derived polymer.

124. The method of claim 123, wherein the combining comprises contacting an aqueous mixture with a solid state form of the additional polymer, wherein the aqueous mixture comprises the first polymer in an aqueous solvent.

125. The method of claim 124, further comprising, subsequent to the combining, contacting the gel mixture and the electrophilic halogen source to provide an activated gel mixture.

126. The method of claim 125, further comprising, contacting the activated gel mixture and a base to provide a basified activated gel mixture, wherein is the basified activated gel mixture has a pH of at least about 6.

127. The method of claim 123, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.

128. The method of claim 123, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

129. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

130. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

131. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 132. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

133. The method of claim 123, wherein the second unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylate or an ionized form thereof.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a phosphate moiety.

135. The method of claim 133, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a polyether moiety.

136. The method of claim 133, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

137. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.

138. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

139. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

140. The method of claim 139, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

141. The method of claim 139, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

142. The method of claim 139, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

143. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

144. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate or an ionized form thereof.

145. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 10- (phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.

146. The method of claim 123, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

147. The method of any one of claims 123-146, wherein the polymer comprising the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit is a copolymer.

148. The method of claim 147, wherein the polymer comprises the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit is a block copolymer.

149. The method of claim 123, wherein the second polymer comprises a moiety derived from polymerization of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof and a moiety derived from polymerization of an alkyl acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 150. The method of claim 149, wherein the second polymer comprises a moiety derived from polymerization of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof and a moiety derived from polymerization of a C20 alkyl acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

151. A method of generating a mixture, the method comprising: combining a polymer, a first gelling agent, a second gelling agent, and a solvent to generate the mixture, wherein the polymer comprises a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a side chain, wherein at least a portion of the side chain is configured to form a N-halamine when exposed to an electrophilic halogen source, and wherein the second repeating unit comprises a water-soluble moiety; and wherein the first gelling agent and the second gelling agent differ by at least one rheological property selected from viscosity, thixotropy, and resistance to flow.

152. The method of claim 151, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a hydantoin moiety or an ionized form thereof.

153. The method of claim 151, wherein the first repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- propenamide, N-[1,1-dimetyl-2-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)ethyl], or an ionized form thereof.

154. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a group that is ionizable at neutral pH to carry a negative charge.

155. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a sulfonic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

156. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 2- acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid.

157. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylic acid moiety or an ionized form thereof.

158. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylic acid or an ionized form thereof.

159. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylate or an ionized form thereof.

160. The method of claim 159, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a phosphate moiety.

161. The method of claim 159, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a polyether moiety.

162. The method of claim 159, wherein the modified acrylate comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

163. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of an acrylamide moiety or an ionized form thereof.WSGR Docket No. 58554-708.601 164. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

165. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of a modified acrylamide or an ionized form thereof.

166. The method of claim 165, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a phosphate moiety.

167. The method of claim 165, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a polyether moiety.

168. The method of claim 165, wherein the modified acrylamide comprises a vinyl alcohol moiety.

169. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a phosphate moiety or an ionized form thereof.

170. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of 10- (phosphonooxy)decyl methacrylate or an ionized form thereof.

171. The method of claim 151, wherein the second repeating unit comprises a residue of vinyl phosphonic acid or an ionized form thereof.

172. The method of claim 151, wherein the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent.

173. The method of claim 172, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica.

174. The method of claim 151, wherein the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

175. The method of claim 174, wherein the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

176. The method of claim 151, wherein the first gelling agent comprises a thixotropic gelling agent and the second gelling agent comprises a non-thixotropic gelling agent.

177. The method of claim 176, wherein the first gelling agent comprises fumed silica and the second gelling agent comprises polyethylene glycol.

178. The method of claim 151, wherein the mixture is a gel.

179. The method of claim 151, wherein the N-halamine is N-chlorinated halamine.

180. The method of claim 151, wherein the solvent is an aqueous liquid.

181. The method of any one of claims 151-180, wherein the polymer is a copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises the first and second repeating unit.

182. The method of claim 181, wherein the polymer is a block copolymer.

Images