Photovoltaic device and method therefor
Co-doping the back contact layer of CdTe-based solar cells with a p-type dopant and a defect passivator addresses the poor ohmic contact issue, enhancing efficiency and stability by optimizing the band structure and reducing porosity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/087232
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-16
AI Technical Summary
CdTe-based solar cells face issues with poor ohmic contact due to high electron affinity, leading to reduced efficiency and instability, particularly when doped with single dopants like Cu or Ag, which cause migration and compensation effects.
A photovoltaic device with a back contact layer co-doped with a p-type dopant and a defect passivator, reducing dopant concentrations and enhancing ohmic contact, conductivity, and electron reflection, thereby improving efficiency and stability.
The co-doping of the back contact layer with different dopants improves the band structure, reduces porosity, and enhances carrier extraction, resulting in higher efficiency and stability of the solar cell.
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Figure CN2024087232_16102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A photovoltaic device and a method for producing it
[0001] The present invention relates to a photovoltaic device, in particular to a CdTe-based thin film solar cell with a back contact comprising an electron reflecting layer, and to a method for producing such a photovoltaic device.Prior art
[0002] In CdTe-based solar cells, the design of the back contact is critical to the performance of the solar cell. Acommon problem in CdTe solar cells is poor ohmic contact, due to its high electron affinity which results in a potential barrier with most of metallic electrodes. Such a barrier affects negatively the majority carrier extraction from the device, thereby reducing the cells efficiency.
[0003] One approach to improve the back contact is to use zinc telluride (ZnTe) as or within the back contact of the solar cell. Aback contact including ZnTe results in a good ohmic contact to the absorber layer of the solar cell so that current can be efficiently transferred from the CdTe-based film, i.e. the absorber layer, to the back electrode. It also helps to reduce the recombination of the majority carriers (holes) by acting as an electron (minority) reflector. By using a ZnTe layer, current can be transferred smoothly from the absorber layer to the electrode. In addition, ZnTe and CdTe or CdSeTe have good lattice matching, which helps to reduce interface defects and electron tunnelling. Furthermore, the energy band structure of ZnTe matches with CdTe or CdSeTe resulting in a favourable band alignment which is conducive to the transport and extraction of holes and reflection of electrons. Thus, the use of ZnTe improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
[0004] At present, ZnTe doped with Cu is also often used as or within the back contact. For instance, WO 2014 / 153439 A1 describe such a layer as a part of a back contact layer stack. Copper helps to reduce the potential barrier between CdTe or CdSeTe and metals of the back electrode, thereby creating a good ohmic contact. However, Cu tends to migrate from the ZnTe into the CdTe-based absorber layer resulting in an instable contact and contributing to the solar cell degradation.
[0005] Further, ZnTe doped with Ag alone is also used in the back contact, as described for instance in US 11, 450, 778 B2. However, the single-doping with Ag will generate shallow donors, which can compensate p-type semiconductors reducing the net free-carriers density, thereby resulting in low-efficiency solar cells. The single-doping with Ag presents further drawbacks, in particular by increasing the manufacturing costs of the solar cell.
[0006] Object of the invention
[0007] The object is therefore to provide a photovoltaic device comprising a back contact layer which overcomes the disadvantages of the state of the art. It is further an object to provide a method for producing such a photovoltaic device.
[0008] Solution
[0009] According to the invention, the object is solved by a photovoltaic device and a method for producing it according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims.
[0010] A first aspect of the invention provides a photovoltaic device comprising a front contact, aback contact, and an absorber layer located between the front contact and the back contact and comprising a II-VI semiconductor material. The back contact comprises an electron reflecting layer that is co-doped with at least a first dopant and a second dopant, the second dopant being different from the first dopant. The first dopant comprises a p-type dopant and / or an n-type dopant, and the second dopant serves as a defect passivator.
[0011] The present invention refers to co-doping a back contact layer, i.e. the electron reflecting layer, with two different dopants. This allows the concentration of both dopants to be reduced, avoiding the undesired effects derived by the excess of one of them. Indeed, using low concentration of the first dopant and the second dopant avoid the possible compensation of the n-or p-doping generated by the first dopant due to the second dopant. It further reduces an instability within the absorber layer caused by the migration of one of the dopants. Moreover, co-doping improves the efficiency of the photovoltaic device enhancing the desirable effects derived by single-doping with either the first dopant or the second dopant. In fact, an optimized band structure and a better ohmic contact can be obtained in addition to a high-conductivity, high-density and low-porosity electron reflecting layer, thereby improving the performance of the photovoltaic device, in particular of a solar cell. The second dopant as a defect passivator helps to passivate the defects at the interface between the absorber layer and the electron reflecting layer or between another layer, which is formed between the absorber layer and the electron reflecting layer, and the electron reflecting layer, thereby reducing superficial recombination of generated charge carriers. Furthermore, compared to a back contact layer doped with one of the first or the second dopant alone, the porosity of the electron reflecting layer is reduced by co-doping, resulting in a higher density of the electron reflecting layer. In addition, the presence of the second dopant as a defect passivator improves the conductivity of the electron reflecting layer, improving the carrier extraction from the absorber layer. This aspect becomes particularly critical when the electron reflecting layer is deposited film by an electrical deposition techniques like electrodeposition, electroplating, DC / DC-pulsed sputtering or the like.
[0012] The front contact is that contact facing the light incident side of the photovoltaic device and serves as a first electrode of the photovoltaic device. In embodiments, the front contact comprises a transparent conductive layer. In special embodiments, the front contact comprises a transparent conductive oxide, for instance tin oxide doped with fluorine (SnO2: F) , indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Al) , cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) , or titanium dioxide (TiO2) . In further embodiments, the front contact comprises a buffer layer, for instance a window layer and / or a high-resistive buffer layer. The high-resistive buffer layer may be, for example, tin oxide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium, cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, cadmium oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, zinc silicon oxide, azinc zirconium oxide, tin aluminum oxide, tin silicon oxide, tin zirconium oxide, or another suitable wide-band gap and stable material. The window layer may be formed from a semiconductor material such as, for example, CdS, CdSSe, CdSe, zinc sulfide (ZnS) , aZnS / CdS alloy, ZnSO, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium magnesium sulfide, cadmium tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, cadmium oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, zinc silicon oxide, azinc zirconium oxide, tin aluminum oxide, tin silicon oxide, tin zirconium oxide, or another suitable wide-band gap and stable material. Only thebuffer layer is optional.
[0013] The absorber layer may comprise any suitable II-VI semiconductor material. In embodiments, the absorber layer comprises cadmium and at least one of selenium and tellurium in an alloy. In special embodiments, the absorber layer is a CdTe-based thin film. CdTe-based means any compound comprising Cd and Te in an alloy, wherein further elements may be comprised in an alloy or as a dopant. For instance, CdTe-based includes CdTe, CdSe, CdSexTe1-x, CdZnxTe1-x, CdHgxTe1-x, with 0≤x≤1 in any case, and layer stacks comprising different of these layers. Dopants may be one or more of Cu, Ag, Hg, Ti, Sn, Ni, Zn, Au, Li, K, Na, Rb, V, Nb, Ta, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, B, Al, Ga, In, Mn, Tc, F, CI, Br, and I. For the absorber layer being a CdSexTe1-x layer, x is preferably in the range of 0≤x≤0.4, in particular in the range of 0.2≤x≤0.4. In special embodiments, the absorber layer is doped with at least one of the same first dopant and the same second dopant as the electron reflecting layer. In particular, the absorber layer is doped with the same first dopant and the same second dopant as the electron reflecting layer.
[0014] The back contact comprises–besides the electron reflecting layer-any electrically conductive material serving as a second electrode of the photovoltaic device. In embodiments, the back contact comprises a metal layer, for instance of Al. In further embodiments, the back contact comprises further layers, for instance of MoN, TiN, TiO, or Cr. The electron reflecting layer is arranged within the back contact closer to the absorber layer as a layer serving as the second electrode, e.g. closer as a metal layer. However, other electron transparent layers being part of the back contact may be arranged between the electron reflecting layer and the absorber layer.
[0015] In embodiments, the first dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Hg, Ti, Sn, Ni, Zn, N, P, As, Sb, or Bi.
[0016] In embodiments, the second dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Au, N, O or In.
[0017] In any case, the electron reflecting layer comprises at least one first dopant and one second dopant and is therefore co-doped with at least one first dopant and at least one second dopant.
[0018] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer comprises at least one telluride MiTe, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or Cd.
[0019] In embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of the first dopant to the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is greater than 2: 1. In embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of the first dopant to the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is greater than 25: 1 or 50: 1. In any case, the ratio of the concentration of the first dopant to the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is no more than 10,000: 1.
[0020] In embodiments, the concentration of the first dopant within the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 0.01 at%to 5.0 at%, i.e. 100 ppm to 50,000 ppm, in particular in the range of 0.1 at%to 3 at%, i.e. 100 ppm to 30,000 ppm, and more particular in the range of 0.3 at%to 1 at%, i.e. 300 ppm to 10,000 ppm.
[0021] In embodiment, the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 0.001 at%to 0.1 at%, i.e. 10 ppm to 1,000 ppm, in particular in the range of 0.01 at%to 0.05 at%, i.e. 100 ppm to 500 ppm, and more particular in the range of 0.01 at%to 0,03 at%, i.e. 10 ppm to 300 ppm.
[0022] The concentration and ratio of the first dopant and the second dopant not only affect the diffusion speed of the first and the second dopants in the electron reflecting layer, but also affect the conductivity, electron reflection characteristics, carrier density and many other optoelectronic properties of the electron reflecting layer, which ultimately affect the stability and efficiency of the photovoltaic device.
[0023] In embodiments, the thickness of the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range of 5 nm to 50 nm, and more particular in the range of 5 nm to 15 nm.
[0024] In embodiments, at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer varies over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer linearly or nonlinearly. In special embodiments, the concentration of the first dopant or of the second dopant is higher at a first position within the electron reflecting layer than at a second position, the first position being arranged closer to the absorber layer than the second position. In other special embodiments, the concentration of the first dopant or of the second dopant is lower at a first position within the electron reflecting layer than at a second position, the first position being arranged closer to the absorber layer than the second position. In further special embodiments, the concentration gradients of the first and the second dopants vary diametrically over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer. For instance, the concentration of the first dopant is higher at a first position within the electron reflecting layer than at a second position, the first position being arranged closer to the absorber layer than the second position, whereas the concentration of the second dopant is lower at the first position within the electron reflecting layer than at the second position, or opposite. By setting specific concentration profiles of the first and / or the second dopant, not only the diffusion speed of the first and / or the second dopant can be controlled in a more flexible way, but the band structure of the back contact can also be designed more flexibly.
[0025] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer comprises a plurality of sublayers, wherein at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant differs for different sublayers. By using such sublayers, the above described concentration gradients over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer may be achieved.
[0026] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer is arranged adjacent to the absorber layer. In other embodiments, afurther layer or a plurality of further layers being a part of the back contact may be arranged between the absorber layer and the electron reflecting layer, wherein the further layer or the further layers is / are transparent for electrons.
[0027] In embodiments, the photovoltaic device further comprises an intermediate layer arranged between the absorber layer and the back contact. The intermediate layer may or may not be arranged adjacent to the absorber layer and / or the back contact. That is, there might be one or more further layers arranged between the absorber layer and the intermediate layer and / or between the intermediate layer and the back contact. In special embodiments, the intermediate layer is formed as a buffer layer, or a window layer, or an undoped telluride CdxMi-xTe, or a telluride CdxMi-xTe doped with only one of the first or the second dopant, for instance Ag, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or S, and 0≤x≤1. Furthermore, the intermediate layer may even be co-doped with the first and the second dopant of the electron reflecting layer, wherein, however, the composition of the intermediate layer differs from that of the electron reflecting layer. If the intermediate layer is doped, the concentration of the dopant or dopants has a peak value at a position being arranged at or near that interface of the intermediate layer which is closer to the absorber layer in some embodiments. Nevertheless, the intermediate layer may also be doped with one or more of any other dopants additionally or instead of the named first and second dopants.
[0028] The intermediate layer may further adjust the band structure of the photovoltaic device between the absorber layer and the back contact and / or may further promote the formation of an ohmic contact between the absorber layer and a metal layer of the back contact. Furthermore, the intermediate layer may also function as a further electron reflecting layer, wherein, however, the composition for the intermediate layer may be different from the electron reflecting layer of the back contact.
[0029] In embodiments, the intermediate layer has a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.
[0030] A further aspect of the invention provides a method for producing a photovoltaic device as described above. The method comprises the steps of providing a layer stack comprising at least a substrate, a front contact on the substrate, and an absorber layer on the front contact, and forming a back contact on the absorber layer. The step of forming the back contact comprises forming an electron reflecting layer, the electron reflecting layer being co-doped with at least a first dopant and a second dopant being different from the first dopant. The first dopant comprises a p-type dopant and / or an n-type dopant, and the second dopant serves as a defect passivator. That is, an electron reflecting layer as described above is formed while forming the back contact.
[0031] The substrate is a transparent substrate being transparent for light the absorber layer is sensitive to. The substrate may be, for instance of glass, The front contact servers as a first electrode of the photovoltaic device and faces the light incident side of the produced photovoltaic device. The absorber layer comprises a II-VI semiconductor material as described above. In embodiments, the II-VI semiconductor material of the absorber layer comprises cadmium and at least one of selenium and tellurium as described above.
[0032] In the sense of the invention, “on” with respect to forming a layer on another layer or with respect to an arrangement of layers relative to each other does not mean that the two layers are necessarily directly adjacent to each other. Other layers may be applied between the two layers. For instance, abuffer layer may be provided between the front contact and the absorber layer and an intermediate layer may be formed between the absorber layer and the back contact. Even if no intermediate layer is formed, another layer of the back contact may be formed between the absorber layer and the electron reflecting layer.
[0033] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer is formed on the absorber layer before forming a layer of the back contact serving as a second electrode of the photovoltaic device, for instance before forming a metal layer of the back contact.
[0034] In embodiments, the dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Hg, Ti, Sn, Ni, Zn, N, P, As, Sb, or Bi.
[0035] In embodiments, the second dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Au, N, O or In.
[0036] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer comprises at least one telluride MiTe, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or Cd.
[0037] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer is formed by sputter deposition. Sputter deposition is suitable for depositing nanometric high-quality layers. It also allows a rather precise control of the composition and structure of the layer.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the electron reflecting layer is applied on the absorber layer through DC sputter deposition, in particular by DC-pulsed sputter deposition. DC sputter deposition can be used for depositing electric conductors, i.e. if the sputter material or sputter target is electrically conductive. DC sputter deposition is simpler and more cost-effective than RF sputtering which has to be used for insulator materials. In particular, co-doping the material of the electron reflecting layer with the first and the second dopants reduces dramatically the resistivity of the raw material allowing the DC (or DC-pulsed) sputter technique to be used. The thickness control is also relatively simple since the deposition rate can be adjusted to few nm / min.
[0039] In embodiments, the electron reflecting layer is formed such that at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant within the formed electron reflecting layer varies over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer linearly or nonlinearly. This may be achieved, for instance, by using different sputter conditions over the process time. Another possibility is to form different sublayers of the electron reflecting layer, each layer having a different concentration of the first and / or the second dopant. If sputter deposition is used, different sublayers may be formed by using different sputter targets comprising different concentrations of the first and / or the second dopant at different times of the process of forming the electron reflecting layer.
[0040] The invention is not limited to the embodiments shown and described, but also includes all embodiments having the same effect within the meaning of the invention. Furthermore, the invention is also not limited to the specifically described combinations of features, but may also be defined by any other combination of specific features of all the individual features disclosed as a whole, provided that the individual features are not mutually exclusive, or a specific combination of individual features is not explicitly excluded.
[0041] Exemplary embodiments
[0042] The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more particular implementations. Various modifications to the disclosed implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
[0043] Implementations of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to accompanying drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like reference numbers designate corresponding similar parts.
[0044] Fig. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic device according to the invention.
[0045] Fig. 2A shows an exemplary embodiment of another electron reflecting layer according to the invention.
[0046] Fig. 2B shows exemplary courses of concentrations of a first dopant and a second dopant over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer.
[0047] Fig. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a method for producing a photovoltaic device according to the invention.
[0048] Figure 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic device 100 according to the invention. The photovoltaic device 100 comprises a front contact 20, an absorber layer 30, an intermediate layer 40, and a back contact 50, which are formed on a substrate 10. The substrate 10 is a transparent substrate, for instance of glass, for allowing light impinging on the photovoltaic device 100. The front contact 20 comprises a transparent conductive layer 21, for instance made of tin oxide doped with fluorine, and a buffer layer 22, for instance made of tin oxide. The front contact 20 is arranged on that side of the photovoltaic device 100 which faces the impinging light, i.e. on a light incident side of the photovoltaic device. The transparent conductive oxide 21 serves as a first electrode of the photovoltaic device 100.
[0049] The absorber layer 30 is made of CdSexTe1-x with 0≤x≤0.4 in the shown exemplary embodiment, wherein the selenium content is higher at a first position within the absorber layer 30 than at a second position within the absorber layer 30, the first position being closer to the front contact 20 than the second position. The absorber layer may be doped, for instance with Cu and / or Ag.
[0050] The intermediate layer 40 is formed of an undoped CdZnTe layer with a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm. The thickness is measured along a line that is perpendicular to the plane of the layers, i.e. avirtual line connecting the front contact 20 with the back contact 50. This is true for all thicknesses mentioned in this description.
[0051] The back contact 50 comprises an electron reflecting layer 51, aMoN layer 52 and a metal layer 53. MoN layer 52 serves as a buffer layer between the electron reflecting layer 51 and the metal layer 53 for improving the band structure and the ohmic contact as well as for avoiding the diffusion of atoms into or out of the back contact 50. The metal layer 53 is, for instance, an Al layer or may also be a layer stack comprising an Al layer and a Cr layer. The metal layer 53 serves as a second electrode of the photovoltaic device 100.
[0052] The electron reflecting layer 51 has a thickness of 10 nm and is formed of ZnTe doped with Cu and Ag in the present exemplary embodiment. The Cu concentration is around 0.5 at%, i.e. 5,000 ppm, whereas the Ag concentration is around 0.02 at%, i.e. 200 ppm. That is, the ratio of the Cu concentration to the Ag concentration is around 25: 1. Cu serves as a first dopant according to the invention, i.e. it makes the ZnTe p-doped, whereas Ag serves as a second dopant according to the invention, i.e. passivates defects within the electron reflecting layer 51. In the shown exemplary embodiment, the Cu and Ag concentrations may be constant throughout the whole thickness of the electron reflecting layer 51, the thickness being measured along a direction connecting the front contact 20 with the back contact 50. Nevertheless, the Cu and / or Ag concentrations may vary over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer 51, wherein the given values of the concentrations are the overall or summed concentrations over the whole electron reflecting layer 51.
[0053] Figures 2A and 2B show such an exemplary embodiment with varying concentrations. Fig. 2A shows an exemplary embodiment of an electron reflecting layer 51’ comprising three sublayers 511 to 513 each having another concentration of the first and the second dopant. Fig. 2B shows exemplary courses of the concentrations of the first dopant and the second dopant over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer 51’ , wherein the shown courses are only schematic and idealized as existing directly after deposition of the electron reflecting layer 51’a s will be described later.
[0054] The electron reflecting layer 51’ comprises a first sublayer 511, asecond sublayer 512 and a third sublayer 513, which are formed on each other in the named sequence such that the first sublayer 511 has the lowest distance x from the absorber layer of all sublayers 511 to 513 and the third sublayer 513 has the largest distance x from the absorber layer of all sublayers 511 to 513. The individual sublayers 511 to 513 may have a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 30 nm, wherein the individual thicknesses may differ from each other.
[0055] All of the sublayers 511 to 513 are formed of ZnTe doped with Cu and Ag. As shown in Fig. 2B, the concentration C1 of Cu (solid lines) as well as the concentration C2 of Ag (dotted lines) is highest in the first sublayer 511 and lowest in the third sublayer 513. Since concentrations C1 and C2 within the electron reflecting layer 51’a re shown as they essentially are directly after formation, the concentrations C1 and C2 are essentially homogeneous within each individual sublayer 511 to 513. Due to introducing energy by thermal treatments during further production of the photovoltaic cell or by operation of the photovoltaic cell, the courses or the concentrations C1 and C2 may change over time. For example, the courses may be smoothened at the interfaces between the different sublayers 511 to 513 and / or the concentrations may slightly decrease even within the individual sublayers 511 to 513.
[0056] As is shown in Fig. 2B, the concentration C1 of the first dopant Cu is always higher than the concentration C2 of the second dopant Ag. The ratio of C1 to C2 may be equal for all sublayers 511 to 513 or may differ for different sublayers 511 to 513.
[0057] The shown concentrations C1 and C2 are only given schematically. The difference between a first concentration C1 in the first sublayer 511 and a second concentration C1 in the second sublayer 512 may be equal to the difference between the second concentration C1 in the second sublayer 512 and a third concentration C1 in the third sublayer 513 or may be different. The same is true for the concentration C2 in the sublayers 511 to 513.
[0058] Although Fig. 2B shows courses of the concentrations C1 and C2, wherein the concentrations C1 and C2 decrease from the first sublayer 511 to the third sublayer 513, there might be other courses. For example, the concentrations C1 and C2 may increase from the first sublayer 511 to the third sublayer 513, or the concentrations C1 and C2 may be highest in the second sublayer 512 with the same or different concentrations C1 and C2, respectively, in the first and the third sublayers 511, 513. Furthermore, even diametric courses of the concentrations C1 and C2 may exist, wherein the concentration C1 decreases from the first sublayer 511 to the third sublayer 513, whereas the concentration C2 increases from the first sublayer 511 to the third sublayer 513, or vice versa. Moreover, the courses of the concentrations C1 and C2 may change linearly or nonlinearly or even in a combination thereof.
[0059] Figure 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a method for producing a photovoltaic device according to the invention. The method starts with providing a layer stack comprising a substrate, afront contact and an absorber layer as explained with respect to Fig. 1 (step S10) . The layer stack may comprise further layers. Techniques for forming such a layer stack are known from the prior art.
[0060] In the exemplary embodiment shown in Fig. 3, an intermediate layer is formed on the absorber layer in a next step (step S20) . The intermediate layer is formed as an undoped ZnTe layer by sputter deposition or by evaporation or sublimation or any other suitable process. These techniques are also known from the prior art. The intermediate layer may be formed with a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm. Intermediate layers of other materials may be formed instead or additionally or no intermediate layer at all may be formed, i.e. step S20 may be omitted.
[0061] In step S30, a back contact is formed on the intermediate layer. In embodiments where step S20 is omitted, the back contact is formed on the absorber layer. Step S30 comprises different substeps, and at least a substep S31 of forming an electron reflecting layer. The substep S31 itself comprises substeps S311 to S313. In each of these substeps S311 to S313, asublayer of the electron reflecting layer is formed. That is, in substep S311, a first sublayer is formed, then, a second sublayer is formed in substep S312, and, finally, a third sublayer is formed in substep S313. All sublayers may be formed by the same technique, for instance sputter deposition, or some sublayers may be formed by different techniques, wherein all techniques are known from prior art. All sublayers may be formed of the same material, for instance ZnTe co-doped with a first dopant and a second dopant, for instance Cu and Ag, wherein however the concentrations of the first and / or the second dopant may vary for individual sublayers. Nevertheless, different sublayers may even differ in the material itself. In an exemplary method, the substeps S311 to 313 comprise DC-pulsed sputter deposition having a deposition power of 125 W with a pulse frequency of 100 kHz and a duty cycle of 60%. The different sublayers formed by substeps S311 to S313 may have a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 30 nm, wherein the thicknesses of the individual sublayers may be equal or may differ from each other.
[0062] In other embodiments, the electron reflecting layer may be formed in one uninterrupted process, i.e. in a step S31 not comprising substeps. Nevertheless, the concentration of the first and / or the second dopant in the electron reflecting layer may be varied during the process of forming this layer.
[0063] Step S30 further comprises the substeps of forming a MoN layer (step S32) and of forming a metal layer (step S33) . These layers may be formed by techniques like sputter deposition or others, which are all known from the prior art. The formed MoN layer may have a thickness in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm. Instead of forming a MoN layer, other buffer layers may be formed as known from the prior art or step S32 may be omitted at all. The metal layer may be formed of aluminium or any other suitable metal or may even be formed of a layer stack, for instance of Al and Cr, and may have a thickness in the range of 10 nm to 500nm.
[0064] The method according to the invention may comprise further steps, like for instance cleaning steps or temperature treatment steps, which may be performed also between some of the steps shown in Fig. 3 and explained above.
[0065] List of reference signs
[0066] 10 Substrate
[0067] 20 Front contact
[0068] 21 Transparent conductive layer
[0069] 22 Buffer layer
[0070] 30 Absorber layer
[0071] 40 Intermediate layer
[0072] 50 Back contact
[0073] 51, 51 ‘ Electron reflecting layer
[0074] 511 First sublayer of the electron reflecting layer
[0075] 512 Second sublayer of the electron reflecting layer
[0076] 513 Third sublayer of the electron reflecting layer
[0077] 52 MoN layer
[0078] 53 Metal layer
[0079] 100 Photovoltaic device
[0080] C Concentration of a dopant in the electron reflecting layer
[0081] C1 Concentration of the first dopant in the electron reflecting layer
[0082] C2 Concentration of the second dopant in the electron reflecting layer
[0083] x Distance from the absorber layer
Claims
1.A photovoltaic device comprising:- a front contact,- a back contact, and- an absorber layer located between the front contact and the back contact and comprising a II-VI semiconductor material,wherein the back contact comprises an electron reflecting layer that is co-doped with at least a first dopant and a second dopant, the second dopant being different from the first dopant, wherein:- the first dopant comprises a p-type dopant and / or an n-type dopant, and- the second dopant serves as a defect passivator.2.The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein the first dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Hg, Ti, Sn, Ni, Zn, N, P, As, Sb, or Bi.3.The photovoltaic device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the second dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, N, Au, O or In.4.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electron reflecting layer comprises at least one telluride MiTe, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or Cd.5.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ratio of the concentration of the first dopant to the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is greater than 2: 1.6.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the concentration of the first dopant within the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 0.01 at%to 5 at%.7.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 0.001 at%to 0.1 at%.8.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the thickness of the electron reflecting layer is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm.9.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer varies over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer linearly or nonlinearly.10.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the concentration of the first dopant or of the second dopant is higher at a first position within the electron reflecting layer than at a second position, the first position being arranged closer to the absorber layer than the second position.11.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the concentration of the first dopant or of the second dopant is lower at a first position within the electron reflecting layer than at a second position, the first position being arranged closer to the absorber layer than the second position.12.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the electron reflecting layer comprises a plurality of sublayers, wherein at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant differs for different sublayers.13.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 12, further comprising an intermediate layer arranged between the absorber layer and the back contact.14.The photovoltaic device according to claim 13, wherein the intermediate layer is formed as a buffer layer, or a window layer, or an undoped telluride CdxMi-xTe, or a telluride CdxMi-xTe doped with only one of the first or the second dopant, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or S, and 0≤x≤1.15.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the II-VI semiconductor material of the absorber layer comprises cadmium and at least one of selenium and tellurium.16.The photovoltaic device according to claim 1 to 15, wherein the absorber layer comprises CdSexTe1-x with 0≤x≤0.4.17.The photovoltaic device according to any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the absorber layer is also doped with the first dopant and the second dopant.18.A method for producing a photovoltaic device, the method comprising the steps of:- providing a layer stack comprising at least a substrate, afront contact on the substrate, and an absorber layer on the front contact, the absorber layer comprising a II-VI semiconductor material, and- forming a back contact on the absorber layer,wherein forming the back contact comprises forming an electron reflecting layer, the electron reflecting layer being co-doped with at least a first dopant and a second dopant being different from the first dopant, wherein the first dopant comprises a p-type dopant and / or a n-type dopant, and the second dopant serves as a defect passivator.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein the first dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, Hg, Ti, Sn, Ni, Zn, N, P, As, Sb, or Bi.20.The method according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the second dopant is one of the group comprising Cu, Ag, N, O, Au or In.21.The method according to any of claims 18 to 20, wherein the electron reflecting layer comprises at least one telluride MiTe, wherein M is Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, or Cd.22.The method according to any of claims 18 to 21, wherein the II-VI semiconductor material of the absorber layer comprises cadmium and at least one of selenium and tellurium.23.The method according to any of claims 18 to 22, wherein the electron reflecting layer is formed by sputter deposition.24.The method according to claim 23, wherein the electron reflecting layer is formed by DC sputter deposition.25.The method according to any of claims 18 to 24, wherein at least one of the concentration of the first dopant or the concentration of the second dopant within the electron reflecting layer varies over the thickness of the electron reflecting layer linearly or nonlinearly.
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