Method for passivating grain boundaries of a cdte-based thin film layer, method for forming a photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device
Treating CdTe-based thin film layers with hydrogen selenide and oxygen enhances passivation of grain boundaries, addressing inefficiencies in existing technologies and improving photovoltaic device performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/087489
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-12
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-16
AI Technical Summary
CdTe-based thin film layers in photovoltaic devices suffer from unpassivated grain boundaries, which act as recombination sites for charge carriers and provide diffusion paths for elements, reducing device efficiency and stability.
A method involving treatment of the CdTe-based thin film layer with hydrogen selenide gas followed by an oxygen-containing atmosphere to decompose hydrogen selenide and bind elemental selenium or selenium ions to grain boundaries, effectively passivating them.
The method significantly reduces recombination centers and improves the electronic properties and efficiency of the photovoltaic device by deeply passivating grain boundaries.
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Figure CN2024087489_16102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer, method for forming a photovoltaic device and photovoltaic device
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer, for instance a CdTe-based thin film absorber layer of a photovoltaic device. The present invention further relates to a method for forming a photovoltaic device and to a photovoltaic device formed by this method.
[0002] State of the art
[0003] CdTe-based thin film layers are widely used in different device, for instance in photovoltaic devices as an absorber layer. A CdTe-based thin film layer according to the invention is any layer comprising cadmium and tellurium and may comprise other elements in an alloy or as a doping element. For instance, the following alloys should be understood as a CdTe-based layer: CdSexTe1-x, CdSxTe1-x, CdZnxTe1-x, CdMgxTe1-x, CdMnxTe1-x, CdHgxTe1-x, wherein x may vary between 0 (zero) and a value smaller 1 (0≤x<1) . Doping elements may be, for instance, Cu, As, Sb, N, Ag, Li, Na, P.
[0004] CdTe-based thin film layers are usually formed by physical vapour deposition, e.g. by sputtering, thermal evaporation or sublimation, for instance close-space sublimation (CSS) . The formed CdTe-based layer is a polycrystalline layer having a plurality of grains and grain boundaries therebetween. The grain boundaries have a lot of dangling bonds which act as recombination sites for charge carriers generated within the CdTe-based thin film layer, thereby reducing the efficiency of a device comprising the CdTe-based thin film layer, for instance of a photovoltaic device. Furthermore, grain boundaries provide diffusion paths through the CdTe-based thin film layer for elements, e.g. Cu, resulting in undesired diffusion of these elements within the CdTe-based thin film layer over time.
[0005] According to the state of the art, a process called activation is performed after depositing the CdTe-based thin film layer. This process comprises a thermal treatment usually under presence of an activation agent, for instance a liquid agent like CdCl2, and results in a saturation of dangling bonds at the grain boundaries. However, not all dangling bonds are passivated, and in particular dangling bonds situated far away from a surface to which the activation agent is provided are hardly be reached and passivated.
[0006] In recent times, the CdTe-based layer often comprises selenium in order to adjust the band energy of the CdTe-based layer, for instance at the interface to an adjacent layer like a front electrode. Therefore, the formed CdSexTe1-x layer has a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, for instance high selenium concentration at a first interface and low selenium concentration at a second interface. This concentration gradient may be formed directly during deposition of the CdSexTe1-x layer or after deposition during a thermal treatment, for instance during activation. The thermal treatment causes selenium atoms to diffuse within the CdSexTe1-x layer. Fiducia et al. showed in “Selenium passivates grain boundaries in alloyed CdTe solar cells” , Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells 238 (2022) 111595, that some of the diffused selenium atoms also passivate dangling bonds at the grain boundaries. However, since selenium is concentrated at one interface, selenium atoms may not diffuse far into the CdSexTe1-x layer and do not reach the other interface during the thermal treatment.
[0007] Therefore, there are still grain boundaries in the CdSexTe1-x layer which are not passivated, neither by the activation agent, nor by selenium included in the CdSexTe1-x layer.
[0008] Problem to be solved
[0009] The object is therefore to provide a further method for passivating grain boundaries in a CdTe-based thin film which may improve the passivation already achieved by other measures of the state of the art. The object is further to provide a method for forming a photovoltaic device having improved efficiency and to provide such a photovoltaic device.
[0010] Solution of the problem
[0011] According to the invention, the object is solved by the methods and the device according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims.
[0012] A first aspect of the invention provides a method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer. This method comprises a step of forming a CdTe-based thin film layer, astep of treating the formed CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide (H2Se) and a step of providing an oxygen-containing atmosphere to the CdTe-based thin film layer after the step of treating it with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide.
[0013] The treatment with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is performed under one of the following conditions: a temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer in the range of 100℃ to 200℃ or with the CdTe-based thin film layer having some humidity present. In the second case, the humidity is to be understood as a superficial mono-or multilayer of water, resulting from adsorption of water molecules from previous processes. The humidity might be present on the surface of the formed CdTe-based thin film layer and / or within the formed CdTe-based thin film layer, i.e. at grain boundaries.
[0014] This step results in forming an atomic layer or clusters of hydrogen selenide on the surface and / or at the grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer. The humidity, i.e. the presence of water vapor or H2O, or the elevated temperature (compared with room temperature) may result in at least partial decomposition of hydrogen selenide providing elemental selenium or selenium ions. In any case, the oxygen provided by the oxygen-containing atmosphere result in complete decomposition or oxidation of the hydrogen selenide, wherein the resulting elemental selenium or selenium ions are preferably bound to reactive sites as dangling bonds at the grain boundaries or at the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer. Since the gases, and therefore the hydrogen selenide and the oxygen, may get along the grain boundaries far into the formed CdTe-based thin film layer, the selenium or the selenium ions may be bound at the grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer. The selenium such occupies traps or defect states at the grain boundaries and passivates them very deep in the bulk of the material of the CdTe-based thin film layer.
[0015] The superficial residual humidity may depend on the roughness of the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer and on the treatments with water brought into contact with the formed CdTe-based thin film layer and further on the conditions surrounding the formed CdTe-based thin film layer, in particular temperature and ambient pressure, and the time till providing the gas containing hydrogen selenide to the CdTe-based thin film layer. The CdTe-based thin film layer may, for instance, be cleaned with water or an aqueous solution before providing the gas containing hydrogen selenide to it. Then, the value of humidity depends on, for instance, the presence of water in the cleaning solution, the duration of cleaning, the time between cleaning and providing the gas as well as the temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer and the surrounding pressure and gas composition during this time. In embodiments, the CdTe thin film substrate temperature lies in a range of 150℃ to 200℃ without any humidity within the and on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer present. In other embodiments, the temperature lies in a range of 20℃ to 40℃ and the humidity within the and on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer is in the range of a mono-or multilayer of water.
[0016] Since hydrogen selenide is toxic, the treatment should be performed in a closed process chamber under a pressure decreased with respect to normal pressure. In embodiments, the treatment with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is performed in vacuum, which means a pressure between 10-4 Pa to 104 Pa. Furthermore, the process chamber may be purged with air or an inert gas until all hydrogen selenide is removed before the process chamber is opened.
[0017] The step of providing an oxygen-containing atmosphere may be performed by providing a gas containing a defined amount of oxygen and at least one another gas, for instance an inert gas like nitrogen or argon, to the process chamber or simply by venting the process chamber with air, i.e. the surrounding atmosphere. That is, a ratio of oxygen in the range of 15 at%to 25 at%of the whole atmosphere or gas is sufficient for reaching the desired effect of oxidizing the hydrogen selenide bounded or adsorbed to the surface or at grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer and providing selenium or selenium ions. Nevertheless, the ratio of oxygen may be higher in the oxygen-containing atmosphere.
[0018] In embodiments, the hydrogen selenide passivation treatment of the CdTe-based thin film layer is achieved by heating the CdTe-based thin film layer to 200℃ prior to transfer into a closed process chamber, where a decreased pressure up to 70kPa, i.e. p≤70 kPa, with respect to normal pressure is applied. The process chamber is hereinafter being vented with the gas comprising hydrogen selenide and the CdTe-based thin film layer left for 15 seconds, before the process chamber is set under decreased pressure for a second time and now vented with an oxygen containing gas.
[0019] In other embodiments, the hydrogen selenide passivation treatment benefits from superficial adsorbed humidity residues being present on the thin CdTe-based thin film layer post activation and cleaning processes, because of the hydrogen selenide being soluble in water. The CdTe-based thin film layer is kept at ambient temperature post previous performed water-based cleaning, e.g. room temperature in the range of 20℃ to 80℃, and transferred into the process chamber. The gas comprising hydrogen selenide is now applied for a duration of 10 s, while the process chamber is set under a lightly decreased pressure with respect to normal pressure, e.g. a pressure in the range of 70 kPa to 100 kPa. After the timespan of 10 s, the hydrogen selenide gas mixture is removed by application of a decreased pressure, followed by purging the process chamber with an ambient atmosphere, containing oxygen, before the process chamber is opened and the substrate is being removed.
[0020] In embodiments, the gas comprising hydrogen selenide comprises selenide in a concentration in the range of 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm. In dependence on the gas composition, the hydrogen selenide constitutes a ratio of 0.1%to 1%of the whole gas. In further embodiments, the gas comprising hydrogen selenide further comprises an inert gas, like nitrogen or argon. In special embodiments, the gas comprising hydrogen selenide contains no oxygen (pure or in a compound) , and, in further special embodiments, the gas comprising hydrogen selenide contains only hydrogen selenide and an inert gas.
[0021] In embodiments, the hydrogen selenide is provided from outside the process chamber in which the treatment is performed, for instance from a gas reservoir. In other embodiments, the hydrogen selenide is formed within the process chamber.
[0022] The treatment with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s, in particular in the range of 10 s to 30 s, wherein the time depends on the temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer, the amount of hydrogen selenide in the gas and on the thickness of the CdTe-based thin film layer to which selenium should be introduced: the higher the temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer or the higher the amount of hydrogen selenide in the gas, the shorter the time period, and the deeper selenium should be introduced, the longer the time period.
[0023] In embodiments, the method further comprises a step of performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, wherein this activation step is performed after the step of forming the CdTe-based thin film layer and before or after the step of providing an oxygen-containing atmosphere. As an activation agent known compounds like CdCl2 or other halogenides may be used as known from the state of the art. Further, the activation treatment usually comprises a temperature treatment with temperatures in the range of 350℃ to 450℃, for instance 430℃, wherein this treatment is known from the state of the art.
[0024] In further embodiments, the treatment with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is performed after the activation treatment. Usually, the activation agent or residues thereof is removed from the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer after the activation treatment, wherein often aqueous cleaning solutions or water, e.g. DI or pure water, is used. This cleaning procedure leaves some humidity on the surface and at the grain boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer, which is then advantageous for the step of treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide.
[0025] In special embodiments, the activation agent used in the activation treatment is solved in an aqueous solution, which is known from the state of the art, and the step of treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is performed after the activation treatment. In this case, the activation treatment itself introduces some humidity into the CdTe- based thin film layer, further improving the following step of treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide.
[0026] A further aspect of the invention refers to a method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, performing the above described method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer. In other words, the method comprises providing a substrate comprising a first electrode, forming a CdTe-based thin film layer on the first electrode, treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide as described above, and forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer, wherein the steps are performed in the given sequence. As described above, an activation step may be performed before or after treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide. Furthermore, several cleaning steps, temperature treatment steps and further intermediate steps may be performed between different of the mentioned steps.
[0027] In embodiments, the substrate is a transparent substrate and the first electrode is at least partially transparent, wherein “transparent” in each case refers at least to light having wavelengths being absorbed by the CdTe-based thin film layer. The first electrode may be an electrically conductive layer or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance buffer layers. The first electrode may comprise, for instance, a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode may be an electrically conductive layer, like for instance a metal, or may be a layer stack comprising such an electrically conductive layer and further layers, for instance contact layers like ZnTe, metal oxides or others. The second electrode may also be transparent and comprise a transparent conductive oxide as the electrically conductive layer. Furthermore, the first electrode may be opaque, when the second electrode is transparent. However, the inventive method is especially advantageous, if the first electrode is transparent and is a front electrode facing a light impinging side and the second electrode is a back electrode. Methods for forming the first and the second electrode as well as forming the CdTe-based thin film layer are known from the state of the art.
[0028] In embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer having a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, wherein the selenium content, i.e. the selenium concentration, near the first electrode is higher than that near the second electrode, at least directly after forming the CdTe-based thin film layer. Such a layer may be formed by sequentially depositing a CdSe layer and a CdTe layer and then forming the CdSexTe1-x layer by a temperature treatment resulting in interdiffusion and alloying. Other methods for forming such a layer may include alternatively depositing CdSe and CdTe layers, wherein a CdSe layer is formed first at the first electrode and a CdTe layer is formed last and wherein the thickness of the individual CdSe layers may descrease with their ordinal number and / or the thickness of the individual CdTe layers may increase with their ordinal number. Afurther method is to use different source compositions during forming of the CdTe-based thin film layer in order to achieve the mentioned selenium concentration gradient. The treatment of the CdSexTe1-x layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide does not significantly change this concentration gradient, at least with respect to selenium bound within the CdSexTe1-x crystal structure, since the hydrogen selenide treatment step mostly causes selenium to occupy traps and defect states at grain boundaries instead of forming an alloy with the material itself within the grains.
[0029] The passivation of further defects at grain boundaries within the CdTe-based thin film layer reduces the number of recombination centers and thus improves the electronic properties of the CdTe-based thin film layer and the efficiency of the photovoltaic device.
[0030] A further aspect of the invention refers to a photovoltaic device comprising a first electrode, asecond electrode and a CdTe-based thin film layer as an absorber layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The CdTe-based thin film layer comprises selenium near the interface to the second electrode, the selenium being at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and being at least partially not bound (implemented, incorporated or introduced) within the crystal structure of the CdTe-based thin film layer. This selenium is introduced into the CdTe-based thin film layer by the method as described above. Since the introduced selenium passivates at least some of the grain-boundaries of the CdTe-based thin film layer, the number of defect and charge carrier traps is reduced and the efficiency of the photovoltaic device is improved compared with photovoltaic devices according to the state of the art.
[0031] In embodiments, the photovoltaic device comprises an atomic layer of selenium arranged at the interface of the CdTe-based thin film layer to the second electrode. This atomic layer is formed at the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer during the treatment of the CdTe-based thin film layer with the gas comprising hydrogen selenide.
[0032] In further embodiments, the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer having a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer. This concentration gradient is characterized in that the content of selenium bound within the crystal structure of the CdSexTe1-x layer is higher near the first electrode than near the second electrode and in that the selenium near the second electrode is at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and is at least partially not bound into the structure of the CdSexTe1-x layer. The selenium not bound within the structure of the CdSexTe1-x layer may be proved by imaging methods, like for instance transmission electron microscopy, rather than simply etching the CdSexTe1-x layer by electron or ion bombardement and analyzing the removed materials by mass spectrometry.
[0033] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0034] Exemplary embodiments
[0035] The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more particular implementations. Various modifications to the disclosed implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
[0036] Implementations of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to accompanying drawings in which:
[0037] Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer according to the present invention,
[0038] Fig. 2A shows an embodiment of the photovoltaic device according to the invention, and
[0039] Fig. 2B shows a detail of Fig. 2A.
[0040] Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the method for forming a photovoltaic device including an embodiment of the method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer according to the present invention. In a first step S10, a substrate with a first electrode on it is provided. A CdTe-based thin film layer is then formed on the first electrode, for instance by closed-space sublimation (CSS) , in a second step S20. This step may also comprise a temperature treatment subsequent to depositing one or may CdTe-based thin film layers in order to support intermixing of different layers and removing crystal defects within the deposited layer (s) . In a next step S30, an activation treatment is performed under the presence of an activation agent, e.g. CdCl2. This step may introduce some humidity into the formed CdTe-based thin film layer either by the activation agent itself or by a cleaning step for removing residues of the activation agent from the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer at the end of the activation step. After that, the CdTe-based thin film layer is treated with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide in step S40. The treatment is performed under a temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer in the range of room temperature, e.g. around 20℃. In the next step S50, an oxygen-containing atmosphere is provided by venting a process chamber used for performing step S40 with air. The humidity being present within the CdTe-based thin film layer due to the activation treatment and the oxygen provided by air result in decomposition (oxidation) of the hydrogen selenide at the surface of and / or even within the CdTe-based thin film layer, i.e. at the grain boundaries. The resulting elemental selenium or selenium ions may then bind to the grain boundaries of the grains of the CdTe-based thin film layer, thereby passivating the defect states present at the grain boundaries. Finally, a second electrode is formed on the CdTe-based thin film layer in step S60.
[0041] Figure 2A shows an embodiment of the photovoltaic device 100 according to the invention and Figure 2B shows a detail D of Fig. 2A. The photovoltaic device 100 comprises a substrate 10 being transparent for incoming light indicated by the arrows, a first electrode 20 being a transparent front electrode of the photovoltaic device, a CdTe-based thin film layer 30 being a photoactive layer of the photovoltaic device and a second electrode 40 being a back electrode of the photovoltaic device. At a surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 facing the second electrode 40, an atomic layer 31 of selenium is present which results from the treatment of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide. However, the atomic layer 31 of selenium may not be present in other embodiments, if this layer is removed after treating the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide and before forming the second electrode 40. As shown in Fig. 2B, the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 comprises grains 32 of the CdTe-based material, wherein the grains 32 have grain boundaries. Selenium 33 resulting from the treatment of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide is bound to the grain boundaries of the grains 32 to a depth d1 within the CdTe-based thin film layer 30. The depth d1 is measured from the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer 30 facing the second electrode 40.
[0042] List of reference signs
[0043] 10 Substrate
[0044] 20 First electrode
[0045] 30 CdTe-based thin-film layer
[0046] 31 Atomic layer of Se on the surface of the CdTe-based thin film layer
[0047] 32 Grains of the CdTe-based thin film layer
[0048] 33 Se bound at the grain boundaries
[0049] 40 Second electrode
[0050] 100 Photovoltaic device
[0051] d1 Depth of Se bound at the grain boundaries within the CdTe-based thin film layer
Claims
1.A method for passivating grain boundaries of a CdTe-based thin film layer comprising the steps of:a) forming a CdTe-based thin film layer,b) treating the CdTe-based thin film layer with a gas comprising hydrogen selenide, wherein a temperature of the CdTe-based thin film layer is in the range of 100℃ to 200℃ or with the CdTe-based thin film layer having some humidity present, andc) providing an oxygen-containing atmosphere to the CdTe-based thin film layer after step b) .2.The method according to claim 1, wherein step b) is performed in vacuum.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the gas comprising hydrogen selenide further comprises an inert gas.4.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein step b) is performed for a time period in the range of 10 s to 60 s.5.The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the method further comprises a step d)of performing an activation treatment under the presence of an activation agent, wherein step d) is performed after step a) and before or after step c) .6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the activation agent is solved in an aqueous solution and step b) is performed after step d) .7.A method for forming a photovoltaic device comprising the steps of:- providing a substrate comprising a first electrode,- performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is formed on the substrate, and- forming a second electrode on the CdTe-based thin film layer after performing the method according to any of claims 1 to 6.8.The method according to claim 7, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer having a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, wherein the selenium content near the first electrode is higher than that near the second electrode.9.A photovoltaic device comprising:- a first electrode,- a second electrode and- a CdTe-based thin film layer as an absorber layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer comprises selenium near the interface to the second electrode, the selenium being at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and being at least partially not bound into the crystal structure of the CdTe-based thin film layer.10.The photovoltaic device according to claim 9, wherein an atomic layer of selenium is arranged at the interface of the CdTe-based thin film layer to the second electrode.11.The photovoltaic device according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the CdTe-based thin film layer is a CdSexTe1-x layer having a selenium concentration gradient over the thickness of the CdSexTe1-x layer, wherein the content of selenium bound into the crystal structure of the CdSexTe1-x layer is higher near the first electrode than near the second electrode and wherein the selenium near the second electrode is at least partially situated at the grain boundaries and is at least partially not bound into the structure of the CdSexTe1-x layer.
Citation Information
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