Ambient IoT operation method

Abstract

One disclosure of the present specification provides a method in which a UE performs communication. The method comprises steps in which an A-IoT intermediate node: transmits information about an A-IoT signal to a base station, the A-IoT signal being a signal that activates an A-IoT device for an A-IoT operation, and the information about the A-IoT signal including information about a candidate frequency of the A-IoT signal; receives activation information from the base station on the basis of the information about the A-IoT signal, the activation information including information about a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal; and transmits the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device on the basis of the activation information.

Description

How AMBIENT IOT Works

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communications.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communications. Numerous approaches have been proposed to achieve LTE's goals of reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. 3GPP LTE's high-level requirements include reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and adequate power consumption for terminals.

[0003] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP have begun work on developing requirements and specifications for new radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR in a timely manner, meeting both urgent market needs and the longer-term requirements outlined by the ITU-R (ITU radio communication sector) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. NR must also be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 100 GHz, ensuring that it remains available for wireless communications well into the future.

[0004] NR aims to be a single technology framework that addresses all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). NR must be inherently forward-compatible.

[0005] The base station is configured for A-IoT operation to minimize interference.

[0006] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0007] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0008] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0009] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0010] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0011] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0012] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0013] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0014] FIG. 9 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of an A-IoT device architecture according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0015] FIG. 10 is an exemplary diagram showing a first example of an A-IoT device topology according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0016] FIG. 11 is an exemplary diagram showing a second example of an A-IoT device topology according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0017] Figures 12a and 12b illustrate examples of A-IoT scenarios according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0018] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a CW topology according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0019] FIG. 14 illustrates a first example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0020] FIG. 15 illustrates a second example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0021] FIG. 16 illustrates a third example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0022] FIG. 17 illustrates a fourth example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0023] Figure 18 illustrates a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a UL channel of a terminal.

[0024] Figure 19 illustrates an analysis of a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a UL channel of a terminal.

[0025] Figure 20 illustrates a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a DL channel of a terminal.

[0026] Figure 21 illustrates an analysis of a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a DL channel of a terminal.

[0027] Figure 22 illustrates the procedure of an A-IoT intermediate node for the disclosure of this specification.

[0028] Figure 23 illustrates the base station's procedure for the disclosure of this specification.

[0029] The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system). 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) LTE (long-term evolution) is part of E-UMTS (evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). Evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and / or 5G NR (new radio).

[0030] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is primarily described in relation to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, aspects of this specification that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system can be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0031] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0032] As used herein, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, as used herein, "A or B" can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, as used herein, "A, B or C" can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0033] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0034] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0035] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

[0036] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0037] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0038] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0039] Hereinafter, the present specification will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numbers may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

[0040] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0041] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and the technical features of this specification can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0042] The three main requirement categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

[0043] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS; 200), and a network (300). FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of a network of the communication system (1), but the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond the 5G system.

[0044] The base station (200) and the network (300) may be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device may operate as a base station / network node in relation to other wireless devices.

[0045] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) refer to devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles having wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices, and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and heads-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0046] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving functions, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather / environmental device, a 5G service-related device, or a 4th industrial revolution-related device.

[0047] For example, a UAV may be an aircraft that is unmanned and navigated by radio control signals.

[0048] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device that implements 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing three-dimensional information using the light interference phenomenon that occurs when two laser lights, called holograms, meet.

[0049] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or imaging device that can be worn on the user's body.

[0050] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. Examples include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0051] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used for diagnosing, treating, alleviating, or correcting an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, an (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0052] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential hazards and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0053] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services, such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a point-of-sale system.

[0054] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device that monitors or predicts the weather / environment.

[0055] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200) / network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0056] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and a base station (200) and / or between base stations (200). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, device-to-device (D2D) communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of the various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

[0057] AI is the study of artificial intelligence or the methodologies for creating it, while machine learning (ML) defines various problems in the field of AI and studies the methodologies for solving them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through consistent experience.

[0058] A robot can be defined as a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task based on its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot capable of perceiving its environment, making decisions, and performing actions on its own can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be categorized into industrial, medical, household, and military applications based on their intended use or field. Robots are equipped with a drive unit, including an actuator or motor, enabling them to perform various physical actions, such as moving robot joints. Furthermore, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, and propellers in their drive unit, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0059] Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving on one's own, while autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive without, or with minimal, user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as lane keeping, automatic speed control like adaptive cruise control, autonomous driving along a set route, and autonomous driving based on a set destination. Vehicles encompass all types of vehicles: those with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles with only electric motors. These vehicles can include not only cars but also trains and motorcycles. Autonomous vehicles can be viewed as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0060] Extended reality is a general term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds as CG images only, AR technology provides virtual CG images over images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR in that it displays real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference: while AR uses virtual objects to complement real objects, MR uses virtual and real objects equally.

[0061] NR supports multiple numerologies, or subcarrier spacing (SCS), to support diverse 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports wide areas in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz / 60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0062] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in NR systems, FR1 can mean the "sub-6GHz range," and FR2 can mean the "above 6GHz range," which can be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW).

[0063] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0064] As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include unlicensed bands. Unlicensed bands can be used for various purposes, such as for communications for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0065] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0066] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (low power wide area network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced MTC). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0067] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0068] In FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be implemented in various forms depending on the use case / service. For example, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200)}, {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the wireless devices (100a to 100f)}, and / or {the base station (200) and the base station (200)} of FIG. 1. The first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be configured by various components, devices / parts, and / or modules.

[0069] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0070] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (104) may be located external to the processing chip (101).

[0071] The processor (102) may control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (106) and store information obtained by processing the second information / signal in the memory (104).

[0072] A memory (104) may be operatively connected to the processor (102). The memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (104) may store firmware and / or software code (105) that implements code, instructions and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0073] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0074] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0075] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be located external to the processing chip (201).

[0076] The processor (202) may control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the third information / signal via the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information / signal via the transceiver (206) and store information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in the memory (204).

[0077] A memory (204) may be operatively connected to the processor (202). The memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (204) may store firmware and / or software code (205) that implements instruction codes, commands and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0078] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with the RF unit. In the present specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0079] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs), one or more service data units (SDUs), messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein.

[0080] The one or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and / or a microcomputer. The one or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors (102, 202). For example, the one or more processors (102, 202) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphic processing unit (GPU), and a memory control processor.

[0081] One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drive, register, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and / or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0082] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0083] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208). Additionally and / or alternatively, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include one or more antennas (108, 208). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, one or more antennas (108, 208) may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0084] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or a filter. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may up-convert an OFDM baseband signal to an OFDM signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0085] Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, the wireless device (100, 200) may further include additional components. The additional components (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional components (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The additional components (140) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0086] In the implementation of the present specification, a UE can operate as a transmitter in the uplink (UL) and as a receiver in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of the present specification, a base station can operate as a receiver in the UL and as a transmitter in the DL. For the sake of convenience of description, it is mainly assumed below that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released in the first wireless device (100) can be configured to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released in the second wireless device (200) can be configured to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification.

[0087] In this specification, a base station may be referred to as a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

[0088] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0089] Referring to FIG. 3, the UE (100) can correspond to the first wireless device (100) of FIG. 2.

[0090] The UE (100) includes a processor (102), memory (104), a transceiver (106), one or more antennas (108), a power management module (141), a battery (142), a display (143), a keypad (144), a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card (145), a speaker (146), and a microphone (147).

[0091] The processor (102) may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. The processor (102) may be configured to control one or more other components of the UE (100) to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. A layer of a radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor (102). The processor (102) may include an ASIC, other chipsets, logic circuits and / or data processing devices. The processor (102) may be an application processor. The processor (102) may include at least one of a DSP, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and a modem (modulator and demodulator). An example of the processor (102) is the SNAPDRAGON manufactured by Qualcomm®. TM Series processors, EXYNOS made by Samsung® TM Series processors, A-series processors made by Apple®, HELIO made by MediaTek® TM ATOM series processors made by Intel® TM It can be found in the series processors or the corresponding next-generation processors.

[0092] Memory (104) is operatively coupled to the processor (102) and stores various information for operating the processor (102). Memory (104) may include ROM, RAM, flash memory, memory cards, storage media, and / or other storage devices. When the implementation is implemented in software, the techniques described herein may be implemented using modules (e.g., procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. The modules may be stored in memory (104) and executed by the processor (102). Memory (104) may be implemented within the processor (102) or external to the processor (102), in which case it may be communicatively coupled to the processor (102) via various methods known in the art.

[0093] A transceiver (106) is operably coupled to the processor (102) and transmits and / or receives a radio signal. The transceiver (106) includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transceiver (106) may include a baseband circuit for processing a radio frequency signal. The transceiver (106) controls one or more antennas (108) to transmit and / or receive a radio signal.

[0094] The power management module (141) manages the power of the processor (102) and / or the transceiver (106). The battery (142) supplies power to the power management module (141).

[0095] The display (143) outputs the results processed by the processor (102). The keypad (144) receives input to be used by the processor (102). The keypad (144) can be displayed on the display (143).

[0096] A SIM card (145) is an integrated circuit that securely stores an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and associated keys, and is used to identify and authenticate subscribers in mobile devices such as mobile phones and computers. Additionally, many SIM cards can store contact information.

[0097] The speaker (146) outputs sound-related results processed by the processor (102). The microphone (147) receives sound-related input to be used by the processor (102).

[0098] <6G System General>

[0099] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements as shown in Table 1 below. In other words, Table 1 is a table showing an example of the requirements of a 6G system.

[0100] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100bps / HzMobility supportUp to 1000km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0101] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0102] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0103] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

[0104] - Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

[0105] - Connected intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary and will update the wireless evolution from “connected things” to “connected intelligence.” AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each stage of signal processing, as described below).

[0106] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0107] - Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0108] Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

[0109] - Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0110] Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0111] High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

[0112] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0113] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

[0114] <Key implementation technologies for 6G systems>

[0115] Artificial Intelligence

[0116] The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

[0117] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0118] Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0119] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0120] Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0121] Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

[0122] Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to achieve a certain level of performance, thereby increasing efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to increase accuracy.

[0123] Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0124] The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0125] The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0126] Terahertz Communication

[0127] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0128] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0129] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0130] Large-scale MIMO

[0131] One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

[0132] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0133] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0134] Optical wireless technology

[0135] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized to implement VLC. VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and vehicular networks.

[0136] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is unlicensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (up to THz). Second, VLC causes minimal significant interference with other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. Visible light, the transmission medium of VLC-based networks, cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor areas, protecting users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0137] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point optical wireless communication (OWC) system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used to implement FSO, and it offers high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), potentially offering a solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0138] These OWC technologies are designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have already been used since 4G communication systems, but they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and optical band-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

[0139] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on its wide bandwidth. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that illuminates a target using near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, detecting the reflected light with a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0140] FSO Backhaul Network

[0141] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

[0142] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0143] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BSs will be provided via low-Earth orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom significantly differentiates 3D connectivity from existing 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one approach to achieving this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources onboard satellites (or UAS platforms). Common NTN scenarios, which provide access to user equipment, include transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0144] - One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0145] - GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

[0146] Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

[0147] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0148] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0149] A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0150] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0151] - Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0152] - Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

[0153] - User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

[0154] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

[0155] Typically, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

[0156] Quantum Communication

[0157] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication, overcoming limitations of existing information and communication technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computation. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the binary bits of 0 and 1 used in existing communication technologies, or that are difficult to express. Unlike existing communication technologies that use wavelength or amplitude to transmit information between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication utilizes photons, the smallest unit of light, to transmit information between the transmitter and receiver. In particular, quantum communication can utilize quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility regarding the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), enabling communication with perfect security. Furthermore, under certain conditions, quantum communication may also enable ultra-high-speed communication by exploiting quantum entanglement.

[0158] Cell-free Communication

[0159] Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide improved QoS.

[0160] Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, assisted by a fronthaul network and CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of APs, called an AP cluster. There are several methods for forming AP clusters. Among them, a cluster composed of APs that can significantly improve terminal reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering, and this method dynamically updates the cluster configuration as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby avoiding inter-cluster interference that can occur when the terminal is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and heterogeneous radios in the devices.

[0161] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0162] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

[0163] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0164] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be closely integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

[0165] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0166] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0167] Big Data Analysis

[0168] Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0169] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0170] Many studies have been conducted that consider the wireless environment as an optimization target variable along with the transmitter and receiver. The wireless environment created using this approach is called a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to emphasize its fundamental difference from past design and optimization standards. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna) technologies that enable SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0171] THz band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. RIS technology, which expands communication coverage, enhances communication stability, and enables additional value-added services by installing RIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, RIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it passively reflects signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0172] In addition to reflecting wireless signals, RISs also exist that can control transmission and refraction characteristics. These RISs are primarily used for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides both reflection and transmission, has also been actively researched.

[0173] Metaverse

[0174] The metaverse is a portmanteau of "meta," meaning "virtual" or "transcendent," and "universe," meaning "cosmos." Generally, the metaverse is used to refer to a "three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are facilitated."

[0175] Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and deliver exceptional immersion by merging the virtual and real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience even more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

[0176] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0177] For fully autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, and vehicles must communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to confirm information such as parking location and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that allows cars to communicate and share with various elements on the road for autonomous driving, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication.

[0178] To maximize autonomous driving performance and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, as autonomous driving moves beyond simply providing warnings or guidance messages to drivers, actively intervening in driving and directly controlling the vehicle in dangerous situations requires a vast amount of information to be transmitted and received, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0179] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0180] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0181] Blockchain

[0182] Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. A distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchain perfectly complements large-scale IoT with its inherently enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0183] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0184] The transmission time interval (TTI) illustrated in FIG. 6 may be referred to as a subframe or slot for NR (or new RAT). The subframe (or slot) of FIG. 6 may be used in a TDD system of NR (or new RAT) to minimize data transmission delay. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the subframe (or slot) includes 14 symbols, similar to the current subframe. The symbols in the front of the subframe (or slot) may be used for a DL control channel, and the symbols in the back of the subframe (or slot) may be used for an UL control channel. The remaining symbols may be used for DL ​​data transmission or UL data transmission. According to this subframe (or slot) structure, downlink transmission and uplink transmission may be sequentially performed in one subframe (or slot). Therefore, downlink data may be received within a subframe (or slot), and an uplink acknowledgment (ACK / NACK) may be transmitted within the subframe (or slot). This subframe (or slot) structure can be referred to as a self-contained subframe (or slot). Using this subframe (or slot) structure has the advantage of minimizing the final data transmission latency by reducing the time required to retransmit data with reception errors. In this self-contained subframe (or slot) structure, a time gap may be required during the transition from transmission mode to reception mode or from reception mode to transmission mode. To this end, some OFDM symbols during the transition from DL to UL in the subframe structure can be designated as a guard period (GP).

[0185] <NR에서 SS 블록>

[0186] The SS block (SS / PBCH Block: SSB) includes the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) containing the Master Information Block (MIB), which is the information required for the terminal to perform initial access in 5G NR, and the synchronization signal (SS) (including PSS and SSS).

[0187] Furthermore, multiple SSBs can be grouped together to define an SS burst, and multiple SS bursts can be grouped together to define an SS burst set. Each SSB is assumed to be beamformed in a specific direction, and the multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are designed to support terminals located in different directions.

[0188] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0189] Referring to Figure 7, SS bursts are transmitted at predetermined periods. Accordingly, the terminal receives SSBs and performs cell detection and measurement.

[0190] Meanwhile, beam sweeping is performed for SSB in 5G NR. This will be described with reference to Fig. 8.

[0191] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0192] The base station transmits each SSB within an SS burst by beam-sweeping it over time. At this time, multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are transmitted to support terminals located in different directions.

[0193] I. A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things)

[0194] A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) refers to low-cost, low-power IoT devices powered by ambient energy. This technology overcomes the limitations of existing IoT technology and can be applied to diverse fields such as distribution, logistics, and smart factories.

[0195] A-IoT can refer to ultra-low-power IoT devices that operate by consuming much less power than existing IoT devices (or by utilizing energy such as ambient light, heat, and radio waves without a battery).

[0196] In this specification, UE and terminal are used interchangeably.

[0197] Intermediate nodes (or A-IoT leaders, base stations) can transmit CW (continuous wave) / DL (downlink) signals to A-IoT devices. These CW / DL signals can cause A-IoT devices to transition from an inactive state to an active state. Once activated, these A-IoT devices can then reflect data embedded in the CW / DL signals. This allows A-IoT operations to be performed.

[0198] The CW (continuous wave) / DL (downlink) signal in this specification may be a signal transmitted to an A-IoT device for A-IoT operation.

[0199] In this specification, the CW (continuous wave) / DL (downlink) signal may mean an A-IoT signal.

[0200] In this specification, a terminal receiving interference may be a terminal located near an intermediate node (or A-IoT leader).

[0201] This specification describes the impact on existing NR terminal communications due to the paths along which CW (continuous wave) / DL (downlink) signals are transmitted to A-IoT devices when A-IoT is in operation. Furthermore, this specification describes methods for minimizing the interference that CW / DL signals cause to NR terminals.

[0202] FIG. 9 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of an A-IoT device architecture according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0203] A-IoT devices have a simplified structure compared to existing LTE / NR UEs.

[0204] A-IoT devices may not generate output carrier signals.

[0205] A-IoT devices can receive CW signals from outside, reflect them, and transmit data on the reflected CW signals. This communication method allows A-IoT devices to be extremely simple in structure. However, to operate, A-IoT devices may require an external CW signal.

[0206] 1. A-IoT topology

[0207] The topology of A-IoT can be broadly divided into two types as follows.

[0208] FIG. 10 is an exemplary diagram showing a first example of an A-IoT device topology according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0209] Example 1 (T1) means that the A-IoT device and the BS (base station) communicate directly.

[0210] FIG. 11 is an exemplary diagram showing a second example of an A-IoT device topology according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0211] The second example (T2) means that there is an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and the base station.

[0212] Intermediate nodes may include relays, IAB nodes (integrated access and backhaul), UEs, repeaters, etc.

[0213] 2. A-IoT Deployment Scenario

[0214] The first example deployment scenario (D1) is where both the device and the base station are indoors.

[0215] When the A-IoT devices and base stations are located indoors, the deployment scenario may have the characteristics of Table 4.

[0216] Applicable representative use casesCharacteristicsDescription (NOTE 1)Indoor inventoryIndoor sensorIndoor positioningIndoor commandEnvironment (of device)IndoorBase station characteristic (if any)Micro- or pico-cellConnectivity topologyTopology (1), (2), (3)SpectrumLicensed FDD, licensed TDD, unlicensedCoexistence with existing 3GPP technologiesCo-site or new siteTraffic assumptionDT and DODevice characteristicDevice A or Device B or Device C

[0217] Note 1: The description may not apply to some devices (A, B).

[0218] A second example deployment scenario (D2) is where the device is indoors and the base station is outdoors.

[0219] If there are A-IoT devices indoors and base stations outdoors, the deployment scenario may have the characteristics in Table 5.

[0220] Applicable representative use casesCharacteristicsDescription (NOTE 1)Indoor inventoryIndoor sensorIndoor positioningIndoor commandEnvironment (of device)IndoorBasestation characteristic (if any)Macro- or Micro- cell BSConnectivity topologyTopology (1), (2), (3)Note: The location of intermediate or assisting node (if any) is indoor or outdoorSpectrumLicensed FDD, licensed TDD, unlicensedCoexistence with existing 3GPP technologiesCo-site or new siteTraffic assumptionDT and DODevice characteristicDevice C may support Topology (1), (2), (3),Device A may support Topology (2), Device B may support Topology (2), (3)

[0221] Note 1: The description may not apply to some devices (A, B).

[0222] 3. A-IoT Scenario

[0223] Figures 12a and 12b illustrate examples of A-IoT scenarios according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0224] According to the above-described topology (T1, T2) and deployment scenario (D1, D2), the A-IoT scenario can be considered as shown in FIG. 12a and FIG. 12b.

[0225] 4. Problem (CW / DL interference)

[0226] As described above, A-IoT devices receive CW signals from an external source. Therefore, to ensure coexistence with existing NR, CW signals must be additionally considered.

[0227] The impact of CW signals on existing NR legacy terminals (UEs, L-UEs) is described below.

[0228] As with CW signals, DL interference can also affect NR legacy terminals.

[0229] The REFSENS of L-UE is approximately -100 to -90 dBm, while that of A-IoT is approximately -30 to -40 dBm. Therefore, the DL signal of A-IoT can interfere with L-UE.

[0230] CW topology has CW inside topology and CW outside topology.

[0231] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a CW topology according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0232] CW can be transmitted by the BS or an intermediate node (CW inside topology). Alternatively, CW can be transmitted by a separate CW generator (CW outside topology).

[0233] Interference scenarios due to CW signals are described below.

[0234] FIG. 14 illustrates a first example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0235] FIG. 15 illustrates a second example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0236] FIG. 16 illustrates a third example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0237] FIG. 17 illustrates a fourth example of an interference scenario due to a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0238] CW / DL signals may affect legacy terminals (hereinafter, terminals).

[0239] Because CW signals have high energy density per frequency, CW signals can significantly affect the communication performance of L-UE.

[0240] Additionally, the spectrum of CW signals can be considered in existing FDD bands UL or DL ​​in current RANs. This could mean that CW signals could have a significant impact on L-UE communications.

[0241] The DL bandwidth (BW) of A-IoT is considered to be 180kHz / 540kHz. The DL bandwidth of A-IoT is much smaller than that of L-UE. Therefore, the DL of A-IoT may have a high spectrum power density, which may significantly impact the DL performance of L-UE.

[0242] Additionally, the REFSENS for A-IoT is considered to be -30 to -40 dBm. Therefore, CW signals can act as blockers for L-UEs. For example, CW signals can significantly degrade the DL reception performance of L-UEs.

[0243] CW / DL interference analysis considering the above contents is described below.

[0244] 5. CW / DL interference analysis

[0245] The CW in the description below can be replaced with a DL signal.

[0246] For CW signals, the following assumptions may apply:

[0247] - Example band: n8 (UL:880~915 MHz, DL:925~960 MHz)

[0248] - Power of CW signal that may cause interference to L-UE (interfered CW signal power for L-UE): -20 dBm (considering A-IoT energy harvesting REFSENSE -20~-30 dBm)

[0249] - CW signal frequency location: UL and DL

[0250] Depending on the frequency position of the CW signal, two interference characteristics can appear.

[0251] When CW is located in the UL, IMD products can be generated. IMD products can affect the DL performance of the L-UE. This is shown in Figures 18 and 19.

[0252] Figure 18 illustrates a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a UL channel of a terminal.

[0253] Figure 19 illustrates an analysis of a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a UL channel of a terminal.

[0254] Due to CW interference, the REFSENS of L-UE can be degraded by as much as 17 dB.

[0255] When the CW is located in the DL, the CW signal can leak directly into the DL of the L-UE. This can affect the DL performance of the L-UE. This is shown in FIGS. 20 and 21.

[0256] Figure 20 illustrates a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a DL channel of a terminal.

[0257] Figure 21 illustrates an analysis of a scenario in which a CW signal according to the disclosure of the present specification is located in a DL channel of a terminal.

[0258] Considering CW interference scenario 1 (where the CW signal is located on the UL channel of the UE) and CW interference scenario 2 (where the CW signal is located on the DL channel of the UE), if the CW signal is located on the UL or DL ​​channel of the UE, it can cause serious degradation in the performance of the UE (e.g., DL performance). For example, a CW signal transmitted by an intermediate node can cause significant degradation in the DL reception performance of the UE (e.g., L-UE).

[0259] Methods to solve these problems are described below.

[0260] II. Troubleshooting Methods

[0261] 1. First Example

[0262] A-IoT readers (or intermediate nodes) can transmit CW / DL information to surrounding base stations (BSs).

[0263] CW / DL information may include band positions for CW / DL signals, etc.

[0264] A base station (BS) can utilize CW / DL information for L-UE scheduling to minimize the impact of CW / DL signals.

[0265] When a CW / DL signal is located on the terminal's DL channel (a direct hit), a guard band can be set around the area where the CW / DL signal interference occurs. Based on this, data in that band can be restricted.

[0266] The first embodiment can be applied when the CW / DL signal is located in the DL channel of the terminal and when the CW / DL signal is located in the UL channel of the terminal.

[0267] 2. Second Example

[0268] An A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can query the BS before activating an A-IoT device (before CW / DL signals are generated). For example, before activating an A-IoT device, the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can receive activation information from the BS. Based on this information, the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can activate the A-IoT device and perform communication.

[0269] Before the A-IoT device is activated (before CW / DL signal is generated), the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can report relevant information (A-IoT band candidates [n1, n7, n8…], CW frequency location candidates, etc.) to the base station.

[0270] Based on the received information, the base station can determine whether A-IoT service is available or not. Based on this, the base station can transmit A-IoT activation information to the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node).

[0271] The above A-IoT activation information may include information on whether the A-IoT device can be activated. The A-IoT activation information may include information on whether A-IoT operation / communication can be performed via the A-IoT device. The A-IoT activation information may include information on frequencies / bands that can be used for CW / DL signals.

[0272] The above A-IoT activation information may include information about a specific operating range (e.g., frequency location of a CW signal, etc.).

[0273] An A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can perform A-IoT operations based on the above A-IoT activation information.

[0274] In this way, the A-IoT device can perform A-IoT operations based on the A-IoT activation information.

[0275] Before an A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) activates (activates) an A-IoT device, the following actions may be performed to minimize / prevent the impact of CW interference on the terminal:

[0276] - When attempting to activate an A-IoT device that is in an inactive state, the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) can transmit information for the operation of the A-IoT device to the base station in advance.

[0277] - The base station can assign an A-IoT device band to an A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) based on the received information (information for the operation of the A-IoT device). The assigned A-IoT device band may be a band that does not cause interference / impact on existing terminals (or minimizes interference / impact). In addition, the base station can assign a CW frequency to a CW node (e.g., intermediate node). For example, the assigned A-IoT device band may include a CW frequency.

[0278] - Based on this, the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node), CW node, and A-IoT device can perform A-IoT related operations.

[0279] The CW node may be included in an A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) or may be a separate, independent CW node.

[0280] Information for the operation of the A-IoT device may include at least one of the following information:

[0281] - Information about candidate bands (e.g., n1, n8, n7) for A-IoT devices.

[0282] - Information on whether the A-IoT reader (or intermediate node) will use the UL band or the DL band in that band.

[0283] - Information on how much CW offset can occur in the CW frequency location (candidate frequency location) and the UL / DL frequency location of the terminal.

[0284] - Information about the transmission (reflection) BW (bandwidth) of the A-IoT device (e.g., 7.5 kHz, 15 kHz, ...)

[0285] - Information about the channel BW (bandwidth) of the A-IoT device (e.g., 30 kHz, 60 kHz, ...)

[0286] - etc.

[0287] 3. Third Example

[0288] The location of the CW signal can be restricted to a location that does not affect (or minimally affects) the DL performance of the terminal.

[0289] In the existing NR band, points / ranges / locations can be defined where CW / DL signals do not affect DL (or have minimal effect). CW / DL signals can be allowed to occur only at defined points / ranges / locations. CW / DL signal occurrence can be allowed only at defined points / ranges / locations.

[0290] When the DL channel of the terminal is band n8, the CW / DL signal of UL 905 MHz may have the least effect on the DL of the terminal.

[0291] 4. Fourth Example

[0292] The area that can be affected by the band in which the DL / CW signal occurs can be defined.

[0293] It can be defined how far away a DL / CW signal must be from the DL band of a terminal (L-UE) to not affect the DL of the terminal.

[0294] This information (how far away the DL / CW signal must be from the DL band of the UE (L-UE) to not affect the UE's DL) can be used in network scheduling.

[0295] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0296] Figure 22 illustrates the procedure of an A-IoT intermediate node for the disclosure of this specification.

[0297] 1. A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) intermediate nodes can transmit information about A-IoT signals to the base station.

[0298] The above A-IoT signal may be a signal that activates the A-IoT device for A-IoT operation.

[0299] The information about the above A-IoT signal may include information about a candidate frequency of the above A-IoT signal.

[0300] 2. Based on the information about the A-IoT signal, the A-IoT intermediate node can receive activation information from the base station.

[0301] The above activation information may include information about frequencies that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

[0302] 3. Based on the above activation information, the A-IoT intermediate node can transmit the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device.

[0303] The above candidate frequencies may include frequencies that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

[0304] The above activation information may include information on whether the A-IoT device can be activated.

[0305] The above A-IoT signal may be a CW (continuous wave) or DL ​​(downlink) signal.

[0306] The information about the A-IoT signal may include information about whether the A-IoT intermediate node performs UL (uplink) or DL ​​operation in a specific band.

[0307] Information about the above A-IoT signal may include information about the bandwidth of the A-IoT device.

[0308] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0309] Figure 23 illustrates the base station's procedure for the disclosure of this specification.

[0310] 1. The base station can receive information about A-IoT signals from an A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) intermediate node.

[0311] The above A-IoT signal may be a signal for the A-IoT intermediate node to activate the A-IoT device for A-IoT operation.

[0312] The information about the above A-IoT signal may include information about a candidate frequency of the above A-IoT signal.

[0313] 2. Based on the information about the above A-IoT signal, the base station can determine activation information.

[0314] The above activation information may include information about frequencies that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

[0315] 3. The base station can transmit the activation information to the A-IoT intermediate node.

[0316] The above candidate frequencies may include frequencies that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

[0317] Based on the information about the above A-IoT signal, the base station can determine whether the A-IoT device can be activated.

[0318] The above activation information may include information on whether the A-IoT device can be activated.

[0319] The above A-IoT signal may be a CW (continuous wave) or DL ​​(downlink) signal.

[0320] The information about the A-IoT signal may include information about whether the A-IoT intermediate node performs UL (uplink) or DL ​​operation in a specific band.

[0321] Information about the above A-IoT signal may include information about the bandwidth of the A-IoT device.

[0322] Hereinafter, a device for performing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification will be described.

[0323] For example, a device may include a processor, a transceiver, and memory.

[0324] For example, a processor may be configured to be operatively coupled with memory and a processor.

[0325] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) intermediate node transmits information about an A-IoT signal to a base station; the A-IoT signal is a signal for activating an A-IoT device for an A-IoT operation, and the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about a candidate frequency of the A-IoT signal, and based on the information about the A-IoT signal, the A-IoT intermediate node receives activation information from the base station; the activation information includes information about a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal, and based on the activation information, the A-IoT intermediate node transmits the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device.

[0326] Below, a processor of a device for providing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0327] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) intermediate node transmits information about an A-IoT signal to a base station; the A-IoT signal is a signal for activating an A-IoT device for an A-IoT operation, and the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about a candidate frequency of the A-IoT signal, and based on the information about the A-IoT signal, the A-IoT intermediate node receives activation information from the base station; the activation information includes information about a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal, and based on the activation information, the A-IoT intermediate node transmits the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device.

[0328] Hereinafter, a non-volatile computer-readable medium storing one or more commands for providing mobile communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0329] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the technical features of the present disclosure may be implemented directly in hardware, software executed by a processor, or a combination of the two. For example, a method performed by a wireless device in wireless communication may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, the software may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or other storage media.

[0330] Some examples of storage media are coupled to the processor, allowing the processor to read information from the storage media. Alternatively, the storage media may be integrated into the processor. The processor and storage media may reside in an ASIC. In other examples, the processor and storage media may reside as separate components.

[0331] Computer-readable media may include tangible and non-volatile computer-readable storage media.

[0332] For example, nonvolatile computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), such as synchronized dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, or any other media that can be used to store instructions or data structures. Nonvolatile computer-readable media may also include combinations of the above.

[0333] Additionally, the methods described herein can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or transmits code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0334] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium has one or more instructions stored thereon. The one or more stored instructions can be executed by a processor of a base station.

[0335] The one or more stored instructions may include: a step in which an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) intermediate node transmits information about an A-IoT signal to a base station; the A-IoT signal is a signal for activating an A-IoT device for an A-IoT operation, the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about a candidate frequency of the A-IoT signal, and based on the information about the A-IoT signal, the A-IoT intermediate node receives activation information from the base station; the activation information includes information about a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal, and based on the activation information, the A-IoT intermediate node transmits the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device.

[0336] Specifications can have a variety of effects.

[0337] For example, A-IoT operations can be performed with minimal interference.

[0338] The effects that can be achieved through specific examples of this specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, a person with ordinary skill in the relevant technical field may understand or derive various technical effects from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0339] The claims set forth in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. As a method, A step in which an A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) intermediate node transmits information about an A-IoT signal to a base station; The above A-IoT signal is a signal that activates the A-IoT device for A-IoT operation, The information about the above A-IoT signal includes information about a candidate frequency of the above A-IoT signal, A step in which the A-IoT intermediate node receives activation information from the base station based on information about the A-IoT signal; The above activation information includes information about the frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal, A method comprising a step of transmitting the A-IoT signal to the A-IoT device by the A-IoT intermediate node based on the activation information.

2. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the candidate frequency includes a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

3. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the above activation information includes information on whether the A-IoT device can be activated.

4. In paragraph 1, The above A-IoT signal is a CW (continuous wave) or DL ​​(downlink) signal.

5. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about whether the A-IoT intermediate node performs UL (uplink) or DL ​​operation in a specific band.

6. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about the bandwidth of the A-IoT device.

7. As a method, A step in which a base station receives information about an A-IoT signal from an A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) intermediate node; The above A-IoT signal is a signal for the A-IoT intermediate node to activate the A-IoT device for A-IoT operation, The information about the above A-IoT signal includes information about a candidate frequency of the above A-IoT signal, A step in which the base station determines activation information based on information about the A-IoT signal; The above activation information includes information about the frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal, A method comprising a step of the base station transmitting the activation information to the A-IoT intermediate node.

8. In paragraph 7, A method wherein the candidate frequency includes a frequency that can be used for the A-IoT signal.

9. In paragraph 7, Based on the information about the A-IoT signal, the base station further includes a step of determining whether the A-IoT device can be activated; A method wherein the above activation information includes information on whether the A-IoT device can be activated.

10. In paragraph 7, The above A-IoT signal is a CW (continuous wave) or DL ​​(downlink) signal.

11. In paragraph 7, A method wherein the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about whether the A-IoT intermediate node performs UL (uplink) or DL ​​operation in a specific band.

12. In paragraph 7, A method wherein the information about the A-IoT signal includes information about the bandwidth of the A-IoT device.

13. As an A-IoT (Ambient Internet of Things) intermediate node that performs communication, At least one transmitter and receiver; Contains at least one processor, An A-IoT intermediate node wherein the operation performed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

14. As a base station performing communication, At least one transmitter and receiver; Contains at least one processor, A base station, wherein the operation performed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 7 to 12.

15. As an apparatus in mobile communication, at least one processor; and At least one memory storing instructions and being operably electrically connected to at least one processor, A device wherein the operation performed based on the command being executed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

16. A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium that records commands, A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, wherein the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an operation according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

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