On-chip photonic circuit for generating polarization-entangled photon-pairs
The configuration of two micro-resonators with a common bus waveguide in a nonlinear photonic material platform addresses the challenge of aligning nearly degenerate orthogonal mode resonances, achieving high-fidelity polarization-entangled photon pairs for scalable quantum circuits with improved visibility.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/099652
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-07
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing on-chip polarization-entangled photon pair sources face challenges in achieving high-fidelity and compact integration due to difficulties in aligning nearly degenerate orthogonal mode resonances and high polarization-dependent propagation loss, which are not suitable for large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
A configuration comprising two micro-resonators coupled in series with a common bus waveguide in a nonlinear photonic material platform, utilizing degenerate-pump SPDC or SFWM processes to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs, with resonators aligned through thermo-optic tuning for nearly degenerate TE and TM modes.
The solution achieves a measured two-photon-interference visibility of approximately 85% and enables easier cascading to other photonic circuits by relaxing phase-matching design requirements, facilitating compact and scalable quantum circuits.
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Figure CN2025099652_11122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ON-CHIP PHOTONIC CIRCUIT FOR GENERATING POLARIZATION-ENTANGLED PHOTON-PAIRSField of the Invention:
[0001] The present invention generally relates to quantum photonics and particularly relates to on-chip photonic circuit for generating polarization-entangled photon-pairs.Background of the Invention:
[0002] Quantum entanglement between particles in a multipartite system enables nonlocal correlations, which is the cornerstone of most quantum applications, including quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum holography. Polarization-entangled photon pair sources thus have been widely investigated towards various quantum applications. One can generate polarization-entangled photon pair sources from nonlinear frequency down-conversions, including spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) . Second-order nonlinear χ (2) bulk crystals can generate polarization-entangled photon pairs through SPDC using paired type-0 and paired type-I phase-matched crystals or a single crystal in a Sagnac interferometer.
[0003] Bulk crystals offer high-brightness and high-fidelity entangled photon pair sources. However, they are not suitable for a large-scale integration of quantum light sources and components for state manipulation. On-chip polarization-entangled sources are an essential building block for developing compact and scalable quantum circuits.
[0004] The rapid development of integrated quantum photonics paves the way for realizing multifunctional large-scale-integrated quantum photonic circuits in a chip scale. On-chip polarization-entangled photon pair sources as a building block have been demonstrated in various material platforms, including silicon, III-V compound semiconductors and lithium niobate. Among these platforms, χ (2) SPDC is not commonly utilized for realizing on-chip polarization-entangled photon pair sources. This is partly due to the absence of χ (2) in some of these platforms (e.g., silicon) and partly because of the strict waveguide design requirements for satisfying the phase-matching condition over octave-spanned frequency components. Sophisticated waveguide structures such as periodic-poled waveguides and Bragg-reflector ridge microcavities are adopted in lithium niobate and in aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) , respectively, to realize on-chip polarization entanglement through SPDC. χ (3) SFWM generally eases the phase-matching design in waveguides as octave-spanning frequency components are not required and can generate simultaneously two types of polarized photon pairs in a certain frequency range.
[0005] The first fully integrated on-chip polarization-entangled sources in a silicon platform was reported to demonstrate a fidelity of 91%adopting two silicon-wire waveguides connected by a silicon-wire polarization rotator. Careful design of the polarization rotator is needed to realize a rotation angle of almost 90%with a low insertion loss. However, the required waveguide length is several to tens millimeters which is not preferred in large-scale photonic integrated circuits. Another report showed the orthogonally polarized photon pair entanglement in a dispersion-engineered, deeply etched AlGaAs waveguide. However, this waveguide exhibited a large polarization-dependent propagation loss around 10 ~ 15 dB / cm that compromised the entangled photon-pair generation rate. Thus, it is not suitable for integration with downstream circuits.
[0006] Microring resonators providing compact footprint and cavity enhancement are a promising component in nonlinear and quantum photonic circuits. Based on Si3N4 platform which exhibits non-zero third-order nonlinear susceptibility for type-0 SFWM, researchers have reported high-brightness energy-time entangled photon pairs and high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photon pairs from high-quality factor Si3N4 microring resonators in discrete cavity resonances. One reported a broadband polarization-entangled quantum frequency comb by combining a waveguide-coupled microring resonator on a silicon nitride chip with an off-chip Sagnac interferometer. However, an on-chip polarization-entangled photon pair source generated from microring resonators is still lacking as it is difficult to obtain nearly degenerate orthogonal mode resonances in single microring resonator due to the polarization-dependent effective refractive indices.Summary of the Invention:
[0007] The present invention provides an on-chip polarization-entangled photon pair source in a configuration comprising two micro-resonators coupled in series with a common bus waveguide in a nonlinear photonic material platform. The two micro-resonators provide naturally aligned or manually aligned resonances to generate the polarization-entangled photon-pair state utilizing degenerate-pump SPDC or SFWM processes. The common bus waveguide is adopted as a common input and output for the two micro-resonators. As the bus waveguide is a broadband photonic component which do not need extra alignment with the two nonlinear micro-resonators, its structure can therefore allow for easier cascading to other photonic circuit. The spontaneously generated polarization-entangled photon-pair sources are characterized by a measured two-photon-interference visibility of approximately 85%.
[0008] In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, an on-chip photonic circuit for generating polarization-entangled photon-pairs is provided. The one-chip photonic circuit comprises: an optical bus waveguide formed in a nonlinear optical material platform, and having an entry port configured to receive a pump light consisting of the first polarization component and second polarization component and an exit port configured to supply polarization-entangled photon-pairs; a first nonlinear optical micro-resonator optically coupled to the optical bus waveguide at a first coupling region and configured to receive the pump light, and generate a plurality of first photon-pairs, each consisting of: a first signal photon having a first signal wavelength and a first signal polarization; and a first idle photon having a first idle wavelength and a first idle polarization; and a second nonlinear optical micro-resonator optically coupled to the optical bus waveguide at a second coupling region and configured to receive the pump light and generate a plurality of second photon-pairs, each consisting of: a second signal photon having a second signal wavelength and a second signal polarization orthogonal to the first signal polarization; and a second idle photon having a second idle wavelength and a second idle polarization orthogonal to the first idle polarization; and wherein the optical bus waveguide is further configured to: receive the first photon-pairs from the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator; receive the second photon-pairs from the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator; and combine the first photon-pairs and the second photon-pairs to form the polarization-entangled photon-pairs.
[0009] In one embodiment, the resonators are circular, elliptical, or track shaped microring or microdisk resonators.
[0010] In one embodiment, each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-0 and type-I phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.
[0011] In one embodiment, each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-II phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.
[0012] In one embodiment, each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-0 and type-I phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous four-wave mixing in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.
[0013] In one embodiment, each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-II phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous four-wave mixing in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.
[0014] In one embodiment, the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon; the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon; and the TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.
[0015] In one embodiment, the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon; the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon; and the TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.
[0016] In one embodiment, the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon; the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized idle photon; the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon; the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second idle wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon; the TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; and the TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.
[0017] In one embodiment, the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon; the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon; the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon; e the TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; and the TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.
[0018] In one embodiment, at least one of the first and second nonlinear optical ring resonator includes a thermo-optic tuner for aligning cavity resonances in the first and second nonlinear optical ring resonators.
[0019] In one embodiment, the thermo-optic tuner is made of a resistance heating material layer deposited on or above the nonlinear optical micro-resonator.
[0020] In one embodiment, the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have the same cavity size but with different waveguide geometries.
[0021] In one embodiment, the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have an identical waveguide geometry but with different cavity sizes.
[0022] In one embodiment, the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have different waveguide geometries and different cavity sizes.
[0023] In one embodiment, the nonlinear optical material is selected from silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon, lithium niobate, a III-V semiconductor material, or a chalcogenide glass.Brief Description of the Drawings:
[0024] Embodiments of the invention are described in more details hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which:
[0025] FIG. 1A shows schematics of the device structure in a nonlinear photonic material platform. FIG. 1B shows the cross-section view of the device. FIG. 1C illustrates the working principle for generating polarization-entangled photon pairs with nearly degenerate TE and TM resonance spectra using type-0 phase-matched SFWM. FIG. 1D shows the working principle for generating polarization-entangled photon pairs with nearly degenerate TE and TM resonance spectra using type-0 phase-matched SPDC. FIG. 1E shows an optical micrograph of a fabricated Si3N4 device. FIG. 1F shows a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the coupling region between the waveguide and the microring; and FIG. 1G shows a picture of an electrical-bonded chip.
[0026] FIG. 2A illustrates (top and middle) measured transmission spectra of the TE and TM microring resonators with the aligned resonances for the degenerate pump shown in arrows. (bottom) Zoom-in-view of the aligned pump resonance in the TE-microring upon a 4.9 V across the metal heater. FIG. 2B illustrates schematic of the measurement setup for characterizing the polarization entanglement. FIG. 2C illustrates measured signal-channel count rates with various signal polarization angles. FIG. 2D illustrates measured (dots) and fitted (dashed) coincidence rates of photon-pairs with a fixed idle polarization angle at 0°, 90° (top) , 45°, and 135° (bottom) with various signal polarization angles.
[0027] FIG. 3A shows entanglement generation in single-waveguide-coupled dual microring resonators, and FIG. 3B shows the principal schematics of the polarization-entangled photon pair generation with discrete cavity states in the frequency domain.
[0028] FIG. 4A shows microscope picture of the measured device; FIG. 4B and 4C shows scanning-electron-microscope images of the waveguide sidewalls in the bus waveguide (area “ (a) ” in FIG. 4A) and the waveguide coupler (area “ (b) ” in FIG. 4A) . FIGS. 4D and 4E respectively show zoom-in-view resonance spectra of the measured TE-and TM-polarized pump resonances. FIG. 4F shows aligned transmission spectra by applying a 4.06V bias on the microheater integrated on resonator R57.
[0029] FIG. 5 illustrates experimental setup schematics for polarization entanglement generation and characterization. DWDM: dense wavelength-division multiplexed module, SNSPD: superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, TDC: time-to-digital converter, EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier, FPC: fiber-based polarization controller, HWP: half-wave plate, QWP: quarter-wave plate, PBS: polarizing beam splitter, PD: photodiode detector. The filters used in the experiment are DWDM single-channel bandpass filters, in which P stands for the pass-port of the filters and R stands for the reflection-port of the filters.
[0030] FIGS. 6A and 6B show coincidence counts of the generated polarization-entangled state with the |TEs, TEi> basis and the |TMs, TMi> basis, respectively. FIG. 6C shows single-channel photon count rates on the polarization angle for the signal photons. FIG. 6D shows coincidence counts due to two-photon interference measured with |H> and |V> polarization bases (top) and with |D> and |A>polarization bases.
[0031] FIGS. 7A and 7B show real part and imaginary part of reconstructed density matrix of the generated polarization-entangled photon pair source, based on tomographic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood technique. H and V represent the TE-and TM-polarized states.Detailed Description:
[0032] In the following description, details of the present invention are set forth as preferred embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0033] FIG. 1A schematically shows a photonic device with designed single-waveguide-coupled dual-micro-resonator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention and FIG. 1B shows a cross-section view of the photonic device along the line A-A’ in FIG. 1A. The dispersion-engineered micro-resonator-waveguide geometry is adopted to achieve nearly equally spaced resonances around the pump resonance wavelength.
[0034] The present invention provides an on-chip polarization-entangled photon-pair source in a nonlinear optical platform using spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) or spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in two individually tailored nonlinear optical micro-resonators 101 and 102 coupled to a single bus-waveguide 103. Each of the micro-resonators 101 and 102 may be tailored to obtain nearly degenerate pump, signal and idle resonances from two micro-resonators with orthogonal polarization for generating nearly degenerate transverse-electric (TE) -and transverse-magnetic (TM) -polarized photon-pairs. In the context of waveguides and photonic devices, TE polarized photon refers to photon having electric field orientation transverse to the direction of propagation, while TM-polarized photon refers to photon having magnetic field orientation transverse to the direction of propagation.
[0035] FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate the working principle of generating polarization-entangled photon-pairs in the microring cavity resonances assuming nearly degenerate TE and TM modes in two individually tailored cavities coupled to a single waveguide using type-0 phase-matched SFWM and type-0 phase-matched SPDC, respectively.
[0036] For the type-0 phase-matched SFWM process, with the degenerate-pump resonance, the SFWM-generated signal / idle photon pair, including a signal photon with a wavelength ωs and an idle photon with a wavelength ωi, are generated in the tailored micro-resoantor for TE-and TM-polarization and equally spaced from the pump resonance wavelength ωp due to energy conservation condition: (ωs –ωp) = (ωp –ωi) . More specifically, the probability of generating TE-polarized photon-pair state |TEsTEi> from the TE-micro-resonator is ~50%and the probability of generating TM-polarized photon-pair state |TMsTMi> from TM-micro-resonator is ~50%leading to a polarization-entangled photon-pair state at the output port of the bus-waveguide. The parameters a and φ are real numbers representing the probability amplitudes and the relative phase between the two polarization states respectively.
[0037] The TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator 101 is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator 102 such that the TE-and TM-polarized signal photons are spectrally indistinguishable from each other and the TE-and TM-polarized idle photons are spectrally indistinguishable from each other. Therefore, the polarization-entangled photon-pair state given by can be obtained with the SFWM-generated signal and idle photons after the spectral filtering. The parameters a and φ are real numbers representing the probability amplitudes and the relative phase between the two polarization states respectively.
[0038] In the type-0 phase-matched SPDC process, with the degenerate-pump resonance, the SPDC-generated signal / idle photon-pairs, including a signal photon with a wavelength ωs and an idle photon with a wavelength ωi, are generated in the tailored micro-resonantor for TE-and TM-polarization and spaced from the pump resonance wavelength ωp subject to energy conservation condition: ωp = (ωs + ωi) . More specifically, the probability of generating photon-pair state |TEsTEi> from the TE-micro resonator is ~50%and the probability of generating TM-polarized photon-pair state |TMsTMi> from TM-micro-resonator is ~50%leading to a polarization-entangled photon-pair state at the output port of the bus-waveguide. The parameters a and φ are real numbers representing the probability amplitudes and the relative phase between the two polarization states respectively.
[0039] The TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator 101 is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator 102 such that the TE-and TM-polarized signal photons are spectrally indistinguishable from each other and the TE-and TM-polarized idle photons are spectrally indistinguishable from each other.
[0040] Therefore, the polarization-entangled photon-pair state given by can be obtained with the SPDC-generated signal and idle photons after the spectral filtering. The parameters a and φ are real numbers representing the probability amplitudes and the relative phase between the two polarization states respectively.
[0041] The degenerate-pump cavity resonance between the two microring resonators can be readily obtained by thermo-optic (TO) tuning. For example, the TO tuning can be achieved through depositing TO tuners 104 and 105 on or above the resonators 101 and 102 respectively. The TO tuners 104 and 105 may be made of resistance heating material. By actively tuning the waveguide-coupling conditions of the two microring resonators, the resonance loaded-Q factors can be equalized, leading to a larger overlap between the two biphoton wave packets. Although thermo-optic tuning is used as an example, depending on the selected material system, strain-based tuning or electro-optic tuning may also be selected.
[0042] Different radii for the two microring resonators are designed based on the numerically simulated group refractive indices of TE and TM modes, aiming to obtain nearly degenerate TE and TM resonances between the two microrings. The calculated radii are 57 μm and 56.2 μm for TE and TM microrings, respectively, corresponding to a 400-GHz free-spectral range (FSR) . A single-mode bus-waveguide with a narrower width than the microring is adopted for phase-mismatched weak coupling to the fundamental modes while minimizing the microring mode overlapping with the waveguide sidewall.
[0043] FIG. 1E shows the optical micrograph of a device fabricated on a Si3N4 platform based on a subtractive fabrication process. FIG. 1F illustrates the SEM showing the sidewall quality of the Si3N4 waveguides. FIG. 1G shows the optical micrograph of the electrically bonded chip. Molybdenum (Mo) is deposited on top of the 1μm-thick oxide-cladding as metal heaters for thermo-optic resonance tuning.
[0044] It should be appreciated the geometry of the two micro-resonator are not limited to microrings. For example, the two micro-resonators may be, but not limited to, circular, elliptical, or track shaped microring or microdisk resonators.
[0045] It should be appreciated that the present device configuration is not limited to a specific nonlinear photonic material platform such as Si3N4. The two-microring design relaxes the phase-matching design requirements compared with generating orthogonally polarized photon pairs in single-waveguide or single-micro-resonator structures. Hence, the design of the present invention is generally transferable to other quantum nonlinear material platforms, including χ (3) and χ (2) material platforms. Although silicon nitride is an example of a nonlinear photonic material that may be selected to implement the microring resonators, other nonlinear optical materials may also be used including lithium niobate, III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, chalcogenide glasses, silicon carbide, and silicon. The selection of a particular nonlinear material platform may be made based on other components to be integrated with the photonic circuit for ease of fabrication, as well as target wavelength ranges.
[0046] The transmission spectra of the two microring resonators with the corresponding TE-or TM-polarized resonances are shown in FIG. 2A. The extracted loaded quality (QL) factors for the measured TM-and TE-mode resonances are 1.6 × 105 and 2.3 × 105, respectively. The TE-and TM-polarized resonance spectra are aligned using the thermoelectric cooler and the metal heater on the TE-microring, resulting in an aligned pump resonance at 1559.82 nm, matching the dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) channel. The measured signal / idle photons are one FSR away from the pump resonance. DWDM 100-GHz channel filters are adopted to spectrally separate the signal and idle photons while rejecting the residual pump power.
[0047] To demonstrate the polarization entanglement, a 45° linear (D-) polarized continuous-wave pump laser with an on-chip pump power of ~0 dBm is adopted. The D-polarized pump photons generate either the TE-or TM-polarized photon-pairs separately in the two designed microrings. The two-photon interference fringes are measured using a polarization-entanglement analyzer (PEA) for the signal and idle channels.
[0048] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates the side view of the PEA. A polarization controller (PC) is used to compensate for the background polarization modulations due to the DWDM and the fiber-optic components, followed by a half-wave plate (HWP) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS) to analyze the polarization of the signal and idle photons. The idle channel is fixed at polarization states of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°. The single-channel and coincidence count rates between the signal and idle channels are measured as a function of the signal polarization projection component angle.
[0049] FIG. 2C shows the measured HWP angle dependence of the count rate in the signal channel. The photon count rates only exhibit insignificant modulations with the polarization projection angle indicating a superposition of TE-and TM-polarized signal-photon channel.
[0050] The coincidence count rates are measured, and the data is fitted with a sinusoidal function, as illustrated in FIG. 2D. The extracted visibilities of the two-photon interference fringes are ~85 %for the idle polarization projection angle at 0° and 90°, and ~74 %for the idle polarization projection angle at 45° and 135°.
[0051] Microring resonators lengthen the interaction length between the pump light and the nonlinear medium in a compact footprint. However, in a single microring resonator, it is difficult to generate or to controllably align nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized microring resonances due to the polarization-dependent dispersion. To enable the generation of polarization-entangled photon-pair states based on compact microring resonators with a single pump laser, the present invention proposes the configuration comprising two microring resonators coupled to a common bus waveguide, as shown in FIG. 3A. Preferably, the on-chip photonic circuit may further include a spectral filter coupled to the output of the bus waveguide. The key concept of this device design is adopting two microring resonators to separately resonant with nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized microring resonance modes while the two microrings are not mutually coupled.
[0052] In the proposed device configuration, nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonance spectra of two microrings can be obtained by designing the parameters of two resonators separately and obtaining degenerate orthogonally polarized pump resonances via the thermo-optic effect, as illustrated in FIG. 3B. Linearly polarized degenerate pump photons are adopted to be simultaneously resonant with degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonances between the two microrings. The correlated signal (s) and idle (i) photon pairs are spontaneously generated through SFWM in the Si3N4 platform simultaneously in a |TEs, TEi>photon pair state from one microring resonator and in a |TMs, TMi> photon pair state from another microring resonator. The subscripts denote the signal and idle photons. The polarization of the pump light is tuned to vary the probability amplitudes of the generated orthogonally polarized states. The pump-signal-idle frequencies satisfy the phase-matching condition, over the three corresponding microring cavity resonances in the same waveguide transverse mode order.
[0053] A continuous-wave (CW) laser pump ensures coherence between the generated two-photon states with orthogonal polarizations and a propagation length less than the coherence length of the pump. The nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonances are selected at an integral number of free spectral ranges (FSRs) on both sides of the pump resonance for measuring the generated photon pairs within the spectral bandwidths of the channel filters (FIG. 3B) . Thus, one cannot distinguish from which microrings the photon pairs are generated.
[0054] To spectrally select and measure the signal and idle photons, one generally utilizes two off-chip dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) channel bandpass filters. The filter bandwidths are generally much wider than the high-quality (high-Q) cavity resonance linewidths, yet narrower than the FSR. The nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized cavity resonances of the signal and idle photons located within the filter bandwidths are indistinguishable, and thus the signal and idle photons are simultaneously TE-and TM-polarized. The filter bandwidth allows sufficient tolerance. An DWDM filter spacing of 200 GHz and a filter bandwidth of 100 GHz are adopted in the experiments.
[0055] The analysis of the indistinguishability in the time domain is necessary for ensuring a polarization-entangled state. The overlap of the biphoton wave packets indicates the indistinguishability. Given the photon pairs generated in a microring resonator, the biphoton wave packet is a double-exponential wave packet determined by the cavity resonance lifetime. Hence, it is desirable to have a similar Q factor of the TE-and TM-polarized resonances.
[0056] Finally, in principle, an entangled state can be obtained in the polarization DOF described as at the waveguide output-port, where φp is the relative phase between the nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized signal and idle photons, a and b are the normalized probability amplitudes (assumed real values) of the two biphoton polarization states satisfying the normalization a2+b2=1.
[0057] The two microring resonators can be designed with nearly the same cavity size but with different waveguide geometries to obtain nearly polarization-independent dispersion, and thus nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonance spectra with nearly identical FSRs within the spectrum of interest. As seen in FIG. 1B, an exemplary waveguide geometry has a rectangular cross-section. However, other waveguide geometries, such as trapezoidal (for example, due to etching selectivity) , or rib / ridge waveguides.
[0058] Alternatively, the two microrings may be designed to have different cavity sizes but an identical waveguide geometry to obtain nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonance spectra with nearly identical FSRs within the spectrum of interest. The same waveguide-microring coupler design is adopted, utilizing identical coupling gap spacing for both bus-microring couplings.
[0059] Preferably, a separation is incorporated between the two microrings for easing the device fabrication in terms of not restricting the two microrings to be closely spaced while allowing room to reduce thermal crosstalk between the two microrings during TO tuning. Considering the requirement of the wave packet overlap, the separation is designed to be 400 μm corresponding to an estimated time difference of ~ 2.47 ps that is far shorter than the cavity lifetimes. Given a cavity Q-factor of 105 ~ 106, the cavity lifetime is between 0.1 to 1 ns. The time difference is orders of magnitude below the cavity lifetime.
[0060] In one embodiment, two wide-width multimode microring resonators are employed, both featuring an identically designed waveguide width of 20 μm. A nearly 400 GHz FSR is designed for the TE-and TM-polarized microring resonances following a 200GHz DWDM channel spacing. The microring resonators with radii of ~58 μm and of ~57 μm support, respectively, the nearly degenerate TE-and TM-polarized resonance modes. These two microrings are denoted by R58 and R57, respectively. The microring resonators are coupled to a common bus waveguide with a width of 1.2 μm. The thickness of the Si3N4 film is determined based on analysing the dispersion of the wide-width multimode microring waveguide. The dispersion analysis suggests nearly equal FSRs in the TE-and TM-polarized microring resonances for the two microring resonators, which enables multiple polarization-entangled photon pairs across multiple FSRs centered at the degenerate TE- / TM-polarized pump microring resonances.
[0061] The TE-polarized resonances from microring R58 and the TM-polarized resonances from microring R57 show FSRs of ~ 406 GHz and ~ 409 GHz, respectively, which nearly match the DWDM filter even (or odd) channel spacing (400 GHz) . It notes that the TE-polarized resonances in microring R57 with the largest FSR of ~ 413 GHz still allow resonances to lie within the DWDM channel bandwidth. The wide-width multimode microring waveguides with higher-order transverse modes facilitate the alignment of the pump resonance modes from the two microrings while requiring the pump, signal, and idle modes to be in the same transverse mode order to ensure phase matching and spatial overlap. The feasibility of generating polarization entanglement is analysed with higher-order modes in the designed waveguide geometries. Here, the focus lies in utilizing the 1st-radial-order TE-and TM-modes generated from the two microring resonators.
[0062] The relative phase between the two states generated from a CW-pump laser is essentially determined by the polarization-dependent propagation delay in the Si3N4 waveguide due to the waveguide birefringence. A 1mm-long, 1.2μm-wide bus waveguide is utilized, featuring linear tapering to two 4 μm-wide waveguides at the two waveguide ends for input and output coupling. The total length of the bus waveguide is 3.55 mm. The two-photon interference measurements and the quantum state tomography are adopted to extract the full information of the generated state.
[0063] The devices are fabricated on the stoichiometric silicon nitride platform. The measured dispersion of the LPCVD-deposited silicon nitride film is consistent with that of typical stoichiometric silicon nitride suggesting the chemical composition is close to Si3N4.
[0064] EXAMPLE 1
[0065] To fabricate the microring resonators and the waveguide, a 3.2 μm-thick thermal-oxide-covered silicon wafer is used as the substrate. A stress-release pattern is pre-patterned on the thermal oxide layer to assist the deposition of a thick Si3N4 film. Approximately 1 μm-thick Si3N4 film is deposited using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. An 800 nm-thick low-temperature oxide layer on the Si3N4 film is used as an etching hard mask. The hard mask is etched using C4F8 / H2 / He-based etchants. The Si3N4 device is patterned using argon ion bombardment. High-temperature N2 and O2 annealing is applied to reduce the hydrogen content and to generate an initial oxide layer on the Si3N4 device. An upper-cladding layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oxide is deposited by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition with a high conformality. Before the metal deposition for the micro-heaters, chemical-mechanical polishing is performed to obtain a flat top on the upper-cladding layer. The oxide thickness on the top of the waveguide exceeds 1.5 μm to minimize the propagation loss due to the metals on the top. Finally, a 200 nm-thick molybdenum layer is deposited as the micro-heaters integrated on the two microring resonators, and a 300 nm-thick aluminum layer is deposited as the metal pads. The metal layers are etched by wet etching. The i-line (365 nm) photolithography is adopted for patterning.
[0066] FIG. 4A shows the optical microscope picture of the measured device of Example 1. FIGS. 4B and 4C shows the SEM images of areas (a) and (b) in FIG. 4A illustrating the quality of the waveguide sidewall and of the designed 400 nm coupling gap spacing. The Si3N4 devices of Example 1 have relatively rough sidewalls in the coupling region. The rough sidewalls observed at the coupler are attributed to the pattern resolution limitations of the i-line (365 nm) photolithography process. Before the measurement, aluminum wires are bonded onto the metal pads of the fabricated chip for TO tuning.
[0067] The two microrings are coupled to a common bus waveguide separately with the TE-and TM-polarized input-coupled CW laser. To distinguish the resonances between the two microrings, a bias voltage is applied across the metal heater integrated on microring R57 to induce thermal redshifting of resonances generated from this resonator.
[0068] FIGS. 4D to 4E show the zoom-in-view spectra of a TE-polarized resonance from microring R57 with a loaded Q of 3.0×105 and of an TM-polarized resonance from microring R58 with a loaded Q of 5.6×105 , respectively. The resonant wavelength difference is ~ 0.07 nm, which is the smallest difference between the orthogonally polarized resonances in the wavelength range of the DWDM filter channels. These two resonance modes are adopted as the aligned pump resonances, which are the 1st-radial-order TE-and TM-polarized modes as indicated in the spectra shown in FIG. 4F. Degenerate TE-and TM-polarized pump resonance modes are obtained when applying a bias voltage of 4.06V on microring R57. Photon pairs generated on each side of the pump resonance are then measured within one Free Spectral Range (FSR) .
[0069] FIG. 5 schematically shows the system for generating and characterizing polarization-entangled photon pairs.
[0070] A CW pump laser is amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) at 1561.28 nm to generate a CW light source at 1561 nm. The two-photon interference and the state tomography are measured under an estimated on-chip pump power of 4.78 mW. The polarization of the pump laser is controlled by an FPC. 1%of the pump power is tapped to a photodetector (PD) to monitor the input power.
[0071] Before end-firing the pump laser into the chip, three 100GHz DWDM filters are cascaded on channel 20 to reduce the noise from the EDFA, achieving a total extinction ratio of approximately 90 dB. Two lensed polarization-maintaining (PM) single-mode fibers are utilized as input-and output-coupled fibers. After collecting the output-coupled light from the chip, the residual pump light is partially rejected by cascading another three DWDM filters on channel 20 as a notch filter, achieving a total extinction ratio of approximately 135 dB. The rejected pump power is adopted with a homemade program to actively lock the wavelength of the pump laser at the resonant wavelength.
[0072] Then, a demultiplexer (DMUX) is used to separate the signal and the idle photons. Further noise suppression in the signal and idle channels is achieved by cascading another three 100GHz DWDM filters on channels 24 (signal) and 16 (idle) , respectively.
[0073] The light from the fiber-based filters is out-coupled to a collimated free-space path using an objective lens. The signal and idle photons are analyzed separately using two free-space polarization analyzers. Each of the analyzers consists of a quarter-wave plate (QWP) , a half-wave plate (HWP) , and a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) serving as a polarizer. The PBS in signal channel 24 is set to transmit the TE-polarized light and to reflect the TM-polarized light for two-photon interference experiments, while the PBS in idle channel 16 transmits the TM-polarized light and reflects the TE-polarized light for measuring the state tomography. The orientation angles of the HWP and the QWP are manipulated to characterize the quantum state.
[0074] The light after each polarization analyzer is coupled into a single-mode fiber using another objective lens. The free-space setups introduce losses of approximately 6 dB and 5.2 dB for the signal and idle channels, respectively. Two channels of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) are used to detect the signal and idle photons respectively. A time-to-digital converter connected to the two SNSPD channels is used to record the photon arrival times and generate the coincidence count distributions.
[0075] As the TE-polarized microring R57 and the TM-polarized microring R58 exhibit different Q factors and waveguide-coupling coefficients, the coincidence counts measured from the chip output of the photon pair states |TEs, TEi> and |TMs, TMi> (by using the TE-and TM-polarized pump light, respectively) are different upon the same on-chip pump power. It's noted that in the measured device, polarization rotations and types I / II Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing (SFWM) processes are negligible.
[0076] The present invention, in one aspect, provides simultaneously generated photon pair states |TEs, TEi> and |TMs, TMi> in superposition with almost equal probabilities as 1 / 2. Thus, the linearly polarized pump light polarization is aligned away from 45° using a fiber-based polarization controller (FPC) to adjust the ratio of the TE-and TM-polarized pump light components. This method partially compensates for the different conversion efficiency between the two microrings, and simultaneously generates the states |TEs, TEi> and |TMs, TMi> from two microring resonators, respectively, with similar total count rates.
[0077] FIGS. 6A and 6B show the measured coincidence counts distributions over delay times of the TE-and TM-polarized photon pairs separately generated from the TE-and TM-polarized pump resonances under an estimated on-chip pump power of 2.24 mW.
[0078] The measured true coincidence counts at the state |TEs, TEi> are 689 accumulated for 2 mins., with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) of 84.7 ± 28.1. While we obtain at the state |TMs, TMi> true coincidence counts of 635 and a CAR of 82.5 ± 28.8. The CAR is defined as the ratio between the true coincidence counts and the accidental counts within same temporal width outside the coincidence window.
[0079] The uncertainty is obtained by incorporating accidental counts at various delay times. The coincidence counts are fitted with the double-sided exponential decay function. The fitted lifetimes (τc) are, respectively, 0.24 ns and 0.52 ns for the TM-and TE-polarized photon pairs, which are consistent with the Q factors of ~ 5×105 for the TM-polarized signal / idle resonances and of ~ 1.05×106 for the TE-polarized signal / idle resonances. The polarization-entangled state is generated with the aligned pump resonances.
[0080] The generated polarization-entangled photon pairs are characterized using two-photon interference with a Half-Wave Plate (HWP) and a Polarizing Beam Splitter (PBS) in each polarization analyzer (PA) . The coincidence count rates are measured in a series of experiments. The transmission angle of the PA for the idle channel is oriented at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° corresponding to the horizontal, diagonal, vertical, and antidiagonal polarized states labelled as |H>, |D>, |V> and |A> while varying the polarization angle of the signal channel with a step of 20°.
[0081] FIG. 6C shows the measured signal channel count rates with a modulation centered around 3.75 kHz with the signal polarization angle, which is attribute to different single-channel count rates between the TE-and TM-polarized signal photons. This indicates a non-maximally entangled state with an extracted probability amplitude ratio a / b of 0.88. While the measured coincidence count rates reveal sinusoidal variations with the signal polarization angle due to two-photon interference.
[0082] FIG. 6D shows the measured coincidence count rates with various polarization states of the idle photons at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°. The measurements reveal a correlation between the polarized idle photons and the same polarized signal photons.
[0083] The interference patterns exhibit visibility values of 96.4%± 3.1%and 86.7%± 3.2%measured with the |H> and |V> polarization states in the idle-photon polarization analyzer, respectively. The visibility for the |D> and |A> polarization states is measured as 89.4%± 6.6%and 81.3%± 7.3%, respectively, indicating the measured non-maximally entangled state. The difference in visibility between the |H> and |V> polarization states is attributed to the unequal probability amplitudes between the states |TEs, TEi> and |TMs, TMi> , which results in nonzero minimum coincidence counts. The non-ideal minimum coincidence counts also limits the value of visibility.
[0084] Lower visibility values are obtained with the |D> and |A> polarization states compared those of the |H> and |V> polarization states. Lower visibility values are obtained with the |D> and |A> polarization states compared to those of the |H>and |V> polarization states. The visibility degradation is attributed to the relative phase deviation based on theoretical analysis. The measured interference patterns are fitted with the theoretical joint probability relation given as: P (θs, θi) =a2cos2θs cos2θi+b2sin2θssin2θi+2abcosφpcosθssinθscosθisinθi (1)
[0085] assuming an entangled state where a and b are the real probability amplitudes, θs and θi are the polarization angles of the signal and idle photons relative to the horizontal direction. The fitting ranges for probability amplitudes 'a' and 'b' are set according to the two corresponding values extracted from the signal-count measurements. The interference patterns measured with the |H> and |V> polarization states show the fitted probability amplitudes of the states |TEs, TEi> and |TMs, TMi> with an a / b of 0.88 and 0.87, respectively, which nearly matches the value extracted from the single-count measurements. The difference between the ratios of 'a' and 'b' measured with the |H> and |V> polarization states is attributed to the pump power fluctuation within a range of 0.5 dB set by the active feedback-locking system. The fitted absolute values of the relative phase are 18° and 24° extracted from the interference patterns measured with the |D> and |A> polarization states, which are consistent with the reduced visibility.
[0086] The observed relative phase is attributed to the overall response of the polarization-dependent phase delay in both the bus waveguide and the microring resonators. The different relative phase values of the |D> and |A> measurements are attributed to phase fluctuations during the measurement. In the future, reducing phase fluctuation can be achieved by adopting an active phase-stabilization scheme.
[0087] Quantum state tomography is conducted to reconstruct the density matrix which encapsulates all the quantum statistical information of the generated polarization-entangled photon pair state. A set of 16 independent photon-pair polarization states on the generated state is measured, and the coincidence counts are recorded to reconstruct the density matrix using maximum likelihood technique. The bar charts in FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the real and imaginary parts of the reconstructed The similarity between the generated polarization-entangled photon pair state and the reconstructed state |φ> measured from the two-photon interference patterns is determined by fidelity (Ftomo) . Ftomo is calculated using the expectation value at four states with φp equals to ±0.10π and ±0.14π.
[0088] The highest calculated fidelity of 75.7%at state |φ> is obtained with φp=0.10π, which exceeds (70.7%) for the CHSH inequality, and thus indicating entanglement. The low fidelity is attributed to the generation of a mixed state resulting from the non-stabilized relative phase.
[0089] The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art.
[0090] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Claims
1.An on-chip photonic circuit for generating polarization-entangled photon-pairs, comprising:an optical bus waveguide formed in a nonlinear optical material platform, and having an entry port configured to receive a pump light consisting of the first polarization component and second polarization component and an exit port configured to supply polarization-entangled photon-pairs;a first nonlinear optical micro-resonator optically coupled to the optical bus waveguide at a first coupling region and configured to receive the pump light, and generate a plurality of first photon-pairs, each consisting of: a first signal photon having a first signal wavelength and a first signal polarization; and a first idle photon having a first idle wavelength and a first idle polarization; anda second nonlinear optical micro-resonator optically coupled to the optical bus waveguide at a second coupling region and configured to receive the pump light and generate a plurality of second photon-pairs, each consisting of: a second signal photon having a second signal wavelength and a second signal polarization orthogonal to the first signal polarization; and a second idle photon having a second idle wavelength and a second idle polarization orthogonal to the first idle polarization; andwherein the optical bus waveguide is further configured to: receive the first photon-pairs from the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator; receive the second photon-pairs from the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator; and combine the first photon-pairs and the second photon-pairs to form the polarization-entangled photon-pairs.2.The nonlinear optical res on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 1, wherein the resonators are circular, elliptical, or track shaped microring or microdisk resonators.3.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claims 1 or 2, wherein each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-0 and type-I phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.4.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 3, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon; andthe TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.5.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 3, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon; andthe TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.6.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claims 1 and 2, wherein each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-II phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.7.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 6, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon;the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second idle wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon;the TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; andthe TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.8.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 6, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon;the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second idle wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized idle photon;the TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; andthe TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.9.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claims 1 or 2, wherein each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-0 and type-I phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous four-wave mixing in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.10.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 9, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon; andthe TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.11.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 9, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the first signal and idle wavelengths such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon and a TM-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peaks at the second signal and idle wavelengths such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon and a TE-polarized idle photon; andthe TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.12.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claims 1 or 2, wherein each of the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators includes an optical medium providing a third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for type-II phase matching such that the first and second photon-pairs are generated through spontaneous four-wave mixing in the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators respectively.13.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 12, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon;the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second idle wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon;the TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; andthe TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.14.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 12, whereinthe first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first signal wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TE-polarized signal photon;the first nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the first idle wavelength such that each first photon-pair includes a TM-polarized idle photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TM mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second signal wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TM-polarized signal photon;the second nonlinear optical micro-resonator has a TE mode resonance spectrum with resonance peak at the second idle wavelength such that each second photon-pair includes a TE-polarized idle photon;the TE mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TM mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator; andthe TM mode resonance spectrum of the first micro-resonator is perfectly or nearly aligned with the TE mode resonance spectrum of the second micro-resonator.15.The on-chip photonic circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein at least one of the first and second nonlinear optical ring resonator includes a thermo-optic tuner for aligning cavity resonances in the first and second nonlinear optical ring resonators.16.The on-chip photonic circuit according to claim 15, wherein the thermo-optic tuner is made of a resistance heating material layer deposited on or above the nonlinear optical micro-resonator.17.The on-chip photonic circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have the same cavity size but with different waveguide geometries.18.The on-chip photonic circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have an identical waveguide geometry but with different cavity sizes.19.The on-chip photonic circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the first and second nonlinear optical micro-resonators have different waveguide geometries and different cavity sizes.20.The on-chip photonic circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the nonlinear optical material is selected from silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon, lithium niobate, a III-V semiconductor material, or a chalcogenide glass.
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